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on the relation between phototaxis and photosynthesis in rhodospirillum rubrum. 195014800998
carbon monoxide dehydrogenase from rhodospirillum rubrum: effect of redox potential on catalysis.the ni-fe-s-containing c-cluster of carbon monoxide dehydrogenases is the active site for catalyzing the reversible oxidation of co to co(2). this cluster can be stabilized in redox states designated c(ox), c(red1), c(int), and c(red2). what had until recently been the best-supported mechanism of catalysis involves a one-electron reductive activation of c(ox) to c(red1) and a catalytic cycle in which the c(red1) state binds and oxidizes co, forming c(red2) and releasing co(2). recent experiments ...200414769031
characterization of cyst cell formation in the purple photosynthetic bacterium rhodospirillum centenum.rhodospirillum centenum is an anoxygenic photosynthetic bacterium that is capable of differentiating into several cell types. when grown phototrophically in liquid, cells exhibit a vibrioid shape and have a single polar flagellum. when grown on a solid surface, r. centenum will differentiate into rod-shaped swarm cells that display numerous lateral flagella. upon starvation for nutrients, r. centenum also forms desiccation-resistant cysts. in this study, it was determined that r. centenum has he ...200414766916
the activator of the rhodospirillum rubrum phb depolymerase is a polypeptide that is extremely resistant to high temperature (121 degrees c) and other physical or chemical stresses.hydrolysis of native (amorphous) polyhydroxybutyrate (nphb) granules isolated from different sources by soluble phb depolymerase of rhodospirillum rubrum in vitro requires the presence of a heat-stable compound (activator). the activator was purified and was resistant against various physical and chemical stresses such as heat (up to 130 degrees c), ph 1-12, dryness, oxidation by h2o2, reducing and denaturing compounds (2-mercaptoethanol, 5 m guanidinium-hcl) and many solvents including phenol/c ...200414757249
hydrophobic pockets at the membrane interface: an original mechanism for membrane protein interactions.the effect of partial digestion by trypsin and gluc protease on the association of the membrane polypeptides of lh1 from rhodospirillum (rsp.) rubrum was studied. trypsin and gluc protease treatments of lh1 result in the cleavage of the first three amino acids from the alpha polypeptide and of the first 18 amino acids from the beta polypeptide, respectively, without any noticeable reorganization of their secondary structure, as measured by attenuated total reflectance fourier transform ir spectr ...200414756563
role of the c-terminal extrinsic region of the alpha polypeptide of the light-harvesting 2 complex of rhodobacter sphaeroides: a domain swap study.the lh1 and lh2 complexes of rhodobacter sphaeroides form ring structures of 16 and 9 protomers, respectively, comprising alpha and beta polypeptides, bacteriochlorophylls (bchl), and carotenoids. using the lh2 complex as a starting point, two chimeric lh complexes were constructed incorporating the alphac-terminal domain of either the rb. sphaeroides lh1 complex or the rhodospirillum molischianum lh2 complex. the lh1 domain swap produced a new red-shifted component that comprised approximately ...200314690421
direct observation of tiers in the energy landscape of a chromoprotein: a single-molecule study.single-molecule spectroscopic techniques were applied to individual pigments embedded in a chromoprotein. a sensitive tool to monitor structural fluctuations of the protein backbone in the local environment of the chromophore is provided by recording the changes of the spectral positions of the pigment absorptions as a function of time. the data provide information about the organization of the energy landscape of the protein in tiers that can be characterized by an average barrier height. addit ...200314671325
properties of mutated rhodospirillum rubrum h+-pyrophosphatase expressed in escherichia coli.the membrane-bound proton pumping inorganic pyrophosphate synthase/pyrophosphatase (h(+)-ppi synthase/h(+)-ppase) from the photosynthetic bacterium rhodospirillum rubrum was functionally expressed in escherichia coli c43(de3) cells. based on a new topology model of the enzyme, charged residues predicted to be located near or within the membrane were selected for site-directed mutagenesis. several of these mutations resulted in an almost complete inactivation of the enzyme. four mutated residues ...200314670604
identification and distribution of insertion sequences of paracoccus solventivorans.three novel insertion sequences (iss) (ispso1, ispso2, and ispso3) of the soil bacterium paracoccus solventivorans dsm 11592 were identified by transposition into entrapment vector pmec1. ispso1 (1,400 bp) carries one large open reading frame (orf) encoding a putative basic protein (with a dde motif conserved among transposases [tnps] of elements belonging to the is256 family) with the highest levels of similarity with the hypothetical tnps of rhodospirillum rubrum and sphingopyxis macrogoltabid ...200314660342
proton translocation by transhydrogenase. 200314630339
biochemical and biophysical properties of the co-sensing transcriptional activator cooa.studies of heme-containing gas sensor proteins have revealed a novel function for heme, which acts as an active site for sensing the corresponding gas molecule of a physiological effector. heme-based o(2), no, and co sensor proteins have now been described in which these gas molecules act as a signaling factor that regulates the functional activity of the sensor proteins. cooa is a co-sensing transcriptional activator found in the photosynthetic bacterium rhodospirillum rubrum. the binding of co ...200314622029
microaerophilic cooperation of reductive and oxidative pathways allows maximal photosynthetic membrane biosynthesis in rhodospirillum rubrum.the purple nonsulfur bacterium rhodospirillum rubrum has been employed to study physiological adaptation to limiting oxygen tensions (microaerophilic conditions). r. rubrum produces maximal levels of photosynthetic membranes when grown with both succinate and fructose as carbon sources under microaerophilic conditions in comparison to the level (only about 20% of the maximum) seen in the absence of fructose. employing a unique partial o(2) pressure (po(2)) control strategy to reliably adjust the ...200314602616
structural analysis of the reaction center light-harvesting complex i photosynthetic core complex of rhodospirillum rubrum using atomic force microscopy.the bacterium rhodospirillum rubrum contains a simple photosynthetic system, in which the reaction center (rc) receives energy from the light-harvesting (lh1) complex. we have used high-resolution atomic force microscopy (afm) to image two-dimensional crystals of the rc-lh1 complex of r. rubrum. the afm topographs show that the rc-lh1 complex is approximately 94 a in height, the rc-h subunit protrudes from the cytoplasmic face of the membrane by 40 a, and it sits 21 a above the highest point of ...200414578348
conformational change in the nadp(h) binding domain of transhydrogenase defines four states.proton-translocating transhydrogenase (th) couples direct and stereospecific hydride transfer between nad(h) and nadp(h), bound to soluble domains di and diii, respectively, to proton translocation across a membrane bound domain, dii. the reaction occurs with proton-gradient coupled conformational changes, which affect the energetics of substrate binding and interdomain interactions. the crystal structure of th diii from rhodospirillum rubrum has been determined in the presence of nadph (2.4 a) ...200314567675
a functional link between rubisco-like protein of bacillus and photosynthetic rubisco.the genomes of several nonphotosynthetic bacteria, such as bacillus subtilis, and some archaea include genes for proteins with sequence homology to the large subunit of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco). we found that such a rubisco-like protein (rlp) from b. subtilis catalyzed the 2,3-diketo-5-methylthiopentyl-1-phosphate enolase reaction in the methionine salvage pathway. a growth-defective mutant, in which the gene for this rlp had been disrupted, was rescued by the gene f ...200314551435
determination of the b820 subunit size of a bacterial core light-harvesting complex by small-angle neutron scattering.the b820 subunit is an integral pigment-membrane protein complex and can be obtained by both dissociation of the core light-harvesting complex (lh1) in photosynthetic bacteria and reconstitution from its component parts in the presence of n-octyl beta-d-glucopyranoside (og). intrinsic size of the b820 subunit from rhodospirillum rubrum lh1 complex was measured by small-angle neutron scattering in perdeuterated og solution and evaluated by guinier analysis. both the b820 subunits prepared by diss ...200314516207
probing the transmembrane potential of bacterial cells by voltage-sensitive dyes.fluorescent dyes have been widely employed as optical indicators of the membrane potential difference in cells, isolated organelles and lipid vesicles that are too small to make microelectrode measurements feasible. we describe here the application of a carbocyanine dye, 3,3'-dipropylthiodicarbocyanine iodide [dis-c3-(5)], to monitor the transmembrane potential changes induced by a variation of the k+ concentration for the cells of escherichia (e.) coli and photosynthetic bacterium rhodospirillu ...200314516073
removal of organics and nutrients from tannery effluent by advanced integrated wastewater pond systems technology.in this study, a pilot-scale experiment was carried out on a pre-settled combined tannery effluent from modjo tannery, ethiopia, to evaluate the feasibility of the advanced integrated wastewater pond systems or aiwps technology, for the treatment of tannery effluent. the pilot-scale aiwps facility was comprised of an advanced facultative pond (afp), secondary facultative pond (sfp) and maturation pond (mp) all arranged in series. three feed phases with low, moderate and overloading organic loadi ...200314510225
acid and alkali denaturation of rhodospirillum haem protein. 196214482253
studies on bacterial photophosphorylation. iv. on the maximum amount of delayed photophosphorylation induced by a single flash. 196214479979
studies on bacterial photophosphorylation. ii. effects of reagents and temperature on light-induced and dark phases of photophosphorylation in rhodospirillum rubrum chromatophores. 196214479978
studies on bacterial photophosphorylation. i. kinetics of photophosphorylation in rhodospirillum rubrum chromatophores by flashing light. 196214479977
studies on bacterial photophosphorylation. iii. a sensitive and rapid method of determination of photophosphorylation. 196214479975
immunochemical studies on disulfide bonding in the photochemical apparatus of rhodospirillum rubrum. 196214479361
an x-ray crystallographic study of a heme protein from rhodospirillum rubrum. 196114462184
the photometabolism of propionate by rhodospirillum rubrum. 196214457247
optimal oxidation-reduction potentials and endogenous co-factors in bacterial photophosphorylation. 196214448915
the structure of rhodospirillum rubrum.cells from serial cultures of r. rubrum, grown anaerobically in the light, were harvested at intervals from (1/2) to 15 days and sectioned for electron microscopy by conventional methods. cells of this species possess a multilayered outer envelope, and the external cell surface is differentiated into ridges extending parallel or obliquely to the long axis of the cell. cells from very young cultures resemble non-photosynthetic bacteria and contain only a granular cytoplasm, scattered high-density ...195914401694
respiratory pigments of rhodospirillum rubrum. 195514370222
the succinic dehydrogenase from rhodospirillum rubrum. 195514367286
the acetate-activating enzyme of rhodospirillum rubrum. 195514363230
studies on the amoeba-to-flagellate transformation of tetramitus rostratus. 196514346118
the photoassimilation of succinate to hexose by rhodospirillum rubrum.1. a pathway for the synthesis of hexose from succinate by rhodospirillum rubrum is proposed. 2. with 2,3-(14)c(2)-labelled succinate and fumarate as substrates in experiments with chromatophores and a soluble enzyme fraction of r. rubrum it was found that the products of succinate metabolism by the extracts were the same as in whole cells. it was also found that the light-dependent oxidation of succinate was catalysed by the chromatophores, but that all the other enzymes involved were in the so ...196514342501
the photo-oxidation of succinate by chromatophores of rhodospirillum rubrum.1. the stoicheiometry of the photo-oxidation of succinate by chromatophores has been investigated with [2,3-(14)c(2)]succinate. it was found that there is a stoicheiometric relationship between the amount of succinate oxidized and the nad reduced, and that fumarate is the only product of succinate oxidation. 2. the possibility of a direct hydrogen transfer from succinate to nad in this reaction was investigated with tritiated substrates. with tritiated succinate less than 3% of the activity expe ...196514342500
homoserine dehydrogenase of rhodospirillum rubrum. purification, properties, and feedback control of activity. 196514342328
haemoproteins and haem synthesis in facultative photosynthetic and denitrifying bacteria.1. a simple spectrophotometric method is described for the measurement of various haemoproteins in extracts of photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic bacteria. the method is based on measurements of difference spectra at the soret maxima. 2. in photosynthetic bacteria of the athiorhodaceae group the concentration of carbon monoxide-binding haemoprotein and of cytochromes of the b and c types is two to three times as high in anaerobically grown cells as in those grown aerobically. 3. during the ad ...196514342218
an intermediate in the conversion of p-hydroxybenzoate-u-c-14 to ubiquinone in rhodospirillum rubrum. 196514338239
nitrogen fixation: hydrosulfite as electron donor with cell-free preparations of azotobacter vinelandii and rhodospirillum rubrum. 196514338231
[the effect of uranyl salts on the structure of bacterial nucleoids. i]. 196414335076
lysis of bacterial cell walls by an enzyme isolated from a myxobacter.ensign, j. c. (university of illinois, urbana), and r. s. wolfe. lysis of bacterial cell walls by an enzyme isolated from a myxobacter. j. bacteriol. 90:395-402. 1965.-an exoenzyme which lyses intact cells, heat-killed cells, and cell walls of arthrobacter crystallopoietes was purified 60-fold from the growth liquor obtained from a myxobacter (strain al-1). the lytic enzyme was produced during growth of the organism in a number of complex media, the maximal amount of enzyme being produced in yea ...196514330733
thin-layer countercurrent distribution. 196514328632
the oxidase system of heterotrophically-grown rhodospirillum rubrum. 196514314381
fluorescence decline in purple bacteria resulting from carotenoid absorption. 196514314376
possible partial reactions of the photophosphorylation process in chromatophores from rhodospirillum rubrum. 196514314346
reactivity of photosynthetic bacterial c cytochromes with two cytochrome oxidases. 196514298836
effect of light intensity on the formation of intracytoplasmic membrane in rhodospirillum rubrum.holt, stanley c. (university of california, davis), and allen g. marr. effect of light intensity on the formation of intracytoplasmic membrane in rhodospirillum rubrum. j. bacteriol. 89:1421-1429. 1965.-cells of rhodospirillum rubrum grown at low light intensity were found to contain much more internal membrane than cells grown at high light intensity. highly purified membranes (chromatophores) from cells grown at low to moderate light intensity had a constant content of chlorophyll. thus, the r ...196514293016
isolation and purification of the intracytoplasmic membranes of rhodospirillum rubrum.holt, stanley c. (university of california, davis), and allen g. marr. isolation and purification of the intracytoplasmic membranes of rhodospirillum rubrum. j. bacteriol. 89:1413-1420. 1965.-when rhodospirillum rubrum was disrupted in a french pressure cell, two colored bands were observed after density-gradient centrifugation: an upper band containing chromatophores and a lower band containing cell envelopes. a similar analysis of the pigmented components after disruption by osmotic shock reve ...196514293015
location of chlorophyll in rhodospirillum rubrum.holt, stanley c. (university of california, davis), and allen g. marr. location of chlorophyll in rhodospirillum rubrum. j. bacteriol. 89:1402-1412. 1965.-if cells of rhodospirillum rubrum are broken by sonic and ballistic disruption, the chlorophyll is not found in discrete cytoplasmic structures, but is located in a more extensive structure of the cell, the intracytoplasmic membrane. direct electron microscopy of sonically disrupted cells of r. rubrum and stereo-electron microscopy of osmotica ...196514293014
observations on the structure of rhodospirillum rubum.sections of rhodospirillum rubrum cells from cultures of different ages have been examined to obtain information on the development of chromatophores in this organism. cells from the 12-hour cultures studied contain neither distinct invaginations of the cytoplasmic membrane nor distinct chromatophores. the first structures that can be related to chromatophore development occur peripherally in the cells, are relatively few in number, relatively high in density, and have an indistinct membrane. in ...196514287180
observations on the structure of rhodospirillum molischianum.the lamellae of the bacterium rhodospirillum molischianum originate as extensions of the cytoplasmic membrane into the cytoplasm of the cell. initially, these extensions are narrow folds and occur independently of one another. the first lamellae to appear average about 80 a in width, representing one side of the infolded cytoplasmic membrane, or 160 a when the two sides of the fold are closely appressed. the 160-a lamellae increase in number and may associate to form larger lamellae, which repre ...196514287179
the biosynthesis of ubiquinone and rhodoquinone from p-hydroxybenzoate and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde in rhodospirillum rubrum. 196514285535
the photochemical determination of an oxidase of the photoheterotroph, rhodospirillum rubrum, and the action spectrum of the inhibition of respiration by light. 196514285523
properties of adenosine triphosphatase in a photosynthetic bacterium. 196514285259
a contribution to the understanding of the primary quantum conversion in photosynthesis. 196414270542
[dna content and some problems of the evolution of photosynthetizing bacteria]. 196414256083
effect of oxygen on growth and the synthesis of bacteriochlorophyll in rhodospirillum molischianum.sistrom, w. r. (university of oregon, eugene). effect of oxygen on growth and the synthesis of bacteriochlorophyll in rhodospirillum molischianum. j. bacteriol. 89:403-408. 1965.-the basis of the strict anaerobiosis of the nonsulfur purple bacterium rhodospirillum molischianum was investigated. the bacterium is unable to grow aerobically in the dark. in the light, the only immediate effect of oxygen is to inhibit the biosynthesis of bacteriochlorophyll and carotenoid pigments. growth and protein ...196514255707
characterization of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate extracted from different bacteria.lundgren, d. g. (syracuse university, syracuse, n.y.), r. alper, c. schnaitman and r. h. marchessault. characterization of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate extracted from different bacteria. j. bacteriol. 89:245-251. 1965.-poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate (phb) from different bacterial genera was studied with regard to its crystal structure, infrared absorption, intrinsic viscosity, and electron microscopy. all phb samples precipitated from dilute chloroform solution gave identical x-ray diffractograms confir ...196514255672
morphological changes in poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate granules associated with decreased susceptibility to enzymatic hydrolysis.merrick, j. m. (state university of new york, buffalo), d. g. lundgren, and r. m. pfister. morphological changes in poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate granules associated with decreased susceptibility to enzymatic hydrolysis. j. bacteriol. 89:234-239. 1965.-a complex enzyme system obtained from extracts of rhodospirillum rubrum cells hydrolyzes poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid (phb) contained in native phb granules isolated from bacillus megaterium. a labile factor associated with the granules and necessary ...196514255669
an attempt at quantitation of the sharp light-induced electron paramagnetic resonance signal in photosynthetic materials. 196414249836
studies on the electron-transfer systems in photosynthetic bacteria. iv. kinetics of light-induced cytochrome reactions and analysis of electron-transfer paths. 196414249834
sites of photosynthetic electron-transport systems coupling phosphorylation with chromatophores from rhodospirillum rubrum. 196414249833
the occurrence of adenosine diphosphate glucose: glycogen transglucosylase in bacteria. 196414247687
studies on photophosphorylation. xii. noncyclic photophosphorylation in chromatophores of photosynthetic bacteria. 196414243612
feedback sensitivity of threonine deaminases in two species of photosynthetic bacteria. 196414219040
interaction of photophosphorylation and electron transport systems in bacterial chromatophores. 196414217893
comparative biochemistry of cytochrome c. 196414213357
depolymerization of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate by intracellular enzyme system.merrick, j. m. (state university of new york, buffalo), and m. doudoroff. depolymerization of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate by an intracellular enzyme system. j. bacteriol. 88:60-71. 1964.-the poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid contained in the "lipid granules" of bacillus megaterium is hydrolyzed to d(-)-beta-hydroxybutyric acid by a complex enzyme system present in the soluble enzyme fraction of polymer-depleted cells of rhodospirillum rubrum. this system consists of a thermostable "activator," a therm ...196414197907
subunits of the chromatophore membranes in rhodospirillum rubrum. 196414195454
the reversible interaction of sodium dodecyl sulfate with bacterial chromatophores. 196414189898
absorption changes in bacterial chromatophores.the magnitude and kinetics of photo-induced absorption changes in bacterial chromatophores (r. rubrum, r. spheroides and chromatium) have been studied as a function of potential, established by added redox couples. no photochanges can be observed above +0.55 v or below -0.15 v. the loss of signal at the higher potential is centered at +0.439 v and follows a one-electron change. the loss of signal at the lower potential is centered at -0.044 v and is also consistent with a one-electron change. bo ...196414185583
light-induced oxidation of cytochromes in photosynthetic bacteria between 20 and-170 degrees. 196414179445
light stimulation of the respiratory activity of rhodospirillum rubrum chromatophores. 196414179444
light-activated hydrogenase in rhodospirillum rubrum. 196414179443
elovich decay of free radicals in a photosynthetic system as evidence for electron transport across an interfacial activation energy barrier. 196414172995
transient epr and absorbence changes in photpsynthetic bacteria. 196414171949
coenzyme q: intracellular distribution in rhodospirillum rubrum.whole cells and cell membranes of rhodospirillum rubrum prepared by lysozyme treatment and osmotic lysis of cells were analyzed for coenzyme q. all the coenzyme q was localized in the cell membranes.196414171537
[on the morphogenesis of bacterial "chromatophores" (thylakoids) and on the synthesis of bacteriochlorophyll in rhodopseudomonas spheroides and rhodospirillum rubrum]. 196314166428
electron microscope observation of chromatophores of rhodospirillum rubrum. 196414165601
the effect of carotenoid pigments on photooxidations of some photosynthetic bacteria. 196414163512
studies on light-induced inhibition of respiration in purple bacteria: action spectra for rhodospirillum rubrum and rhodopseudomonas spheroides. 196414163510
adenosine diphosphate-adenosine triphosphate exchange reaction with chromatophores from rhodospirillum rubrum. 196414162515
comparison of three yeast cytochrome c's purified form saccharomyces cerevisiae, kloeckera sp. and candida krusei. 196414159290
the biochemistry of sulfur-containing compounds. 196314146743
studies with a simulated martian environment. bacterial synergism: preliminary systems. techn docum rep sam-tdr-62-151. 196314133740
observations on the fine structure of spheroplasts of rhodospirillum rubrum.spheroplasts of the photosynthetic bacterium rhodospirillum rubrum were prepared from cultures grown in either the presence or absence of light. cells were converted into spheroplasts by using lysozyme and versene and fixed in a sucrose-veronal-acetate buffer mixture containing osmium tetroxide. some preparations were shadow-cast and examined whole; others were embedded in epon 812 and sectioned. the action of lysozyme and versene appears to result in removal of the cell wall in strips. the rela ...196414126874
bioelectrochemical energy conversion.the interaction between photosynthetic microorganisms and an inert electrode material was examined. cathodic polarization values of platinum-bearing marine algae were obtained over a wide current-density range under both illumination and dark conditions. a potential shift of 0.6 v in the cathodic direction occurred upon illumination at a current density of 4.3 mua/cm(2). similar photo-induced results, involving anodic polarization, were obtained by use of resting cells of rhodospirillum rubrum s ...196414106931
[poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid-splitting bacteria and an exoenzyme]. 196314106079
effects of feedback modifiers on the state of aggregation of homoserine dehydrogenase of rhodospirillum rubrum. 196414104597
cytochrome-chlorophyll interaction: the nature of the dark reaction. 196314087332
comparative structural studies on some bacterial heme proteins. 196314087307
the conversion of p-hydroxybenzaldehyde to the benzoquinone ring of ubiquinone in rhodospirillum rubrum. 196314081941
fast kinetics of unpaired electrons in photosynthetic systems. 196314077491
on the anomalous interactions of ligands with rhodospirillum haem protein. 196314071588
a nuclear magnetic resonance study of hydrogen exchange at methine positions in chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorobium chlorophyll-660, and bacteriochlorophyll. 196314069505
structural changes related to photosynthetic activity in cells and chloroplasts. 196314060129
carbon and energy storage in bacteria. 196314053264
the breakdown and biosynthesis of glutamic acid. 196314053261
[fixation of molecular nitrogen by cell-free preparations from microorganisms]. 196314053246
role of ferredoxin in the metabolism of molecular hydrogen.valentine, r. c. (university of illinois, urbana) and r. s. wolfe. role of ferredoxin in the metabolism of molecular hydrogen. j. bacteriol. 85:1114-1120. 1963.-the metabolism of molecular hydrogen by clostridium pasteurianum, micrococcus lactilyticus (veillonella alcalescens), and several other anaerobic bacteria was studied. oxidation of hydrogen, using several electron-accepting substrates including triphosphopyridine nucleotide, uric acid, xanthine, nitrite, and hydroxylamine, required ferre ...196314044002
regulation of enzyme activity by specific reversal of feedback inhibition.studies with a photosynthetic bacterium have revealed a novel type of regulatory control of enzymes participating in amino acid biosyntheses. feeback inhibition of enzyme activity can be specifically reversed by ultimate end products of a branched pathway.196314043347
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