| aureomycin in the treatment of strangles. | | 1951 | 14798785 |
| sore shins in horses and dormant strangles. | | 1951 | 14812146 |
| [tests for demonstration of antistreptolysin in streptococcus infected horses]. | | 1951 | 14854838 |
| alteration in uterine contractility in mares with experimentally induced placentitis. | an experimental model of ascending placentitis was developed in the mare to characterize the uterine myoelectrical pattern in late gestation and determine how ascending placentitis altered this pattern. in experiment 1, myometrial electrical activity was analyzed during the early morning, late morning and evening hours in four mares in the last 15 days of gestation to identify patterns of activity. in experiment 2, nine mares received intra-cervical inoculations of streptococcus equi subspecies ... | 2004 | 15056770 |
| severe streptococcus zooepidemicus infection in a gardener. | | 2004 | 15059061 |
| allelic variation of the streptokinase gene in beta-hemolytic streptococci group c and g isolates of human origin. | genetic diversity of the streptokinase gene (sk) from 36 strains of s. equisimilis and 54 strains of group g streptococci was examined. the strains were isolated from patients with various streptococcal disease manifestations and healthy carriers. the region of the gene that corresponds to amino acid residues 174-244, was pcr amplified. the amplified product was subjected to mlui, pvuii, drai and ddei digestion. based on the restriction enzyme digestion patterns nine sk alleles were recognized. ... | 1996 | 8821395 |
| what is your diagnosis? guttural pouch empyema. | | 2004 | 15070053 |
| recombinant streptococcus equi proteins protect mice in challenge experiments and induce immune response in horses. | horses that have undergone infection caused by streptococcus equi subspecies equi (strangles) were found to have significantly increased serum antibody titers against three previously characterized proteins, fnz (cell surface-bound fibronectin binding protein), sfs (secreted fibronectin binding protein), and eag (alpha2-macroglobulin, albumin, and immunoglobulin g [igg] binding protein) from s. equi. to assess the protective efficacy of vaccination with these three proteins, a mouse model of equ ... | 2004 | 15155624 |
| [an outbreak of streptococcus zooepidemicus-caused infection among laboratory primates]. | an outbreak of septicemia caused by s. zooepidemicus in representatives of 5 species of lower monkeys, viz. macaca mulatta (5), macaca nemestrina (1), macaca fascicularis (2), cercopithecus aethiops (2), mandrillus sphinx (1), is described. the disease was accompanied by the symptoms of enteric infection and well responded to etiotropic therapy with antibiotics of the penicillin row. the source of this infection was not established. until now it is one of few descriptions of enteric infection in ... | 1996 | 8820687 |
| magnetic resonance imaging of a brain abscess in a 10-month-old filly. | the purpose of this paper was to correlate the magnetic resonance imaging (mri) characteristics of a mature brain abscess in a horse with histopathologic alterations of brain tissue. eight months after the onset of clinical signs, mri of the brain of a 10-month-old filly was performed. a large space-occupying lesion in the right cerebral hemisphere was identified. this space-occupying lesion was delineated by a thick and well-defined capsule that was isointense to brain parenchyma on the t1-weig ... | 2004 | 15200257 |
| pathogenesis of streptococcus zooepidemicus infection after intratracheal inoculation in llamas. | to test whether generalized streptococcus zooepidemicus infection could be induced by intratracheal inoculation in llamas and to characterize this infection. | 2000 | 11131593 |
| the pathogenic equine streptococci. | streptococci pathogenic for the horse include s. equi (s. equi subsp. equi), s. zooepidemicus (s. equi subsp. zooepidemicus), s. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis and s. pneumoniae capsule type iii. s. equi is a clonal descendent or biovar of an ancestral s. zooepidemicus strain with which it shares greater than 98% dna homology and therefore expresses many of the same proteins and virulence factors. rapid progress has been made in identification of virulence factors and proteins uniquely expresse ... | 2004 | 15236673 |
| septic orchitis in an alpaca. | an adult, intact male alpaca was presented with an acute onset of unilateral scrotal swelling. following complete physical and ultrasonographic examination, the most likely differential diagnoses were orchitis, hematoma, and testicular torsion. the animal was castrated and histopathologic evaluation revealed unilateral orchitis. streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus was cultured. | 2000 | 10992989 |
| the streptococcolytic enzyme zoocin a is a penicillin-binding protein. | zoocin a is a streptococcolytic enzyme produced by streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus 4881 that has an unknown site of action on the peptidoglycans of susceptible organisms. analysis of a mutant strain in which the genes for zoocin a and resistance to zoocin a were inactivated revealed that this strain was more susceptible to beta-lactam antibiotics than the parental organism. purified zoocin a had weak beta-lactamase activity, bound radioactive penicillin covalently, and its streptococcoly ... | 2004 | 15251198 |
| development of an in vivo himar1 transposon mutagenesis system for use in streptococcus equi subsp. equi. | streptococcus equi subsp. equi is the causative agent of the equine disease strangles. in this study we describe the development of an in vivo himar1 transposon system for the random mutagenesis of s. equi and, potentially, other gram-positive bacteria. we demonstrate efficient and random transposition of a modified mini-transposon onto the chromosome by southern blot analysis and insertion site sequencing. non-haemolytic mutants were isolated at a frequency of 0.2%, and acapsular mutants at a f ... | 2004 | 15358426 |
| persistent occurrence of a single streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus clone in the pig and monkey population in indonesia. | in the present study 41 mucoid growing streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus strains (37 strains isolated from healthy two from diseased pigs, two strains isolated from healthy monkeys) appeared to be phenotypically and genotypically identical to mucoid growing s. equi subsp. zooepidemicus strains isolated from a previously described outbreak among the pig and monkey population on the island of bali, indonesia. these findings indicate that the mucoid growing s. equi subsp. zooepidemicus clone ... | 2004 | 15365243 |
| streptococcus infantarius sp. nov., streptococcus infantarius subsp. infantarius subsp. nov. and streptococcus infantarius subsp. coli subsp. nov., isolated from humans and food. | eighteen strains isolated from human specimens or from food products were characterized as atypical variants of mannitol-negative streptococcus bovis. they were tested for extended biochemical criteria, ribotyping and dna-dna hybridization in order to define their taxonomic status. these strains were demonstrated to constitute a dna relatedness group that includes strains of dna group 4 of farrow et al. (1984). comparative analysis of 16s rrna sequences demonstrated that these strains represent ... | 2000 | 10939646 |
| [sensitivity of groups a, b and c beta hemolytic streptococci to antibiotics]. | we studied the susceptibility of 330 strains of beta hemolytic streptococci (60 group a, 125 group b, 145 group c) isolated from healthy school children in las palmas de gran canaria to 17 antibiotics. only 2% of group a streptococci showed resistance to erythromycin, and 18% to 31% of the beta hemolytic streptococci strains were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. all of these strains showed susceptibility to betalactam antibiotics, chloramphenicol, clindamycin and vancomycin. most of t ... | 1999 | 10878511 |
| streptococcus equinus endocarditis in a patient with pulmonary histiocytosis x. | | 2000 | 10866592 |
| epidemic nephritis in nova serrana, brazil. | outbreaks of nephritis have been rare since the 1970s. from december, 1997, to july, 1998, 253 cases of acute nephritis were identified in nova serrana, brazil. seven patients required dialysis, and three patients died. we did a case-control study to investigate the cause of the outbreak. | 2000 | 10832828 |
| identification of a novel collagen-like protein, sclc, in streptococcus equi using signal sequence phage display. | strangles is a serious disease in horses caused by streptococcus equi subspecies equi. in this study, genes encoding putative extracellular proteins in this subspecies have been identified using signal sequence phage display. among these, one showed similarities to the sclb protein, a member of the collagen-like proteins of streptococcus pyogenes. the novel gene denoted sclc encodes a protein, sclc, of 302 amino acids, containing typical features found in cell wall-anchored proteins in gram-posi ... | 2004 | 15564026 |
| streptococcus equinus endocarditis in a woman with pulmonary histiocytosis. | | 2000 | 10697059 |
| multiplex polymerase chain reaction for identification and differentiation of streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus and streptococcus equi subsp. equi. | the closely related streptococcal species streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus and s. equi subsp. equi were identified by polymerase chain reaction using oligonucleotide primers designed according to species-specific parts of the superoxide dismutase a encoding gene soda. a further differentiation of both subspecies could be performed by amplification of the genes seeh and seei encoding the exotoxins seeh and seei, respectively, which could be detected for s. equi subsp. equi but not for s. e ... | 2004 | 15606870 |
| primary purulent pericarditis due to group c streptococcus. | in the antibiotic era, purulent pericarditis, an infection associated with high mortality, is uncommon. the causative organism is generally staphylococcus aureus or streptococcus pneumoniae arising from contiguous spread or hematogenous dissemination of an underlying infection elsewhere in the body. the present report describes a previously healthy individual who presented with acute infectious pericarditis with the offending organism identified as lancefield group c streptococcus equi. after an ... | 2004 | 15614344 |
| determination of intraspecies variations of the v2 region of the 16s rrna gene of streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. | the 16s rrna gene of 39 s. equi subsp. zooepidemicus strains and two s. equi subsp. equi strains was amplified by polymerase chain reaction and subsequently digested with the restriction enzyme hinc ii. a restriction profile with two fragments with sizes of 1250 bp and 200 bp could be observed for both s. equi subsp. equi strains and for 30 of the 39 s. equi subsp. zooepidemicus strains indicating a sequence variation within the v2 region of the 16s rrna gene of the remaining nine s. equi subsp. ... | 2000 | 10684756 |
| cowpox virus infection associated with a streptococcal septicaemia in a foal. | cowpox virus infection associated with a streptococcal septicaemia was diagnosed in a weak german warmblood filly, born 29 days prematurely, and humanely destroyed on the sixth day of life. at necropsy, ulcerative lesions in the alimentary tract, colitis, polyarthritis and nephritis were observed. transmission electron microscopical examination of specimens from ulcerative lesions revealed typical orthopox virions. cowpox virus was unequivocally identified by virological and molecular-biological ... | 2005 | 15629485 |
| group c streptococcal meningitis: case report and review of the literature. | group c streptococci are a common cause of epidemic bacterial infection in animals. these organisms are a rare but frequently fatal cause of meningitis in humans. we report the case of a 13-year-old girl with meningitis caused by a group c streptococcus (streptococcus zooepidemicus) successfully treated with vancomycin and third generation cephalosporins. we also review cases of group c streptococcal meningitis reported previously. | 2001 | 11332674 |
| follow-up of patients with epidemic poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. | in 1998 there was a large outbreak of acute glomerulonephritis (gn) in nova serrana, brazil, caused by group c streptococcus zooepidemicus and linked to the consumption of contaminated cheese produced with unpasteurized milk. this study describes the follow-up of these patients after a mean of 2 years following the acute episode. of 134 patients identified in 1998, 69 patients were reexamined and underwent measurements of blood pressure, 24-hour creatinine clearance, microalbuminuria (radioimmun ... | 2001 | 11479149 |
| streptococcus equi infections in horses: guidelines for treatment, control, and prevention of strangles. | | 2005 | 15715061 |
| clinical efficacy of prophylactic administration of trimethoprim/sulfadiazine in a streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus infection model in ponies. | tissue chambers, implanted subcutaneously in the neck in six ponies, were inoculated with streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus in order to determine the clinical efficacy of prophylactic administration of trimethoprim/sulfadiazine (tmp/sdz) against this infection. the tmp/sdz treatment consisted of one intravenous (i.v.) injection of 5 mg/kg tmp and 25 mg/kg sdz and the same dose of tmp/sdz per os (p.o.), both given 3 h before inoculation. the oral dose was then repeated every 12 h for 5 days ... | 2005 | 15720514 |
| arthroscopic treatment of temporomandibular joint sepsis in a horse. | to report arthroscopic debridement and lavage of a septic temporomandibular joint (tmj) in a horse. | 2005 | 15720597 |
| investigation of suspected adverse reactions following strangles vaccination in horses. | | 2005 | 15765905 |
| purification and lipid dependence of the recombinant hyaluronan synthases from streptococcus pyogenes and streptococcus equisimilis. | the two hyaluronan synthases (hass) from streptococcus pyogenes (sphas) and streptococcus equisimilis (sehas) were expressed in escherichia coli as recombinant proteins containing his6 tails. both enzymes were expressed as major membrane proteins, accounting for approximately 5-8% of the total membrane protein. using nickel chelate affinity chromatography, the hass were purified to homogeneity from n-dodecyl beta-d-maltoside extracts. high levels of has activity could be achieved only if the pur ... | 1999 | 9933623 |
| neurological syndromes among horses in the netherlands. a 5 year retrospective survey (1999-2004). | the presence of toxins or infectious agents combined with environmental factors in combination with a susceptible host can be the cause for neurological disease in groups of horses. during a 5 year observational period outbreaks of neurological diseases among horses were evaluated. causes of occurring neurological diseases were equine botulism, lolitrem intoxications, equine herpesvirus type 1-associated myelo(encephalo)pathy, and encephalitis caused by (disseminated) streptococcus equi subspeci ... | 2005 | 15835280 |
| enteric bacteria counteract lipopolysaccharide induction of antimicrobial peptide genes. | the humoral immunity of drosophila involves the production of antimicrobial peptides, which are induced by evolutionary conserved microbial molecules, like lps. by using drosophila mbn-2 cells, we found that live bacteria, including e. coli, salmonella typhimurium, erwinia carotovora, and pseudomonas aeruginosa, prevented lps from inducing antimicrobial peptide genes, while micrococcus luteus and streptococcus equi did not. the inhibitory effect was seen at bacterial levels from 20 per mbn-2 cel ... | 2001 | 11739510 |
| bacterial isolates and antimicrobial susceptibilities in equine bacterial ulcerative keratitis (1993--2004). | bacterial ulcerative keratitis is a common and often vision-threatening problem in horses. emerging bacterial resistance to commonly used topical antibiotics has been demonstrated. previous antibiotic use may alter the antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial isolates. | 2005 | 15892227 |
| development and application of quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay based on the abi 7700 system (taqman) for detection and quantification of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. | numerous reports have described diagnostic methods based on the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) used to detect mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, the causative agent of johne's disease. the result of conventional pcr tests has been only qualitative, either positive or negative; it does not present any quantitative information about the number of the agents in the specimen. a quantitative pcr method (is900 taqman) was developed to measure the number of m. a. paratuberculosis organisms p ... | 2002 | 11939333 |
| dissemination of the phage-associated novel superantigen gene spel in recent invasive and noninvasive streptococcus pyogenes m3/t3 isolates in japan. | in japan, more than 10% of streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome (tsls) cases have been caused by streptococcus pyogenes m3/t3 isolates since the first reported tsls case in 1992. most m3/t3 isolates from tsls or severe invasive infection cases during 1992 to 2001 and those from noninvasive cases during this period are indistinguishable in pulsed-field gel electropherograms. the longest fragments of these recent isolates were 300 kb in size, whereas those of isolates recovered during or before ... | 2002 | 12011018 |
| infarctive purpura hemorrhagica in five horses. | five horses were examined because of signs of muscle stiffness, colic, or both. all 5 had been exposed to streptococcus equi within 3 weeks prior to examination or had high serum titers of antibodies against the m protein of s equi. horses had signs of unrelenting colic-like pain and focal areas of muscle swelling. four horses were euthanatized. the fifth responded to treatment with penicillin and dexamethasone; after 3 weeks of treatment with dexamethasone, prednisolone was administered for an ... | 2005 | 15934258 |
| aqueous and solid complexes of iron(iii) with hyaluronic acid. potentiometric titrations and infrared spectroscopy studies. | the coordination of iron(iii) ion to hyaluronic acid (hyal) in aqueous solutions and solid state was accomplished by potentiometric titrations and infrared spectroscopy. the potentiometric titration studies provided the binding constants for the complexes found in the systems and the speciation of these species according to the variation of ph values. the complexes found presented a complexing ability through both the chelating moieties of hyal (via the n-glucosamine and d-glucoronic acid), show ... | 2002 | 12062125 |
| the equine immune response to streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus during uterine infection. | the purpose of this study was to describe strain-specific immune responses to streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus (s. zooepidemicus) during uterine infection in horses. five isolates of s. zooepidemicus were differentiated into four strains antigenically by bactericidal testing in blood of 12 horses, and genetically by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. eight healthy mares were then divided into two groups, each inoculated with one strain intrauterinely on three successive oestrous cycles ... | 2006 | 15950504 |
| dissemination of the superantigen encoding genes seel, seem, szel and szem in streptococcus equi subsp. equi and streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. | bacterial superantigens are one of the major virulence factors produced by streptococcus pyogenes and staphylococcus aureus. the two novel superantigen encoding genes seem and seel were described for s. equi subsp. equi which is known as the causative agent of strangles in equids. in the present study previously characterized s. equi subsp. equi strains and strains of various other animal pathogenic streptococcal species and subspecies were investigated for the presence of the superantigen encod ... | 2005 | 15953700 |
| treatment strategies for mares with placentitis. | equine placentitis, and resultant preterm labor, are important sources of fetal and neonatal loss. the primary cause of equine placentitis is infection of the placenta with streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus, which ascends through the caudal reproductive tract. current treatment protocols for mares affected with placentitis are empirical. this paper reviews treatment approaches for resolving placentitis and preterm labor in both equine and non-equine species. specific therapies reviewed ... | 2005 | 15985288 |
| [regulation of transcription in the system of genes responsible for bacteriocins production in streptococcus equi ]. | bacteriocin production in many gram-positive bacteria is controlled by a two-component regulatory system that is composed of the sensor protein and the response regulator. in this work, methods of computer analysis were used to describe the locus of genes responsible for the synthesis of class ii bacteriocins in the streptococcus equi genome. potential regulatory sites (direct repeats) recognized by a dna-binding protein of the corresponding two-component system were predicted. | 2002 | 12174583 |
| inhibition of hyaluronan synthesis in streptococcus equi fm100 by 4-methylumbelliferone. | as observed previously in cultured human skin fibroblasts, a decrease of hyaluronan production was also observed in group c streptococcus equi fm100 cells treated with 4-methylumbelliferone (mu), although there was no effect on their growth. in this study, the inhibition mechanism of hyaluronan synthesis by mu was examined using streptococcus equi fm100, as a model. when mu was added to a reaction mixture containing the two sugar nucleotide donors and a membrane-rich fraction as an enzyme source ... | 2002 | 12383266 |
| functional characterization of domains found within a lytic enzyme produced by streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. | zoocin a is a lysostaphin-like streptococcolytic enzyme produced by streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus 4881 that specifically targets the cell walls of some closely related species. on the basis of sequence homology it was suggested that zoocin a was a domain-structured enzyme with the n-terminal domain responsible for catalysis (cat) and the c-terminal domain for target recognition (sbd). polypeptides corresponding to zoocin a (rzooa) and each of the putative domains (rcat and rsbd) were p ... | 2002 | 12393213 |
| detection of equine herpesvirus type 1 using a real-time polymerase chain reaction. | equid herpesvirus 1 (ehv1) is a major disease of equids worldwide causing considerable losses to the horse industry. a variety of techniques, including pcr have been used to diagnose ehv1. some of these pcrs were used in combination with other techniques such as restriction enzyme analysis (rea) or hybridisation, making them cumbersome for routine diagnostic testing and increasing the chances of cross-contamination. furthermore, they involve the use of suspected carcinogens such as ethidium brom ... | 2006 | 16137772 |
| amplifying the cellular reduction potential of streptococcus zooepidemicus. | the valuable pharmaceutical polymer, hyaluronic acid, is produced industrially using the gram-positive bacterium streptococcus zooepidemicus. synthesis of this polymer is a significant energetic burden upon the microorganism hence the native nadh oxidase gene was cloned and overexpressed to increase the energy yield of catabolism during aerobic cultivation on glucose. elevated nadh oxidase levels led to a decline in lactic acid generation and prevented ethanol formation, leaving acetate as the m ... | 2003 | 12413784 |
| two novel superantigens found in both group a and group c streptococcus. | two novel streptococcal superantigen genes (spel(se) and spem(se)) were identified from the streptococcus equi genome database at the sanger center. genotyping of 8 s. equi isolates and 40 streptococcus pyogenes isolates resulted in the detection of the orthologous genes spel and spem in a restricted number of s. pyogenes isolates (15 and 5%, respectively). surprisingly, the novel superantigen genes could not be found in any of the analyzed s. equi isolates. the results suggest that both genes a ... | 2003 | 12595453 |
| the effects of hyaluronan and its fragments on lipid models exposed to uv irradiation. | the effects of hyaluronan and its degradation products on irradiation-induced lipid peroxidation were investigated. liposomal skin lipid models with increasing complexity were used. hyaluronan and its fragments were able to reduce the amount of lipid peroxidation secondary products quantified by the thiobarbituric acid (tba) assay. the qualitative changes were studied by mass spectrometry. to elucidate the nature of free radical involvement electron paramagnetic resonance (epr) studies were carr ... | 2003 | 12623198 |
| mutagenesis of streptococcus equi and streptococcus suis by transposon tn917. | genetic tools for studying streptococci are much less sophisticated than those that are available for many other bacterial genera. in this paper, we describe the development of a transposon mutagenesis system that we have used to mutate two important veterinary streptococci, streptococcus equi and streptococcus suis. the system uses a temperature-sensitive suicide vector to deliver tn917 via electroporation, transposing tn917 into the chromosomal dna of the two streptococci. the transposon inser ... | 2003 | 12695044 |
| investigation of falsely reported resistance of streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus isolates from horses to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. | the objective of this study was to investigate the perceived increase in resistance of streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (s. zooepidemicus) isolated from the lower respiratory tract of horses to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (sxt). the recorded sxt-susceptibility results of 50 s. zooepidemicus isolates from the tracheal wash fluid of equine patients examined at colorado state university veterinary teaching hospital from each of 2 time periods (1987-1990 and 1997-2001) were compared and sta ... | 2005 | 16312244 |
| nmr evidence for independent domain structures in zoocin a, an antibacterial exoenzyme. | nmr was used to obtain spectroscopic evidence supporting a two domain model for zoocin a in which an n-terminal catalytic domain is linked by a threonine-proline rich linker to a target recognition domain responsible for recognizing the cell wall of bacteria susceptible to the bacteriolytic action of the enzyme. when cloned and separately expressed, each domain retains the folding found in the whole enzyme. additionally, spectroscopy suggests that the target recognition domain has a conformation ... | 2004 | 15063789 |
| severe acute rhabdomyolysis associated with streptococcus equi infection in four horses. | four quarter horses (9 months to 7 years of age) with submandibular lymphadenopathy and firm muscles (palpation of which elicited signs of pain) were evaluated; in general, the horses had a stiff gait, and 3 horses became recumbent. streptococcus equi was cultured from aspirates of lymph nodes or samples of purulent material collected from the auditory tube diverticula. once the horses were recumbent, their condition deteriorated rapidly despite aggressive antimicrobial and antiinflammatory trea ... | 2005 | 16342530 |
| fatal case of toxic shock-like syndrome due to group c streptococcus associated with superantigen exotoxin. | group c streptococci have been reported to cause invasive disease similar to that classically associated with group a streptococcus (gas). we describe a fatal case of toxic shock-like syndrome due to streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. the causative organism did not possess any known gas superantigen exotoxin genes but did show evidence of superantigen production. | 2004 | 15184494 |
| characterization of the purified hyaluronan synthase from streptococcus equisimilis. | hyaluronan synthase (has) utilizes udp-glcua and udp-glcnac in the presence of mg(2+) to form the gag hyaluronan (ha). the purified has from streptococcus equisimilis (sehas) shows high fidelity in that it only polymerizes the native substrates, udp-glcnac and udp-glcua. however, other uridinyl nucleotides and udp-sugars inhibited enzyme activity, including udp-galnac, udp-glc, udp-gal, udp-galua, ump, udp, and utp. purified sehas was approximately 40% more active in 25 mm, compared to 50 mm, po ... | 2004 | 15248781 |
| amplifying the manganese scavenging potential of streptococcus zooepidemicus to reactive oxygen species during production of hyaluronic acid. | streptococcus zooepidemicus (sz) is an aerotolerant bacteria and its ability to survive under reactive oxidant challenge raises the question of the existence of a defense system. thus growth, hyaluronic acid (ha) and hydrogen peroxide (h2o2) production by sz in the presence of increasing concentration of mn2+ were studied. the results suggested that the tested strain supported growth and ha production in cultures treated with 1 and 10 mm of mn2+ regardless of h2o2 presence in the medium. this sh ... | 2004 | 15468818 |
| sclc is a member of a novel family of collagen-like proteins in streptococcus equi subspecies equi that are recognised by antibodies against sclc. | previously we have reported on a cell surface collagen-like protein, called sclc, from streptococcus equi subspecies equi. in the present study we show that this protein is a member of a family of seven collagen-like proteins, called sclc-scli in this subspecies. all proteins contain an n-terminal signal sequence, followed by a unique non-repetitive region called a, a highly repetitive collagen-like region (cl) consisting of glycine-xaa-yaa-triplet repeats. following the cl-region a c-terminal p ... | 2006 | 16384667 |
| evaluation of a nested pcr test and bacterial culture of swabs from the nasal passages and from abscesses in relation to diagnosis of streptococcus equi infection (strangles). | streptococcus equi is the cause of strangles in horses. to improve diagnostic sensitivity, development and evaluation of dna-based methods are necessary. | 2006 | 16411588 |
| sequence variation of the sem gene of streptococcus equi allows discrimination of the source of strangles outbreaks. | improved understanding of the epidemiology of streptococcus equi transmission requires sensitive and portable subtyping methods that can rationally discriminate between strains. s. equi is highly homogeneous and cannot be distinguished by multilocus enzyme electrophoretic or multilocus sequence-typing methods that utilize housekeeping genes. however, on sequence analysis of the n-terminal region of the sem genes of 60 s. equi isolates from 27 strangles outbreaks, we identified 21 dna codon chang ... | 2006 | 16455902 |
| diagnosis and treatment of presumptive pyelonephritis in an asian elephant (elephas maximus). | a 37-yr-old female asian elephant (elephas maximus) presented with anorexia, restlessness, and dark-colored urine. urinalyses showed hematuria, leukocyturia, isosthenuria, proteinuria, granular casts, and no calcium oxalate crystals. bloodwork revealed azotemia. urine culture revealed a pure growth of streptococcus zooepidemicus resistant to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim but susceptible to cephalosporins. a presumptive diagnosis of pyelonephritis was made based on bloodwork, urinalysis, and urin ... | 2004 | 15526898 |
| use of leukocytes as treatment for endometritis in mares experimentally infected with streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. | this study compared four treatments for bacterial endometritis in mares experimentally infected with streptococcus zooepidemicus. twenty-five mares were used, 20 resistant and five susceptible to endometritis. mares would be in estrus when infected. twenty-four hours after inoculation, clinical, bacteriological and cytological examinations were performed and repeated until the first occurrence: negative cytology and no streptococcus growth or the seventh day post-infection. all mares showed clin ... | 2007 | 16488562 |
| evaluation of hyaluronan from different sources: streptococcus zooepidemicus, rooster comb, bovine vitreous, and human umbilical cord. | sodium hyaluronate (ha) is widely distributed in extracellular matrixes and can play a role in orchestrating cell function. consequently, many investigators have looked at the effect of exogenous ha on cell behavior in vitro. ha can be isolated from several sources (e.g., bacterial, rooster comb, umbilical cord) and therefore can possess diverse impurities. this current study compares the measured impurities and the differences in biological activity between ha preparations from these sources. i ... | 2004 | 15530025 |
| streptococcus equi subsp. ruminatorum subsp. nov., isolated from mastitis in small ruminants. | six isolates of an unknown gram-positive, catalase-negative, chain-forming, coccus-shaped organism isolated from ovine and caprine mastitis were characterized by phenotypic and molecular taxonomic methods. on the basis of cellular morphology and the results of biochemical tests, the organism was tentatively identified as a streptococcal species. comparative 16s rrna gene sequencing studies confirmed that the organism is a member of the genus streptococcus, with streptococcus equi as its closest ... | 2004 | 15545473 |
| microbial hyaluronic acid production. | hyaluronic acid (ha) is a commercially valuable medical biopolymer increasingly produced through microbial fermentation. viscosity limits product yield and the focus of research and development has been on improving the key quality parameters, purity and molecular weight. traditional strain and process optimisation has yielded significant improvements, but appears to have reached a limit. metabolic engineering is providing new opportunities and ha produced in a heterologous host is about to ente ... | 2004 | 15599518 |
| identification of a membrane-localized cysteine cluster near the substrate-binding sites of the streptococcus equisimilis hyaluronan synthase. | the membrane-bound hyaluronan synthase (has) from streptococcus equisimilis (sehas), which is the smallest class i has, has four cysteine residues (positions 226, 262, 281, and 367) that are generally conserved within this family. although cys-null sehas is still active, chemical modification of cysteine residues causes inhibition of wild-type enzyme. here we studied the effects of n-ethylmaleimide (nem) treatment on a panel of sehas cys-mutants to examine the structural and functional roles of ... | 2004 | 15616126 |
| studies on hemolytic streptococci: iii. streptococcus equi and related strains. | | 1936 | 16559972 |
| protective effect of vaccination with recombinant proteins from streptococcus equi subspecies equi in a strangles model in the mouse. | a mouse model resembling streptococcus equi subspecies equi infection in the horse, strangles, was used to assess the protective effect of vaccination with selected recombinant proteins from s. equi subsp. equi. after challenge the infection was monitored by weight loss and by nasal colonisation with s. equi subsp. equi. vaccination with a collagen-binding protein (cne) and a collagen-like protein (sclc) resulted in protective antibodies, whereas a novel fibronectin-binding protein (fneb) did no ... | 2006 | 16580099 |
| pneumonia and pleuritis in a mare. | | 2006 | 16627121 |
| analysis of the interaction between hyaluronan and hyaluronan-binding proteins by capillary affinity electrophoresis: significance of hyaluronan molecular size on binding reaction. | we developed a method for the analysis of the interaction between hyaluronan (ha) oligosaccharides and hyaluronan-binding proteins (habps) using capillary affinity electrophoresis (cae). the method is based on high-resolution separation of fluorescent-labeled ha molecules in the presence of hyaluronan-binding proteins at different concentrations by capillary electrophoresis (ce) with laser-induced fluorescent detection. hyaluronan-binding protein from bovine nasal cartilage interacts strongly wi ... | 2005 | 15664361 |
| agdbnet - antigen sequence database software for bacterial typing. | bacterial typing schemes based on the sequences of genes encoding surface antigens require databases that provide a uniform, curated, and widely accepted nomenclature of the variants identified. due to the differences in typing schemes, imposed by the diversity of genes targeted, creating these databases has typically required the writing of one-off code to link the database to a web interface. here we describe agdbnet, widely applicable web database software that facilitates simultaneous blast ... | 2006 | 16790057 |
| getting a grip on strangles: recent progress towards improved diagnostics and vaccines. | 'strangles', caused by infection with the bacterium streptococcus equi, remains one of the most commonly diagnosed and important infectious diseases of horses world-wide. this review discusses the diagnosis and pathogenesis of strangles with particular attention to the significance of persistent infections in disease transmission and the rapid progress now being made towards the development of effective preventative vaccines. it is now possible combine recent sequence data from the n-terminal re ... | 2007 | 16820310 |
| canine strangles case reveals a new host susceptible to infection with streptococcus equi. | we report the first documented case of canine strangles due to infection with streptococcus equi in a dog with enlarged lymph nodes. genetic typing, via sequencing of 12 housekeeping genes and the sem gene, demonstrated the isolate to be a member of a common equine strain type circulating in the united kingdom. | 2006 | 16825410 |
| disease transmission in horses. | bacterial, viral and protozoal infections may cause severe reproductive losses. the present paper reviews the risk factors, clinical signs and preventive measures for the most important venereal or potential sexually transmitted diseases in horses. the stallion and use of semen for artificial insemination represent major risk factors for the transmission of bacterial contaminants of the penis, including streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus, pseudomonas aeruginosa and klebsiella pneumoniae ... | 2006 | 16837034 |
| hyaluronan biosynthesis by class i streptococcal hyaluronan synthases occurs at the reducing end. | previous studies reached different conclusions about whether class i hyaluronan synthases (hass) elongate hyaluronic acid (ha) by addition to the reducing or the nonreducing end. here we used two strategies to determine the direction of ha synthesis by purified class i hass from streptococcus equisimilis and streptococcus pyogenes. in the first strategy we used each of the two udp-sugar substrates separately to pulse label either the beginning or the end of ha chains. we then quantified the rela ... | 2005 | 15668242 |
| potential pathogens carried by spanish ibex (capra pyrenaica hispanica) in southern spain. | the spanish ibex (capra pyrenaica hispanica) population of southern spain was surveyed for potential pathogens associated with the conjunctiva, external ear canal, as well as reproductive and upper respiratory tracts. we sampled 321 ibex (131 adult males, 100 adult females, and 90 yearlings); these included 271 apparently healthy animals and 50 that were naturally infected with sarcoptes scabiei. a total of 688 bacterial isolates were identified (377 gram-negatives, 225 gram-positives, and 86 my ... | 2006 | 16870855 |
| stable production of hyaluronic acid in streptococcus zooepidemicus chemostats operated at high dilution rate. | hyaluronic acid is routinely produced through fermentation of both group a and c streptococci. despite significant production costs associated with short fermentations and removal of contaminating proteins released during entry into stationary phase, hyaluronic acid is typically produced in batch rather than continuous culture. the main reason is that hyaluronic acid synthesis has been found to be unstable in continuous culture except at very low dilution rates. here, we investigated the mechani ... | 2005 | 15803469 |
| identification and molecular characterization of streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus isolated from camels (camelus dromedarius) and camel milk in kenya and somalia. | seventeen streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus strains isolated from camels and camel milk in kenya and somalia were identified by their cultural characteristics, by biochemical and serological reactions with the help of commercial identification systems and by molecular studies using a multiplex pcr. the isolates were further characterized by a pcr-mediated detection of size polymorphisms in the 16s-23s rdna intergenic spacer region and the virulence gene szp and by amplification of the viru ... | 2005 | 15876228 |
| idee, an igg-endopeptidase of streptococcus equi ssp. equi. | streptococcus equi ssp. equi is the causative agent of strangles, a highly contagious and serious disease in the upper respiratory tract of horses. the present study describes the characterization of idee, a homolog of the secreted igg-specific protease ides/mac of streptococcus pyogenes. the activity of idee is compared with the activity of idez, the corresponding enzyme of the closely related s. equi ssp. zooepidemicus. a study of the proteolytic activity of recombinant idee and idez on igg fr ... | 2006 | 16923080 |
| immunostimulatory effects of the anionic alkali mineral complex barodon on equine lymphocytes. | previous studies have shown that the anionic alkali mineral complex barodon has an immunoenhancing effect on pigs as an adjuvant and as a nonspecific immunostimulant. likewise, the equine immune system has been defined with various monoclonal antibodies specific to equine leukocyte differentiation antigens to determine the possibility of enhancing equine resistance to respiratory diseases and promoting other immunostimulatory effects with the application of barodon. compared with the control gro ... | 2006 | 16943344 |
| streptococcus equi meningoencephalomyelitis in a foal. | a 4-month-old american paint horse colt was evaluated because of acute onset of ataxia, left-sided head tilt, and fever and a recently noticed heart murmur. upper respiratory tract infection caused by streptococcus equi subsp equi had been diagnosed at 3 months of age. | 2006 | 16948585 |
| group c streptococcal bacteremia: a case report from india. | group c streptococci are a common cause of infection in animals and a rare cause of bacteremia in human beings. the entity is often seen in elderly people with a severe underlying illness. we report here the only case of group c streptococcal bacteremia reported in our hospital, caused by streptococcus equisimilis, a beta-hemolytic group c streptococcus. the patient was a 10-year old male with a known history of aplastic anemia. in spite of specific therapy with penicillin, the outcome was fatal ... | 2004 | 15916084 |
| mutation of the maturase lipoprotein attenuates the virulence of streptococcus equi to a greater extent than does loss of general lipoprotein lipidation. | streptococcus equi is the causative agent of strangles, a prevalent and highly contagious disease of horses. despite the animal suffering and economic burden associated with strangles, little is known about the molecular basis of s. equi virulence. here we have investigated the contributions of a specific lipoprotein and the general lipoprotein processing pathway to the abilities of s. equi to colonize equine epithelial tissues in vitro and to cause disease in both a mouse model and the natural ... | 2006 | 17015455 |
| efficacy of oseltamivir phosphate to horses inoculated with equine influenza a virus. | we investigated the efficacy of the oral administration of oseltamivir phosphate (op) in horses experimentally infected with equine influenza a virus (h3n8). nine horses were divided into three horses each of control, treatment and prophylaxis groups. an administration protocol for the treatment group (2 mg/kg of body weight, twice a day for five days) was started immediately after the onset of pyrexia (above 38.9 degrees c). an administration protocol for the prophylaxis group (2 mg/kg of body ... | 2006 | 17019060 |
| standing surgical removal of inspissated guttural pouch exudate (chondroids) in ten horses. | to report use of a modified whitehouse approach in standing horses for management of inspissated guttural pouch empyema. | 2006 | 17026551 |
| mandibular condylectomy and meniscectomy for the treatment of septic temporomandibular joint arthritis in a horse. | to report use of mandibular condylectomy for treatment of advanced degenerative joint disease of the temporomandibular joint (tmj) caused by sepsis. | 2006 | 17026552 |
| getting a grip on strangles. | | 2007 | 17027303 |
| molecular typing and anti-microbial susceptibility of clinical isolates of streptococcus equi ssp. zooepidemicus from equine bacterial endometritis. | the anti-microbial susceptibility and genetic diversity of 65 strains of streptococcus equi ssp. zooepidemicus (sez) isolated from mares presenting clinical signs of endometritis was determined by disk agar diffusion and pulsed field gel electrophoresis (pfge) methods, respectively. overall, sez isolates were susceptible to beta-lactams, enrofloxacin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and gentamicin. these anti-microbials could be recommended as empiric anti-microbial therapy in cases of endometriti ... | 2006 | 17062124 |
| proline-glutamic acid-proline-lysine peptide set as a specific antigen for the serological diagnosis of strangles. | the reactivity of synthesised peptide sets for the m-like proteins sem and szpse with sera from horses infected with streptococcus equi or streptococcus zooepidemicus, or control horses, was investigated by an elisa. seventeen horses were infected experimentally with s equi or s zooepidemicus, convalescent sera were obtained from 25 horses and control sera were obtained from 1945 horses. the serum antibody responses of individual horses to the peptide sets were highly variable. some of the pepti ... | 2006 | 17088298 |
| post streptococcal acute glomerulonephritis secondary to sporadic streptococcus equi infection. | streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus infection is rare in humans, but a well-known cause of pyogenic disease in cows and horses. s. zooepidemicus uncommonly causes post-strep glomerulonephritis (psgn) in humans via epidemic outbreaks. we present a sporadic case of post s. zooepidemicus glomerulonephritis in a child most probably contracted from a horse. the 14-year-old girl presented with the typical signs of psgn, with s. equi zooepidemicus isolated from a blood culture, together with a ... | 2007 | 17109135 |
| production of hyaluronic acid by streptococcus: the effects of the addition of lysozyme and aeration on the formation and the rheological properties of the product. | the effects of the addition of lysozyme and forced aeration on the rheological properties and production of hyaluronic acid by streptococcus zooepidemicus were investigated. lysozyme was added to the culture broth in two pulses during the exponential and stationary phases of a fermentation carried out in a rotary shaker (150 rpm), using 200 ml erlenmeyer flasks. the effect of aeration was evaluated by feeding air into a 2.5 l fermentor at a 2 vvm rate. the effects were analyzed in terms of conce ... | 2005 | 15920278 |
| continuous monitoring of penicillin g and gentamicin in allantoic fluid of pregnant pony mares by in vivo microdialysis. | most current treatments for placentitis in mares are empirical with few control studies to evaluate their effectiveness. | 2006 | 17124841 |
| effects of a streptococcus equi infection--mediated nutritional insult during mid-gestation in primiparous thoroughbred fillies. part 1: placental and fetal development. | there is a paucity of information on factors that influence placental development in the horse. hypothesis: changes in nutrition, particularly around the time of proliferative placental growth, can affect development of the placenta and fetal growth. | 2006 | 17124846 |
| transrectal ultrasonography and plasma progestin profiles identifies feto-placental compromise in mares with experimentally induced placentitis. | transrectal ultrasonography of the caudal uterus and a progestin profile were evaluated for accuracy in identifying mares with feto-placental compromise in a model of placentitis. twenty-two pregnant ponies were divided into four groups: (1) control mares (n=5); (2) instrumented controls (n=2); (3) instrumented inoculated mares (n=11); (4) inoculated mares (n=4). mares in groups 3 and 4 were inoculated with streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. maternal plasma progestins, vulvar discharge, ma ... | 2007 | 17126392 |
| identification and characterization of a novel fibronectin-binding protein gene from streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus strain vtu211. | this work describes the cloning and sequencing of genes encoding fibronectin-binding proteins from streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus strain vtu211. a gene encoding a cell-wall protein fnz was amplified and sequenced. in the same bacterial strain, a second gene termed fnz2 was now discovered, encoding another fibronectin-binding protein (fnz2). the complete amino acid sequence encoded by fnz2 was deduced and compared to that deduced from fnz. the sequence comparison of the fnz and fnz2 ... | 2005 | 15949927 |
| relatedness of streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus strains isolated from harbour seals (phoca vitulina) and grey seals (halichoerus grypus) of various origins of the north sea during 1988-2005. | the present study was designed to identify 15 beta-hemolytic streptococci isolated during a period between 1988 and 2005 from nine harbour seals and six grey seals from various origins of the north sea. all isolates were identified as streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. the bacteria were additionally investigated for relatedness by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of pcr amplified 16s-23s rdna intergenic spacer region and gene szp and by macrorestriction analysis of chromos ... | 2007 | 17169506 |
| se18.9, an anti-phagocytic factor h binding protein of streptococcus equi. | evasion of phagocytosis is an important virulence determinant of streptococcus equi (s. equi subsp. equi), the cause of equine strangles and distinguishes it from the closely related but much less virulent s. zooepidemicus (s. equi subsp. zooepidemicus). we describe se18.9, a novel h factor binding protein secreted by s. equi but not by s. zooepidemicus that reduces deposition of c3 on the bacterial surface and significantly reduces the bactericidal activity of equine neutrophils suspended in no ... | 2007 | 17188435 |
| survey of the large-animal diplomates of the american college of veterinary internal medicine regarding knowledge and clinical use of polymerase chain reaction: implications for veterinary education. | a questionnaire was developed to document the knowledge base of large-animal diplomates of the american college of veterinary internal medicine (acvim) regarding polymerase chain reaction (pcr) technology and to identify the common use of this technology in equine practice. ninety-three of the 278 mailed questionnaires were returned, for an overall response rate of 33.4%. ninety respondents (99%) reported being familiar with the general principles of nucleic acid probe technology; however, only ... | 2006 | 17220506 |
| epidemic glomerulonephritis due to streptococcus zooepidemicus in nova serrana, brazil. | in 1998, there was a large outbreak of acute glomerulonephritis in nova serrana, brazil, caused by group c streptococcus zooepidemicus. this article reviews the characteristics of the outbreak and some aspects of the patients' follow-up. | 2005 | 16014091 |
| what is your diagnosis? a metallic foreign body in the dorsal aspect of the pharyngeal recess. | | 2007 | 17269863 |