Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| the diversity of reproductive parasites among arthropods: wolbachia do not walk alone. | inherited bacteria have come to be recognised as important components of arthropod biology. in addition to mutualistic symbioses, a range of other inherited bacteria are known to act either as reproductive parasites or as secondary symbionts. whilst the incidence of the alpha-proteobacterium wolbachia is relatively well established, the current knowledge of other inherited bacteria is much weaker. here, we tested 136 arthropod species for a range of inherited bacteria known to demonstrate reprod ... | 2008 | 18577218 |
| wolbachia in dirofilaria repens causing human subcutaneous dirofilariosis. | human subcutaneous dirofilariosis is an increasingly reported zoonosis caused by several filarial species, in particular by dirofilaria (nochtiella) repens. like many filarial worms, d. repens harbours the bacterial endosymbiont wolbachia that has been implicated in the inflammatory features of filarial infection. immunohistochemical staining against the wolbachia surface protein (wsp) was carried out on 14 skin nodules and showed numerous bacteria within the intact worms and occasional positive ... | 2008 | 18576857 |
| intense transpositional activity of insertion sequences in an ancient obligate endosymbiont. | the streamlined genomes of ancient obligate endosymbionts generally lack transposable elements, such as insertion sequences (is). yet, the genome of wolbachia, one of the most abundant bacterial endosymbionts on earth, is littered with is. such a paradox raises the question as to why there are so many iss in the genome of this ancient endosymbiont. to address this question, we investigated is transpositional activity in the unculturable wolbachia by tracking the evolutionary dynamics and history ... | 2008 | 18562339 |
| genome evolution of wolbachia strain wpip from the culex pipiens group. | the obligate intracellular bacterium wolbachia pipientis strain wpip induces cytoplasmic incompatibility (ci), patterns of crossing sterility, in the culex pipiens group of mosquitoes. the complete sequence is presented of the 1.48-mbp genome of wpip which encodes 1386 coding sequences (cdss), representing the first genome sequence of a b-supergroup wolbachia. comparisons were made with the smaller genomes of wolbachia strains wmel of drosophila melanogaster, an a-supergroup wolbachia that is al ... | 2008 | 18550617 |
| genetic and cytogenetic analysis of the fruit fly rhagoletis cerasi (diptera: tephritidae). | the european cherry fruit fly, rhagoletis cerasi, is a major agricultural pest for which biological, genetic, and cytogenetic information is limited. we report here a cytogenetic analysis of 4 natural greek populations of r. cerasi, all of them infected with the endosymbiotic bacterium wolbachia pipientis. the mitotic karyotype and detailed photographic maps of the salivary gland polytene chromosomes of this pest species are presented here. the mitotic metaphase complement consists of 6 pairs of ... | 2008 | 18545272 |
| bancroftian filariasis--absence of wolbachia after doxycycline treatment. | 2008 | 18541758 | |
| the wolbachia endosymbiont of brugia malayi has an active pyruvate phosphate dikinase. | genome analysis of the glycolytic/gluconeogenic pathway in the wolbachia endosymbiont from the filarial parasite brugia malayi (wbm) has revealed that wbm lacks pyruvate kinase (pk) and may instead utilize the enzyme pyruvate phosphate dikinase (ppdk; atp:pyruvate, orthophosphate phosphotransferase, ec 2.7.9.1). ppdk catalyses the reversible conversion of amp, ppi and phosphoenolpyruvate (pep) into atp, pi and pyruvate. the glycolytic pathway of most organisms, including mammals, contains exclus ... | 2008 | 18539347 |
| molecular identification of wolbachia from the filarial nematode mansonella perstans. | wolbachiae are bacterial endosymbionts of insects and many filarial nematodes whose products trigger inflammation in filarial infections. the dependence of the parasites on their endosymbionts has also led to the use of antibiotics directed against the wolbachiae, therapy that has been demonstrated to have a profound salutary effect on filarial infections. the identification of wolbachiae in mansonella species has been conclusively shown for mansonella ozzardi (mo), but not for mansonella persta ... | 2008 | 18538871 |
| first detection of wolbachia spp., including a new genotype, in sand flies collected in marseille, france. | pooled sand fly samples collected in marseille, france, in july 2005 were examined by polymerase chain reaction amplification and sequencing of the 16s rrna gene of the anaplasmataceae. two different sequences of the 16s rrna gene were obtained that are similar to bacteria belonging to the genus wolbachia. these findings were confirmed by amplification, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis of the wsp gene of the genus wolbachia. the wolbachia species from sergentomyia minuta has been named "wol ... | 2008 | 18533441 |
| modifying insect population age structure to control vector-borne disease. | age is a critical determinant of the ability of most arthropod vectors to transmit a range of human pathogens. this is due to the fact that most pathogens require a period of extrinsic incubation in the arthropod host before pathogen transmission can occur. this developmental period for the pathogen often comprises a significant proportion of the expected lifespan of the vector. as such, only a small proportion of the population that is oldest contributes to pathogen transmission. given this, st ... | 2008 | 18510020 |
| using predictive models to optimize wolbachia-based strategies for vector-borne disease control. | the development of resistance to insecticides by vector arthropods, the evolution of resistance to chemotherapeutic agents by parasites and the lack of clinical cures or vaccines for many diseases has stimulated a high-profile effort to develop vector-borne disease control strategies based on release of genetically-modified mosquitoes. because transgenic insects are likely to be less fit than their wild-type counterparts, transgenic traits must be actively driven into the population in spite of ... | 2008 | 18510019 |
| wolbachia-based technologies for insect pest population control. | wolbachia are a group of obligatory intracellular and maternally inherited bacteria found in many arthropod species, including insects, mites, spiders, springtails, crustaceans, as well as in certain nematodes. several pcr-based surveys suggest that over 20% of the arthropod species may be wolbachia-infected, rendering this bacterium the most ubiquitous intracellular symbiont yet described. wolbachia have recently attracted attention for their potential as novel and environmentally friendly bio- ... | 2008 | 18510018 |
| genetic and functional characterization of the type iv secretion system in wolbachia. | a type iv secretion system (t4ss) is used by many symbiotic and pathogenic intracellular bacteria for the successful infection of and survival, proliferation, and persistence within hosts. in this study, the presence and function of the t4ss in wolbachia strains were investigated by a combination of genetic screening and immunofluorescence microscopy. two operons of virb-vird4 loci were found in the genome of wolbachia pipientis strain watab3, from the hymenoptera asobara tabida, and strain wri, ... | 2008 | 18502862 |
| molecular identification of anaplasma marginale and rickettsial endosymbionts in blood-sucking flies (diptera: tabanidae, muscidae) and hard ticks (acari: ixodidae). | in an attempt to identify the main vector and possible transmission routes of anaplasma spp. in a region of hungary with high prevalence of ovine and bovine anaplasmosis, dna was extracted from 316 haematophagous arthropods (individually or in pools), including 4 species of ixodid ticks, 6 species of tabanid flies and hornflies. midichloria-like organisms were identified with pcr (amplifying a portion of the 16s rrna gene) and sequencing from dermacentor marginatus and ixodes ricinus. significan ... | 2008 | 18495345 |
| phylogenetic analyses of ribosomal dna-containing bacterioplankton genome fragments from a 4000 m vertical profile in the north pacific subtropical gyre. | high-throughput identification of rrna gene-containing clones in large insert metagenomic libraries is difficult, because of the high background of host ribosomal rna (rrna) and rrna genes. to address this challenge, a membrane hybridization method was developed to identify all bacterial small subunit rrna-containing fosmid clones of microbial community dna from seven different depths in the north pacific subtropical gyre. out of 101,376 clones screened, 751 rdna-containing clones were identifie ... | 2008 | 18494796 |
| origins of asexuality in bryobia mites (acari: tetranychidae). | obligate asexual reproduction is rare in the animal kingdom. generally, asexuals are considered evolutionary dead ends that are unable to radiate. the phytophagous mite genus bryobia contains a large number of asexual species. in this study, we investigate the origin and evolution of asexuality using samples from 111 populations in europe, south africa and the united states, belonging to eleven bryobia species. we also examine intraspecific clonal diversity for one species, b. kissophila, by gen ... | 2008 | 18489749 |
| heartworm disease in animals and humans. | heartworm disease due to dirofilaria immitis continues to cause severe disease and even death in dogs and other animals in many parts of the world, even though safe, highly effective and convenient preventatives have been available for the past two decades. moreover, the parasite and vector mosquitoes continue to spread into areas where they have not been reported previously. heartworm societies have been established in the usa and japan and the first european dirofilaria days (fedd) conference ... | 2008 | 18486691 |
| an rgs-containing sorting nexin controls drosophila lifespan. | the pursuit of eternal youth has existed for centuries and recent data indicate that fat-storing tissues control lifespan. in a d. melanogaster fat body insertional mutagenic enhancer trap screen designed to isolate genes that control longevity, we identified a regulator of g protein signaling (rgs) domain containing sorting nexin, termed snazarus (sorting nexin lazarus, snz). flies with insertions into the 5' utr of snz live up to twice as long as controls. transgenic expression of uas-snz from ... | 2008 | 18478054 |
| the endosymbiont wolbachia pipientis induces the expression of host antioxidant proteins in an aedes albopictus cell line. | wolbachia are obligate intracellular bacteria which commonly infect arthropods. they are maternally inherited and capable of altering host development, sex determination, and reproduction. reproductive manipulations include feminization, male-killing, parthenogenesis, and cytoplasmic incompatibility. the mechanism by which wolbachia avoid destruction by the host immune response is unknown. generation of antimicrobial peptides (amps) and reactive oxygen species (ros) by the host are among the fir ... | 2008 | 18461124 |
| transfection of feminizing wolbachia endosymbionts of the butterfly, eurema hecabe, into the cell culture and various immature stages of the silkmoth, bombyx mori. | wolbachia are maternally inherited endosymbiotic bacteria of invertebrates that can manipulate the reproductive systems of their arthropod hosts in a variety of ways. to establish a useful model system for investigating the mechanism of wolbachia-induced host feminization, we conducted the following series of experiments: (1) feminizing wolbachia of the butterfly, eurema hecabe, were transferred into cell cultures of the silkmoth, bombyx mori, and (2) the transfected wolbachia in cell cultures w ... | 2008 | 18458997 |
| wolbachia infection alters olfactory-cued locomotion in drosophila spp. | wolbachia pipientis is an endosymbiotic bacterium present in diverse insect species. although it is well studied for its dramatic effects on host reproductive biology, little is known about its effects on other aspects of host biology, despite its presence in a wide array of host tissues. this study examined the effects of three wolbachia strains on two different drosophila species, using a laboratory performance assay for insect locomotion in response to olfactory cues. the results demonstrate ... | 2008 | 18456851 |
| the secretome of the filarial parasite, brugia malayi: proteomic profile of adult excretory-secretory products. | the secretome of a parasite in its definitive host can be considered to be its genome in trans, to the extent that secreted products encoded by the parasite fulfill their function in the host milieu. the 'extended phenotype' of the filarial parasite, brugia malayi, is of particular interest because of the evidence that infection results in potent down-modulation of the host immune response. we collected b. malayi 'excretory-secretory' (bes) proteins from adult parasites and using a combination o ... | 2008 | 18439691 |
| combined ivermectin and doxycycline treatment has microfilaricidal and adulticidal activity against dirofilaria immitis in experimentally infected dogs. | there is still a pressing need for effective adulticide treatment for human and animal filarial infections. like many filarial nematodes, dirofilaria immitis, the causative agent of canine heartworm disease, harbours the bacterial endosymbiont wolbachia, which has been shown to be essential for worm development, fecundity and survival. here the authors report the effect of different treatment regimens in dogs experimentally infected with adult d. immitis on microfilariemia, antigenemia, worm rec ... | 2008 | 18433753 |
| multiple rescue factors within a wolbachia strain. | wolbachia-induced cytoplasmic incompatibility (ci) is expressed when infected males are crossed with either uninfected females or females infected with wolbachia of different ci specificity. in diploid insects, ci results in embryonic mortality, apparently due to the the loss of the paternal set of chromosomes, usually during the first mitotic division. the molecular basis of ci has not been determined yet; however, several lines of evidence suggest that wolbachia exhibits two distinct sex-depen ... | 2008 | 18430940 |
| effects of 6-week azithromycin treatment on the wolbachia endobacteria of onchocerca volvulus. | the effects of azithromycin treatment on the presence of wolbachia endobacteria and on the embryogenesis and microfilariae production of onchocerca volvulus were studied. in 2002, in an endemic area in ghana, 37 onchocerciasis patients were treated for 6 weeks with azithromycin: 23 patients received 250 mg every day, and 14 took 1,200 mg once a week. after 6 and/or 12 months, all palpable worm nodules were extirpated from 31 treated and nine additional untreated patients, and the presence of wol ... | 2008 | 18421478 |
| doxycycline treatment of brugia malayi-infected persons reduces microfilaremia and adverse reactions after diethylcarbamazine and albendazole treatment. | the efficacy of doxycycline for treating the causal agent of human lymphatic filariasis, brugia malayi, is unknown. standard treatment with diethylcarbamazine-albendazole is associated with adverse reactions. we assessed whether doxycycline alone or in combination with diethylcarbamazine-albendazole would lead to sustained amicrofilaremia and reduced incidence of adverse reactions. | 2008 | 18419441 |
| molecular and functional characterization of granulin-like molecules of insects. | granulins are a group of highly conserved growth factors that have been described from a variety of organisms spanning the metazoa. here, we report on the identification of two partial transcripts encoding granulin-like molecules from aa23 embryonic cells of aedes albopictus and primary haemocytes from manduca sexta. both these partial transcripts had the characteristic 12-cysteine motif that is a hallmark of the granulin family and they represent the first granulin mrna transcripts identified f ... | 2008 | 18405836 |
| cytological properties of an aedes albopictus mosquito cell line infected with wolbachia strain walbb. | in vitro production of the obligate intracellular bacterium, wolbachia pipientis, is essential to its manipulation as a genetic tool to spread transgenes within vector populations. we have adapted the wolbachia-infected aa23 aedes albopictus mosquito cell line to eagle's minimal medium, supplemented with nonessential amino acids, glutamine, and 20% fetal bovine serum. when plated at low densities, aa23e cells grew as patchy monolayers, comprised of non-contiguous clusters of cells that gave rise ... | 2008 | 18401667 |
| sex chromosomes and sex determination in lepidoptera. | the speciose insect order lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) and their closest relatives, trichoptera (caddis flies), share a female-heterogametic sex chromosome system. originally a z/zz (female/male) system, it evolved by chromosome rearrangement to a wz/zz (female/male) system in the most species-rich branch of lepidoptera, a monophyletic group consisting of ditrysia and tischeriina, which together comprise more than 98% of all species. further sporadic rearrangements created multi-sex chrom ... | 2008 | 18391545 |
| cloning, expression, purification and characterization of a dsba-like protein from wolbachia pipientis. | wolbachia pipientis are obligate endosymbionts that infect a wide range of insect and other arthropod species. they act as reproductive parasites by manipulating the host reproduction machinery to enhance their own transmission. this unusual phenotype is thought to be a consequence of the actions of secreted wolbachia proteins that are likely to contain disulfide bonds to stabilize the protein structure. in bacteria, the introduction or isomerization of disulfide bonds in proteins is catalyzed b ... | 2008 | 18387819 |
| exploring the transcriptome of the burrowing nematode radopholus similis. | radopholus similis is an important nematode pest on fruit crops in the tropics. unraveling the transcriptome of this migratory plant-parasitic nematode can provide insight in the parasitism process and lead to more efficient control measures. for the first high throughput molecular characterization of this devastating nematode, 5,853 expressed sequence tags from a mixed stage population were generated. adding 1,154 tags from the est division of genbank for subsequent analysis, resulted in a tota ... | 2008 | 18386064 |
| filarial infections in travelers and immigrants. | filarial infections including loiasis, onchocerciasis, and lymphatic filariasis are important causes of morbidity in endemic populations worldwide, and they present a risk to travelers to endemic areas. definitive diagnosis is complicated by overlap in the geographic distribution and clinical manifestations of the different filarial parasites, as well as similarities in their antigenic and nucleic acid composition. this has important implications for treatment, because the efficacies and toxicit ... | 2008 | 18377816 |
| lymphatic filariasis: inflammatory response to wolbachia bacteria in filarial worms. | 2007 | 18365535 | |
| diversity of ixodes ricinus tick-associated bacterial communities from different forests. | nymphal ixodes ricinus ticks (n=180) were collected from three different areas in the netherlands to investigate the effect of forest composition on tick-associated microbial communities. sampled habitats differed in thickness of leaf litter and humus layers and vegetation associations and were located near amsterdam (beech-oak), ede (birch-oak) and veldhoven (birch-oak). analysis of nine 16s rrna gene clone libraries made from individual ticks showed nearest matches with presumed pathogens cand ... | 2008 | 18355299 |
| natural death of adult onchocerca volvulus and filaricidal effects of doxycycline induce local foxp3+/cd4+ regulatory t cells and granzyme expression. | immunosuppression in human filarial disease involves regulatory t cells. we hypothesized that natural or worm antigen-induced foxp3 regulatory t cells could be involved locally, suppressing effector cells via granzymes. natural and treatment-induced death of worms implies enhanced exposure to worm antigens. therefore, we examined foxp3+t cells and granzyme expression in onchocercomas harbouring adult onchocerca volvulus worms, with respect to worm viability, productivity, the patient's immune st ... | 2008 | 18339571 |
| [wolbachia extensively harbored by bemisia tabaci in china]. | wolbachia are a group of maternally inherited bacteria harbored by a variety of arthropods and can manipulate the reproductivity of their hosts. eighteen populations of whiteflies were collected from hebei, xinjiang, beijing, shandong, zhejiang, guangxi, hainan, guangzhou and fujian provinces, china. these whiteflies were molecularly identified using internal transcribed spacer 1 its1 rdna sequences. they were then detected for wolbachia infection using wolbachia-specific primers designed based ... | 2008 | 18338578 |
| protein profiling of hemocytes from the terrestrial crustacean armadillidium vulgare. | to establish and maintain a successful infection, microbial pathogens have evolved various strategies to infect the host in the face of a functional immune system. in this context, the alpha-proteobacteria wolbachia capacities to infect new host species have been greatly evidenced. indeed, in terrestrial isopods, experimentally transferred wolbachia invade all host tissues, including immune cells such as hemocytes. to investigate mechanisms that have to be avoided by bacteria to maintain themsel ... | 2008 | 18329099 |
| how many species are infected with wolbachia?--a statistical analysis of current data. | wolbachia are intracellular bacteria found in many species of arthropods and nematodes. they manipulate the reproduction of their arthropod hosts in various ways, may play a role in host speciation and have potential applications in biological pest control. estimates suggest that at least 20% of all insect species are infected with wolbachia. these estimates result from several wolbachia screenings in which numerous species were tested for infection; however, tests were mostly performed on only ... | 2008 | 18312577 |
| novel rna sequences associated with late male killing in homona magnanima. | maternally inherited female-biased sex ratios have been documented in many invertebrate species. one cause of such biased sex ratios is male killing, i.e. only males die. in most species, male killing occurs during embryonic stages (early male killing) and is associated with cytoplasmic bacteria, including wolbachia, spiroplasma, rickettsia, flavobacteria and gamma proteobacteria. however, the oriental tea tortrix, homona magnanima, is one of the few species in which male death occurs in the lar ... | 2008 | 18302997 |
| visualization of pseudogenes in intracellular bacteria reveals the different tracks to gene destruction. | pseudogenes reveal ancestral gene functions. some obligate intracellular bacteria, such as mycobacterium leprae and rickettsia spp., carry substantial fractions of pseudogenes. until recently, horizontal gene transfers were considered to be rare events in obligate host-associated bacteria. | 2008 | 18302730 |
| you can't keep a good parasite down: evolution of a male-killer suppressor uncovers cytoplasmic incompatibility. | maternally inherited parasites are known to impose a wide variety of reproductive manipulations upon their host. these often produce strong selection on the host to suppress the parasite, resulting in a reduction in the frequency of the parasite. however, in the butterfly hypolimnas bolina, infected with a wolbachia bacterium, field data demonstrate that suppression of the male-killing phenotype does not depress parasite frequency. here we test and verify one hypothesis to explain this apparent ... | 2008 | 18298644 |
| wolbachia transmission dynamics in formica wood ants. | the role of wolbachia endosymbionts in shaping the mitochondrial diversity of their arthropod host depends on the effects they have on host reproduction and on the mode of transmission of the bacteria. we have compared the sequence diversity of wsp (wolbachia surface protein gene) and the host mtdna in a group of formica ant species that have diverged approximately 0.5 million years ago (mya). the aim was to study the relationship of wolbachia and its ant hosts in terms of vertical and horizonta ... | 2008 | 18291041 |
| infectious diseases of dogs and cats on isabela island, galapagos. | vaccination and importation of dogs and cats are prohibited in the galapagos, resulting in a uniquely isolated population. the purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of infectious diseases of dogs and cats that impact their health, could spill over to native wildlife, or sentinel diseases of concern to humans. | 2008 | 18289290 |
| inherited intracellular ecosystem: symbiotic bacteria share bacteriocytes in whiteflies. | symbiotic relationships with bacteria are common within the arthropoda, with interactions that substantially influence the biology of both partners. the symbionts' spatial distribution is essential for understanding key aspects of this relationship, such as bacterial transmission, phenotype, and dynamics. in this study, fluorescence in situ hybridization was used to localize five secondary symbionts from various populations and biotypes of the sweet potato whitefly bemisia tabaci: hamiltonella, ... | 2008 | 18285399 |
| diversity and phylogeny of wolbachia infecting bactrocera dorsalis (diptera: tephritidae) populations from china. | wolbachia are a common and widespread group of symbiotic bacteria found in the reproductive tissues of arthropods. bactrocera dorsalis (hendel) is an important pest causing considerable economic losses of fruits and vegetables in several southern provinces of china. in this study, polymerase chain reaction (pcr) with general wolbachia surface protein (wsp) primers was used to test the presence of wolbachia in 1,500 individuals of b. dorsalis from five geographical populations of china. we detect ... | 2007 | 18284754 |
| infection of the intermediate mite host with wolbachia-depleted litomosoides sigmodontis microfilariae: impaired l1 to l3 development and subsequent sex-ratio distortion in adult worms. | the rodent filaria litomosoides sigmodontis harbour wolbachia, endosymbionts essential for worm embryogenesis, larval development and adult survival. to study the effect of tetracycline, which depletes wolbachia, on the development of microfilariae (l1s, mf) to l3 in the intermediate host ornithonyssus bacoti, and to observe the development of wolbachia-depleted l3s in mongolian gerbils (meriones unguiculatus); microfilaremic gerbils were treated orally with tetracycline for 6 weeks (primary inf ... | 2008 | 18282572 |
| high incidence of the maternally inherited bacterium cardinium in spiders. | inherited bacteria are now recognized as important players in arthropod evolution and ecology. here, we test spiders, a group recently identified as possessing inherited bacteria commonly, for the presence of two reproductive parasites, cardinium hertigii (bacteroidetes group) and wolbachia (alpha-proteobacteria), estimating incidence, prevalence, any sex bias in infection, and infection diversity, for a panel of field-collected specimens. we identify spiders as a hotspot for cardinium. present ... | 2008 | 18266629 |
| crystallization and preliminary diffraction analysis of a dsba homologue from wolbachia pipientis. | alpha-dsba1 is one of two dsba homologues encoded by the gram-negative alpha-proteobacterium wolbachia pipientis, an endosymbiont that can behave as a reproductive parasite in insects and as a mutualist in medically important filarial nematodes. the alpha-dsba1 protein is thought to be important for the folding and secretion of wolbachia proteins involved in the induction of reproductive distortions. crystals of native and semet alpha-dsba1 were grown by vapour diffusion and belong to the monocl ... | 2008 | 18259058 |
| [evolution from retrotransposons to retroviruses: origin of the env gene]. | in genome of drosophila melanogaster, various families of retrotransposons with different combination of functional domens and mechanisms of transposition are present. however only retrotransposons of gypsy family are retroviruses related to errantiviruses. other families seemingly appeared as intermediate forms of retroviruses evolution. despite the fact that the question on origin of retroviruses remains unclear, now the hypothesis of their origin from retrotransoposons can be considered the m ... | 2007 | 18257289 |
| population biology of cytoplasmic incompatibility: maintenance and spread of cardinium symbionts in a parasitic wasp. | bacteria that cause cytoplasmic incompatibility (ci) are perhaps the most widespread parasites of arthropods. ci symbionts cause reproductive failure when infected males mate with females that are either uninfected or infected with a different, incompatible strain. until recently, ci was known to be caused only by the alpha-proteobacterium wolbachia. here we present the first study of the population biology of cardinium, a recently discovered symbiont in the bacteroidetes that causes ci in the p ... | 2008 | 18245338 |
| ultrastructure of reproductive system of female litomosoides chagasfilhoi moraes-neto, lanfredi and de souza, 1997 (nematoda: filarioidea). | the ultrastructure of the female reproductive system of the filariid litomosoides chagasfilhoi by transmission electron microscopy (tem) is described for the first time. the ovary is composed of primary oocytes surrounded by a single layer of epithelial cells apposed on the basal laminae. the ovarian wall is completely filled with primary oocytes, which are arranged radially and are centrally connected around the rachis. the uterine wall consists of muscular fibers surrounded by a basal lamina a ... | 2008 | 18236077 |
| interspecific hybridization yields strategy for south pacific filariasis vector elimination. | lymphatic filariasis (lf) is a leading cause of disability in south pacific regions, where >96% of the 1.7 million population are at risk of lf infection. as part of current global campaign, mass drug administration (mda) has effectively reduced lymphatic filiariasis prevalence, but mosquito vector biology can complicate the mda strategy. in some regions, there is evidence that the goal of lf elimination cannot be attained via mda alone. obligate vector mosquitoes provide additional targets for ... | 2008 | 18235849 |
| the mitochondrial heat shock protein 60 (hsp60) is up-regulated in onchocerca volvulus after the depletion of wolbachia. | wolbachia, a genus of endosymbiotic bacteria of filarial worms, represent novel targets for anti-filarial therapy. the efficacy of compounds against wolbachia has been evaluated using antiserum raised against the 60 kda heat shock protein (hsp60) which binds specifically to this protein in both wolbachia and mitochondria. it has been shown that wolbachia stains (using such specific probes) stronger than the mitochondria in untreated onchocerca volvulus, whereas after the depletion of wolbachia ( ... | 2008 | 18205985 |
| prior killing of intracellular bacteria wolbachia reduces inflammatory reactions and improves antifilarial efficacy of diethylcarbamazine in rodent model of brugia malayi. | the discovery of the endosymbiont wolbachia, which has a mutualistic relationship with filarial nematodes, and its importance in filarial parasite biology has provided a lead for developing novel chemotherapeutic agents against human filariasis. wolbachia also appears to be involved in immunopathological responses as well as adverse reactions after antifilarial therapy. the aim of the present study was to explore the potential of administering anti-wolbachial therapy before antifilarial treatmen ... | 2008 | 18180957 |
| insight into the routes of wolbachia invasion: high levels of horizontal transfer in the spider genus agelenopsis revealed by wolbachia strain and mitochondrial dna diversity. | the pandemic distribution of wolbachia (alpha-proteobacteria) across arthropods is largely due to the ability of these maternally inherited endosymbionts to successfully shift hosts across species boundaries. yet it remains unclear whether wolbachia has preferential routes of transfer among species. here, we examined populations of eight species of the north american funnel-web spider genus agelenopsis to evaluate whether wolbachia show evidence for host specificity and the relative contribution ... | 2008 | 18179432 |
| genome-wide analysis of the interaction between the endosymbiotic bacterium wolbachia and its drosophila host. | intracellular wolbachia bacteria are obligate, maternally-inherited, endosymbionts found frequently in insects and other invertebrates. the success of wolbachia can be attributed in part to an ability to alter host reproduction via mechanisms including cytoplasmic incompatibility (ci), parthenogenesis, feminization and male killing. despite substantial scientific effort, the molecular mechanisms underlying the wolbachia/host interaction are unknown. | 2008 | 18171476 |
| iswpi1 from wolbachia pipientis defines a novel group of insertion sequences within the is5 family. | insertion sequences are transposable elements that can represent substantial proportions of prokaryotic genomes and play a substantial role in shaping host genome evolution. as such, evaluating and understanding insertion sequence diversity is an important task to fulfill, because it is expected to yield new insight into the evolution of bacterial transposable elements and contribute to improve genome annotations. here, i characterized an insertion sequence, termed iswpi1, for which the taxonomi ... | 2008 | 18155858 |
| tetracycline treatment influences mitochondrial metabolism and mtdna density two generations after treatment in drosophila. | tetracycline is commonly used to clear wolbachia from infected insects. studies then compare specific biochemical and/or life-history traits between infected and uninfected individuals with the same genetic background. we investigated the potential for tetracycline to influence mitochondrial efficiency and mitochondrial (mt)dna density two generations after treatment in drosophila simulans. we observed that antibiotic treatment resulted in a decline in inorganic phosphate incorporated into atp p ... | 2007 | 18093008 |
| a cellular basis for wolbachia recruitment to the host germline. | wolbachia are among the most widespread intracellular bacteria, carried by thousands of metazoan species. the success of wolbachia is due to efficient vertical transmission by the host maternal germline. some wolbachia strains concentrate at the posterior of host oocytes, which promotes wolbachia incorporation into posterior germ cells during embryogenesis. the molecular basis for this localization strategy is unknown. here we report that the wmel wolbachia strain relies upon a two-step mechanis ... | 2007 | 18085821 |
| macrofilaricidal effect of 4 weeks of treatment with doxycycline on wuchereria bancrofti. | to evaluate the efficacy of doxycycline as a macrofilaricidal agent against wuchereria bancrofti. | 2007 | 18076549 |
| wolbachia genome integrated in an insect chromosome: evolution and fate of laterally transferred endosymbiont genes. | recent accumulation of microbial genome data has demonstrated that lateral gene transfers constitute an important and universal evolutionary process in prokaryotes, while those in multicellular eukaryotes are still regarded as unusual, except for endosymbiotic gene transfers from mitochondria and plastids. here we thoroughly investigated the bacterial genes derived from a wolbachia endosymbiont on the nuclear genome of the beetle callosobruchus chinensis. exhaustive pcr detection and southern bl ... | 2008 | 18073380 |
| [removing endosymbiotic wolbachia specifically decreases lifespan of females and competitiveness in a laboratory strain of drosophila melanogaster]. | to understand specific symbiotic relationships ensuring stable existing of the bacterium wolbachia in laboratory strains of drosophila melanogaster, the imago lifespan and senescence rate, as well as competitiveness, have been evaluated as components of fitness in females from the following laboratory strains: (1) inbred strain 95 infected with wolbachia; (2) two uninfected strains obtained by tetracycline treatment that were genetically similar to strain 95; and (3) two control, uninfected, wil ... | 2007 | 18069341 |
| do wolbachia-associated incompatibilities promote polyandry? | the genetic incompatibility avoidance hypothesis as an explanation for the polyandrous mating strategies (mating with more than one male) of females of many species has received significant attention in recent years. it has received support from both empirical studies and a meta-analysis, which concludes that polyandrous females enjoy increased reproductive success through improved offspring viability relative to monandrous females. in this study we investigate whether polyandrous female drosoph ... | 2008 | 18067571 |
| distribution of mosquito (diptera: culicidae) species and wolbachia (rickettsiales: rickettsiaceae) infections during the bird immigration season in pathumthani province, central thailand. | mosquito distribution in the immigration bird-nested area, pathumthani province, was investigated from august to december in 2006. mosquitoes were collected by using co2-baited centers for disease control light traps in which dry ice was used as a source of co2 to attract mosquitoes. six traps were operated from 4 p.m. until 7 a.m. on each study day. four genera, which were anopheles, armigeres, culex, and mansonia with 14 species of mosquitoes were collected. culex gelidus (13.94-59.41%) and cu ... | 2008 | 18066693 |
| phylogenomics and signature proteins for the alpha proteobacteria and its main groups. | alpha proteobacteria are one of the largest and most extensively studied groups within bacteria. however, for these bacteria as a whole and for all of its major subgroups (viz. rhizobiales, rhodobacterales, rhodospirillales, rickettsiales, sphingomonadales and caulobacterales), very few or no distinctive molecular or biochemical characteristics are known. | 2007 | 18045498 |
| comparative microbiota of rickettsia felis-uninfected and -infected colonized cat fleas, ctenocephalides felis. | fleas serve as arthropod vectors for several emerging and re-emerging infectious disease causing agents including, rickettsia felis. although the prevalence of r. felis infection in colonies of fleas has been examined, the influence of the r. felis infection on flea microbiota has not been investigated. we identified three colonies of cat fleas, ctenocephalides felis, with varying prevalence of r. felis infection (louisiana state university (lsu), 93.8%; professional laboratory and research serv ... | 2007 | 18043659 |
| symbiont genes in host genomes: fragments with a future? | while lateral transfer is the rule in the evolutionary history of bacterial and archaeal genes, events of transfer from prokaryotes to eukaryotes are rare. germline-transmitted animal symbionts, such as wolbachia pipientis, are well placed to participate in such transfers. in a recent issue of science, dunning hotopp et al. identified instances of transfer of wolbachia dna to host genomes. it is unknown whether these transfers represent innovation in animal evolution. | 2007 | 18005738 |
| wolbachia endobacteria depletion by doxycycline as antifilarial therapy has macrofilaricidal activity in onchocerciasis: a randomized placebo-controlled study. | in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial in ghana, 67 onchocerciasis patients received 200-mg/day doxycycline for 4-6 weeks, followed by ivermectin (ivm) after 6 months. after 6-27 months, efficacy was evaluated by onchocercoma histology, pcr and microfilariae determination. administration of doxycycline resulted in endobacteria depletion and female worm sterilization. the 6-week treatment was macrofilaricidal, with >60% of the female worms found dead, despite the presence of new, wolbachia-con ... | 2008 | 17999080 |
| [the endosymbiotic bacterium wolbachia enhances the nonspecific resistance to insect pathogens and alters behavior of drosophila melanogaster]. | to determine biologically important effects of the cytoplasmic endosymbiont wolbachia, two substrains of the same drosophila melanogaster strain have been studied, one of them infected with wolbachia and the other treated with tetracycline to eliminate the bacterium. female d. melanogaster infected with wolbachia are more resistant to the fungus bauveria bassiana (an insect pathogen) than uninfected females; infected females also exhibited changes in oviposition substrate preference. males infec ... | 2007 | 17990528 |
| no depletion of wolbachia from onchocerca volvulus after a short course of rifampin and/or azithromycin. | endosymbionic wolbachia bacteria inside adult onchocerca volvulus worms (causing river blindness) are necessary for female worm fertility. we evaluated whether rifampin and/or azithromycin used in a five-day course could kill wolbachia. in an open-label trial in guatemala, 73 patients with 134 palpable onchocercal nodules were randomized into four treatment groups: rifampin, azithromycin, a combination of the two drugs, and controls (multivitamins). after five days of antibiotic treatment, all p ... | 2007 | 17984346 |
| evolutionary genomics: transdomain gene transfers. | biologists have until now conceded that bacterial gene transfer to multicellular animals is relatively uncommon in nature. a new study showing promiscuous insertions of bacterial endosymbiont genes into invertebrate genomes ushers in a shift in this paradigm. | 2007 | 17983575 |
| [ocular onchocerciasis: a key role for wolbachia]. | onchocerciasis is caused by the parasitic worm onchocerca volvulus, which releases millions of offspring (microfilariae). microfilariae migrate through the skin and can enter the anterior or posterior regions of the eye. while alive, the microfilariae appear to cause little or no inflammation, being in the anterior chamber. however, when they die, either by natural attrition or after chemotherapy, the host response to degenerating worms can result in ocular inflammation (keratitis, uveitis, chor ... | 2007 | 17978845 |
| fangia hongkongensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel gammaproteobacterium of the order thiotrichales isolated from coastal seawater of hong kong. | a gram-negative, coccobacillus-shaped, aerobic bacterium, designated strain ust040201-002t, was isolated in february 2004 from seawater at the outlet of a sandfilter in port shelter, hong kong sar, china. this strain possessed ubiquinone-8; its 16s rrna gene sequence shared only 91% similarity with the sequence from caedibacter taeniospiralis and 89-90% similarity with sequences from francisella tularensis, francisella novicida, francisella philomiragia and wolbachia persica. 16s rrna gene seque ... | 2007 | 17978237 |
| evolutionary conflicts: rapid suppression of a male-killer. | conflicts between and within species can drive fast evolutionary change. a recent study has documented remarkably rapid counter-adaptations in the wild to an extreme sex-ratio distortion caused by a bacterial symbiont. | 2007 | 17925215 |
| litomosoides sigmodontis: vaccine-induced immune responses against wolbachia surface protein can enhance the survival of filarial nematodes during primary infection. | wolbachia are bacteria present within the tissues of most filarial nematodes. filarial nematode survival is known to be affected by immune responses generated during filarial nematode infection and immune responses to wolbachia can be found in different species harbouring filarial nematode infections, including humans. using the rodent filarial model litomosoides sigmodontis, we show that pre-exposure to wolbachia surface protein in a th1 context (but not in a th2-context) enhances worm survival ... | 2008 | 17919582 |
| coexistence of cytoplasmic incompatibility and male-killing-inducing endosymbionts, and their impact on host gene flow. | male-killing (mk) and cytoplasmic incompatibility (ci) inducing bacteria are among the most common endosymbionts of arthropods. previous theoretical research has demonstrated that these two types of endosymbionts cannot stably coexist within a single unstructured host population if no doubly infected host individuals occur. here, we analyse a model of two host subpopulations connected by migration. we demonstrate that coexistence of mk- and ci-inducing endosymbionts is possible if migration rate ... | 2008 | 17915272 |
| [the endosymbiont wolbachia in eurasian populations of drosophila melanogaster]. | the endosymbiotic [alpha]-proteobacteria wolbachia is widely spread among arthropods and filariidae nematodes. this bacterium is transmitted vertically via a transovarian route. wolbachia is a cause of several reproductive abnormalities in the host species. we analyzed the isofemale lines created using flies collected from drosophila melanogaster natural populations for infection with the endosymbiont wolbachia. wolbachia were genotyped according to five variable markers: the presence of inserti ... | 2007 | 17899809 |
| sex-specific death in the asian corn borer moth (ostrinia furnacalis) infected with wolbachia occurs across larval development. | maternally inherited endosymbiotic bacteria of the genus wolbachia induce various kinds of reproductive alterations in their arthropod hosts. in a wolbachia-infected strain of the adzuki bean borer moth, ostrinia scapulalis (lepidoptera: crambidae), males selectively die during larval development, while females selectively die when wolbachia are eliminated by antibiotic treatment. we found that naturally occurring wolbachia in the congener o. furnacalis caused sex-specific lethality similar to t ... | 2007 | 17893742 |
| the dynamics of sexual conflict over mating rate with endosymbiont infection that affects reproductive phenotypes. | maternally inherited endosymbionts have been implicated as significant drivers of sexual conflict within their hosts, typically through sex-ratio manipulation. empirical studies show that some of these endosymbionts have the potential to influence sexual conflict not by sex-ratio distortion, but by altering reproductive traits within their hosts. research has already shown that reproductive traits involved in mating/fertilization process are integral 'players' in sexual conflict, thus suggesting ... | 2007 | 17887971 |
| draft genome of the filarial nematode parasite brugia malayi. | parasitic nematodes that cause elephantiasis and river blindness threaten hundreds of millions of people in the developing world. we have sequenced the approximately 90 megabase (mb) genome of the human filarial parasite brugia malayi and predict approximately 11,500 protein coding genes in 71 mb of robustly assembled sequence. comparative analysis with the free-living, model nematode caenorhabditis elegans revealed that, despite these genes having maintained little conservation of local synteny ... | 2007 | 17885136 |
| ankyrin repeat domain-encoding genes in the wpip strain of wolbachia from the culex pipiens group. | wolbachia are obligate endosymbiotic bacteria maternally transmitted through the egg cytoplasm that are responsible for several reproductive disorders in their insect hosts, such as cytoplasmic incompatibility (ci) in infected mosquitoes. species in the culex pipiens complex display an unusually high number of wolbachia-induced crossing types, and based on present data, only the wpip strain is present. | 2007 | 17883830 |
| anthraquinones as defensive compounds in eggs of galerucini leaf beetles: biosynthesis by the beetles? | eggs of leaf beetles of the tribe galerucini, subfamily galerucinae, contain polyketides that are unusual in insects: 1,8-dihydroxylated anthraquinones (chrysazin, chrysophanol) and anthrones (dithranol, chrysarobin) deterring predators. the host plants do not contain these compounds. in the present study, we tested the hypothesis that the beetles, but not bacterial or fungal microorganisms living as endosymbionts within the beetles, produce the anthraquinones. the tansy leaf beetle galeruca tan ... | 2007 | 17879233 |
| are we underestimating the diversity and incidence of insect bacterial symbionts? a case study in ladybird beetles. | vertically transmitted bacterial symbionts are common in arthropods. however, estimates of their incidence and diversity are based on studies that test for a single bacterial genus and often only include small samples of each host species. focussing on ladybird beetles, we collected large samples from 21 species and tested them for four different bacterial symbionts. over half the species were infected, and there were often multiple symbionts in the same population. in most cases, more females t ... | 2007 | 17878145 |
| toll-like receptor 2 regulates cxc chemokine production and neutrophil recruitment to the cornea in onchocerca volvulus/wolbachia-induced keratitis. | the filarial nematode onchocerca volvulus is the causative organism of river blindness. our previous studies demonstrated an essential role for endosymbiotic wolbachia bacteria in corneal disease, which is characterized by neutrophil infiltration into the corneal stroma and the development of corneal haze. to determine the role of toll-like receptors (tlrs) in neutrophil recruitment and activation, we injected a soluble extract of o. volvulus containing wolbachia bacteria into the corneal stroma ... | 2007 | 17875630 |
| influence of wolbachia infection on the fitness of the stored-product pest liposcelis tricolor (psocoptera: liposcelididae). | wolbachia are maternally inherited intracellular bacteria (rickettsiaceae) that infect a wide range of arthropods and nematodes and that are associated with various reproductive abnormalities in their hosts. in this study, the effects of removal of wolbachia infection on development, survival, and reproduction of liposcelis tricolor badonnel (psocoptera: liposcelididae) were investigated in laboratory. the wolbachia-free strain was obtained by the removal of wolbachia infection by using 1% rifam ... | 2007 | 17849905 |
| the evolution of obligate mutualism: if you can't beat 'em, join 'em. | wolbachia is best known as a facultative endosymbiotic parasite, manipulating host reproduction. however, it has also evolved as an obligate mutualist at least twice. in a recent paper, pannebakker et al. identify a possible mechanism for such a transition from facultative parasitism to obligate mutualism in a parasitic wasp in which wolbachia are required for producing eggs (oogenesis). their proposed mechanism suggests that compensatory evolution in the host to counter the harmful effects of w ... | 2007 | 17825952 |
| intracellular pathogens go extreme: genome evolution in the rickettsiales. | the rickettsiales, a genetically diverse group of the alpha-proteobacteria, include major mammalian pathogens, such as the agents of epidemic typhus, scrub typhus, ehrlichioses and heartwater disease. sequenced genomes of this bacterial order have provided exciting insights into reductive genome evolution, antigenic variation and host cell manipulation. recent results suggest that human pathogens emerged relatively late in the evolution of the rickettsiales. surprisingly, there is no association ... | 2007 | 17822801 |
| genomes within genomes. | 2007 | 17805256 | |
| introducing transgenes into insect populations using combined gene-drive strategies: modeling and analysis. | engineered underdominance (eu), meiotic drive (md) and wolbachia have been proposed as mechanisms for driving anti-pathogen transgenes into natural populations of insect vectors of human diseases. eu can drive transgenes to high and stable frequencies but requires the release of sizeable numbers of engineered insects. md and wolbachia either cannot maintain high frequencies of transgenes or lack appropriate expression in critical tissues, but both can drive the transgenes to spread from very low ... | 2007 | 17785193 |
| spontaneous emergence of a new wolbachia phenotype. | wolbachia are among the most widespread symbionts on the earth. they spread within populations by various means of manipulating host reproduction, including cytoplasmic incompatibility (ci), male-killing (mk), parthenogenesis, and feminization. phylogenetic analyses indicate that wolbachia have the potential to undergo rapid evolutionary change in phenotype, for example, from ci to mk, although such analyses do not reveal the rate at which such transitions occur, nor the nature of the intermedia ... | 2007 | 17767593 |
| frequency of infection with a and b supergroup wolbachia in insects and pests associated with mulberry and silkworm. | wolbachia is a ubiquitous, gram-negative,vertically transmitted, alpha-proteobacterium that causes an array of reproductive abnormalities including cytoplasmic incompatibility, feminization of genetic males, parthenogenesis in a number of insect species, among others. wolbachia is now being exploited as an agent for pest and vector control. previous surveys indicated that it is commonly seen in 16-76% of arthropods. in this paper, using polymerase chain reaction assay based on specific amplifica ... | 2007 | 17762140 |
| widespread lateral gene transfer from intracellular bacteria to multicellular eukaryotes. | although common among bacteria, lateral gene transfer-the movement of genes between distantly related organisms-is thought to occur only rarely between bacteria and multicellular eukaryotes. however, the presence of endosymbionts, such as wolbachia pipientis, within some eukaryotic germlines may facilitate bacterial gene transfers to eukaryotic host genomes. we therefore examined host genomes for evidence of gene transfer events from wolbachia bacteria to their hosts. we found and confirmed tran ... | 2007 | 17761848 |
| filaria/wolbachia activation of dendritic cells and development of th1-associated responses is dependent on toll-like receptor 2 in a mouse model of ocular onchocerciasis (river blindness). | toll-like receptors (tlrs) regulate dendritic cell function and activate signals that mediate the nature of the adaptive immune response. the current study examined the role of tlrs in dendritic cell activation and in regulating t cell and antibody responses to antigens from the filarial parasites onchocerca volvulus and brugia malayi, which cause river blindness and lymphatic filariasis, respectively. bone-marrow-derived cd11c(+) cells from c57bl/6 and tlr4(-/-) mice produced high levels of il- ... | 2007 | 17727569 |
| effects of wolbachia on sperm maturation and architecture in drosophila simulans riverside. | wolbachia is an intracellular obligate symbiont, that is relatively common in insects and also found in some nematodes. cytoplasmic incompatibility (ci) is the most commonly expressed form, of several sex altering phenotypes caused by this rickettsial-like bacterium. ci is induced when infected males mate with uninfected females, and is likely the result of bacterial-induced modification of sperm grown in a wolbachia-infected environment. several studies have explored the dynamics of wolbachia b ... | 2007 | 17693061 |
| coding potential prediction in wolbachia using artificial neural networks. | ab initio coding potential prediction in a bacterial genome is an important step in determining an organism's transcriptional regulatory function. extensive studies of genes structure have been carried out in a few species such as escherichia coli, fewer resources exist in newly sequenced genomes like wolbachia. a model of gene prediction trained on one species may not reflect the properties of other, distantly related prokaryotic organisms. these issues were encountered in the course of predict ... | 2007 | 17688435 |
| rapid evolution of spermathecal duct length in the allonemobius socius complex of crickets: species, population and wolbachia effects. | the three species in the allonemobius socius complex of crickets have recently diverged and radiated across north america. interestingly, the only barriers to gene flow between these species in zones of secondary contact appear to be associated with fertilization traits - e.g., conspecific sperm precedence and the ability of males to induce females to lay eggs. other traits, such as the length of female's reproductive tract, may also influence fertilization success and be associated with species ... | 2007 | 17684565 |
| wolbachia-induced unidirectional cytoplasmic incompatibility and speciation: mainland-island model. | bacteria of the genus wolbachia are among the most common endosymbionts in the world. in many insect species these bacteria induce a sperm-egg incompatibility between the gametes of infected males and uninfected females, commonly called unidirectional cytoplasmic incompatibility (ci). it is generally believed that unidirectional ci cannot promote speciation in hosts because infection differences between populations will be unstable and subsequent gene flow will eliminate genetic differences betw ... | 2007 | 17684548 |
| on the taxonomic status of the intracellular bacterium wolbachia pipientis: should this species name include the intracellular bacteria of filarial nematodes? | 2007 | 17684235 | |
| wolbachia are present in southern african scorpions and cluster with supergroup f. | the presence and distribution of the intracellular bacteria wolbachia in the arthropod subphylum chelicerata (including class arachnida) has not been extensively explored. here we report the discovery of wolbachia in scorpions. five strains found in host species of the genus opistophthalmus (southern african burrowing scorpions) have been characterized by multilocus sequence typing and by wolbachia surface protein. phylogenetic analyses indicate clustering in the supergroup f and a high genetic ... | 2007 | 17676427 |
| molecular genetic comparison of onchocerca sp. infecting dogs in europe with other spirurid nematodes including onchocerca lienalis. | in the past 15 years, subconjunctival onchocercosis has been reported from 63 dogs in south-western united states (arizona, california, utah) and southern and central europe (germany, greece, hungary, portugal, switzerland). to reveal the taxonomic status of the parasite responsible for these infections, fragments of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit i (coi) and nadh dehydrogenase subunit 5 (nd5) genes of three european strains of canine onchocerca sp. and the 16s ribosomal rna (16s r ... | 2007 | 17673369 |