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lymphogranuloma venereum in men screened for pharyngeal and rectal infection, germany.to determine prevalence of lymphogranuloma venereum among men who have sex with men in germany, we conducted a multicenter study during 2009-2010 and found high rates of rectal and pharyngeal infection in men positive for the causative agent, chlamydia trachomatis. many infections were asymptomatic. an adjusted c. trachomatis screening policy is justified in germany.201323621949
chlamydia trachomatis infection induces replication of latent hhv-6.human herpesvirus-6 (hhv-6) exists in latent form either as a nuclear episome or integrated into human chromosomes in more than 90% of healthy individuals without causing clinical symptoms. immunosuppression and stress conditions can reactivate hhv-6 replication, associated with clinical complications and even death. we have previously shown that co-infection of chlamydia trachomatis and hhv-6 promotes chlamydial persistence and increases viral uptake in an in vitro cell culture model. here we i ...201323620749
ot-1 mice display minimal upper genital tract pathology following primary intravaginal chlamydia muridarum infection.chlamydia trachomatis is the most common bacterial sexually transmitted disease worldwide and leads to serious pathological sequelae in the upper genital tract (ugt) including pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, and infertility. several components of the host immune responses have been shown to contribute to the ugt pathology following genital chlamydial infection. we have shown recently that cd8(+) t cells induce the chlamydial ugt pathology via the production of tnf-α. however, tho ...201323620186
igg subclass profiles in normal human sera of antibodies specific to five kinds of microbial antigens.the levels of subclass-specific immunoglobulin g (igg) antibodies to five microbial antigens in normal human sera were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisa). the aim was to compare the igg subclass profiles of specific antibodies to diverse antigens originating from virus, intra- and extracellular bacteria. serum samples from 162 danish women were analyzed for igg1, igg2, igg3, and igg4 antibodies against a peptide of the major outer membrane protein (momp) of chlamydia trachoma ...201323620184
transformation of a plasmid-free, genital tract isolate of chlamydia trachomatis with a plasmid vector carrying a deletion in cds6 revealed that this gene regulates inclusion phenotype.the development of a plasmid-based genetic transformation protocol for chlamydia trachomatis provides the basis for the detailed investigation of the function of the chlamydial plasmid and its individual genes or coding sequences (cds). in this study we constructed a plasmid vector with cds6 deleted (pcds6ko) from the original escherichia coli/c. trachomatis shuttle vector pgfp::sw2. pcds6ko was transformed into a clinical isolate of c. trachomatis from sweden that is plasmid-free (c. trachomati ...201323620154
serogroup distribution of urogenital chlamydia trachomatis in urban ethnic groups in the netherlands.the prevalence of chlamydia trachomatis varies between ethnic groups in the netherlands. it is, however, unknown whether this is associated with specific serogroups. the objective of this study was to determine whether serogroup distribution is associated with ethnic origin in the region of the hague, the netherlands. serogroups of 370 microbiologically confirmed c. trachomatis-positive samples were analysed. the samples were obtained from 247 women and 123 men between january and october 2008, ...201423611401
case and partnership reproduction numbers for a curable sexually transmitted infection.sexually transmitted infections (stis) are, by definition, transmitted between sexual partners. for curable stis an infected index case can potentially re-infect the same partner multiple times. thus, r0, the average number of secondary infections one typical infected individual will produce during his or her infectious period is not necessarily the same as the average number of secondary cases (infected persons). here we introduce the new concept of the case reproduction number (rc). in additio ...201323608632
trends and associations of trichomonas vaginalis infection in men and women with genital discharge syndromes in johannesburg, south africa.to better understand the epidemiology of trichomonas vaginalis infection, we investigated the association between t vaginalis and demographic, clinical, microbiological and behavioural characteristics of patients presenting with genital discharges to a primary healthcare clinic in johannesburg, south africa.201323605850
sexually transmitted infections among hiv-infected women in thailand.data on sexually transmitted infections (sti) prevalence among hiv-infected women in thailand are limited. we studied, among hiv-infected women, prevalence of sti symptoms and signs; prevalence and correlates of having any sti; prevalence and correlates of chlamydia trachomatis (ct) or neisseria gonorrhoeae (gc) among women without ct and/or gc symptoms or signs; and number of women without ct and/or gc symptoms or signs needed to screen (nns) to detect one woman with ct and/or gc overall, among ...201323601556
evaluation of the aptima combo 2 assay using self-administered vaginal swabs for the detection of chlamydia trachomatis and neisseria gonorrhoeae.we report on the performance of the aptima combo 2 assay for the detection of chlamydial infection and gonorrhea using self-administered vaginal specimens in specimen transport medium and specimen kept dry. the results are compared with the results using the amplicor assay and the bd probetec assay™.201323598167
[efficacy and safety of levofloxacin to non-gonorrheal urethritis].we investigated the efficacy and safety of levofloxacin (lvfx) 500mg once a day in patients with non-gonorrheal urethritis. men, aged 20 years or older, with urethritis symptoms, and detection of chlamydia trachomatis (c. trachomatis) or mycoplasma genitalium (m. genitalium) by a microbiological examination were eligible for this study. patients were administered lvfx 500mg, orally, once a day and the dosage period was seven days. we assumed 22 patients for a safety and efficacy analysis. in 22 ...201223593735
[efficacy and safety of sitafloxacin in patients with urinary tract infections].sitafloxacin (stfx, gracevit 50mg, fine granules 10%), a new quinolone antibacterial agent, was approved in january 2008, and the use-results survey was carried out over the 2 years between december 2008 and november 2010. we studied the efficacy and safety of stfx in 1,452 patients with urinary tract infections (cystitis, pyelonephritis, urethritis). the total efficacy rate for urinary tract infections was 91.4% (1,235/1,351 patients). efficacy rates, classified by the type of infection, were: ...201223593733
[prostatitis - diagnostics and therapy].the prostatitis syndrome is a frequent and complex disease. during the last 40 years the scientific perception has shifted between sometimes success and sometimes disappointment. whereas acute prostatitis is most frequently considered an infectious disease, in only about 10% of cases with a chronic prostatitis syndrome can pathogens be identified. the bacterial spectrum is similar to that of complicated urinary tract infections with mainly gram-negative pathogens. in some studies atypical pathog ...201323592294
assessment of the load and transcriptional dynamics of chlamydia trachomatis plasmid according to strains' tissue tropism.chlamydia trachomatis maintain a conserved plasmid, which is a primary regulator of chromosomal genes, but there is no experimental evidences associating it with the strains' differential tissue tropism (ocular and genital mucosae, and lymph nodes). we investigated if the number of plasmids per strain correlate with expression profiles of plasmid orfs and small anti-sense rnas (srnas), and also if these molecular features underlie tropism dissimilarities. we performed absolute and relative qpcr ...201323590987
comparative evaluation of the abbott hiv-1 realtime™ assay with the standard roche cobas® amplicor™ hiv-1 monitor® test, v1.5 for determining hiv-1 rna levels in plasma specimens from pune, india.the implementation of cost effective hiv-1 viral load assays in resource-limited settings have been an impediment for monitoring hiv-1 therapy. a study involving the comparative analytical performance of two hiv-1 viral load assays - standard roche cobas(®) amplicor™ hiv-1 monitor(®) test, version 1.5 (roche diagnostics, basel, switzerland) and abbott hiv-1 realtime™ assay (abbott molecular, wiesbaden, germany) was performed using 125 specimens in pune, india. a strong correlation was observed b ...201323588214
the cost-effectiveness of screening men who have sex with men for rectal chlamydial and gonococcal infection to prevent hiv infection.men who have sex with men (msm) who have a current or recent history of rectal chlamydia trachomatis (ct) and neisseria gonorrhoeae (gc) infection are at greater risk for hiv than msm with no history of rectal infection. screening and treating msm for rectal ct/gc infection may help reduce any increased biological susceptibility to hiv infection.201323588125
is there evidence of the new variant chlamydia trachomatis in the united states?a specific real-time polymerase chain reaction followed by melt curve analysis was developed for the detection of the swedish variant (nvct) strain of chlamydia trachomatis (ct). surveillance was performed on 476 ct-positive clinical specimens obtained from 15 laboratories around the united states using nucleic acid amplification test assays, which would not miss the nvct. all were negative for nvct; thus, there is no evidence of the nvct in the united states.201323588122
mycoplasma genitalium in male urethritis: diagnosis and treatment in japan.male urethritis is a common disease for urologists, with the most common pathogens being, chlamydia trachomatis and neisseria gonorrhoeae. when the tests fail to detect these pathogens, the presented urethritis is called non-chlamydial non-gonococcal urethritis. mycoplasma genitalium is one of the pathogens for non-chlamydial non-gonococcal urethritis. the test for detecting m. genitalium, which is commercially available in japan, is not accepted by the japanese insurance system now. the detecti ...201323586346
the new variant of chlamydia trachomatis was present as early as 2003 in orebro county, sweden, but remained undetected until 2006.in 2006, a new variant of chlamydia trachomatis (nvct) was reported in sweden. because of a cryptic plasmid deletion, the nvct was undetectable in several of the genetic diagnostic systems used worldwide at the time. this study aimed to evaluate whether the nvct was present in specimens obtained from patients attending the outpatient sexually transmitted infection (sti) clinic at örebro university hospital, örebro, sweden already in 2002-2003.201323580610
sexual risk taking in a community sample of international backpackers visiting brisbane, australia.we sought to examine correlations between international backpackers' alcohol consumption and sexual behaviors and determine the prevalence of chlamydia trachomatis and neisseria gonorrhoea in this population. a cross-sectional study design consisting of a convenience sample (n = 168) of non-treatment-seeking international backpackers visiting brisbane, australia was recruited. participants were asked to self-complete a questionnaire on sexual behavior and to undertake a urine-based polymerase ch ...201523572374
development and evaluation of gis-based chlamydia trachomatis intervention policy in illinois.chlamydia trachomatis is the most prevalent infectious disease in the united states. complications include pelvic inflammatory disease (pid), ectopic pregnancy, and infertility. the cost of pid in 1998 was estimated at greater than $1.9 billion. screening intervention strategies are often consumed by those at low risk. the objective of this study is the development of a more cost-effective intervention strategy by employing geographic information systems and census bureau demographic data in sel ...200923569571
drug use and sex work: competing risk factors for newly acquired hiv in yunnan, china.to investigate the hiv incidence and its related factors among female sex workers (fsws) in a high prevalence area where injection drug use is also widely documented.201323555616
human female genital tract infection by the obligate intracellular bacterium chlamydia trachomatis elicits robust type 2 immunity.while chlamydia trachomatis infections are frequently asymptomatic, mechanisms that regulate host response to this intracellular gram-negative bacterium remain undefined. this investigation thus used peripheral blood mononuclear cells and endometrial tissue from women with or without chlamydia genital tract infection to better define this response. initial genome-wide microarray analysis revealed highly elevated expression of matrix metalloproteinase 10 and other molecules characteristic of type ...201323555586
retrospective assessment of transcription-mediated amplification-based screening for trichomonas vaginalis in male sexually transmitted infection clinic patients.transcription-mediated amplification (tma) enhances detection of neisseria gonorrhoeae and chlamydia trachomatis from rectal and pharyngeal sources. the utility of tma for detection of trichomonas vaginalis has recently been described. we report on the performance of tma for detection of sexually transmitted infection (sti) agents from extraurogenital sources, with a focus on t. vaginalis. within a 21-month interval, 1,314 consecutive male patient encounters at an sti clinic resulted in collecti ...201323554208
analytical evaluation of genexpert ct/ng, the first genetic point-of-care assay for simultaneous detection of neisseria gonorrhoeae and chlamydia trachomatis.genexpert ct/ng was evaluated with 372 characterized bacterial strains. sensitivity of 10 genome copies/reaction was obtained for both agents. four neisseria mucosa and two neisseria subflava isolates were positive for one of two gonococcal targets; however, the assay flagged all as negative. the assay was analytically highly sensitive and specific.201323554203
using a nonparametric multilevel latent markov model to evaluate diagnostics for trachoma.in disease control or elimination programs, diagnostics are essential for assessing the impact of interventions, refining treatment strategies, and minimizing the waste of scarce resources. although high-performance tests are desirable, increased accuracy is frequently accompanied by a requirement for more elaborate infrastructure, which is often not feasible in the developing world. these challenges are pertinent to mapping, impact monitoring, and surveillance in trachoma elimination programs. ...201323548755
chlamydia trachomatis infections and subfertility: opportunities to translate host pathogen genomic data into public health.chlamydia trachomatis (ct) infections in women can result in tubal pathology (tp). worldwide 10-15% of all couples are subfertile, meaning they did not get pregnant after 1 year. part of the routine subfertility diagnostics is the chlamydia antibody test (cat) to decide for laparoscopy or not in order to diagnose tp. the cat positive and negative predictive value is such that many unneeded laparoscopies are done and many tp cases are missed. addition of host genetic markers related to infection ...201323548718
development of a chip-based multiplexed immunoassay using liposomal nanovesicles and its application in the detection of pathogens causing female lower genital tract infections.cervicovaginitis is a highly prevalent disease that is a burden on healthcare globally. immediate and adequate treatment can eradicate the infection and block subsequent complications. the feasibility of achip-based multiplexed immunoassay using liposomal nanovesicles was tested.201323548214
porf5 plasmid protein of chlamydia trachomatis induces mapk-mediated pro-inflammatory cytokines via tlr2 activation in thp-1 cells.infection with chlamydia trachomatis induces inflammatory pathologies in the urogenital tract that can lead to infertility and ectopic pregnancy. pathogenesis of infection has been mostly attributed to excessive cytokine production. however, precise mechanisms on how c. trachomatis triggers this production, and which protein(s) stimulate inflammatory cytokines remains unknown. in the present study, the c. trachomatis porf5 protein induced tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-α), interleukin-1 beta ( ...201323546865
effect of long-term laboratory propagation on chlamydia trachomatis genome dynamics.it is assumed that bacterial strains maintained in the laboratory for long time shape their genome in a different fashion from the nature-circulating strains. here, we analyzed the impact of long-term in vitro propagation on the genome of the obligate intracellular pathogen chlamydia trachomatis. we fully-sequenced the genome of a historical prototype strain (l2/434/bu) and a clinical isolate (e/cs88), before and after one-year of serial in vitro passaging (up to 3500 bacterial generations). we ...201323542454
characterizing the intracellular distribution of metabolites in intact chlamydia-infected cells by raman and two-photon microscopy.chlamydia species are obligate intracellular pathogens that proliferate only within infected cells. currently, there are no known techniques or systems that can probe the spatial distribution of metabolites of interest within intact chlamydia-infected cells. here we investigate the ability of raman microscopy to probe the chemical composition of different compartments (nucleus, inclusion, and cytoplasm) of chlamydia trachomatis-infected epithelial cells. the overall intensity of the raman spectr ...201323541981
comparative analysis of chlamydia psittaci genomes reveals the recent emergence of a pathogenic lineage with a broad host range.chlamydia psittaci is an obligate intracellular bacterium. interest in chlamydia stems from its high degree of virulence as an intestinal and pulmonary pathogen across a broad range of animals, including humans. c. psittaci human pulmonary infections, referred to as psittacosis, can be life-threatening, which is why the organism was developed as a bioweapon in the 20th century and is listed as a cdc biothreat agent. one remarkable recent result from comparative genomics is the finding of frequen ...201323532978
bacteriological agents which play a role in the development of infertility.this study was carried out to determine the prevalence of the bacterial agents chlamydia trachomatis (c. trachomatis), neisseria gonorrhoeae (n. gonorrhoeae), mycoplasma hominis (m. hominis) and ureaplasma urealyticum (u. urealyticum) and the conditions which may play a role in the development of female infertility, in the county of iaşi in north-eastern romania. cervical and blood samples were collected from 176 infertile women and 45 pregnant women in the third trimester. classical methods and ...201323529298
genetic transformation of a clinical (genital tract), plasmid-free isolate of chlamydia trachomatis: engineering the plasmid as a cloning vector.our study had three objectives: to extend the plasmid-based transformation protocol to a clinical isolate of c. trachomatis belonging to the trachoma biovar, to provide "proof of principle" that it is possible to "knock out" selected plasmid genes (retaining a replication competent plasmid) and to investigate the plasticity of the plasmid. a recently developed, plasmid-based transformation protocol for lgv isolates of c. trachomatis was modified and a plasmid-free, genital tract c. trachomatis i ...201323527131
order of hpv/chlamydia infections and cervical high-grade precancer risk: a case-cohort study.interactions of carcinogenic human papillomaviruses (most notably hpv types 16/18/31/33/45), and hpv6 or chlamydia trachomatis are not well understood. we have used seroconversions to study effects the order of these infections has on the risk of high-grade cervical precancer. in a cohort of 94,349 finnish women with paired sera from consecutive pregnancies within an average of 2.4 years, 490 were diagnosed with cervical cin3/ais. serum antibodies to hpv6/16/18/31/33/45 and c. trachomatis were m ...201323526412
whole-genome sequences of chlamydia trachomatis directly from clinical samples without culture.the use of whole-genome sequencing as a tool for the study of infectious bacteria is of growing clinical interest. chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for sexually transmitted infections and the blinding disease trachoma, which affect hundreds of millions of people worldwide. recombination is widespread within the genome of c. trachomatis, thus whole-genome sequencing is necessary to understand the evolution, diversity, and epidemiology of this pathogen. culture of c. trachomatis has, until now ...201323525359
genomic features beyond chlamydia trachomatis phenotypes: what do we think we know?the obligate intracellular pathogen chlamydia trachomatis is the causative agent of the blinding trachoma and the world's leading cause of bacterial sexually transmitted infections. despite aggressive antibacterial control measures, c. trachomatis infections have been increasing, constituting a serious public health concern due to its morbidity and socioeconomic burden. still, very little is known about the molecular basis underlying the phenotypic disparities observed among c. trachomatis serov ...201323523596
[microbiological diagnosis of infections due to chlamydia spp. and related species].until recently the number of completed genomes belonging to chlamydia trachomatis was very low, despite its importance in public health. now, there are currently sixty-six completed genomes of c.trachomatis sequenced in different parts of the world. this genomic revolution has helped in understanding its biology, as well as improved the sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis, and the development of epidemiological tools, not only for in c.trachomatis, but also for related species such as c ...201423523029
abdominal pain, constipation, and tenesmus in an adolescent female: consider chlamydia proctitis.rectal chlamydia trachomatis (ct) infection and proctitis, once thought to be exclusive to the population of men who have sex with men, is being detected with increased frequency among heterosexual females.201323518359
conjunctival microrna expression in inflammatory trachomatous scarring.trachoma is a fibrotic disease of the conjunctiva initiated by chlamydia trachomatis infection. this blinding disease affects over 40 million people worldwide yet the mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis remain poorly understood. we have investigated host microrna (mir) expression in health (n) and disease (conjunctival scarring with (tsi) and without (ts) inflammation) to determine if these epigenetic differences are associated with pathology.201323516655
[persistence of chlamydia trachomatis in endometrium and peritoneal fluid of infertile patients with negative cervical culture].chlamydia trachomatis infection is considered a public health problem due to its high prevalence, and because is asymptomatic in 70% of women and provokes reproductive sequelae when it is not detected and treated timely.201323513400
unexpectedly high hiv prevalence among female sex workers in bangkok, thailand in a respondent-driven sampling survey.the pattern of sex work in thailand has shifted substantially over the last two decades from direct commercial establishments to indirect venues and non-venue-based settings. this respondent-driven sampling survey was conducted in bangkok in 2007 among female sex workers (fsw) in non-venue-based settings to pilot a new approach to surveillance among this hidden population. fifteen initial participants recruited 707 consenting participants who completed a behavioural questionnaire, and provided o ...201323512512
evaluating the risk factors for developing resistance to parenteral therapy for tubo-ovarian abscess: a case-control study.the aim of this study was to identify factors that can predict the resistance to parenteral therapy in patients with tubo-ovarian abscesses (toa).201323509912
home-based chlamydia and gonorrhoea screening: a systematic review of strategies and outcomes.in many countries, low chlamydia trachomatis (ct) and neisseria gonorrhoeae (ng) screening rates among young people in primary-care have encouraged screening programs outside of clinics. nucleic acid amplification tests (naats) make it possible to screen people in homes with self-collected specimens. we systematically reviewed the strategies and outcomes of home-based ct/ng screening programs.201323496833
is chlamydia trachomatis related to human papillomavirus infection in young women of southern european population? a self-sampling study.it is well established the role of human papillomavirus (hpv) in cervical cancer (cc) etiology. chlamydia trachomatis (ct) infection seems to synergize with hpv in cc multistage process. the aim of this study was to assess the correlation of hpv and ct infection in young student women.201323494197
[statement of the polish gynecological society expert group on the use of macmiror complex 500].the group of experts representing the polish gynecologic society has issued this statement based on the review of available literature on the potential benefits of the use of macmiror complex 500 in obstetrical and gynecologic practice. mixed vaginitis (mv) eg. the vaginal infection caused by at least two out of the triad of pathogens (fungi, bacteria and trichomonas vaginalis [tv]), constitutes the type of vaginitis which is underestimated as for its prevalence. mixed pathogens are responsible ...201223488303
comparison of the abbott m2000 realtime ct assay and the cepheid genexpert ct/ng assay to the roche amplicor ct assay for detection of chlamydia trachomatis in ocular samples from tanzania.the genexpert ct/ng assay (genexpert) and the abbott m2000 realtime ct (m2000) assay were compared to amplicor for detecting ocular chlamydia trachomatis. discordant specimens were tested by the aptima ct assay. the m2000 assay sensitivity was 100% (95% confidence interval [ci], 90% to 100%), and specificity was 98.46% (95% ci, 95.2% to 99.2%); genexpert sensitivity was 100% (95% ci, 90% to 100%), and specificity was 100% (95% ci, 98.1% to 100%). the m2000 and genexpert assays appear to perform ...201323486714
chlamydia trachomatis infection among women 26 to 39 years of age in the united states, 1999 to 2010.using data from a nationally representative survey, we identified predictors of chlamydial infection in women aged 26 to 39 years. chlamydia prevalence was low overall but varied by sociodemographics and sexual behaviors. findings support current recommendations that women older than 25 years should not be routinely screened for chlamydial infection.201323486500
standard symptom- and sexual history-based testing misses anorectal chlamydia trachomatis and neisseria gonorrhoeae infections in swingers and men who have sex with men.currently, individuals at risk for sexually transmitted diseases (stds) are tested extragenitally only if indicated, most often when there is a history of self-reported symptoms or self-reported anal sex. the sensitivity of such selective symptom- and sexual history-based testing for detection of anorectal std has not been determined.201323486492
activities of first-choice antimicrobials against gamma interferon-treated chlamydia trachomatis differ in hypoxia.gamma interferon (ifn-γ)-mediated host responses play a central role in resolving genital chlamydia trachomatis infections but may also result in persistence of the pathogen, which shows reduced susceptibility to antimicrobials. the antichlamydial function of ifn-γ is oxygen dependent, and the efficacy of antimicrobials against c. trachomatis is reduced in a low-oxygen environment. in this study, we show that the antichlamydial efficacies of azithromycin and doxycycline differ in ifn-γ-treated c ...201323478971
vaccination with the recombinant major outer membrane protein elicits antibodies to the constant domains and induces cross-serovar protection against intranasal challenge with chlamydia trachomatis.to determine the ability of the major outer membrane protein (momp) to elicit cross-serovar protection, groups of mice were immunized by the intramuscular (i.m.) and subcutaneous (s.c.) routes with recombinant momp (rmomp) from chlamydia trachomatis serovars d (uw-3/cx), e (bour), or f (ic-cal-3) or chlamydia muridarum strain nigg ii using cpg-1826 and montanide isa 720 vg as adjuvants. negative-control groups were immunized i.m. and s.c. with neisseria gonorrhoeae recombinant porin b (ng-rporb) ...201323478318
cobas® 4800: a fully automated system for the detection of chlamydia trachomatis and neisseria gonorrhoeae.chlamydia trachomatis and neisseria gonorrhoeae (ct/ng) are the most common sexually transmitted bacterial infections globally and account for the majority of the infections monitored by public health surveillance systems. therefore, access to diagnostic tools that facilitate identification of these infections is critical to sexually transmitted infection control efforts. the cobas(®) 4800 system is a fully automated system that incorporates nucleic acid extraction and real-time pcr. the cobas 4 ...201323477553
immunity to chlamydia trachomatis. 201323470849
spontaneous resolution of genital chlamydia trachomatis infection in women and protection from reinfection.the natural history of chlamydia is variable and may include persisting asymptomatic infection, complications, or spontaneous resolution before treatment. reinfection is common. we evaluated whether spontaneous resolution was associated with decreased reinfection in women returning for treatment of a positive chlamydia screening test. at enrollment, participants were tested for chlamydia, treated with azithromycin, and scheduled for a 6-month follow-up visit for repeat testing. two hundred parti ...201323470847
performance of the cepheid ct/ng xpert rapid pcr test for detection of chlamydia trachomatis and neisseria gonorrhoeae.tests for chlamydia trachomatis and neisseria gonorrhoeae, which can provide results rapidly to guide therapeutic decision-making, offer patient care advantages over laboratory-based tests that require several days to provide results. we compared results from the cepheid genexpert ct/ng (xpert) assay to results from two currently approved nucleic acid amplification assays in 1,722 female and 1,387 male volunteers. results for chlamydia in females demonstrated sensitivities for endocervical, vagi ...201323467600
chlamydia trachomatis screening initiative among u.s. army soldiers assigned to korea. 201323461305
predictive value of reportable medical events for neisseria gonorrhoeae and chlamydia trachomatis.neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonorrhea) and chlamydia trachomatis (chlamydia) are notifiable diseases reported under the guidelines of the armed forces reportable medical event guidelines and case definitions. records of clinical laboratory tests (health level 7) were used to calculate the sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value (ppv) of confirmed reportable medical events (rmes) for gonorrhea and chlamydia. the sensitivity--which reflects the proportion of "true cases" identified by a ...201323461304
clinical and microscopic signs of cervicitis and urethritis: correlation with chlamydia trachomatis infection in female sti patients.chlamydia trachomatis is among the most prevalent genital infections and is an important cause of tubal factor infertility. the majority of infected females are asymptomatic. evidence on the reliability of signs of inflammation used to predict chlamydia in female patients is inconsistent. this study examined associations between criteria routinely used in many scandinavian sexually transmitted infection (sti) clinics and a positive chlamydia test in a high-prevalence population. clinical and mic ...201323460336
trachoma: protective and pathogenic ocular immune responses to chlamydia trachomatis.trachoma, caused by chlamydia trachomatis (ct), is the leading infectious blinding disease worldwide. chronic conjunctival inflammation develops in childhood and leads to eyelid scarring and blindness in adulthood. the immune response to ct provides only partial protection against re-infection, which can be frequent. moreover, the immune response is central to the development of scarring pathology, leading to loss of vision. here we review the current literature on both protective and pathologic ...201323457650
characteristics of the chlamydia trachomatis species - immunopathology and infections.chlamydiae are microorganisms exhibiting characteristics intermediate between bacteria and viruses. chlamydia is widespread in the natural world, intracellular parasites of people and animals. they are capable of independent reproduction, because they do not synthesize atp, in its development cycle using the host cell metabolic pathways. the life cycle of these microorganisms is original, unique among bacteria and lasts from 24 to 48 hours. chlamydia antigens consist of 4 groups: group-specific, ...201223457138
quinacrine-induced occlusive fibrosis in the human fallopian tube is due to a unique inflammatory response and modification of repair mechanisms.quinacrine has been widely used in treatment of parasitic diseases such as malaria and giardiasis, and in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. quinacrine has also been used as an effective substitute for surgical contraception by causing occlusion of the fallopian tube. this minimally invasive treatment protocol involves intrauterine insertion of the drug in the form of pellets and has been studied in humans in a number of countries, including the united states. despite its development in the 1 ...201323453701
prevalence and predictors of lymphogranuloma venereum among men who have sex with men at a sydney metropolitan sexual health clinic.during an 18-month period to june 2012, 1732 anal chlamydia (chlamydia trachomatis) tests were performed among men who have sex with men (msm) at rpa sexual health in sydney's inner west. positive anal chlamydia samples were subsequently tested for lymphogranuloma venereum (lgv). seventy-five (4.3%) anal samples were positive for chlamydia among 67 men during the study period. anal symptoms were reported for 16 out of 75 (21.3%) of anal chlamydia episodes overall. three episodes of lgv (all sero ...201323449004
the molecular basis for disease phenotype in chronic chlamydia-induced arthritis.genital chlamydia trachomatis infections can elicit an inflammatory arthritis in some individuals, and recent surprising studies have demonstrated that only ocular (trachoma) strains, not genital strains, of the organism are present in the synovial tissues of patients with the disease. this observation suggests an explanation for the small proportion of genitally-infected patients who develop chlamydia-induced arthritis. other recent studies have begun to identify the specific chlamydial gene pr ...201223440251
development and padronization of three multiplex pcrs for the diagnosis of chlamydia trachomatis, toxoplasma gondii, herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2, and cytomegalovirus.to develop multiplex pcrs (mpcrs) that allows simultaneous diagnosis of the infectious agents chlamydia trachomatis, toxoplasma gondii, hsv 1/2, and cytomegalovirus (cmv). the study included patients with clinical suspicion of these agents, and clinical samples were blood, cerebrospinal fluid, urine, vaginal swabs, and amniotic fluid. after the extraction of dna, this was used as a template in amplification by pcr of selected genes. the following conditions were tested: primer concentration, mgc ...201323436027
detection of simkania negevensis in cell culture by using a monoclonal antibody.in the present study, a monoclonal antibody (mab), d5-14, raised in our laboratory against chlamydia trachomatis lgv2 serotype, stained simkania negevensis inclusions in s. negevensis-infected cells by using the immunofluorescence test. d5-14 mab, reacting in immunoblot with an approximately 64-66-kda protein of c. trachomatis lgv2 serotype, recognized a protein with the same molecular mass when tested with s. negevensis elementary bodies.201323435820
[what's new in the diagnosis and treatment of neisseria gonorrhoeae].bacterial culture remains the gold standard for symptomatic infection. nucleic acid amplification tests (naats) have better sensitivity and specificity for rectal and pharyngeal specimens. a bacterial culture with antibiogram must be done for all naat positive specimens in order to modify antibiotics prescription if needed. we must fear a diffusion of extensively drug-resistant neisseria gonorrhoeae in the future. nevertheless, ceftriaxone 500 mg intramuscular with 1 g of azithromycin against ch ...201323433914
identification of novel type iii secretion chaperone-substrate complexes of chlamydia trachomatis.chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen of humans that uses a type iii secretion (t3s) system to manipulate host cells through the delivery of effector proteins into their cytosol and membranes. the function of t3s systems depends on small bacterial cytosolic chaperone-like proteins, which bind t3s substrates and ensure their appropriate secretion. to find novel t3s chaperone-substrate complexes of c. trachomatis we first searched its genome for genes encoding prote ...201323431368
association between intracellular infectious agents and schizophrenia.a number of studies have reported association between toxoplasma gondii (t. gondii) and chlamydia infection and the risk of schizophrenia. the aim of the present study was to compare the prevalence of t. gondii and chlamydia infection between the schizophrenia and normal control subjects and to compare the clinical features between seropositive and seronegative schizophrenia patients.201223430959
effect of time since exposure to chlamydia trachomatis on chlamydia antibody detection in women: a cross-sectional study.to investigate what factors influence the detection of chlamydia trachomatis antibody following genital tract infection.201323430706
difference in distribution of chlamydia trachomatis genotypes among different provinces: a pilot study from four provinces in china.the objective of this study was to assess the distribution of chlamydia trachomatis genovars in male sexually transmitted disease (std) clinic patients from 1 province in eastern china (jiangsu) and 3 provinces in southern china (guangdong, guangxi, and hainan). urine specimens (n = 140) were collected from 46 public std clinics in the 4 provinces. specimens that tested positive for c. trachomatis by polymerase chain reaction were genotyped for the infecting c. trachomatis strain by amplifying a ...201323429090
[late debut of neonatal pneumonia caused by chlamydia trachomatis].a newborn colonized with chlamydia trachomatis will often show symptoms of conjunctivitis and/or pneumonia. we report a case of interstitial pneumonia caused by c. trachomatis in a 2-month-old boy admitted with rsv. we point to the importance of c. trachomatis in the differential diagnostics of an infant with respiratory symptoms even in the presence of additional infectious agents.201323428270
risk factors for chlamydia trachomatis infection among users of an internet-based testing service in sweden.this study aims to assess potential risk factors for chlamydia trachomatis infection among users of an internet-based testing service in sweden.201223427929
anorectal and inguinal lymphogranuloma venereum among men who have sex with men in amsterdam, the netherlands: trends over time, symptomatology and concurrent infections.to examine lymphogranuloma venereum (lgv) trends over time among men who have sex with men (msm) visiting the amsterdam sexually transmitted infection (sti) clinic; to investigate anal lgv symptomatology; and to examine the positivity and characteristics of anorectal and inguinal lgv.201323427272
development of elisas for the detection of urogenital chlamydia trachomatis infection targeting the porf5 protein.to prepare antibodies against porf5 plasmid protein of chlamydia trachomatis and develop double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (das-elisas) for the detection of genital c. trachomatis infections.201323425799
mycoplasma genitalium: prevalence in men presenting with urethritis to a south australian public sexual health clinic.this study aimed to determine the prevalence of mycoplasma genitalium infection among male patients with dysuria and/or urethral discharge. an analysis of the clinical, demographic and microbiological factors associated with m. genitalium infection was also conducted.201323425506
increased levels of igg antibodies against human hsp60 in patients with spondyloarthritis.spondyloarthritis (spa) comprises a heterogeneous group of inflammatory diseases, with strong association to human leukocyte antigen (hla)-b27. a triggering bacterial infection has been considered as the cause of spa, and bacterial heat shock protein (hsp) seems to be a strong t cell antigen. since bacterial and human hsp60, also named hspd1, are highly homologous, cross-reactivity has been suggested in disease initiation. in this study, levels of antibodies against bacterial and human hsp60 wer ...201323424650
[current aspects of chlamydia trachomatis infection].the number of detection and diagnosis of urogenital infections with chlamydia trachomatis is increasing among both men and women. three-quarters involve young people between 15 and 24 years. infection, often asymptomatic, is more common in women. it is necessary to identify it to avoid complications.the number of rectal lymphogranuloma venereum (lgv) is also growing. the affected patients are homo/bisexuel men frequently co-infected with hiv. nucleic acid amplification tests (naats) are the test ...201323419460
induction of protective immunity against chlamydia muridarum intravaginal infection with the chlamydial immunodominant antigen macrophage infectivity potentiator.we previously reported that 5 chlamydia muridarum antigens reacted with antisera from >90% mice urogenitally infected with c. muridarum and they are tc0660 (abc transporter or artj), tc0727 (outer membrane complex protein b or omcb), tc0828 (macrophage infectivity potentiator or mip), tc0726 (inclusion membrane protein or inc) & tc0268 (hypothetical protein or hp). the orthologs of these antigens in chlamydia trachomatis were also highly reactive with antisera from women urogenitally infected wi ...201323416214
characterization of in vitro chlamydia muridarum persistence and utilization in an in vivo mouse model of chlamydia vaccine.chlamydia trachomatis genital tract infections are easily treated with antibiotics; however, the majority of infections are asymptomatic and therefore untreated, highlighting the need for a vaccine. because most infections are asymptomatic, vaccination could potentially be administered to individuals who may have an acute infection at that time. in such individuals, the effect of vaccination on the existing infection is unknown; however, one potential outcome could be the development of a persis ...201323414449
vaginal swabs are the optimal specimen for detection of genital chlamydia trachomatis or neisseria gonorrhoeae using the cobas 4800 ct/ng test.performance characteristics of the cobas 4800 ct/ng assay were estimated for vaginal swab samples from more than 4000 women. vaginal samples identified 92.9% and 98.5% of chlamydia and gonorrhea infections, respectively, which was more than any other single specimen type (endocervical swabs or urine) regardless of collection method (clinician collected or self-obtained).201323407470
prevalence and risk factors for chlamydia trachomatis infection among young thai men in 2008-2009.asymptomatic chlamydia trachomatis (ct) infection and other sexually transmitted infections in men potentially contribute significantly in sustaining the spread of the infection. to describe the distribution and related sexual behaviors, we conducted a cross-sectional study among young thai men using a (1:30) systematic sampling of all newly inducted military conscripts in thailand.201323407469
incidence and correlates of chlamydia trachomatis infection in a high-risk cohort of kenyan women.in africa, data on chlamydia trachomatis infection are scarce because reliable diagnosis is costly and not widely available. our objective was to evaluate the incidence and correlates of c. trachomatis infection among high-risk kenyan women.201323407467
how reliable is self-testing for gonorrhea and chlamydia among men who have sex with men?recent studies have demonstrated a high prevalence of pharyngeal (p) and rectal (r) neisseria gonorrhoeae (gc) and chlamydia trachomatis (ct) infections among men who have sex with men (msm). guidelines by the centers for disease control and prevention recommend testing at least annually. but surveys of medical providers suggest that adherence to these guidelines is minimal as a result of limited time and staff. because of these concerns, we evaluated the feasibility and accuracy of patient self ...201323405376
[no firm evidence for screening for chlamydia in connection with spontaneous abortion].infection with genital chlamydia while undergoing a vaginal instrumentation increases the risk of pelvic inflammatory disease with pain and sterility as sequelae. a literature study was performed in order to find out if screening and treatment for chlamydia trachomatis should be offered to all women with miscarriages. this article reviews the available literature on the topic. the results show that there is a need for larger clinical trials before an evidence-based answer can be given.201323402242
rapid x-ray photoreduction of dimetal-oxygen cofactors in ribonucleotide reductase.prototypic dinuclear metal cofactors with varying metallation constitute a class of o2-activating catalysts in numerous enzymes such as ribonucleotide reductase. reliable structures are required to unravel the reaction mechanisms. however, protein crystallography data may be compromised by x-ray photoreduction (xrp). we studied xpr of fe(iii)fe(iii) and mn(iii)fe(iii) sites in the r2 subunit of chlamydia trachomatis ribonucleotide reductase using x-ray absorption spectroscopy. rapid and biphasic ...201323400774
chronic lyme disease and co-infections: differential diagnosis.in lyme disease concurrent infections frequently occur. the clinical and pathological impact of co-infections was first recognized in the 1990th, i.e. approximately ten years after the discovery of lyme disease. their pathological synergism can exacerbate lyme disease or induce similar disease manifestations. co-infecting agents can be transmitted together with borrelia burgdorferi by tick bite resulting in multiple infections but a fraction of co-infections occur independently of tick bite. cli ...201223400696
type-specific persistence and associated risk factors of human papillomavirus infections in women living in central italy.we examined persistence and clearance of human papillomavirus (hpv) infections and risk factors associated with persistence in 79 women based on the results of two sequential tests performed over 12-24 months.201323395560
can we stop mass drug administration prior to 3 annual rounds in communities with low prevalence of trachoma?: pret ziada trial results.the world health organization recommends at least 3 annual mass drug administrations (mdas) of azithromycin in places where the prevalence of follicular trachoma (ft) is greater than 10%. however, stopping mda prior to 3 rounds, if monitoring indicates an absence of infection with chlamydia trachomatis even if ft persists, may be more cost-effective.201323392481
ocular chlamydia trachomatis infections in patients attending a tertiary eye care hospital in north india: a twelve year study.ocular infection with chlamydia trachomatis is a major public health problem in densely populated countries like india. the true prevalence of such infections is uncertain due to insufficient data available from india. the aim of this study was to do a retrospective analysis of c. trachomatis eye infections in patients attending the outpatient department of dr rajendra prasad centre for ophthalmic sciences, all india institute of medical sciences, new delhi, over a period of 12 years.201223391797
mycoplasma genitalium: an emerging sexually transmitted pathogen.mycoplasma genitalium is a member of genital mycoplasmas, which is emerging as an important causative agent of sexually transmitted infections both in males and females. the advent of polymerase chain reaction and other molecular methods have made studies on m. genitalium more feasible, which is otherwise a difficult organism to isolate. besides chlamydia trachomatis, m. genitalium is now an important and established cause of non gonococcal urethritis (ngu) in men, more so in persistent and recu ...201223391789
underrecognition of cervical neisseria gonorrhoeae and chlamydia trachomatis infections in pregnant patients in the ed.the purposes of this study were to (1) quantify the frequency of underrecognized neisseria gonorrhoeae (gc) and chlamydia trachomatis (ct) infections in pregnant women tested in the emergency department (ed), (2) describe the characteristics of those not treated during the initial visit, and (3) determine how many pregnant women with acute cervicitis were lost to follow-up.201323391639
the prevalences of neisseria gonorrhoeae and chlamydia trachomatis infections among female sex workers in china.sexually transmitted infections (stis) have become a major public health problem among female sex workers (fsws) in china. there have been many studies on prevalences of hiv and syphilis but the data about neisseria gonorrhoeae (ng) and chlamydia trachomatis (ct) infections are limited in this population in china.201323390952
[investigation of chlamydia trachomatis with cell culture, dfa and pcr methods in the genital swab samples of symptomatic patients].chlamydia trachomatis infection is considered the most prevalent bacterial sexually transmitted disease worldwide. c.trachomatis causes eye infections such as trachoma and newborn inclusion conjunctivitis, newborn pneumonia, genitourinary system infections and suppurative inguinal lymphadenitis namely lymphogranuloma venerum. the aim of this study was to investigate c.trachomatis by direct fluorescent antibody (dfa), polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and cell culture methods in the clinical sample ...201323390905
[role of heat shock proteins (hsp) in human and mammalian fertilization and pregnancy. part ii].hsp expression is fundamental during gametogenesis in mammals and human. different hsps are required for each step of spermatogenesis and ovogenesis in order to provide the normal course of the transformation and differentiation processes. hsp are proved to be among the first proteins found in the zygote. the hsp synthesis is restored as soon as transcription is regained in the blastocyst. hsp serve as modulating signals for the immune system, either for immunosuppression or immunostimulation. c ...201223390862
sexual health and the rugby world cup 2011: a cross-sectional study of sexual health clinics in new zealand.we aimed to describe the characteristics of sexual health clinic (shc) attendance and sexually transmissible infection (sti) diagnoses during the rugby world cup (rwc) in new zealand in 2011.201223380197
comparison of chlamydia infection prevalence between patients with and without ectopic pregnancy using the pcr method.damage of the fallopian tube after sexually transmitted diseases like chlamydia trachomatis, is an important risk factor for ectopic pregnancy (ep). the study was designed to assess the prevalence of c. trachomatis infection in patients with ep in the southeastern part of iran.201223379188
chlamydia trachomatis clinical isolates identified as tetracycline resistant do not exhibit resistance in vitro: whole-genome sequencing reveals a mutation in porb but no evidence for tetracycline resistance genes.chlamydia trachomatis is the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infection worldwide and the leading cause of preventable blindness in developing countries. tetracycline is commonly the drug of choice for treating c. trachomatis infections, but cases of antibiotic resistance in clinical isolates have previously been reported. here, we used antibiotic resistance assays and whole-genome sequencing to interrogate the hypothesis that two clinical isolates (iu824 and iu888) have acquired mecha ...201323378575
correlates of unprotected sexual intercourse among women who inject drugs or who have sexual partners who inject drugs in st petersburg, russia.to assess risk for unintended pregnancy, this study describes the correlates of unprotected sexual intercourse (upsi) among women who inject illicit drugs or who have sexual partners who inject drugs in st petersburg, russia.201323377534
chlamydia trachomatis control requires a vaccine.as the most common reported communicable disease in north america and europe, chlamydia trachomatis is the focus of concerted public health control efforts based on screening and treatment. unexpectedly control efforts are accompanied by rising reinfection rates attributed in part to arresting the development of herd immunity. shortening the duration of infection through the testing and treatment program is the root cause behind the arrested immunity hypothesis and because of this a vaccine will ...201323375977
prevalence of genital chlamydia infection in urban women of reproductive age, nairobi, kenya.chlamydia trachomatis is one of the major causes of sexually transmitted infections throughout the world. most infections are asymptomatic and remain undetected. burden of disease in the kenyan population is not well characterised. this study was done to define the prevalence of genital chlamydia infection in a representative female population.201323375142
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