Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
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| evolution and invasion dynamics of multiple infections with wolbachia investigated using matrix based models. | endosymbiotic bacteria are often transmitted vertically from one host generation to the next via oocytes cytoplasm. the generally small number of colonizing bacteria in the oocytes leads to a bottleneck at each generation, resulting in genetic homogenization of the symbiotic population. nevertheless, in many of the species infected by wolbachia (maternally transmitted bacteria), individuals do sometimes simultaneously harbor several bacterial strains, owing to the fact that wolbachia induces cyt ... | 2007 | 17112544 |
| a niche for wolbachia. | wolbachia are endosymbionts of arthropods and filarial nematodes. arthropods infected with these endobacteria display altered reproductive phenotypes, including cytoplasmic incompatibility and sex-ratio distortion. in nematodes, the endobacteria are essential for embryogenesis and worm survival. wolbachia are transmitted vertically from mother to progeny, and frydman et al. recently showed that, after transfer to uninfected drosophila, wolbachia rapidly accumulate in the somatic stem cell niche. ... | 2007 | 17113827 |
| effects of wolbachia in the uzifly, exorista sorbillans, a parasitoid of the silkworm, bombyx mori. | the uzifly, exorista sorbillans (diptera: tachinidae), a parasitoid of the silkworm, bombyx mori l. (lepidoptera: bombycidae), harbours wolbachia (rickettsia) endosymbionts. administration of 0.05 mg/ml oxytetracycline to the adult uziflies removed wolbachia endosymbionts and resulted in different reproductive disorders, such as i) reduction in fecundity of uninfected females, ii) cytoplasmic incompatibility in crosses between infected males and uninfected females, iii) sterility in the crosses ... | 2005 | 17119612 |
| inos expression is stimulated by the major surface protein (rwsp) from wolbachia bacterial endosymbiont of dirofilaria immitis following subcutaneous injection in mice. | the bacterial endosymbiont wolbachia of several species of filarial nematodes plays an important role in the inflammatory pathology of filariasis. nitric oxide (no) production has also been implicated in the immune response during filarial infections. here we present data indicating that a recombinant wolbachia surface protein (rwsp) induces inos mrna expression and no production, as well as ifn-gamma and a th1-type antibody response, in inoculated balb/c mice. this effect is not observed when m ... | 2007 | 17126589 |
| infection density of wolbachia endosymbiont affected by co-infection and host genotype. | infection density is among the most important factors for understanding the biological effects of wolbachia and other endosymbionts on their hosts. to gain insight into the mechanisms of infection density regulation, we investigated the adzuki bean beetles callosobruchus chinensis and their wolbachia endosymbionts. double-infected, single-infected and uninfected host strains with controlled nuclear genetic backgrounds were generated by introgression, and infection densities in these strains were ... | 2005 | 17148240 |
| the impact of male-killing bacteria on host evolutionary processes. | male-killing bacteria are maternally inherited endosymbionts that selectively kill male offspring of their arthropod hosts. using both analytical techniques and computer simulations, we studied the impact of these bacteria on the population genetics of their hosts. in particular, we derived and corroborated formulas for the fixation probability of mutant alleles, mean times to fixation and fixation or extinction, and heterozygosity for varying male-killer prevalence. our results demonstrate that ... | 2007 | 17151259 |
| intergenomic epistasis for fitness: within-population interactions between cytoplasmic and nuclear genes in drosophila melanogaster. | the symbiotic relationship between the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes coordinates metabolic energy production and is fundamental to life among eukaryotes. consequently, there is potential for strong selection to shape interactions between these two genomes. substantial research attention has focused on the possibility that within-population sequence polymorphism in mitochondrial dna (mtdna) is maintained by mitonuclear fitness interactions. early theory predicted that selection will often eli ... | 2007 | 17151264 |
| phylogenetic diversity of the intracellular symbiont wolbachia in termites. | 2007 | 17174110 | |
| competing selfish genetic elements in the butterfly hypolimnas bolina. | maternally inherited selfish genetic elements are common in animals . whereas host genetics and ecology are recognized as factors that may limit the incidence of these parasites , theory suggests one further factor-interference with other selfish elements-that could affect their prevalence . in this paper, we show that spatial heterogeneity in the occurrence of the male-killing wolbachia wbol1 in the tropical butterfly hypolimnas bolina is caused by a second infection that can exclude the male-k ... | 2006 | 17174921 |
| parasitic inhibition of cell death facilitates symbiosis. | symbiotic microorganisms have had a large impact on eukaryotic evolution, with effects ranging from parasitic to mutualistic. mitochondria and chloroplasts are prime examples of symbiotic microorganisms that have become obligate for their hosts, allowing for a dramatic extension of suitable habitats for life. out of the extraordinary diversity of bacterial endosymbionts in insects, most are facultative for their hosts, such as the ubiquitous wolbachia, which manipulates host reproduction. some e ... | 2007 | 17190825 |
| innate immune responses to endosymbiotic wolbachia bacteria in brugia malayi and onchocerca volvulus are dependent on tlr2, tlr6, myd88, and mal, but not tlr4, trif, or tram. | the discovery that endosymbiotic wolbachia bacteria play an important role in the pathophysiology of diseases caused by filarial nematodes, including lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis (river blindness) has transformed our approach to these disabling diseases. because these parasites infect hundreds of millions of individuals worldwide, understanding host factors involved in the pathogenesis of filarial-induced diseases is paramount. however, the role of early innate responses to filarial a ... | 2007 | 17202370 |
| immunopathology of dirofilaria immitis infection. | heartworm disease caused by dirofilaria immitis affects canine and feline hosts, with infections occasionally being reported in humans. studies have shown that both dirofilarial antigens and those derived from its bacterial endosymbiont wolbachia, interact with the host organism during canine, feline and human infections and participate in the development of the pathology and in the regulation of the host's immune response. both innate and acquired immune responses are observed and the developme ... | 2007 | 17216316 |
| molecular phylogeography of two sibling species of eurema butterflies. | the common yellow butterfly eurema hecabe is widely distributed in east asia, and is one of the most burdensome species for taxonomists due to the numerous geographic and seasonal wing colour patterns. moreover, within this species, individuals with a yellow wing fringe that occur in temperate regions of japan (y type) proved to be biologically different from others that occur widely in subtropical regions of japan and all over east asia (b type). to unveil the genetic variation within and betwe ... | 2007 | 17216550 |
| symbiotic bacteria in oocyte and ovarian cell mitochondria of the tick ixodes ricinus: biology and phylogenetic position. | under natural conditions, eukaryote cells may contain bacteria. arthropods such as ticks, insects or mites are a group particularly favoured by the obligate intracellular bacteria. while arthropods are vectors for some of them, other bacteria inhabit invertebrate host cells having entered mutualistic interactions. such endosymbionts dwell usually in the host cell vacuoles or cytoplasm but have been also reported from tick oocyte mitochondria. the microorganisms contribute to mitochondria degrada ... | 2007 | 17226040 |
| wolbachia surface protein (wsp) inhibits apoptosis in human neutrophils. | polymorphonuclear cells (pmns) are essential for the innate immune response against invading bacteria. at the same time, modulation of pmns' apoptosis or cell death by bacteria has emerged as a mechanism of pathogenesis. wolbachia bacteria are gram-negative endosymbionts of filarial nematodes and arthropods, phylogenetically related to the genera anaplasma, ehrlichia and neorickettsia (family anaplasmataceae). although several pathogens are known to interfere with apoptosis, there is only limite ... | 2007 | 17241395 |
| interaction between host genotype and environmental conditions affects bacterial density in wolbachia symbiosis. | regulation of microbial population density is a necessity in stable symbiotic interactions. in wolbachia symbiosis, both bacterial and host genotypes are involved in density regulation, but environmental factors may also affect bacterial population density. here, we studied the interaction between three strains of wolbachia in two divergent homozygous lines of the wasp leptopilina heterotoma at two different temperatures. wolbachia density varied between the two host genotypes at only one temper ... | 2007 | 17251124 |
| disrupting the timing of wolbachia-induced male-killing. | several lineages of maternally inherited symbionts have evolved the ability to kill infected females' sons, a phenomenon known as male-killing. male-killing varies in its timing, from early (death during embryogenesis) to late (mortality of late larval instars). following the observation that treatment of male-killer infected adult females hypolimnas bolina with tetracycline, a bacteriostatic antibiotic, produces a delay in the timing of male death, we hypothesized that early male-killers posses ... | 2007 | 17251127 |
| wolbachia in filarial parasites: targets for filarial infection and disease control. | lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis are debilitating diseases caused by parasitic filarial nematodes. these nematodes have evolved a mutualistic symbiosis with intracellular bacteria of the genus wolbachia, which are required for nematode embryogenesis and survival. the essential role of these bacteria in the biology of the nematode and their demonstrated involvement in the pathogenesis of filariasis make wolbachia a promising novel chemotherapeutic target for the control of filarial infecti ... | 2007 | 17254505 |
| lack of resistance after re-exposure of cattle cured of onchocerca ochengi infection with oxytetracycline. | although vector control and ivermectin chemotherapy have led to a dramatic reduction in the incidence of river blindness (onchocerciasis), there is a consensus that additional control tools are required to sustain and extend this success. the recognition of endosymbiotic bacteria (wolbachia) in filariae and their targeting by antibiotics constitutes the most significant and practicable opportunity for a macrofilaricidal therapy in the short-to-medium-term. using onchocerca ochengi in cattle, an ... | 2007 | 17255232 |
| onchocerca volvulus, wolbachia and river blindness. | chronic infection with filarial nematodes results in development of a suppressive response to an immense parasite burden, thereby limiting pathological and clinical manifestations. however, pro-inflammatory responses to dead and degenerating onchocerca volvulus worms and release of endosymbiotic wolbachia bacteria result in corneal opacification, sacrification and visual impairment. this review discusses host and parasite factors implicated in maintaining this balance of pro- an anti-inflammator ... | 2007 | 17264501 |
| fighting back against male-killers. | male-killing endosymbionts create a genetic black hole into which host nuclear genes vanish. in a recent paper, hornett et al. transferred male-killing wolbachia between different strains of the butterfly hypolimnas bolina through hybridization and backcrossing. their results provide unambiguous evidence of genetic variation for resistance to male-killers. a possible consequence of such variation is that male-killing might appear and disappear quickly on an evolutionary timescale. | 2007 | 17276538 |
| male-killing bacteria trigger a cycle of increasing male fatigue and female promiscuity. | sex-ratio distorters are found in numerous species and can reach high frequencies within populations. here, we address the compelling, but poorly tested, hypothesis that the sex ratio bias caused by such elements profoundly alters their host's mating system. we compare aspects of female and male reproductive biology between island populations of the butterfly hypolimnas bolina that show varying degrees of female bias, because of a male-killing wolbachia infection. contrary to expectation, female ... | 2007 | 17276921 |
| correcting base-assignment errors in repeat regions of shotgun assembly. | accurate base-assignment in repeat regions of a whole genome shotgun assembly is an unsolved problem. since reads in repeat regions cannot be easily attributed to a unique location in the genome, current assemblers may place these reads arbitrarily. as a result, the base-assignment error rate in repeats is likely to be much higher than that in the rest of the genome. we developed an iterative algorithm, euler-air, that is able to correct base-assignment errors in finished genome sequences in pub ... | 2007 | 17277413 |
| disruption of the wolbachia surface protein gene wspb by a transposable element in mosquitoes of the culex pipiens complex (diptera, culicidae). | culex pipiens quinquefasciatus say and culex pipiens pipiens linnaeus are sibling species incriminated as important vectors of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases worldwide. the two forms differ little morphologically and are differentiated mainly based upon ecological, behavioural, physiological and genetic traits. within the north american zone of sympatry, populations of cx. p. quinquefasciatus and cx. p. pipiens undergo extensive introgression and hybrid forms have been reported in ... | 2007 | 17298560 |
| the evolution of endosymbiont density in doubly infected host species. | multiple infection of individual hosts with several species or strains of maternally inherited endosymbionts is commonly observed in animals, especially insects. here, we address theoretically the effect of co-infection on the optimal density of the endosymbionts in doubly infected hosts. our analysis is based on the observation that a maternally inherited double infection is only stable if doubly infected females produce more doubly infected daughters than singly infected or uninfected females ... | 2007 | 17305834 |
| wolbachia-induced unidirectional cytoplasmic incompatibility and the stability of infection polymorphism in parapatric host populations. | wolbachia are intracellular, maternally inherited bacteria that are widespread among arthropods and commonly induce a reproductive incompatibility between infected male and uninfected female hosts known as unidirectional cytoplasmic incompatibility (ci). if infected and uninfected populations occur parapatrically, ci acts as a post-zygotic isolation barrier. we investigate the stability of such infection polymorphisms in a mathematical model with two populations linked by migration. we determine ... | 2007 | 17305835 |
| brugia malayi wolbachia hsp60 igg antibody and isotype reactivity in different clinical groups infected or exposed to human bancroftian lymphatic filariasis. | wolbachia, an endosymbiotic bacterium in filarial parasites, comes into contact with the host immune system upon parasite death. here, we analyzed, total igg and isotype antibody responses to wolbachia hsp60 in individuals from an area endemic for wuchereria bancrofti. wolbachia derived hsp60 gene was cloned and the recombinant protein was used to determine the igg and isotype reactivity by western blotting and elisa. all individuals from the endemic area generated antibody responses to brugia m ... | 2007 | 17306254 |
| taxonomic status of the intracellular bacterium wolbachia pipientis. | wolbachia pipientis is a maternally inherited, intracellular bacterium found in more than 20 % of all insects, as well as numerous other arthropods and filarial nematodes. it has been the subject of a growing number of studies in recent decades, because of the remarkable effects it has on its arthropod hosts, its potential as a tool for biological control of arthropods of agricultural and medical importance and its use as a target for treatment of filariasis. w. pipientis was originally discover ... | 2007 | 17329802 |
| molecular evidence and phylogenetic affiliations of wolbachia in cockroaches. | 2007 | 17350292 | |
| genetic diversity of costa rican populations of the rice planthopper tagosodes orizicolus (homoptera: delphacidae). | tagosodes orizicolus (homoptera: delphacidae) is one of the main constraints of the rice production in the neotropics. this planthopper produces severe damages as a phloem feeder, causes mechanical injury during oviposition and vectors the rice hoja blanca virus (rhbv). the main objective of this study was to determine the genetic diversity of t. orizicolus populations from three rice growing regions of costa rica, using rapds. individuals from guanacaste, parrita, san carlos and cali-colombia, ... | 2004 | 17361572 |
| presence of wolbachia in insect eggs containing antimicrobially active anthraquinones. | wolbachia are obligatory, cytoplasmatically inherited alpha-proteobacteria, which are common endosymbionts in arthropods where they may cause reproductive abnormalities. many insects are well known to protect themselves from deleterious microorganisms by antibiotic components. in this study, we addressed the question whether wolbachia are able to infect insects containing antimicrobial anthraquinones and anthrones, and if so, whether these genotypes of wolbachia comprise a monophyletic cluster w ... | 2007 | 17364245 |
| wolbachia: invasion biology in south pacific butterflies. | wolbachia ensdosymbionts are well known for their ability to manipulate the population biology and development of their hosts. one of the less studied outcomes of wolbachia infection with this symbiont is the selective killing of male embryos. recent work on butterflies living on different south pacific islands is beginning to help us understand the complexity of the co-evolutionary interactions between these partners. | 2007 | 17371764 |
| from parasite to mutualist: rapid evolution of wolbachia in natural populations of drosophila. | wolbachia are maternally inherited bacteria that commonly spread through host populations by causing cytoplasmic incompatibility, often expressed as reduced egg hatch when uninfected females mate with infected males. infected females are frequently less fecund as a consequence of wolbachia infection. however, theory predicts that because of maternal transmission, these "parasites" will tend to evolve towards a more mutualistic association with their hosts. drosophila simulans in california provi ... | 2007 | 17439303 |
| wolbachia-induced cytoplasmic incompatibility in japanese populations of tetranychus urticae (acari: tetranychidae). | intracellular bacteria of the genus wolbachia (alpha proteobacteria) induce cytoplasmic incompatibility (ci) in many arthropod species, including spider mites, but not all wolbachia cause ci. in spider mites ci becomes apparent by a reduced egg hatchability and a lower daughter:son ratio: ci in haplodiploid organisms in general was expected to produce all-male offspring or a male-biased sex ratio without any death of eggs. in a previous study of japanese populations of tetranychus urticae, two o ... | 2007 | 17447012 |
| variability and expression of ankyrin domain genes in wolbachia variants infecting the mosquito culex pipiens. | wolbachia strains are maternally inherited endosymbiotic bacteria that infect many arthropod species and have evolved several different ways of manipulating their hosts, the most frequent way being cytoplasmic incompatibility (ci). ci leads to embryo death in crosses between infected males and uninfected females as well as in crosses between individuals infected by incompatible wolbachia strains. the mosquito culex pipiens exhibits the highest crossing type variability reported so far. our cross ... | 2007 | 17449622 |
| diversifying selection and host adaptation in two endosymbiont genomes. | the endosymbiont wolbachia pipientis infects a broad range of arthropod and filarial nematode hosts. these diverse associations form an attractive model for understanding host:symbiont coevolution. wolbachia's ubiquity and ability to dramatically alter host reproductive biology also form the foundation of research strategies aimed at controlling insect pests and vector-borne disease. the wolbachia strains that infect nematodes are phylogenetically distinct, strictly vertically transmitted, and r ... | 2007 | 17470297 |
| dna barcoding cannot reliably identify species of the blowfly genus protocalliphora (diptera: calliphoridae). | in dna barcoding, a short standardized dna sequence is used to assign unknown individuals to species and aid in the discovery of new species. a fragment of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 is emerging as the standard barcode region for animals. however, patterns of mitochondrial variability can be confounded by the spread of maternally transmitted bacteria that cosegregate with mitochondria. here, we investigated the performance of barcoding in a sample comprising 12 species ... | 2007 | 17472911 |
| prevalence of wolbachia infection in bemisia tabaci. | wolbachia are obligate intracellular bacteria present in reproductive tissues of many arthropod species. it has been reported that few silverleafing populations of bemisia tabaci were positive for wolbachia, whereas non-silverleafing populations were more likely infected with wolbachia and all that infect b. tabaci are wolbachia belonging to supergroup b. however, current detection methods were shown to be not sensitive enough to uncover all infections. herein, a protocol based on polymerase cha ... | 2007 | 17487529 |
| unexpected mechanism of symbiont-induced reversal of insect sex: feminizing wolbachia continuously acts on the butterfly eurema hecabe during larval development. | when the butterfly eurema hecabe is infected with two different strains (whecci2 and whecfem2) of the bacterial endosymbiont wolbachia, genetic males are transformed into functional females, resulting in production of all-female broods. in an attempt to understand how and when the wolbachia endosymbiont feminizes genetically male insects, larval insects were fed an antibiotic-containing diet beginning at different developmental stages until pupation. when the adult insects emerged, strikingly, m ... | 2007 | 17496135 |
| naturally occurring single and double infection with wolbachia strains in the butterfly eurema hecabe: transmission efficiencies and population density dynamics of each wolbachia strain. | wolbachia belonging to alphaproteobacteria are transovarially transmitted bacteria responsible for reproductive alterations in a wide range of arthropods. in natural populations of the butterfly eurema hecabe, there are two different types of wolbachia-infected individuals. individuals singly infected with wolbachia strain whecci exhibit strong cytoplasmic incompatibility, whereas those doubly infected with whecci and whecfem exhibit feminization. here, we examined the infection frequencies and ... | 2007 | 17506822 |
| influence of aging on cytoplasmic incompatibility, sperm modification and wolbachia density in culex pipiens mosquitoes. | wolbachia are maternally inherited endocellular bacteria, widespread in invertebrates and capable of altering several aspects of host reproduction. cytoplasmic incompatibility (ci) is commonly found in arthropods and induces hatching failure of eggs from crosses between wolbachia-infected males and uninfected females (or females infected by incompatible strains). several factors such as bacterial and host genotypes or bacterial density contribute to ci strength and it has been proposed, mostly f ... | 2007 | 17519957 |
| bidirectional incompatibility among divergent wolbachia and incompatibility level differences among closely related wolbachia in nasonia. | most insect groups harbor obligate bacterial symbionts from the alpha-proteobacterial genus wolbachia. these bacteria alter insect reproduction in ways that enhance their cytoplasmic transmission. one of the most common alterations is cytoplasmic incompatibility (ci) - a post-fertilization modification of the paternal genome that renders embryos inviable or unable to complete diploid development in crosses between infected males and uninfected females or infected females harboring a different st ... | 2007 | 17519968 |
| evidence for recombination between feminizing wolbachia in the isopod genus armadillidium. | wolbachia are maternally inherited endosymbiotic alpha-proteobacteria infecting a wide range of arthropods. wolbachia induce feminization in many terrestrial isopod species, particularly in the genus armadillidium (crustacea, oniscidea). the diversity of wolbachia strains infecting armadillidium species was examined. results reveal that natural populations of a. vulgare contain three different wolbachia strains (wvulc, wvulm and wvulp). the wsp gene and its 3'-adjacent region show evidence that ... | 2007 | 17537593 |
| wolbachia-host interactions: connecting phenotype to genotype. | the long-established view of wolbachia as reproductive parasites of insects is becoming complicated as an increasing number of papers describe a richer picture of wolbachia-mediated phenotypes in insects. the search for the molecular basis for this phenotypic variability has been greatly aided by the recent sequencing of several wolbachia genomes. these studies have revealed putative genes and pathways that are likely to be involved in the host-symbiont interaction. whereas significant progress ... | 2007 | 17537669 |
| a natural population of the butterfly eurema hecabe with wolbachia-induced female-biased sex ratio not by feminization. | in butterflies, the adult sex ratio observed in the field is usually male-biased, although the sex ratio of their progeny is 1:1. this is due to the higher motility and larger behavioral range of males than females. as expected, the sex ratio of eurema hecabe butterflies collected at 6 localities throughout japan was male-biased. however, in tsukuba, located in the central part of japan, the sex ratio was found to be biased toward females. their progeny reared in the laboratory also exhibited a ... | 2007 | 17546095 |
| maternal transmission of wolbachia in phlebotomus papatasi (scopoli). | attempts have been made to transfer wolbachia from infected to uninfected, laboratory-reared phlebotomus papatasi, through mating, and to determine whether the incompatibility phenotype could be expressed through crosses between infected and uninfected flies. in order to test for the intraspecific transmission of wolbachia in crosses between infected females and uninfected males, or those between uninfected females and infected males, a pcr based on wolbachia -specific wsp primers was used to te ... | 2007 | 17550649 |
| revisiting wolbachia supergroup typing based on wsp: spurious lineages and discordance with mlst. | the obligate intracellular bacteria wolbachia are taxonomically subdivided into eight supergroups (named a-h). supergroup typing of strains has been mostly based on phylogenetic inference of the wolbachia surface protein (wsp), a gene that recently has been shown to experience high rates of recombination. this brings into question its suitability not only for microtaxonomy, but also for supergroup classification of the genus. a multilocus sequence typing (mlst) scheme for wolbachia has recently ... | 2007 | 17551786 |
| incidence of the endosymbionts wolbachia, cardinium and spiroplasma in phytoseiid mites and associated prey. | endosymbiotic bacteria that potentially influence reproduction and other fitness-related traits of their hosts are widespread in insects and mites and their appeal to researchers' interest is still increasing. we screened 20 strains of 12 agriculturally relevant herbivorous and predatory mite species for infection with wolbachia, cardinium and spiroplasma by the use of pcr. the majority of specimens originated from austria and were field collected or mass-reared. eight out of 20 strains (40%) te ... | 2007 | 17554631 |
| molecular evidence for the endosymbiont wolbachia in a non-filaroid nematode, angiostrongylus cantonensis. | wolbachia harbored by most filarial parasites, is critical to both embryogenesis and microfilarial development, and may lead to inflammation and pathogenesis in infected hosts. based on alignment of the sequences from the wsp, ftsz, and 16s rrna genes, wolbachia was demonstrated to exist in angiostrongylus cantonensis, a non-filaroid nematode. although the wsp gene may not be the best candidate for evolutionary analysis of wolbachia, this gene has been sequenced from a broader coverage of the ho ... | 2007 | 17562224 |
| no influence of indy on lifespan in drosophila after correction for genetic and cytoplasmic background effects. | to investigate whether alterations in mitochondrial metabolism affect longevity in drosophila melanogaster, we studied lifespan in various single gene mutants, using inbred and outbred genetic backgrounds. as positive controls we included the two most intensively studied mutants of indy, which encodes a drosophila krebs cycle intermediate transporter. it has been reported that flies heterozygous for these indy mutations, which lie outside the coding region, show almost a doubling of lifespan. we ... | 2007 | 17571923 |
| new criteria for selecting the origin of dna replication in wolbachia and closely related bacteria. | the annotated genomes of two closely related strains of the intracellular bacterium wolbachia pipientis have been reported without the identifications of the putative origin of replication (ori). identifying the ori of these bacteria and related alpha-proteobacteria as well as their patterns of sequence evolution will aid studies of cell replication and cell density, as well as the potential genetic manipulation of these widespread intracellular bacteria. | 2007 | 17584494 |
| selection in the absence of males does not affect male-female conflict in the parasitoid wasp leptopilina clavipes (hymenoptera: figitidae). | divergent reproductive interests of males and females can lead to sexually antagonistic coevolution (sac). in the absence of males, adaptations evolved under sac are released from selection and expected to deteriorate. in this study, we investigated this prediction using two populations of the parasitoid wasp leptopilina clavipes, one arrhenotokous and one thelytokous. thelytokous females were induced to produce sons by curing them of their wolbachia-infection. we examined whether thelytokous ma ... | 2007 | 17588599 |
| cytonuclear disequilibrium in chrysochus hybrids is not due to patterns of mate choice. | we investigated patterns of cytonuclear disequilibrium between nuclear allozyme loci and partial mitochondrial coi and coii restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns within a population of hybridizing chrysomelid beetles and assessed to what degree the genotype frequencies of f1 hybrids were consistent with patterns of mate choice or endosymbiont infection. we document that in this population, > or = 50% of the heterospecific pairs at a given time are composed of chrysochus auratus femal ... | 2007 | 17621589 |
| extraordinary flux in sex ratio. | the ratio of males to females in a species is often considered to be relatively constant, at least over ecological time. hamilton noted that the spread of "selfish" sex ratio-distorting elements could be rapid and produce a switch to highly biased population sex ratios. selection against a highly skewed sex ratio should promote the spread of mutations that suppress the sex ratio distortion. we show that in the butterfly hypolimnas bolina the suppression of sex biases occurs extremely fast, with ... | 2007 | 17626876 |
| proinflammatory cytokine gene expression by murine macrophages in response to brugia malayi wolbachia surface protein. | wolbachia, an endosymbiotic bacterium found in most species of filarial parasites, is thought to play a significant role in inducing innate inflammatory responses in lymphatic filariasis patients. however, the wolbachia-derived molecules that are recognized by the innate immune system have not yet been identified. in this study, we exposed the murine macrophage cell line raw 264.7 to a recombinant form of the major wolbachia surface protein (rwsp) to determine if wsp is capable of innately induc ... | 2007 | 17641731 |
| the role of wolbachia bacteria in the pathogenesis of onchocerciasis and prospects for control of the disease. | onchocerciasis, a non-fatal disease, is a major public health problem especially in sub-saharan africa causing disfigurement, severe itching, skin depigmentation, vision impairment and eventually blindness. the discovery of wolbachia intracellular bacteria in the filarial nematodes has contributed a lot to the understanding of host's immune response to the bacteria and its role in the pathogenesis of onchocericiasis. lipopolysaccharide molecules (lps) associated with the bacteria are responsible ... | 2007 | 17642180 |
| biotype-dependent secondary symbiont communities in sympatric populations of bemisia tabaci. | the sweet potato whitefly, bemisia tabaci, harbors portiera aleyrodidarum, an obligatory symbiotic bacterium, as well as several secondary symbionts including rickettsia, hamiltonella, wolbachia, arsenophonus, cardinium and fritschea, the function of which is unknown. bemisia tabaci is a species complex composed of numerous biotypes, which may differ from each other both genetically and biologically. only the b and q biotypes have been reported from israel. secondary symbiont infection frequenci ... | 2007 | 17645822 |
| absence of wolbachia in nonfilariid worms parasitizing arthropods. | wolbachia are strictly intracellular maternally inherited alpha-proteobacteria, largely widespread among arthropods and filariids (i.e., filarial nematodes). wolbachia capacities to infect new host species have been greatly evidenced and the transfer of wolbachia between arthropods and filariids has probably occurred more than once. interestingly, among nematode species, wolbachia infection was found in filariids but not in closely related lineages. their occurrence in filariids has been suppose ... | 2007 | 17657540 |
| male development time influences the strength of wolbachia-induced cytoplasmic incompatibility expression in drosophila melanogaster. | cytoplasmic incompatibility (ci) is the most widespread reproductive modification induced in insects by the maternally inherited intracellular bacteria, wolbachia. expression of ci in drosophila melanogaster is quite variable. published papers typically show that ci expression is weak and often varies between different drosophila lines and different labs reporting the results. the basis for this variability is not well understood but is often considered to be due to unspecified host genotype int ... | 2007 | 17660578 |
| diversity of wolbachia isolated from the cubitermes sp. affinis subarquatus complex of species (termitidae), revealed by multigene phylogenies. | wolbachia are endosymbiotic bacteria that may alter the reproductive mechanisms of arthropod hosts. eusocial termites provide considerable scope for wolbachia studies owing to their ancient origin, their great diversity and their considerable ecological, biological and behavioral plasticity. this article describes the phylogenetic distribution of wolbachia infecting termites of the cubitermes genus, which are particularly abundant soil-feeders in equatorial africa. fourteen colonies of the cubit ... | 2007 | 17663704 |
| molecular genetic comparison of onchocerca sp. infecting dogs in europe with other spirurid nematodes including onchocerca lienalis. | in the past 15 years, subconjunctival onchocercosis has been reported from 63 dogs in south-western united states (arizona, california, utah) and southern and central europe (germany, greece, hungary, portugal, switzerland). to reveal the taxonomic status of the parasite responsible for these infections, fragments of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit i (coi) and nadh dehydrogenase subunit 5 (nd5) genes of three european strains of canine onchocerca sp. and the 16s ribosomal rna (16s r ... | 2007 | 17673369 |
| wolbachia are present in southern african scorpions and cluster with supergroup f. | the presence and distribution of the intracellular bacteria wolbachia in the arthropod subphylum chelicerata (including class arachnida) has not been extensively explored. here we report the discovery of wolbachia in scorpions. five strains found in host species of the genus opistophthalmus (southern african burrowing scorpions) have been characterized by multilocus sequence typing and by wolbachia surface protein. phylogenetic analyses indicate clustering in the supergroup f and a high genetic ... | 2007 | 17676427 |
| on the taxonomic status of the intracellular bacterium wolbachia pipientis: should this species name include the intracellular bacteria of filarial nematodes? | 2007 | 17684235 | |
| wolbachia-induced unidirectional cytoplasmic incompatibility and speciation: mainland-island model. | bacteria of the genus wolbachia are among the most common endosymbionts in the world. in many insect species these bacteria induce a sperm-egg incompatibility between the gametes of infected males and uninfected females, commonly called unidirectional cytoplasmic incompatibility (ci). it is generally believed that unidirectional ci cannot promote speciation in hosts because infection differences between populations will be unstable and subsequent gene flow will eliminate genetic differences betw ... | 2007 | 17684548 |
| rapid evolution of spermathecal duct length in the allonemobius socius complex of crickets: species, population and wolbachia effects. | the three species in the allonemobius socius complex of crickets have recently diverged and radiated across north america. interestingly, the only barriers to gene flow between these species in zones of secondary contact appear to be associated with fertilization traits - e.g., conspecific sperm precedence and the ability of males to induce females to lay eggs. other traits, such as the length of female's reproductive tract, may also influence fertilization success and be associated with species ... | 2007 | 17684565 |
| coding potential prediction in wolbachia using artificial neural networks. | ab initio coding potential prediction in a bacterial genome is an important step in determining an organism's transcriptional regulatory function. extensive studies of genes structure have been carried out in a few species such as escherichia coli, fewer resources exist in newly sequenced genomes like wolbachia. a model of gene prediction trained on one species may not reflect the properties of other, distantly related prokaryotic organisms. these issues were encountered in the course of predict ... | 2007 | 17688435 |
| effects of wolbachia on sperm maturation and architecture in drosophila simulans riverside. | wolbachia is an intracellular obligate symbiont, that is relatively common in insects and also found in some nematodes. cytoplasmic incompatibility (ci) is the most commonly expressed form, of several sex altering phenotypes caused by this rickettsial-like bacterium. ci is induced when infected males mate with uninfected females, and is likely the result of bacterial-induced modification of sperm grown in a wolbachia-infected environment. several studies have explored the dynamics of wolbachia b ... | 2007 | 17693061 |
| filaria/wolbachia activation of dendritic cells and development of th1-associated responses is dependent on toll-like receptor 2 in a mouse model of ocular onchocerciasis (river blindness). | toll-like receptors (tlrs) regulate dendritic cell function and activate signals that mediate the nature of the adaptive immune response. the current study examined the role of tlrs in dendritic cell activation and in regulating t cell and antibody responses to antigens from the filarial parasites onchocerca volvulus and brugia malayi, which cause river blindness and lymphatic filariasis, respectively. bone-marrow-derived cd11c(+) cells from c57bl/6 and tlr4(-/-) mice produced high levels of il- ... | 2007 | 17727569 |
| widespread lateral gene transfer from intracellular bacteria to multicellular eukaryotes. | although common among bacteria, lateral gene transfer-the movement of genes between distantly related organisms-is thought to occur only rarely between bacteria and multicellular eukaryotes. however, the presence of endosymbionts, such as wolbachia pipientis, within some eukaryotic germlines may facilitate bacterial gene transfers to eukaryotic host genomes. we therefore examined host genomes for evidence of gene transfer events from wolbachia bacteria to their hosts. we found and confirmed tran ... | 2007 | 17761848 |
| frequency of infection with a and b supergroup wolbachia in insects and pests associated with mulberry and silkworm. | wolbachia is a ubiquitous, gram-negative,vertically transmitted, alpha-proteobacterium that causes an array of reproductive abnormalities including cytoplasmic incompatibility, feminization of genetic males, parthenogenesis in a number of insect species, among others. wolbachia is now being exploited as an agent for pest and vector control. previous surveys indicated that it is commonly seen in 16-76% of arthropods. in this paper, using polymerase chain reaction assay based on specific amplifica ... | 2007 | 17762140 |
| spontaneous emergence of a new wolbachia phenotype. | wolbachia are among the most widespread symbionts on the earth. they spread within populations by various means of manipulating host reproduction, including cytoplasmic incompatibility (ci), male-killing (mk), parthenogenesis, and feminization. phylogenetic analyses indicate that wolbachia have the potential to undergo rapid evolutionary change in phenotype, for example, from ci to mk, although such analyses do not reveal the rate at which such transitions occur, nor the nature of the intermedia ... | 2007 | 17767593 |
| introducing transgenes into insect populations using combined gene-drive strategies: modeling and analysis. | engineered underdominance (eu), meiotic drive (md) and wolbachia have been proposed as mechanisms for driving anti-pathogen transgenes into natural populations of insect vectors of human diseases. eu can drive transgenes to high and stable frequencies but requires the release of sizeable numbers of engineered insects. md and wolbachia either cannot maintain high frequencies of transgenes or lack appropriate expression in critical tissues, but both can drive the transgenes to spread from very low ... | 2007 | 17785193 |
| genomes within genomes. | 2007 | 17805256 | |
| intracellular pathogens go extreme: genome evolution in the rickettsiales. | the rickettsiales, a genetically diverse group of the alpha-proteobacteria, include major mammalian pathogens, such as the agents of epidemic typhus, scrub typhus, ehrlichioses and heartwater disease. sequenced genomes of this bacterial order have provided exciting insights into reductive genome evolution, antigenic variation and host cell manipulation. recent results suggest that human pathogens emerged relatively late in the evolution of the rickettsiales. surprisingly, there is no association ... | 2007 | 17822801 |
| the evolution of obligate mutualism: if you can't beat 'em, join 'em. | wolbachia is best known as a facultative endosymbiotic parasite, manipulating host reproduction. however, it has also evolved as an obligate mutualist at least twice. in a recent paper, pannebakker et al. identify a possible mechanism for such a transition from facultative parasitism to obligate mutualism in a parasitic wasp in which wolbachia are required for producing eggs (oogenesis). their proposed mechanism suggests that compensatory evolution in the host to counter the harmful effects of w ... | 2007 | 17825952 |
| influence of wolbachia infection on the fitness of the stored-product pest liposcelis tricolor (psocoptera: liposcelididae). | wolbachia are maternally inherited intracellular bacteria (rickettsiaceae) that infect a wide range of arthropods and nematodes and that are associated with various reproductive abnormalities in their hosts. in this study, the effects of removal of wolbachia infection on development, survival, and reproduction of liposcelis tricolor badonnel (psocoptera: liposcelididae) were investigated in laboratory. the wolbachia-free strain was obtained by the removal of wolbachia infection by using 1% rifam ... | 2007 | 17849905 |
| toll-like receptor 2 regulates cxc chemokine production and neutrophil recruitment to the cornea in onchocerca volvulus/wolbachia-induced keratitis. | the filarial nematode onchocerca volvulus is the causative organism of river blindness. our previous studies demonstrated an essential role for endosymbiotic wolbachia bacteria in corneal disease, which is characterized by neutrophil infiltration into the corneal stroma and the development of corneal haze. to determine the role of toll-like receptors (tlrs) in neutrophil recruitment and activation, we injected a soluble extract of o. volvulus containing wolbachia bacteria into the corneal stroma ... | 2007 | 17875630 |
| are we underestimating the diversity and incidence of insect bacterial symbionts? a case study in ladybird beetles. | vertically transmitted bacterial symbionts are common in arthropods. however, estimates of their incidence and diversity are based on studies that test for a single bacterial genus and often only include small samples of each host species. focussing on ladybird beetles, we collected large samples from 21 species and tested them for four different bacterial symbionts. over half the species were infected, and there were often multiple symbionts in the same population. in most cases, more females t ... | 2007 | 17878145 |
| anthraquinones as defensive compounds in eggs of galerucini leaf beetles: biosynthesis by the beetles? | eggs of leaf beetles of the tribe galerucini, subfamily galerucinae, contain polyketides that are unusual in insects: 1,8-dihydroxylated anthraquinones (chrysazin, chrysophanol) and anthrones (dithranol, chrysarobin) deterring predators. the host plants do not contain these compounds. in the present study, we tested the hypothesis that the beetles, but not bacterial or fungal microorganisms living as endosymbionts within the beetles, produce the anthraquinones. the tansy leaf beetle galeruca tan ... | 2007 | 17879233 |
| ankyrin repeat domain-encoding genes in the wpip strain of wolbachia from the culex pipiens group. | wolbachia are obligate endosymbiotic bacteria maternally transmitted through the egg cytoplasm that are responsible for several reproductive disorders in their insect hosts, such as cytoplasmic incompatibility (ci) in infected mosquitoes. species in the culex pipiens complex display an unusually high number of wolbachia-induced crossing types, and based on present data, only the wpip strain is present. | 2007 | 17883830 |
| draft genome of the filarial nematode parasite brugia malayi. | parasitic nematodes that cause elephantiasis and river blindness threaten hundreds of millions of people in the developing world. we have sequenced the approximately 90 megabase (mb) genome of the human filarial parasite brugia malayi and predict approximately 11,500 protein coding genes in 71 mb of robustly assembled sequence. comparative analysis with the free-living, model nematode caenorhabditis elegans revealed that, despite these genes having maintained little conservation of local synteny ... | 2007 | 17885136 |
| the dynamics of sexual conflict over mating rate with endosymbiont infection that affects reproductive phenotypes. | maternally inherited endosymbionts have been implicated as significant drivers of sexual conflict within their hosts, typically through sex-ratio manipulation. empirical studies show that some of these endosymbionts have the potential to influence sexual conflict not by sex-ratio distortion, but by altering reproductive traits within their hosts. research has already shown that reproductive traits involved in mating/fertilization process are integral 'players' in sexual conflict, thus suggesting ... | 2007 | 17887971 |
| sex-specific death in the asian corn borer moth (ostrinia furnacalis) infected with wolbachia occurs across larval development. | maternally inherited endosymbiotic bacteria of the genus wolbachia induce various kinds of reproductive alterations in their arthropod hosts. in a wolbachia-infected strain of the adzuki bean borer moth, ostrinia scapulalis (lepidoptera: crambidae), males selectively die during larval development, while females selectively die when wolbachia are eliminated by antibiotic treatment. we found that naturally occurring wolbachia in the congener o. furnacalis caused sex-specific lethality similar to t ... | 2007 | 17893742 |
| [the endosymbiont wolbachia in eurasian populations of drosophila melanogaster]. | the endosymbiotic [alpha]-proteobacteria wolbachia is widely spread among arthropods and filariidae nematodes. this bacterium is transmitted vertically via a transovarian route. wolbachia is a cause of several reproductive abnormalities in the host species. we analyzed the isofemale lines created using flies collected from drosophila melanogaster natural populations for infection with the endosymbiont wolbachia. wolbachia were genotyped according to five variable markers: the presence of inserti ... | 2007 | 17899809 |
| coexistence of cytoplasmic incompatibility and male-killing-inducing endosymbionts, and their impact on host gene flow. | male-killing (mk) and cytoplasmic incompatibility (ci) inducing bacteria are among the most common endosymbionts of arthropods. previous theoretical research has demonstrated that these two types of endosymbionts cannot stably coexist within a single unstructured host population if no doubly infected host individuals occur. here, we analyse a model of two host subpopulations connected by migration. we demonstrate that coexistence of mk- and ci-inducing endosymbionts is possible if migration rate ... | 2008 | 17915272 |
| litomosoides sigmodontis: vaccine-induced immune responses against wolbachia surface protein can enhance the survival of filarial nematodes during primary infection. | wolbachia are bacteria present within the tissues of most filarial nematodes. filarial nematode survival is known to be affected by immune responses generated during filarial nematode infection and immune responses to wolbachia can be found in different species harbouring filarial nematode infections, including humans. using the rodent filarial model litomosoides sigmodontis, we show that pre-exposure to wolbachia surface protein in a th1 context (but not in a th2-context) enhances worm survival ... | 2008 | 17919582 |
| evolutionary conflicts: rapid suppression of a male-killer. | conflicts between and within species can drive fast evolutionary change. a recent study has documented remarkably rapid counter-adaptations in the wild to an extreme sex-ratio distortion caused by a bacterial symbiont. | 2007 | 17925215 |
| fangia hongkongensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel gammaproteobacterium of the order thiotrichales isolated from coastal seawater of hong kong. | a gram-negative, coccobacillus-shaped, aerobic bacterium, designated strain ust040201-002t, was isolated in february 2004 from seawater at the outlet of a sandfilter in port shelter, hong kong sar, china. this strain possessed ubiquinone-8; its 16s rrna gene sequence shared only 91% similarity with the sequence from caedibacter taeniospiralis and 89-90% similarity with sequences from francisella tularensis, francisella novicida, francisella philomiragia and wolbachia persica. 16s rrna gene seque ... | 2007 | 17978237 |
| [ocular onchocerciasis: a key role for wolbachia]. | onchocerciasis is caused by the parasitic worm onchocerca volvulus, which releases millions of offspring (microfilariae). microfilariae migrate through the skin and can enter the anterior or posterior regions of the eye. while alive, the microfilariae appear to cause little or no inflammation, being in the anterior chamber. however, when they die, either by natural attrition or after chemotherapy, the host response to degenerating worms can result in ocular inflammation (keratitis, uveitis, chor ... | 2007 | 17978845 |
| evolutionary genomics: transdomain gene transfers. | biologists have until now conceded that bacterial gene transfer to multicellular animals is relatively uncommon in nature. a new study showing promiscuous insertions of bacterial endosymbiont genes into invertebrate genomes ushers in a shift in this paradigm. | 2007 | 17983575 |
| no depletion of wolbachia from onchocerca volvulus after a short course of rifampin and/or azithromycin. | endosymbionic wolbachia bacteria inside adult onchocerca volvulus worms (causing river blindness) are necessary for female worm fertility. we evaluated whether rifampin and/or azithromycin used in a five-day course could kill wolbachia. in an open-label trial in guatemala, 73 patients with 134 palpable onchocercal nodules were randomized into four treatment groups: rifampin, azithromycin, a combination of the two drugs, and controls (multivitamins). after five days of antibiotic treatment, all p ... | 2007 | 17984346 |
| [the endosymbiotic bacterium wolbachia enhances the nonspecific resistance to insect pathogens and alters behavior of drosophila melanogaster]. | to determine biologically important effects of the cytoplasmic endosymbiont wolbachia, two substrains of the same drosophila melanogaster strain have been studied, one of them infected with wolbachia and the other treated with tetracycline to eliminate the bacterium. female d. melanogaster infected with wolbachia are more resistant to the fungus bauveria bassiana (an insect pathogen) than uninfected females; infected females also exhibited changes in oviposition substrate preference. males infec ... | 2007 | 17990528 |
| wolbachia endobacteria depletion by doxycycline as antifilarial therapy has macrofilaricidal activity in onchocerciasis: a randomized placebo-controlled study. | in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial in ghana, 67 onchocerciasis patients received 200-mg/day doxycycline for 4-6 weeks, followed by ivermectin (ivm) after 6 months. after 6-27 months, efficacy was evaluated by onchocercoma histology, pcr and microfilariae determination. administration of doxycycline resulted in endobacteria depletion and female worm sterilization. the 6-week treatment was macrofilaricidal, with >60% of the female worms found dead, despite the presence of new, wolbachia-con ... | 2008 | 17999080 |
| symbiont genes in host genomes: fragments with a future? | while lateral transfer is the rule in the evolutionary history of bacterial and archaeal genes, events of transfer from prokaryotes to eukaryotes are rare. germline-transmitted animal symbionts, such as wolbachia pipientis, are well placed to participate in such transfers. in a recent issue of science, dunning hotopp et al. identified instances of transfer of wolbachia dna to host genomes. it is unknown whether these transfers represent innovation in animal evolution. | 2007 | 18005738 |
| comparative microbiota of rickettsia felis-uninfected and -infected colonized cat fleas, ctenocephalides felis. | fleas serve as arthropod vectors for several emerging and re-emerging infectious disease causing agents including, rickettsia felis. although the prevalence of r. felis infection in colonies of fleas has been examined, the influence of the r. felis infection on flea microbiota has not been investigated. we identified three colonies of cat fleas, ctenocephalides felis, with varying prevalence of r. felis infection (louisiana state university (lsu), 93.8%; professional laboratory and research serv ... | 2007 | 18043659 |
| phylogenomics and signature proteins for the alpha proteobacteria and its main groups. | alpha proteobacteria are one of the largest and most extensively studied groups within bacteria. however, for these bacteria as a whole and for all of its major subgroups (viz. rhizobiales, rhodobacterales, rhodospirillales, rickettsiales, sphingomonadales and caulobacterales), very few or no distinctive molecular or biochemical characteristics are known. | 2007 | 18045498 |
| distribution of mosquito (diptera: culicidae) species and wolbachia (rickettsiales: rickettsiaceae) infections during the bird immigration season in pathumthani province, central thailand. | mosquito distribution in the immigration bird-nested area, pathumthani province, was investigated from august to december in 2006. mosquitoes were collected by using co2-baited centers for disease control light traps in which dry ice was used as a source of co2 to attract mosquitoes. six traps were operated from 4 p.m. until 7 a.m. on each study day. four genera, which were anopheles, armigeres, culex, and mansonia with 14 species of mosquitoes were collected. culex gelidus (13.94-59.41%) and cu ... | 2008 | 18066693 |
| do wolbachia-associated incompatibilities promote polyandry? | the genetic incompatibility avoidance hypothesis as an explanation for the polyandrous mating strategies (mating with more than one male) of females of many species has received significant attention in recent years. it has received support from both empirical studies and a meta-analysis, which concludes that polyandrous females enjoy increased reproductive success through improved offspring viability relative to monandrous females. in this study we investigate whether polyandrous female drosoph ... | 2008 | 18067571 |
| [removing endosymbiotic wolbachia specifically decreases lifespan of females and competitiveness in a laboratory strain of drosophila melanogaster]. | to understand specific symbiotic relationships ensuring stable existing of the bacterium wolbachia in laboratory strains of drosophila melanogaster, the imago lifespan and senescence rate, as well as competitiveness, have been evaluated as components of fitness in females from the following laboratory strains: (1) inbred strain 95 infected with wolbachia; (2) two uninfected strains obtained by tetracycline treatment that were genetically similar to strain 95; and (3) two control, uninfected, wil ... | 2007 | 18069341 |
| wolbachia genome integrated in an insect chromosome: evolution and fate of laterally transferred endosymbiont genes. | recent accumulation of microbial genome data has demonstrated that lateral gene transfers constitute an important and universal evolutionary process in prokaryotes, while those in multicellular eukaryotes are still regarded as unusual, except for endosymbiotic gene transfers from mitochondria and plastids. here we thoroughly investigated the bacterial genes derived from a wolbachia endosymbiont on the nuclear genome of the beetle callosobruchus chinensis. exhaustive pcr detection and southern bl ... | 2008 | 18073380 |