Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| wolbachia and virus protection in insects. | wolbachia pipientis bacteria are common endosymbionts of insects that are best known for their ability to increase their prevalence in populations by manipulating host reproductive systems. however, there are examples of wolbachia that exist in nature that seem to induce no reproductive parasitism trait and yet are able to invade populations. we demonstrate a fitness benefit for wolbachia-infected insects that may explain this paradox. drosophila melanogaster flies infected with wolbachia are le ... | 2008 | 18974344 |
| brugia malayi: effects of nitazoxanide and tizoxanide on adult worms and microfilariae of filarial nematodes. | there is an urgent need for safe and effective antifilarials. prior studies have shown that the nitazoxanide (ntz) exhibits broad activity against anaerobic bacteria, protozoa, and certain intestinal helminths. we examined the effects of ntz and tizoxanide (tz) on brugia malayi nematodes in vitro and in vivo. in vitro, ntz and tz reduced worm motility and viability in a dose-dependent manner. worm viability was reduced by 50% with both compounds at 2.5 and 20 microg/ml killed adult worms. ntz or ... | 2009 | 18977224 |
| filariasis: new drugs and new opportunities for lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis. | chemotherapy against onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis has been discussed mainly within the framework of mass drug administration with diethylcarbamazine, ivermectin and albendazole. although strong reductions in infection prevalence were achieved, the regimes for these drugs do not fully cover needs of individual patients who seek treatment because of symptoms. chemotherapy against filarial wolbachia endosymbionts with doxycycline showed higher antiparasitic efficacy in onchocerciasis and ... | 2008 | 18978537 |
| maintaining wolbachia in cell-free medium. | in this video protocol, procedures are demonstrated to (1) purify wolbachia symbionts out of cultured mosquito cells, (2) use a fluorescent assay to ascertain the viability of the purified wolbachia and (3) maintain the now extracellular wolbachia in cell-free medium. purified wolbachia remain alive in the extracellular phase but do not replicate until re-inoculated into eukaryotic cells. extracellular wolbachia purified in this manner will remain viable for at least a week at room temperature, ... | 2007 | 18979021 |
| population replacement strategies for controlling vector populations and the use of wolbachia pipientis for genetic drive. | in this video, jason rasgon discusses population replacement strategies to control vector-borne diseases such as malaria and dengue. "population replacement" is the replacement of wild vector populations (that are competent to transmit pathogens) with those that are not competent to transmit pathogens. there are several theoretical strategies to accomplish this. one is to exploit the maternally-inherited symbiotic bacteria wolbachia pipientis. wolbachia is a widespread reproductive parasite that ... | 2007 | 18979023 |
| identification and characterization of wolbachia in solenopsis saevissima fire ants (hymenoptera: formicidae) in southeastern brazil. | the genus solenopsis appears to have evolved and radiated very rapidly in south america and then spread throughout the rest of the continent. as part of the expansion process, distribution patterns and different degrees of geographic isolation among populations of s. saevissima can be observed. we have investigated the presence of wolbachia in 52 colonies and 1623 individuals in southeastern brazil. detection of wolbachia infection was based on amplification of the 16s rrna and wsp genes by poly ... | 2009 | 18979132 |
| genomics and evolution of heritable bacterial symbionts. | insect heritable symbionts have proven to be ubiquitous, based on molecular screening of various insect lineages. recently, molecular and experimental approaches have yielded an immensely richer understanding of their diverse biological roles, resulting in a burgeoning research literature. increasingly, commonalities and intermediates are being discovered between categories of symbionts once considered distinct: obligate mutualists that provision nutrients, facultative mutualists that provide pr ... | 2008 | 18983256 |
| an ancient horizontal gene transfer between mosquito and the endosymbiotic bacterium wolbachia pipientis. | the extent and biological relevance of horizontal gene transfer (hgt) in eukaryotic evolution remain highly controversial. recent studies have demonstrated frequent and large-scale hgt from endosymbiotic bacteria to their hosts, but the great majority of these transferred genes rapidly become nonfunctional in the recipient genome. here, we investigate an ancient hgt between a host metazoan and an endosymbiotic bacterium, wolbachia pipientis. the transferred gene has so far been found only in mos ... | 2009 | 18988686 |
| molecular cloning and characterization of a novel immunoreactive atpase/rna helicase in human filarial parasite brugia malayi. | dead box proteins are putative rna unwinding proteins found in organisms ranging from mammals to bacteria. we have identified a novel immunodominant cdna clone, bml3-helicase, encoding dead box rna helicase by immunoscreening of a larval stage cdna library of brugia malayi. the cdna sequence exhibited strong sequence homology to caenorhabditis elegans and c. briggsae rna helicase, a prototypic member of the dead (asp-glu-ala-asp) box protein family. the clone also showed similarity with rna heli ... | 2009 | 19002498 |
| microbiology. rogue insect immunity. | 2008 | 19023073 | |
| detection of wolbachia bacteria in multiple organs and feces of the triatomine insect rhodnius pallescens (hemiptera, reduviidae). | at least two types of wolbachia bacteria were detected in wild and insectarium-raised rhodnius pallescens, a natural vector of trypanosoma cruzi and trypanosoma rangeli. wolbachia was detected in all the organs and tissues studied and in the feces, and this provided a methodological advantage for determining the presence of this endosymbiont in this host, obviating the need to kill the specimens. the occurrence of trypanosomatids in wild individuals was also studied. | 2009 | 19028913 |
| evaluation of reproductive compatibility of interstrain matings among plum curculio populations in the eastern united states. | reproductive compatibility of interstrain matings in plum curculio, conotrachelus nenuphar (herbst), was studied during the summers of 2004 and 2006. there was a unidirectional incompatibility in the cross-matings along a rough north to south transect of the range of plum curculio (4 x 4 two-factorial design). there was significantly lower fertility in west virginia males mated with new york and virginia females (40 and 29%, respectively), and florida males had a significantly lower fertility wi ... | 2008 | 19036199 |
| the wolbachia endosymbiont of brugia malayi has an active phosphoglycerate mutase: a candidate target for anti-filarial therapies. | phosphoglycerate mutases (pgm) interconvert 2- and 3-phosphoglycerate in the glycolytic and gluconeogenic pathways. a putative cofactor-independent phosphoglycerate mutase gene (ipgm) was identified in the genome sequence of the wolbachia endosymbiont from the filarial nematode, brugia malayi (wbm). since ipgm has no sequence or structural similarity to the cofactor-dependent phosphoglycerate mutase (dpgm) found in mammals, it may represent an attractive wolbachia drug target. in the present stu ... | 2009 | 19043737 |
| the evolution of invasiveness in garden ants. | it is unclear why some species become successful invaders whilst others fail, and whether invasive success depends on pre-adaptations already present in the native range or on characters evolving de-novo after introduction. ants are among the worst invasive pests, with lasius neglectus and its rapid spread through europe and asia as the most recent example of a pest ant that may become a global problem. here, we present the first integrated study on behavior, morphology, population genetics, che ... | 2008 | 19050762 |
| specialization and geographic isolation among wolbachia symbionts from ants and lycaenid butterflies. | wolbachia are the most prevalent and influential bacteria described among the insects to date. but despite their significance, we lack an understanding of their evolutionary histories. to describe the evolution of symbioses between wolbachia and their hosts, we surveyed global collections of two diverse families of insects, the ants and lycaenid butterflies. in total, 54 wolbachia isolates were typed using a multi locus sequence typing (mlst) approach, in which five unlinked loci were sequenced ... | 2009 | 19054050 |
| high mitochondrial diversity in geographically widespread butterflies of madagascar: a test of the dna barcoding approach. | the standardized use of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit i (coi) gene sequences as dna barcodes has been widely promoted as a high-throughput method for species identification and discovery. species delimitation has been based on the following criteria: (1) monophyletic association and less frequently (2) a minimum 10x greater divergence between than within species. divergence estimates, however, can be inflated if sister species pairs are not included and the geographic extent of vari ... | 2009 | 19056502 |
| strong cytoplasmic incompatibility and high vertical transmission rate can explain the high frequencies of wolbachia infection in japanese populations of colias erate poliographus (lepidoptera: pieridae). | wolbachia, belonging to alphaproteobacteria, is ubiquitously found in arthropods and filarial nematodes, and is known to manipulate the reproduction of its hosts in various ways, such as feminization, male killing, induction of parthenogenesis or induction of cytoplasmic incompatibility. we found that the wolbachia infection frequencies of the butterfly colias erate poliographus were high (85.7-100%) in seven japanese populations. crossing experiments and rearing revealed that the wolbachia stra ... | 2009 | 19063762 |
| galectin and aldolase-like molecules are responsible for the specific ige response in humans exposed to dirofilaria immitis. | dirofilaria immitis is the agent of the heartworm disease in canids and felids, and of pulmonary dirofilariosis in man. like other filariae, d. immitis harbours endosymbion wolbachia bacteriae. in this work we analyse the response of specific ige antibodies against both d. immitis antigens and the wolbachia surface protein (wsp) in two groups of persons living in an area of canine endemia, one presenting high levels of total ige (group 1) and other with normal levels (group 2). infections with d ... | 2008 | 19067840 |
| 'til death do us part': coming to terms with symbiotic relationships. forward. | symbiotic interactions of microorganisms are widespread in nature, and support fundamentally important processes in diverse areas of biology that range from health and disease to ecology and the environment. here, david relman discusses the selection of articles in this focus issue, which reflects the exciting advances in our understanding of intimate partnerships between organisms and their environments. | 2008 | 19086265 |
| how diverse is the genus wolbachia? multiple-gene sequencing reveals a putatively new wolbachia supergroup recovered from spider mites (acari: tetranychidae). | at least 20% of all arthropods and some nematode species are infected with intracellular bacteria of the genus wolbachia. this highly diverse genus has been subdivided into eight "supergroups" (a to h) on the basis of nucleotide sequence data. here, we report the discovery of a new wolbachia supergroup recovered from the spider mite species bryobia species v (acari: tetranychidae), based on the sequences of three protein-coding genes (ftsz, glta, and groel) and the 16s rrna gene. other tetranych ... | 2009 | 19098217 |
| genome sequence of the wolbachia endosymbiont of culex quinquefasciatus jhb. | wolbachia species are endosymbionts of a wide range of invertebrates, including mosquitoes, fruit flies, and nematodes. the wpip strains can cause cytoplasmic incompatibility in some strains of the culex mosquito. here we describe the genome sequence of a wolbachia strain that was discovered in the whole-genome sequencing data for the mosquito culex quinquefasciatus strain jhb. | 2009 | 19114486 |
| microbiology. mosquitoes cut short. | 2009 | 19119208 | |
| stable introduction of a life-shortening wolbachia infection into the mosquito aedes aegypti. | most pathogens require a relatively long period of development in their mosquito vector before they can be transmitted to a new human host; hence, only older insects are of epidemiological importance. the successful transfer of a life-shortening strain of the inherited bacterial symbiont, wolbachia, into the major mosquito vector of dengue, aedes aegypti, halved adult life span under laboratory conditions. the association is stable, and the wolbachia strain is maternally inherited at high freque ... | 2009 | 19119237 |
| widespread mito-nuclear discordance with evidence for introgressive hybridization and selective sweeps in lycaeides. | we investigated the extent and potential cause(s) of mitochondrial introgression within the polytypic north american lycaeides species complex (lepidoptera). by comparing population genetic structure based on mitochondrial dna (coi and coii) and nuclear dna (251 polymorphic amplified fragment length polymorphism markers), we detected substantial mito-nuclear discordance, primarily involving a single mitochondrial haplotype (h01), which is likely due to mitochondrial introgression between differe ... | 2008 | 19120997 |
| wolbachia in dirofilaria repens, an agent causing human subcutaneous dirofilariasis. | human subcutaneous dirofilariasis is an increasingly reported zoonosis caused by several filarial species, in particular by dirofilaria (nochtiella) repens. like many filarial worms, d. repens harbors the bacterial endosymbiont wolbachia that has been implicated in the inflammatory features of filarial infection. immunohistochemical staining against the wolbachia surface protein (wsp) was carried out on 14 skin nodules and showed numerous bacteria within the intact worms and occasional positive ... | 2008 | 19127968 |
| chikungunya-wolbachia interplay in aedes albopictus. | a severe chikungunya (chik) outbreak recently hit several countries of the indian ocean. on la réunion island, aedes albopictus was incriminated as the major vector. this mosquito species is naturally co-infected with two distinct strains of the endosymbiont wolbachia, namely walba and walbb, which are increasingly attracting interest as potential tools for vector control. a pcr quantitative assay was developed to investigate wolbachia/mosquito host interactions. we show that wolbachia densities ... | 2008 | 19133077 |
| mobile male-killer: similar wolbachia strains kill males of divergent drosophila hosts. | wolbachia are capable of eliciting a variety of reproductive phenotypes from their hosts, including the production of an all-female progeny through embryonic male-killing. to date, phylogenetic analyses indicate six independent acquisitions of the ability to kill male embryos among wolbachia strains which infect insects. of these six strains, only one appears to have experienced horizontal transmission between host species while maintaining a male-killing phenotype. the rarity of male-killing wo ... | 2009 | 19142204 |
| endosymbiotic bacteria living inside the poultry red mite (dermanyssus gallinae). | this study investigated the endosymbiotic bacteria living inside the poultry red mite collected from five samples of one commercial farm from the uk and 16 farms from france using genus-specific pcr, pcr-ttge and dna sequencing. endosymbiotic bacteria are intracellular obligate organisms that can cause several phenotypic and reproductive anomalies to their host and they are found widespread living inside arthropods. the farm sampled from the uk was positive for bacteria of the genera cardinium s ... | 2009 | 19145467 |
| horizontal gene transfer between wolbachia and the mosquito aedes aegypti. | the evolutionary importance of horizontal gene transfer (hgt) from wolbachia endosymbiotic bacteria to their eukaryotic hosts is a topic of considerable interest and debate. recent transfers of genome fragments from wolbachia into insect chromosomes have been reported, but it has been argued that these fragments may be on an evolutionary trajectory to degradation and loss. | 2009 | 19154594 |
| first detection of wolbachia in arrhenotokous populations of thrips species (thysanoptera: thripidae and phlaeothripidae) and its role in reproduction. | insects in the order thysanoptera are known for their haplodiploid reproduction, with most species reproducing by arrhenotoky. a few species, however, have only female populations and reproduce by thelytoky. seven thrips species reproducing either by arrhenotoky [frankliniella occidentalis (pergande), echinothrips americanus morgan, suocerathrips linguis mound and marullo, gynaikothrips ficorum (marchal)] or thelytoky [hercinothrips femoralis (o.m. reuter) and parthenothrips dracaenae (heeger)] ... | 2008 | 19161685 |
| bacterial infection may limit spread of dengue fever. | 2009 | 19165180 | |
| gamma interferon and interleukin-1 receptor 1 regulate neutrophil recruitment to the corneal stroma in a murine model of onchocerca volvulus keratitis. | toll-like receptor 2 (tlr2) is an essential mediator of corneal inflammation induced by the filarial nematode onchocerca volvulus, which harbors endosymbiotic wolbachia bacteria. tlr2 is also required for dendritic cell activation, gamma interferon (ifn-gamma) production, and neutrophil recruitment to the cornea. to examine the role of ifn-gamma in o. volvulus keratitis, c57bl/6 and ifn-gamma(-/-) mice were immunized subcutaneously, and a soluble antigen extract from o. volvulus adult worms (ova ... | 2009 | 19168746 |
| wolbachia in two populations of melittobia digitata dahms (hymenoptera: eulophidae). | we investigated two populations of melittobia digitata dahms, a gregarious parasitoid (primarily upon a wide range of solitary bees, wasps, and flies), in search of wolbachia infection. the first population, from xalapa, mexico, was originally collected from and reared on mexican fruit fly pupae, anastrepha ludens loew (diptera: tephritidae); the other, from athens, georgia, was collected from and reared on prepupae of mud dauber wasps, trypoxylon politum say (hymenoptera: crabronidae). pcr stud ... | 2008 | 19169549 |
| effects of wolbachia infection and ovarian tumor mutations on sex-lethal germline functioning in drosophila. | wolbachia is a ubiquitous intracellular endosymbiont of invertebrates. surprisingly, infection of drosophila melanogaster by this maternally inherited bacterium restores fertility to females carrying ovarian tumor (cystocyte overproliferation) mutant alleles of the drosophila master sex-determination gene, sex-lethal (sxl). we scanned the drosophila genome for effects of infection on transcript levels in wild-type previtellogenic ovaries that might be relevant to this suppression of female-steri ... | 2009 | 19171941 |
| interactions between coexisting intracellular genomes: mitochondrial density and wolbachia infection. | many arthropods are infected with maternally transmitted microorganisms, leading to the coexistence of several intracellular genomes within the host cells, including their own mitochondria. as these genomes are cotransmitted, their patterns of evolution have been intimately linked, with possible consequences for the diversity and evolution of the host mitochondrial dna. the evolutionary aspects of the situation have been thoroughly investigated, especially the selective sweep on the mitochondria ... | 2009 | 19181828 |
| [high temperature initiates changes of wolbachia ultrastructure in the ovaries and early embryos of drosophila melanogaster]. | electron microscopic analysis of drosophila melanogaster (w1118) ovarian cells has demonstrated that stressful heat treatment of flies results in the appearance of electron dense granules and large lysosomes in the cytoplasm of ovarian cells, which is not related with the presence of wolbachia, as these changes are observed in both the infected and uninfected flies. high temperature initiates essential envelope defects and other structural changes of symbiotic bacteria in the cytoplasm of ovaria ... | 2008 | 19198544 |
| life and death of an influential passenger: wolbachia and the evolution of ci-modifiers by their hosts. | wolbachia are intracellular bacteria widely distributed among arthropods and nematodes. in many insect species these bacteria induce a cytoplasmic incompatibility (ci) between sperm of infected males and eggs of uninfected females. from an evolutionary point of view, ci is puzzling: in order to induce this modification-rescue system, wolbachia affect sperm of infected males even though wolbachia are only transmitted maternally. phylogenetic studies of wolbachia and hosts show that the bacteria r ... | 2009 | 19209229 |
| the bacterial symbiont wolbachia induces resistance to rna viral infections in drosophila melanogaster. | wolbachia are vertically transmitted, obligatory intracellular bacteria that infect a great number of species of arthropods and nematodes. in insects, they are mainly known for disrupting the reproductive biology of their hosts in order to increase their transmission through the female germline. in drosophila melanogaster, however, a strong and consistent effect of wolbachia infection has not been found. here we report that a bacterial infection renders d. melanogaster more resistant to drosophi ... | 2008 | 19222304 |
| cytoplasmic incompatibility in the parasitic wasp encarsia inaron: disentangling the roles of cardinium and wolbachia symbionts. | many bacterial endosymbionts of insects are capable of manipulating their host's reproduction for their own benefit. the most common strategy of manipulation is cytoplasmic incompatibility (ci), in which embryonic mortality results from matings between uninfected females and infected males. in contrast, embryos develop normally in infected females, whether or not their mate is infected, and infected progeny are produced. in this way, the proportion of infected females increases in the insect pop ... | 2009 | 19223921 |
| the effects of, and interactions between, cardinium and wolbachia in the doubly infected spider mite bryobia sarothamni. | many arthropods are infected with vertically transmitted, intracellular bacteria manipulating their host's reproduction. cytoplasmic incompatibility (ci) is commonly observed and is expressed as a reduction in the number of offspring in crosses between infected males and uninfected females (or females infected with a different bacterial strain). ci is often related to the presence of wolbachia, but recent findings indicate that a second reproductive parasite, cardinium, is also capable of induci ... | 2009 | 19223923 |
| multiple introductions of the spiroplasma bacterial endosymbiont into drosophila. | bacterial endosymbionts are common in insects and can have dramatic effects on their host's evolution. so far, the only heritable symbionts found in drosophila have been wolbachia and spiroplasma. while the incidence and effects of wolbachia have been studied extensively, the prevalence and significance of spiroplasma infections in drosophila are less clear. these small, gram-positive, helical bacteria infect a diverse array of plant and arthropod hosts, conferring a variety of fitness effects. ... | 2009 | 19226322 |
| incidence of wolbachia and cardinium endosymbionts in the osmia community in korea. | sex ratio distorting endosymbionts induce reproductive anomalies in their arthropod hosts. they have recently been paid much attention as firstly texts of evolution of host-symbiont relationships and secondly potential biological control agents to control arthropod pests. among such organisms, wolbachia and cardinium bacteria are well characterized. this study aims at probing such bacteria in the osmia community to evaluate their potential utilization to control arthropod pests. among 17 pcr tes ... | 2009 | 19229488 |
| bug for a bug for a bug. | 2009 | 19253762 | |
| effects of a sex-ratio distorting endosymbiont on mtdna variation in a global insect pest. | patterns of mtdna variation within a species reflect long-term population structure, but may also be influenced by maternally inherited endosymbionts, such as wolbachia. these bacteria often alter host reproductive biology and can drive particular mtdna haplotypes through populations. we investigated the impacts of wolbachia infection and geography on mtdna variation in the diamondback moth, a major global pest whose geographic distribution reflects both natural processes and transport via human ... | 2009 | 19257899 |
| absence of wolbachia in nonfilariid nematodes. | intracellular bacteria of the genus wolbachia are among the most abundant endosymbionts on the planet, occurring in at least two major phyla-the arthropoda and nematoda. current surveys of wolbachia distribution have found contrasting patterns within these groups. whereas wolbachia are widespread and occur in all three major subphyla of arthropods, with estimates placing them in at least several million arthropod species, the presence of nematodes carrying wolbachia is currently confined to the ... | 2003 | 19262760 |
| structural and functional characterization of the oxidoreductase alpha-dsba1 from wolbachia pipientis. | the alpha-proteobacterium wolbachia pipientis is a highly successful intracellular endosymbiont of invertebrates that manipulates its host's reproductive biology to facilitate its own maternal transmission. the fastidious nature of wolbachia and the lack of genetic transformation have hampered analysis of the molecular basis of these manipulations. structure determination of key wolbachia proteins will enable the development of inhibitors for chemical genetics studies. wolbachia encodes a homolo ... | 2009 | 19265485 |
| role of horizontal gene transfer in the evolution of plant parasitism among nematodes. | horizontal gene transfer (hgt) implies the non-sexual exchange of genetic material between species - in some cases even across kingdoms. although common among bacteria and archaea, hgts from pro- to eukaryotes and between eukaryotes were thought to be extremely rare. recent studies on intracellular bacteria and their hosts seriously question this view. recipient organisms could benefit from hgt as new gene packages could allow them to broaden or change their diet, colonize new habitats, or survi ... | 2009 | 19271205 |
| infection by wolbachia: from passengers to residents. | wolbachia are endosymbiotic alpha-proteobacteria harboured by terrestrial arthropods and filarial nematodes, where they are maternally transmitted through egg cytoplasm. according to the host group, wolbachia have developed two contrasting symbiotic strategies. in arthropods, symbiosis is secondary (i.e. facultative), and wolbachia insure their transmission as reproduction parasites. however, despite of the efficiency of the manipulation mechanisms used, wolbachia are limited to the state of pas ... | 2009 | 19281959 |
| aphids acquired symbiotic genes via lateral gene transfer. | aphids possess bacteriocytes, which are cells specifically differentiated to harbour the obligate mutualist buchnera aphidicola (gamma-proteobacteria). buchnera has lost many of the genes that appear to be essential for bacterial life. from the bacteriocyte of the pea aphid acyrthosiphon pisum, we previously identified two clusters of expressed sequence tags that display similarity only to bacterial genes. southern blot analysis demonstrated that they are encoded in the aphid genome. in this stu ... | 2009 | 19284544 |
| effects on male fitness of removing wolbachia infections from the mosquito aedes albopictus. | cytoplasmic incompatibility (ci) induced by maternally inherited wolbachia bacteria is a potential tool for the suppression of insect pest species with appropriate patterns of infection. the asian tiger mosquito aedes albopictus (skuse) (diptera: culicidae) is known to be infected by two strains of wolbachia pipientis hertig (rickettsiales: rickettsiaceae), walb a and walb b, throughout its geographical distribution. this infection pattern theoretically restricts the application of ci-based cont ... | 2009 | 19292821 |
| proteasome activity in a naïve mosquito cell line infected with wolbachia pipientis walbb. | we used wolbachia pipientis strain walbb from aedes albopictus aa23 cells to infect clonal ae. albopictus tk-6 cells, which are resistant to 5-bromodeoxyuridine. infected tk-6 cells were cultured in medium containing 5-bromodeoxyuridine to select against aa23 cells that might have persisted in the inoculum. infected tk-6 lines retained the wolbachia infection for 5 mo, indicating that their metabolic processes support wolbachia growth and multiplication. to investigate early events after wolbach ... | 2009 | 19296184 |
| wolbachia-mediated cytoplasmic incompatibility is associated with impaired histone deposition in the male pronucleus. | wolbachia is a bacteria endosymbiont that rapidly infects insect populations through a mechanism known as cytoplasmic incompatibility (ci). in ci, crosses between wolbachia-infected males and uninfected females produce severe cell cycle defects in the male pronucleus resulting in early embryonic lethality. in contrast, viable progeny are produced when both parents are infected (the rescue cross). an important consequence of ci-rescue is that infected females have a selective advantage over uninf ... | 2009 | 19300496 |
| the mosaic genome structure of the wolbachia wri strain infecting drosophila simulans. | the obligate intracellular bacterium wolbachia pipientis infects around 20% of all insect species. it is maternally inherited and induces reproductive alterations of insect populations by male killing, feminization, parthenogenesis, or cytoplasmic incompatibility. here, we present the 1,445,873-bp genome of w. pipientis strain wri that induces very strong cytoplasmic incompatibility in its natural host drosophila simulans. a comparison with the previously sequenced genome of w. pipientis strain ... | 2009 | 19307581 |
| the joint evolutionary histories of wolbachia and mitochondria in hypolimnas bolina. | the interaction between the blue moon butterfly, hypolimnas bolina, and wolbachia has attracted interest because of the high prevalence of male-killing achieved within the species, the ecological consequences of this high prevalence, the intensity of selection on the host to suppress the infection, and the presence of multiple wolbachia infections inducing different phenotypes. we examined diversity in the co-inherited marker, mtdna, and the partitioning of this between individuals of different ... | 2009 | 19317891 |
| the virulent wolbachia strain wmelpop efficiently establishes somatic infections in the malaria vector anopheles gambiae. | wolbachia pipientis bacteria are maternally inherited endosymbionts that are of interest to control the anopheles mosquito vectors of malaria. wolbachia does not infect anopheles mosquitoes in nature, although cultured anopheles cells can be infected. here, we show that the virulent wolbachia strain wmelpop can survive and replicate when injected into female anopheles gambiae adults, but the somatic infections established are avirulent. these in vivo data suggest that stable wolbachia infections ... | 2009 | 19329661 |
| molecular phylogeny of wolbachia strains in arthropod hosts based on groe-homologous gene sequences. | wolbachia is a genus of maternally inherited, intracellular, alpha-proteobacteria which are widespread among arthropods and cause various reproductive alterations such as cytoplasmic incompatibility and feminization. wolbachia strains in arthropods have been phylogenetically divided into two supergroups, a and b. here, we determined the phylogenetic relationships among wolbachia strains harbored by insects and isopod crustaceans by using groe operon sequences, which encode highly conserved bacte ... | 2009 | 19341336 |
| evidence for metabolic provisioning by a common invertebrate endosymbiont, wolbachia pipientis, during periods of nutritional stress. | wolbachia are ubiquitous inherited endosymbionts of invertebrates that invade host populations by modifying host reproductive systems. however, some strains lack the ability to impose reproductive modification and yet are still capable of successfully invading host populations. to explain this paradox, theory predicts that such strains should provide a fitness benefit, but to date none has been detected. recently completed genome sequences of different wolbachia strains show that these bacteria ... | 2009 | 19343208 |
| wolbachia infection in australasian and north american populations of haematobia irritans (diptera: muscidae). | buffalo fly (haematobia irritans exigua) is a major pest of beef and dairy cattle in northern australia. global warming is expected to increase the southern range of buffalo fly. chemical control is compromised by resistance and may not be feasible in extensive production systems and there is rapidly growing market preference for beef and dairy products produced in low-chemical systems. wolbachia are vertically transmitted intracellular bacteria that can profoundly influence host reproduction an ... | 2009 | 19345018 |
| brugia malayi excreted/secreted proteins at the host/parasite interface: stage- and gender-specific proteomic profiling. | relatively little is known about the filarial proteins that interact with the human host. although the filarial genome has recently been completed, protein profiles have been limited to only a few recombinants or purified proteins of interest. here, we describe a large-scale proteomic analysis using microcapillary reverse-phase liquid chromatography-tandem-mass spectrometry to identify the excretory-secretory (es) products of the l3, l3 to l4 molting es, adult male, adult female, and microfilari ... | 2009 | 19352421 |
| litomosa chiropterorum ortlepp, 1932 (nematoda: filarioidea) from a south african miniopterid: redescription, wolbachia screening and phylogenetic relationships with litomosoides. | 69 miniopterus notalensis, type host of the onchocercid litomosa chiropterorum, were collected in caves in the western province and gauteng province, south africa. the prevalence of these filariae was about 50 %. the microfilaria is folded, as in other litomosa and an area rugosa composed of cuticular bosses is present in the male posterior region. l. chiropterorum is close to the species parasitic in other miniopterus spp. and some rhinolophus spp. from africa, madagascar and europe; it is uniq ... | 2009 | 19353951 |
| unravelling the wolbachia evolutionary role: the reprogramming of the host genomic imprinting. | environmental factors can induce significant epigenetic changes that may also be inherited by future generations. the maternally inherited symbiont of arthropods wolbachia pipientis is an excellent candidate as an 'environmental' factor promoting trans-generational epigenetic changes: by establishing intimate relationships with germ-line cells, epigenetic effects of wolbachia symbiosis would be manifested as a 'maternal effect', in which infection of the mother modulates the offspring phenotype. ... | 2009 | 19364731 |
| no sex in fungus-farming ants or their crops. | asexual reproduction imposes evolutionary handicaps on asexual species, rendering them prone to extinction, because asexual reproduction generates novel genotypes and purges deleterious mutations at lower rates than sexual reproduction. here, we report the first case of complete asexuality in ants, the fungus-growing ant mycocepurus smithii, where queens reproduce asexually but workers are sterile, which is doubly enigmatic because the clonal colonies of m. smithii also depend on clonal fungi fo ... | 2009 | 19369264 |
| composition of bacterial communities associated with natural and laboratory populations of asobara tabida infected with wolbachia. | asobara tabida wasps are fly endoparasitoids that naturally harbor three wolbachia strains, which induce cytoplasmic incompatibility and control oogenesis. to investigate whether other bacteria play a role in wasp biology, we surveyed the bacterial communities of wild a. tabida populations originating from different regions of france and of laboratory colonies using pcr-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and culture methods. proteobacteria and firmicutes were found to be the main phyla repr ... | 2009 | 19376923 |
| new insights into the biology of filarial infections. | recent successes in the control of lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis need continuing research in order to sustain the achievements and to develop further tools to tackle the new questions that arise when only reduced infection prevalences prevail. in this regard, in a symposium held at the xth european multicolloquium of parasitology (august 2008, paris) questions such as the impact of filarial immunosuppression, and its lack following filarial control, on the outcome of co-infections were ... | 2009 | 19379544 |
| wolbachia and bacteriophage wo-b density of wolbachia a-infected aedes albopictus mosquito. | wolbachia are maternally inherited symbiotic bacteria capable of inducing an extensive range of reproductive abnormalities in their hosts, including cytoplasmic incompatibility (ci). its density (concentration) is likely to influence the penetrance of ci in incompatible crosses. the variations of wolbachia density could also be linked with phage wo density. we determined the relative density (relative concentration) of prophage wo orf7 and wolbachia (phage-to-bacteria ratio) during early develop ... | 2009 | 19381483 |
| evidence for low-titre infections in insect symbiosis: wolbachia in the bark beetle pityogenes chalcographus (coleoptera, scolytinae). | wolbachia are obligatory endosymbiotic alpha-proteobacteria found in many insect species. they are maternally transmitted and often exhibit reproductive phenotypes like cytoplasmic incompatibility. pityogenes chalcographus is a bark beetle causing severe damage in spruce stands. its european populations are divided into several mitochondrial clades separated by partial crossing barriers. in this study, we tested a large sample set covering the natural range of the beetle in europe for the presen ... | 2009 | 19383035 |
| cytological detection of wolbachia in squashed and paraffin embedded insect tissues. | wolbachia localization in situ is essential for accurate analysis of the infection and its consequences. whole cell hybridization is proposed as an easy and rapid method for detecting wolbachia cells in paraffin embedded tissues or testis squashes of chorthippus parallelus (orthoptera). wolbachia is found in whole gonads and other adjacent tissues. a higher bacterial density, however, is observed in ovarioles and testis. small independent bacteria with strictly cytoplasmic distribution are displ ... | 2009 | 19384745 |
| extensive genomic diversity of closely related wolbachia strains. | using microarray-based comparative genome hybridization (mcgh), the genomic content of wolbachia pipientis wmel from drosophila melanogaster was compared to the closely related wolbachia from d. innubila (winn), d. santomea (wsan), and three strains from d. simulans (wau, wri, wsim). a large number of auxiliary genes are identified in these five strains, with most absent/divergent genes being unique to a given strain. each strain caused an average of approximately 60 genes to be removed from the ... | 2009 | 19389774 |
| increased locomotor activity and metabolism of aedes aegypti infected with a life-shortening strain of wolbachia pipientis. | a virulent strain of the obligate intracellular bacterium wolbachia pipientis that shortens insect lifespan has recently been transinfected into the primary mosquito vector of dengue virus, aedes aegypti l. the microbe's ability to shorten lifespan and spread through host populations under the action of cytoplasmic incompatibility means it has the potential to be used as a biocontrol agent to reduce dengue virus transmission. wolbachia is present in many host tissues and may have local effects o ... | 2009 | 19411536 |
| gene conversion maintains nonfunctional transposable elements in an obligate mutualistic endosymbiont. | long-term bacterial endosymbionts typically exhibit reduced genomes, lack genes encoding recombination functions and transposable elements, such as insertion sequences (iss). in sharp contrast, i found that iss constitute 2.4% of the genome of the obligate mutualistic endosymbiont wolbachia wbm. although no is copy is transpositionally functional, i show that iss persist in wbm because of frequent recombinational gene conversion (gc) homogenizing homologous is sequences. these results not only i ... | 2009 | 19414524 |
| wolbachia as populations within individual insects: causes and consequences of density variation in natural populations. | the population-level dynamics of maternally transmitted endosymbionts, including reproductive parasites, depends primarily on the fitness effects and transmission fidelity of these infections. although experimental laboratory studies have shown that within-host endosymbiont density can affect both of these factors, the existence of such effects in natural populations has not yet been documented. using quantitative pcr, we survey the density of male-killing wolbachia in natural populations of dro ... | 2009 | 19419989 |
| improved efficacy of tetracycline by acaciasides on dirofilaria immitis. | the discovery of wolbachia, a bacterial endosymbiont that occurs in the filarial parasite and its sensitivity to tetracycline, has fostered a new initiative in the development of suitable antifilarial drugs. the present study is an attempt to investigate whether adding acaciasides (saponins from acacia auriculiformis) to the standard dose of tetracycline would further improve the efficacy of tetracycline treatment against dirofilaria immitis microfilariae in vivo. treatment of microfilaremic adu ... | 2009 | 19430817 |
| cytoplasmic incompatibility and host population structure. | many arthropod species are infected by maternally inherited bacteria that induce cytoplasmic incompatibility (ci). ci causes embryonic mortality in offspring when infected males mate with either uninfected females or with females that are infected with a different strain of bacteria. here, we review theoretical and empirical studies concerning the infection dynamics of ci-inducing bacteria, focusing in particular on the impact of the host population structure on the spread of ci. as different th ... | 2009 | 19436325 |
| identification of immunoreactive proteins from the dog heartworm (dirofilaria immitis) differentially recognized by the sera from dogs with patent or occult infections. | heartworm disease caused by dirofilaria immitis affects canine and feline hosts. moreover, the parasite can infect humans, causing pulmonary dirofilariosis. most affected dogs have patent infections with circulating microfilariae in peripheral blood, although infected dogs sometimes develop occult infections characterized by the absence of microfilariae. microfilaremic infections (mf+) are associated with a predominant th2-type immune response, whereas a th1-type response predominates in amicrof ... | 2009 | 19450730 |
| the nematode parasite onchocerca volvulus generates the transforming growth factor-beta (tgf-beta). | transforming growth factor-beta (tgf-beta) is a highly conserved cytokine that has a well-known regulatory role in immunity, but also in organ development of most animal species including helminths. homologous tgf-b genes and mrna have been detected in the filaria brugia malayi. the in situ protein expression is unknown for filariae. therefore, we examined several filariae for the expression and localization of latent (stable) tgf-beta in adult and larval stages. a specific goat anti-human laten ... | 2009 | 19452170 |
| wolbachia lipoprotein stimulates innate and adaptive immunity through toll-like receptors 2 and 6 to induce disease manifestations of filariasis. | wolbachia endosymbiotic bacteria have been implicated in the inflammatory pathogenesis of filariasis. inflammation induced by brugia malayi female worm extract (bmfe) is dependent on toll-like receptors 2 and 6 (tlr2/6) with only a partial requirement for tlr1. removal of wolbachia, lipids, or proteins eliminates all inflammatory activity. wolbachia bacteria contain the lipoprotein biosynthesis genes ltg and lspa but not lnt, suggesting wolbachia proteins cannot be triacylated, accounting for re ... | 2009 | 19458089 |
| reduction in levels of plasma vascular endothelial growth factor-a and improvement in hydrocele patients by targeting endosymbiotic wolbachia sp. in wuchereria bancrofti with doxycycline. | the treatment for hydrocele is expensive, invasive surgery-hydrocelectomy. a drug that could prevent or improve this condition could replace or supplement hydrocelectomy. in ghana, 42 hydrocele patients participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of a six-week regimen of doxycycline, 200 mg/day. four months after doxycycline treatment, patients received 150 mug/kg of ivermectin and 400 mg of albendazole, which is used for mass chemotherapy in this area. patients were monitored for l ... | 2009 | 19478258 |
| susceptibility to insecticides in the q biotype of bemisia tabaci is correlated with bacterial symbiont densities. | the presence of symbiotic microorganisms may influence an insect's ability to tolerate natural and artificial stress agents such as insecticides. the authors have previously shown that rickettsia in the b biotype of the whitefly bemisia tabaci (gennadius) (homoptera: aleyrodidae) increases this insect's susceptibility to several insecticidal compounds. this communication reports a comparison of the susceptibilities of three isofemale strains of the q biotype of b. tabaci harbouring different bac ... | 2009 | 19479746 |
| current practices in the management of lymphatic filariasis. | lymphatic filariasis is a major cause of acute and chronic morbidity in 81 countries. the availability of safe treatment regimens along with rapid diagnostic tools resulted in a global program to eliminate the disease. the two main objectives of the global elimination program are to interrupt transmission of the parasites and to provide care for those with the disease. the strategy for transmission interruption is preventive chemotherapy through mass drug administration. this article reviews the ... | 2009 | 19485799 |
| conservation of the type iv secretion system throughout wolbachia evolution. | the type iv secretion system (t4ss) is an efficient pathway with which bacteria can mediate the transfer of dna and/or proteins to eukaryotic cells. in wolbachia pipientis, a maternally inherited obligate endosymbiont of arthropods and nematodes, two operons of vir genes, virb3-b6 and virb8-d4, encoding a t4ss were previously identified and characterized at two separate genomic loci. using the largest data set of wolbachia strains studied so far, we show that vir gene sequence and organization a ... | 2009 | 19486895 |
| further evidence for the absence of bacteria in horsehair worms (nematomorpha: gordiidae). | we used molecular techniques to characterize bacteria associated with the nematomorph gordius robustus (leidy). this worm is a parasite of the fall field cricket, gryllus pennsylvanicus (burmeister), which is infected with the symbiotic bacteria, wolbachia. because of this close association, our a priori expectation was that g. robustus may be similarly infected. however, results of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and sequencing of amplified 16s rdna failed to detect any bacteria (symbio ... | 2009 | 19489671 |
| the effect of gene drive on containment of transgenic mosquitoes. | mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria and dengue fever continue to be a major health problem through much of the world. several new potential approaches to disease control utilize gene drive to spread anti-pathogen genes into the mosquito population. prior to a release, these projects will require trials in outdoor cages from which transgenic mosquitoes may escape, albeit in small numbers. most genes introduced in small numbers are very likely to be lost from the environment; however, gene dri ... | 2009 | 19490857 |
| variable incidence of spiroplasma infections in natural populations of drosophila species. | spiroplasma is widespread as a heritable bacterial symbiont in insects and some other invertebrates, in which it sometimes acts as a male-killer and causes female-biased sex ratios in hosts. besides wolbachia, it is the only heritable bacterium known from drosophila, having been found in 16 of over 200 drosophila species screened, based on samples of one or few individuals per species. to assess the extent to which spiroplasma infection varies within and among species of drosophila, intensive sa ... | 2009 | 19492088 |
| wolbachia infection and resource competition effects on immature aedes albopictus (diptera: culicidae). | wolbachia pipientis hertig and wolbach (rickettsiales: rickettsiaceae) are intracellular alpha-proteobacteria that occur naturally in aedes albopictus (skuse) (diptera: culicidae) and numerous other invertebrates. these endosymbionts can invade host populations by manipulating host reproduction. wolbachia infections have been shown to impart both costs and benefits to hosts in terms of development, survival, and fecundity. here, we monitor intraspecific competition among independent cohorts of i ... | 2009 | 19496412 |
| the popcorn wolbachia infection of drosophila melanogaster: can selection alter wolbachia longevity effects? | wolbachia popcorn (wmelpop), a life-shortening strain of wolbachia, has been proposed as an agent for suppressing transmission of dengue fever following infection of the vectoring mosquito aedes aegypti. however, evolutionary changes in the host and wolbachia genomes might attenuate any life span effects mediated by wmelpop. here we test for attenuation by selecting strains of drosophila melanogaster infected with wmelpop for early and late reproduction in three independent outcrossed population ... | 2009 | 19500146 |
| an endosymbiotic bacterium in a plant-parasitic nematode: member of a new wolbachia supergroup. | wolbachia is an endosymbiotic bacterium widely present in arthropods and animal-parasitic nematodes. despite previous efforts, it has never been identified in plant-parasitic nematodes. random sequencing of genes expressed by the burrowing nematode radopholus similis resulted in several sequences with similarity to wolbachia genes. the presence of a wolbachia-like endosymbiont in this plant-parasitic nematode was investigated using both morphological and molecular approaches. transmission electr ... | 2009 | 19504759 |
| [influence of drosophila melanogaster genotype on biological effects of endocymbiont wolbachia (stamm wmelpop)]. | comparative analyses of symbiotic bacteria wolbachia (stamm wmelpop reducing lifespan of flies) morphology in normal and mutant strains of drosophila melanogaster as well as the influence of wolbachia on the host cell ultrastructure have been done. wolbachia infected d. melanogaster mutation strains trithorax-like -- trl362/tm3, sb1 ser y+ and trlen82/tm3, sb1 ser y+ have been received by special flies crossing. uninfected strain d. melanogaster white-1118 (w1118) have been obtained by antibioti ... | 2009 | 19505052 |
| essential but unhelpful wasp wolbachia. | 2009 | 19513090 | |
| a new case of wolbachia dependence in the genus asobara: evidence for parthenogenesis induction in asobara japonica. | wolbachia is a maternally inherited bacterium that is widely distributed among arthropods, in which it manipulates the reproduction of its hosts. although generally facultative for its hosts, wolbachia has recently become obligatory in asobara tabida (hymenoptera: braconidae) in which it is required for the completion of oogenesis. here, we describe a new wolbachia strain (wajap) that is associated with the genus asobara and infects asobara japonica. wajap was detected in all female-biased popul ... | 2009 | 19513092 |
| the effect of sibmating on the infection dynamics of male-killing bacteria. | male-killing (mk) bacteria are vertically transmitted endosymbionts that selectively kill the male offspring of their hosts. simple mathematical models describe the infection dynamics using two parameters, the bacterial transmission rate and a fitness compensation for siblings of killed males. these models cannot explain two phenomena that have been observed in nature: the persistence of extreme mk causing all-female broods, and the coexistence of two different strains of mk bacteria in the same ... | 2009 | 19519634 |
| wolbachia induces strong cytoplasmic incompatibility in the predatory bug macrolophus pygmaeus. | macrolophus pygmaeus is a heteropteran predator that is widely used in european glasshouses for the biological control of whiteflies, aphids, thrips and spider mites. we have demonstrated that the insect is infected with the endosymbiotic bacterium wolbachia pipientis. several gene fragments of the endosymbiont were sequenced and subsequently used for phylogenetic analysis, revealing that it belongs to the wolbachia supergroup b. the endosymbiont was visualized within the ovarioles using immunol ... | 2009 | 19523069 |
| the differential interaction of brucella and ochrobactrum with innate immunity reveals traits related to the evolution of stealthy pathogens. | during evolution, innate immunity has been tuned to recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns. however, some alpha-proteobacteria are stealthy intracellular pathogens not readily detected by this system. brucella members follow this strategy and are highly virulent, but other brucellaceae like ochrobactrum are rhizosphere inhabitants and only opportunistic pathogens. to gain insight into the emergence of the stealthy strategy, we compared these two phylogenetically close but biologically ... | 2009 | 19529776 |
| wolbachia in anastrepha fruit flies (diptera: tephritidae). | endosymbiotic bacteria of the genus wolbachia are widespread among arthropods and cause a variety of reproductive abnormalities, such as cytoplasmic incompatibility, thelytokous parthenogenesis, male-killing, and host feminization. in this study, we used three sets of wolbachia-specific primers (16s rdna, ftsz, and wsp) in conjunction with the polymerase chain reaction (pcr), cloning and sequencing to study the infection of fruit flies (anastrepha spp. and ceratitis capitata) by wolbachia. the f ... | 2009 | 19536597 |
| infection by wolbachia bacteria and its influence on the reproduction of the stored-product psocid, liposcelis tricolor. | wolbachia are maternally inherited intracellular bacteria that infect a wide range of arthropods and nematodes and are associated with various reproductive abnormalities in their hosts. the infection by wolbachia of the psocid, liposcelis tricolor (psocoptera: liposcelididae), was investigated using long pcr amplification of the wsp gene that codes for a wolbachia surface protein. the results showed that l. tricolor was positive for wolbachia . phylogenetic analysis showed that the wolbachia fou ... | 2006 | 19537991 |
| molecular systematics of filarial parasites, with an emphasis on groups of medical and veterinary importance, and its relevance for epidemiology. | filarial parasites are members of the phylum nemata that comprise several species of medical and veterinary importance. among the human diseases caused by members of this group of nematodes are river blindness and lymphatic filariasis, which afflict millions of people in the tropics. these diseases not only have an impact on the health of the people affected but also bear a great socioeconomic burden. despite their relevance, the systematics of the filarial parasites is not well understood yet, ... | 2009 | 19539785 |
| microbial modification of host long-distance dispersal capacity. | dispersal plays a key role in shaping biological and ecological processes such as the distribution of spatially-structured populations or the pace and scale of invasion. here we have studied the relationship between long-distance dispersal behaviour of a pest-controlling money spider, erigone atra, and the distribution of maternally acquired endosymbionts within the wider meta-population. this spider persists in heterogeneous environments because of its ability to recolonise areas through active ... | 2009 | 19545353 |
| complete wo phage sequences reveal their dynamic evolutionary trajectories and putative functional elements required for integration into the wolbachia genome. | wolbachia endosymbionts are ubiquitously found in diverse insects including many medical and hygienic pests, causing a variety of reproductive phenotypes, such as cytoplasmic incompatibility, and thereby efficiently spreading in host insect populations. recently, wolbachia-mediated approaches to pest control and management have been proposed, but the application of these approaches has been hindered by the lack of genetic transformation techniques for symbiotic bacteria. here, we report the geno ... | 2009 | 19592535 |
| molecular phylogeography of culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes in central bangladesh. | mosquitoes in the culex pipiens complex are a major vector of numerous parasitic and arboviral diseases. here we report the phylogeography of a prevalent culex mosquito, cx. quinquefasciatus, from three locations in bangladesh: dhaka, savar and mymensingh. sequence analysis of the genes encoding mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit ii, nuclear elongation factor-1 alpha, and acetylcholinesterase-2 revealed the lack of a population genetic structure among the three locations. moreover, the hig ... | 2009 | 19595661 |
| the heme biosynthetic pathway of the obligate wolbachia endosymbiont of brugia malayi as a potential anti-filarial drug target. | filarial parasites (e.g., brugia malayi, onchocerca volvulus, and wuchereria bancrofti) are causative agents of lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis, which are among the most disabling of neglected tropical diseases. there is an urgent need to develop macro-filaricidal drugs, as current anti-filarial chemotherapy (e.g., diethylcarbamazine [dec], ivermectin and albendazole) can interrupt transmission predominantly by killing microfilariae (mf) larvae, but is less effective on adult worms, whic ... | 2009 | 19597542 |
| discover the microbes within! the hhmi wolbachia project. | 2009 | 19603576 |