| serologic and hematologic response of rabbits to anaplasma marginale-infected bovine erythrocytes. | new zeland white rabbits inoculated with anaplasma marginale-infected bovine erythrocytes produced specific humoral antibodies to this parasite. specific antibody production as measured by the card and complement-fixation (cf) tests was maximal in 7 to 21 days after inoculation; however, none of the rabbits became infected. geometric mean cf titers of rabbits inoculated with rbc from cattle with acute anaplasmosis were significantly higher (p less than 0.001) than those of rabbits given rbc from ... | 1978 | 646203 |
| attempted transmission of anaplasma marginale by haemaphysalis longicornis. | | 1978 | 655986 |
| anaplasmosis: a regional serologic survey and oral antibiotic therapy in infected herds. | a test and treatment program was conducted in northern idaho and southeastern washington to detect bovine reactors to anaplasma marginale and to achieve anaplasmosis-free status in the herds tested. of 3,920 cattle tested, 214 (5.5%) were reactors; 110 of the reactors (from 7 herds) were tested after being treated orally for 45 days with chlortetracycline or oxytetracycline at a calculated daily dosage of 11 mg/kg of body weight, and all were seronegative. two reactors refused to eat the medicat ... | 1978 | 659312 |
| methods to improve the health of cattle in the tropics: immunisation and chemoprophylaxis against haemoparasitic infections. | a study of methods to improve the health of native cattle in tropical areas of colombia showed an advantage using immunisation techniques against haemoparasitic infections in comparison with other control methods. the control of anaplasmosis and babesiosis by immunisation of cattle with fully virulent anaplasma marginale, babesia argentina and b. bigemina is feasible in tropical cattle when the postimmunisation reaction is controlled by appropriate drug therapy. chemoprophylaxis was found less e ... | 1978 | 664017 |
| survey of the incidence of anaplasmosis among nigerian zebu trade cattle. | sera samples from 573 nigerian zebu trade cattle were evaluated by the rapid card agglutination test for antibodies to anaplasma marginale between may and july 1977. the results showed 34 per cent reactors as against 66 per cent negatives. the above results showed a significant level of exposure to the infection among the fulani cattle managed under a husbandry system in which there is no provision for tick control. the significance of this level of exposure to anaplasma marginale in relation to ... | 1978 | 664019 |
| bovine abortion associated with anaplasma marginale. | during the period from june 1974 to june 1975, five bovine fetuses between seven to nine months old were received for necropsy from four different counties of the s. paulo state, brazil. all of them were from brucellosis-free herds. necropsy revealed slight liver enlargement generally accompanied by capsular petechial hemorrhages. enlargement and congestion of the spleen, epicardial and endocardial petechiae were present in three fetuses and one of them had lungs with some hemorrhagic lobules. c ... | 1978 | 667708 |
| immunization against anaplasmosis and babesiosis. part ii. evaluation of cryo-preserved vaccines using different doses and routes of inoculation. | anaplasma marginale, babesia argentina and babesia bigemina infected blood used as vaccines for immunization trials in valle del cauca, were preserved with 4 molar dimethyl-sulfoxide (4m dmso) and stored in liquid nitrogen (-196 degrees c). the effectivity of the vaccines was determined in 87 healthy calves utilizing serial 10-fold dilutions. the effects of dose, inoculation routes, time and temperature were determined. the minimum infective dose for a. marginale was 10(-3) (2 x 10(6)) when 2 ml ... | 1978 | 675843 |
| elimination of the carrier state of bovine anaplasmosis with a long-acting oxytetracycline. | a long-acting formulation of oxytetracycline (l-200) was injected at a dose level of 20 mg/kg intramuscularly into 12 yearling cattle that had been experimentally inoculated with anaplasma marginale 64 days previously. four cattle were treated twice, 4 were treated 3 times, and 4 were treated 4 times. all injections were given once ever 7 days. previous work (unpublished) with this formulation has revealed prolonged blood values following a single injection. the blood (80 ml) of each calf was in ... | 1978 | 677530 |
| a study of the epidemiology of anaplasma marginale infections of cattle in southern queensland: clinical disease and the prevalence of complement fixing antibodies. | | 1978 | 687261 |
| some effects of reduced energy intake on the development of anaplasmosis in bos indicus cross steers. | some effects of the plane of nutrition on the development of anaplasmosis in brahman cross steers were investigated. batches of 39 and 30 brahman cross steers, aged approximately 27 months were each divided by stratified randomisation into 4 groups of similar mean pcv and body weight. two similar experiments, designated a and b were conducted. groups 1 and 2 were fed a ration of lucerne chaff at the rate of 1 m cal me/80 kg live weight/day for 8 weeks aimed to reduce body weight by approximately ... | 1978 | 687262 |
| experimental bovine anaplasmosis: clinico-pathological and nutritional studies. | groups of brahman-cross steers maintained on two nutritional planes were infected intravenously with a stabilate of anaplasma marginale. in general, animals on the higher plane of nutrition were more severely affected. fever was the first clinical sign of anaplasmosis but, like anaemia, was absent in the mildest cases. when present anaemia appeared two to three weeks after infection. there was a corresponding increase in erythrocyte sedimentation rates when read after 24 h but not at 1 h. the ha ... | 1978 | 705052 |
| methods to improve the health of cattle in the tropics: conclusions and economic appraisal. | the results of the immune responses of immunised and chemoprophylactically treated calves to tick-borne (boophilus microplus) challenge indicate that the system of immunisation was effective in protecting cattle against anaplasma marginale, babesia argentina (bovis), and b. bigemina. however, chemoprophylaxis was effective only against babesia spp. but not against a. marginale. both methods showed a substantial advantage over no control system when using native cattle breeds in a zone endemic fo ... | 1978 | 705891 |
| epidemiology of cattle anaplasmosis in colombia: i. prevalence and distribution of agglutinating antibodies. | a survey to detect antibodies against anaplasma marginale, using the card test, was conducted on serum samples collected from cattle of cordoba department and north-eastern region of the department of antioquia in the republic of colombia. the samples were from native cattle of spanish descent (bos taurus), zebu (bos indicus) and various zebu-native crosses. the age range was between three and eight year olds. the results revealed that 90.3% of the samples were positive. all breeds showed a high ... | 1978 | 705897 |
| serum levels of conglutinin, complement, and immunoconglutinin in cattle infected with anaplasma marginale. | sera from 10 splenectomized yearling cattle given massive doses of anaplasma marginale (peracute cases) were assayed for conglutinin and complement. sera from 5 nonsplenectomized yearling cattle given smaller doses (acute cases) were assayed for conglutinin, immunoconglutinin, and complement. in the peracute cases, conglutinating activity disappeared within 6 days after the cattle inoculated. in the acute cases, conglutining began to disappear at 3 weeks after inoculation and had disappeared at ... | 1978 | 727576 |
| synthesis of dna and protein by anaplasma marginale in bovine erythrocytes during short-term culture. | bovine erythrocytes infected with anaplasma marginale were cultured for 1 to 5 days in a co2 incubation chamber, pulse-labeled with [3h]thymidine and [14c]methionine, lysed, and fractionated by differential centrifugation and continuous density gradient centrifugation in renografin. anaplasma and associated fragments of stroma formed two distinct bands in the dense region of the gradient. electron microscopic examination of pelleted material from the bands from cells cultured for 1 day revealed ... | 1978 | 730374 |
| liquid nitrogen storage of anaplasma marginale complement-fixation antigen by a multiple small aliquot technique. | anaplasma marginale complement fixation test antigens were frozen as drops in liquid nitrogen using an easily constructed apparatus. economy in the use of antigen was achieved as the frozen drops were retrieved from storage in any required volume. the potency of the antigen was unaffected by the freezing and thawing technique. the technique is useful for storing other biological reagents. | 1978 | 749095 |
| amicarbalide: a therapeutic agent for anaplasmosis. | when administered subcutaneously in 2 equal daily doses at a total dosage rate of 20 mg/kg, amicarbalide was found to be an effective agent for controlling acute infections of anaplasma marginale and a. centrale in intact and splenectomized cattle. attempts to sterilize patent and latent anaplasma infections, however, were unsuccessful. at total dosage rates of 40 mg/kg and higher, amicarbalide exhibited potent hepato- and nephrotoxic tendencies. | 1978 | 750960 |
| cross reactivity between anaplasma marginale and two plasmodium species as demonstrated by passive hemagglutination. | two types of antigens were prepared from each of 3 partially purified preparations of anaplasma marginale, plasmodium lophurae, and p berghei. hemagglutination tests were conducted with homologous serums to detect antigenic relationships between these organisms. serums were also absorbed with both homologous and heterologous antigen preparations. cross reactivity between these organisms was observed. | 1976 | 779540 |
| evaluation of the indirect fluorescent antibody test for detecting trypanosoma vivax in south american cattle. | the indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat) as used in africa for detecting bovine trypanosomiasis was adapted for use in south america and evaluated. antigen consisted of trypanosoma vivax laden bovine blood fixed in a 60 : 40 : : acetone : methanol solution. the test detected initial titres of 1 : 50 and 1 : 100 at an average of 13.1 and 15.9 days post parasitaemia (pp). maximum titres as high as 1 : 400 developed in eight calves at an average of 23.4 days pp. in another calf, 109 days pp we ... | 1976 | 781765 |
| the role of wild mammals in the epidemiology of bovine theilerioses in east africa. | the theileriidae of east african wild mammals are reviewed. three species of wild bovidae were captured in east africa. they were africa cape buffalo (syncerus caffer), blue wildebeest (connochaetes taurinus) and eland (taurotragus oryx), and all were found to be naturally infected with theileria species. these animals were studied to determine the transmissibility and pathogenicity of their theilerial infections to cattle. adult rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks, which had engorged as nymphs o ... | 1975 | 803580 |
| isolation of a bovine theileria. | dual infections of anaplasma marginale and a theileria, resembling theileria mutans, occurred in splenectomized calves inoculated with pooled blood samples from eastern texas cattle. theileria was obtained in pure form by treating dually infected cattle with selectively eliminated anaplasma. these theileria infections were responsible for mild, transient reductions in packed red blood cell volume (pcv). | 1975 | 804831 |
| blood parasites of some wild bovidae in botswana. | blood smears from a total of 282 wild bovidae from ngamiland, botswana were examined for the presence of blood parasites. the following species were sampled: 190 african buffalo, 23 impala, 10 blue wildebeest, 18 tsessebe, 1 eland, 13 lechwe, 16 kudu and 11 sable antelope. in addition, blood from 36 of the above antelope and from a further 48 buffalo was inoculated into rodents to test for the presence of trypanosomes. an anaplasm morphologically indistinguishable from anaplasma marginale theile ... | 1975 | 813170 |
| evaluation of free-roaming mule deer as carriers of anaplasmosis in an area of idaho where bovine anaplasmosis is enzootic. | samples of blood from 87 rocky mountain mule deer (odocoileus hemionus hemionus) were inoculated into 3 susceptible splenectomized calves to determine the anaplasmosis carrier status of the deer. the deer were trapped along the idaho-utah state boundary, near stone, id. acute anaplasmosis was induced in 2 of the 3 inoculated calves, and blood from the 3 calves caused anaplasmosis when inoculated into adult non-splenectomized cattle. serum rapid card agglutination testing revealed 13 (14.9%) posi ... | 1977 | 833034 |
| cell-mediated immune response to virulent and attenuated anaplasma marginale administered to cattle in live and inactivated forms. | the leukocyte migration-inhibition test (lmit) and lymphocyte transformation of blood leukocytes from cattle exposed to virulent, attenuated, and inactivated preparations of anaplasma marginale served as indices of cell-mediated immunity in bovine anaplasmosis. the lmit response increased markedly in cattle vaccinated with attenuated a marginale or injected with virulent a marginale. cattle inoculated with inactivated anaplasma developed a transient, low-level lmit response. the response to anti ... | 1977 | 842914 |
| finite purification of anaplasma marginale: serologic inactivity of the anaplasma body. | anaplasma bodies finitely purified by affinity chromatography to eliminate all traces of erythrocytic stromata were not agglutinated by serum from calves having acute anaplasmosis. the stromata which were associated with the anaplasma bodies were also finitely purified and agglutinated with such serum. the evidence indicates that the antibody in anaplasmosis that is detected by agglutination tests is directed against the erythrocytic stromata and not against the finitely purified anaplasma bodie ... | 1977 | 879562 |
| cell-mediated immunity related to challenge exposure of cattle inoculated with virulent and attenuated strains of anaplasma marginale. | cattle which were given virulent anaplasma marginale as a premunization procedure or were vaccinated with live attenuated or killed anaplasma preparations were challenge inoculated with virulent a marginale. exposure of cattle to virulent or attenuated a marginale, which induced a strong and lasting cell-mediated response as measured by the leukocyte migration-inhibition test, protected against the development of high parasitemia, anemia, and clinical signs of disease after challenge inoculation ... | 1977 | 911085 |
| survival of aegyptianella pullorum, anaplasma marginale and various parasitic protozoa following prolonged storage in liquid nitrogen. | various protozoa species were examined using in vivo and in vitro methods to determine their ability to survive prolonged periods of storage in liquid nitrogen. the following protozoan species were successfully recovered after they had been cryopreserved for a period over 10 years: trypanosoma lewisi, t. cruzi, t. congolense, t. brucei, t. rhodesiense, t. gambiense, t. evansi, t. equinum, t. equiperdum, leishmania donovani, plasmodium berghei, p. praecox (relictum), babesia rodhaini and b. canis ... | 1977 | 919686 |
| influence of dexamethasone on the recrudescence of anaplasma marginale in splenectomized calves. | dexamethasone was administered at the dose rate of 0.2 mg/kg of body weight to 11 splenectomized anaplasma-carrier calves (groups 1 and 3) on monday, wednesday, and friday for 3 weeks. observations were made on these calves and on 7 nontreated, comparable calves (group 2) to determine the influence of treatment on carrier infections. dexamethasone treatment was associated in every instance with an exacerbation of the anaplasma parasitemia and a decrease in packed red cell volume. the episode of ... | 1977 | 921027 |
| infectivity of anaplasma marginale after ingestion by potential insect vectors. | anaplasma marginale-infected erythrocytes retained viability and infectivity for at least 3 days after ingestion by hippelates pusio loew and up to 2 days after ingestion by species of tabanidae. the organism does not appear to have a developmental sequence in the insect vector. | 1977 | 931144 |
| effects of temperature and time on the infectivity of cryogenically preserved samples of anaplasma marginale- infected erythrocytes. | the effects of temperature (25 c) and time (2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 hours and 5, 13, and 19 days) were determined on thawed samples of anaplasma marginale-infected erythrocytes cryogenically preserved with dimethyl sulfoxide and frozen in liquid nitrogen. inoculation into splenectomized calves indicated that infectivity was not destroyed by either time or temperature from 2 to 72 hours, but was destroyed at 96 hours. the incubation periods of the disease in inoculated splenectomized calve ... | 1976 | 937810 |
| survival of anaplasma marginale in aedes albopictus cells. | bovine red blood cells infected with anaplasma marginale were introduced into cell line cultures from the mosquito aedes albopictus. the cultured mosquito cells phagocytized both infected and uninfected red blood cells. the parasite remained viable, as determined by calf inoculations, for 21 days. | 1976 | 949127 |
| serological comparison of australian and south american strains of babesia argentina and anaplasma marginale. | | 1976 | 955774 |
| cutaneous hypersensitivity and isoantibody production in cattle injected with live or inactivated anaplasma marginale in bovine and ovine erythrocytes. | delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity and the production of isoagglutinins against normal bovine erythrocytes were measured in cattle inoculated with erythrocytic preparations containing live or inactivated anaplasma marginale. the effect of blood group substances versus parasitic components on induction of delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity and isoimmunity was examined by using test antigens derived from normal and parasitized erythrocytes, virulent a marginale in bovine erythrocytes, and attenuat ... | 1976 | 962206 |
| immunization against anaplasmosis and babesiosis: part i. evaluation of immunization using minimum infective doses under laboratory conditions. | a method of immunization against anaplasmosis and babesiosis using minimum infective doses was developed under laboratory conditions. stabilates of anaplasma marginale stored at -60 degrees c were found infective when diluted 10-fold to 10(-3). stabilates of babesia argentina and babesia bigemina stored under the same conditions were infective when diluted 10-fold to 10(-1). intact calves inoculated with the above dilutions of stabilates developed moderate parasitemias and recovered from infecti ... | 1976 | 1006801 |
| preliminary observations on the use of the capillary flocculation test for the diagnosis of heartwater (cowdria ruminantium infection). | a capillary flocculation test was developed to diagnose heartwater disease of ruminants. antigen was prepared from the brains of cattle and goats highly infected with cowdria ruminantium. sera were obtained from experimentally infected ruminants which either recovered naturally or with the aid of oxytetracycline treatment. antibodies were first detected one to two weeks after clinical recovery or after treatment, and persisted for periods varying between one and four weeks. control sera collecte ... | 1976 | 1030824 |
| failure of anaplasma marginale theiler to survive natural winter conditions on a dermacentor andersoni = (venustus) infested range. | | 1976 | 1078097 |
| [increase in the immune response in old mice with immunologic insufficiency]. | | 1975 | 1081214 |
| dynamic cisternography in normal dogs and in human beings. | cisternography and ventriculography were performed in five normal anesthetized dogs to study the dynamics of tracer dispersal. indium 111-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid was injected into lateral ventricles, cisterna magna, thoracic subarachnoid space, and lumbar sac. the patterns of dispersal from each injection site support a nonflow dispersal mechanism with a tendency toward ultimate equilibrium distribution throughout the cerebrospinal fluid. quantitative data in humans complement observa ... | 1976 | 1082560 |
| propagation of anaplasma marginale in bovine lymph node cell culture. | anaplasma marginale was propagated in cell cultures derived from bovine lymph node (ln). treatment of host cells with diethylaminoethyl dextran (deae-d) before inoculation and centrifugation of inoculum onto the monolayers resulted in significant numerical increases of a marginale. the direct fluorescent antibody technique (fat) was used for detection of the organism in culture. the rat was combined with the standard microscopic count procedure to obtain numerical estimates of the organism in ce ... | 1975 | 1094867 |
| babesia bigemina, babesia argentina, and anaplasma marginale: coinfectious immunity in bovines. | | 1975 | 1123013 |
| study of an attenuated anaplasma marginale vaccine in mexico natural challenge of immunity in an enzootic area. | an evaluation was made of the protection induced by an attenuated anaplasma marginale vaccine in young purebred cattle against the challenge exposure of naturally transmitted anaplasmosis in enzootic areas of mexico. the cattle, which were raised in isolation units free of arthropods, consisted of 10 brown swiss calves (1 to 13 months of age) and 8 holstein calves (5 to 7 months of age). they were paired by breed, age, and body weight, and allotted to 2 equal groups. calves in 1 group were vacci ... | 1975 | 1137209 |
| absence of anaplasma marginale infection in american bison raised in an anaplasmosis endemic area. | blood was collected at slaughter from 132 adult american bison (bison bison) raised in an anaplasmosis endemic area where the vector dermacentor andersoni (equals venustus) is indigenous. hematologic studies revealed no indication of clinical anaplasmosis. card agglutination and complement-fixation tests on all bison serums were negative. eleven anaplasmosis-susceptible calves each inoculated with 204 ml of blood pooled from 12 bison did not develop anaplasmosis. results of this study indicate a ... | 1975 | 1152178 |
| comparative morphology of genital cones of genus ancylostoma dubini, 1843. | male worms of ancylostoma braziliense, a. ceylanicum, a. kusimaense, a. malayanum, a. duodenale, a. caninum, a. tubaeforme, agriostomum vryburgi and cyclodontostomum purvisi have the external appendages beside the anogenital aperture. these anogenital structures are morphologically similar and are assumed to be homologous among the species with three pairs of teeth or more. in hookworms with two pairs of teeth, the anogenital structures are complex. anogenital features can be used as a taxonomic ... | 1975 | 1166351 |
| [reproducibility of copper sulfate emesis by oral administration in dogs]. | twelve dogs were administered oral threshold doses of copper sulfate every week. in 66 out of 85 cases, dogs vomited. one dog vomited in 1st and 2nd tests, but did not respond in the other 6 tests. excluding this one, the reproducibility was 82%. the following method is thus proposed for application in evaluating an antiemetic for oral copper sulfate. small dogs, weighing 7-14 kg, are to be kept in a constant condition during the quarantine and tests and given the emetic once a week. the thresho ... | 1975 | 1169192 |
| incorporation of ortho[32p]phosphate into phosphatidylcholines and phosphatidylethanolamines in rat skeletal muscle. | 1. the specific radioactivities of individual molecular species of muscle phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine have been measured by a combination of argentation thin-layer chromatography and countercurrent distribution. 2. the specific radioactivities of individual molecular species of muscle phosphoglycerides have been determined 3 h after intraperitoneal injection of ortho[32 p] phosphate. under these conditions the specific radioactivities of the species present in rat muscle wer ... | 1975 | 1182189 |
| morphologic alterations of anaplasma marginale in calves after treatment with oxytetracycline. | the morphologic features of anaplasma marginale were determined after treatment of infected calves with oxytetracycline. by light microscopy, anaplasma bodies in erythrocytes of treated calves were enlarged and vacuolated, small and dense, or comma shaped. several degenerated forms of anaplasma bodies were observed by electron microscopy. there was a blending of the 2 membranes surrounding initial bodies, aggregation of nucleoprotein at the periphery of the subunit, and vacuolation. a 2nd form o ... | 1975 | 1190584 |
| ultrastructure of anaplasma marginale after freeze-fracture. | stained thin sections and freeze-fractured replicas of anaplasma marginale-infected bovine erythrocytes were examined by electron microscopy. freeze-fracture replication not only verified basic anaplasma ultrastructure, but also allowed visualization of structures not previously reported. because of the partial 3-dimensional views obtained with freeze-fracture replication, a new structure that appears as a protruding tip was discernible. also, the surface of anaplasma's limiting membrane was les ... | 1975 | 1190593 |
| effect of five daily intravenous treatments with oxytetracycline hydrochloride on the carrier status of bovine anaplasmosis. | intravenous administration of oxytetracycline hydrochloride at the rate of 22 mg/kg daily for 5 days was effective in rendering parasite-free 11 adult cattle that were naturally infected anaplasma marginale carriers. the treatment did not cause any noticeable distress or side effect. through 12 posttreatment months, the efficacy of the treatment procedure was evaluated by serologic tests and subinoculation of blood into susceptible splenectomized calves. results of the rapid card agglutination t ... | 1975 | 1194114 |
| multiple forms of monoamine oxidase in rabbit platelets. | | 1975 | 1196003 |
| susceptibility of boran cattle to experimental infections with anaplasma marginale and babesia bigemina. | | 1975 | 1217278 |
| survey of anaplasmosis in elk of the clearwater national forest (idaho). | samples of blood from 27 free-roaming elk (cervus canadensis canadensis) from the clearwater national forest in north central idaho were tested by the rapid card agglutination test and complement-fixation test for the presence of antibodies against anaplasma marginale. the serum card test and complement-fixation test gave incomplete and false-positive reactions; the plasma card test did not give any reactions. anaplasma bodies or other blood parasites were not observed in stained smears of elk b ... | 1976 | 1275349 |
| the anaplasma marginale msp5 gene encodes a 19-kilodalton protein conserved in all recognized anaplasma species. | immunization with anaplasma marginale outer membranes induced immunity against clinical disease which correlated with antibody titer to outer membrane proteins, including a 19-kda protein (n. tebele, t. c. mcguire, and g. h. palmer, infect. immun. 59:3199-3204, 1991). this 19-kda protein, designated major surface protein 5 (msp-5), was encoded by a single-copy 633-bp gene. the molecular mass of msp-5, defined in immunoblots by binding to monoclonal antibody anaf16c1, was conserved among all reco ... | 1992 | 1280624 |
| single-step technique for staining anaplasma marginale in bovine blood smears. | three available differential stains, camco-quik, diff-quik, and wright-giesma were compared for detection of intraerythrocytic anaplasma marginale in bovine blood smears. in samples where < 1% to more than 51% of the rbc were infected, statistical analysis of the data indicated no significant difference in the detection of a marginale with camco-quik or diff-quik stains. however, a significantly lower percentage of infected rbc were detected when blood smears were stained with the wright-giemsa ... | 1992 | 1280925 |
| [current status of bovine haemoparasitic diseases in martinique (french west indies)]. | a serological survey using indirect immunofluorescence (ifat) for bovine babesiosis (babesia bovis and b. bigemina) and card test for anaplasmosis, indicates that these haemoparasites are widespread in martinique. the high prevalences (62% for b. bovis, 52% for b. bigemina and 43% for anaplasma marginale) lead to the hypothesis of an unstable epizootic situation for these three haemoparasitic diseases. however, the number of smears examined was too low to evaluate their clinical incidence. both ... | 1992 | 1298026 |
| indigenous and crossbred cattle--a comparison of resistance to ticks and implications for their strategic control in zimbabwe. | a comparison of the tick resistance of indigenous mashona and crossbred afrikander x sussex oxen following natural tick infestation indicated that significantly more african blue ticks boophilus decoloratus were found on the crossbred than the indigenous cattle (p < 0.05). the two groups of cattle were exposed to babesia bigemina and theileria taurotragi as indicated by high antibody titres on the indirect fluorescent antibody test, but no antibodies could be demonstrated to anaplasma marginale ... | 1992 | 1305338 |
| expression and release of neuroregulators during development: monoamines and neuropeptides. | the turnover of catecholamines (ca) was determined in the adrenal medulla and brain of rat fetuses and pups. in general we found a considerable increase soon after birth. the expression of mrna for ca-synthesizing enzymes was also considerably enhanced in the adrenals shortly after birth. furthermore, we demonstrated increased expression of neuropeptides after birth, increased synthesis of mrna encoding for neuropeptide y in the adrenals 24 h after birth; and considerable activation of the subst ... | 1992 | 1306802 |
| prevalence of babesia bovis and anaplasma marginale at selected localities in sri lanka. | sera were collected from a minimum of 20 cattle aged nine to 36 months at each of 14 localities in five climatic zones of sri lanka. sera were tested for antibodies to babesia bovis and anaplasma by an indirect fluorescent antibody test and a card agglutination test, respectively. antibodies to b. bovis and anaplasma were detected in all samples tested from each of 14 and 12 localities respectively. in general, prevalences were consistently high among localities below 1,200 m and lower and more ... | 1992 | 1306921 |
| [action of retinol on viable cell recovery and clonogenic potential of htc cells after in vitro hyperthermia]. | the aim of this study was to investigate if the association of both hyperthermic and retinol treatment of htc hepatoma cells could be useful in antitumor therapy. treatment with 5 microm retinol was carried out before or after hyperthermia (42 degrees c or 44 degrees c, one hour; in the latter case it was performed in cells already thermo-selected. we took into consideration two parameters, i.e. the number of the collected vital cells (evaluated by the trypan blue-exclusion test) and the clonal ... | 1992 | 1307025 |
| serological and immunological studies with a hexane extract of babesia bovis-infected erythrocytes. | antigenic and immunogenic activities of a hexane extract from babesia bovis-infected erythrocytes were investigated. positive elisa and ifat reactions were obtained with bovine antisera to b. bovis and b. bigemina produced by natural infection and rabbit antisera to the hexane extract, respectively. in contrast, negative elisa reactions were obtained with anaplasma marginale antisera indicating that the antigen(s) is specific for the genus babesia. the ifat clearly demonstrated that the antigen ... | 1992 | 1383165 |
| detection of babesia bigemina-infected carriers by polymerase chain reaction amplification. | a spei-avai fragment (0.3 kbp) from pbbi16 (a pbr322 derivative containing a 6.3-kbp babesia bigemina dna insert) was subcloned into the pbluescript phagemid vector and was sequenced by the dideoxy-mediated chain termination method. two sets of primers were designed for the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay. primer set ia-ib was used to amplify a 278-bp dna fragment, and primer set ian-ibn was used to prepare a probe directed to a site within the pcr-amplified target dna. digoxigenin-dutp wa ... | 1992 | 1400956 |
| sequence of the gene encoding the mitochondrial capsule selenoprotein of mouse sperm: identification of three in-phase tga selenocysteine codons. | the mitochondrial selenoprotein is a major structural protein of the keratinous mitochondrial capsule in mammalian sperm, a structure that functions in shaping mitochondria into the helical sheath surrounding the flagellum. a cdna clone (kleene et al., 1990) was isolated previously encoding a protein whose predicted size and amino acid content of > 20% cysteine and proline closely resembled a selenoprotein in the bull mitochondrial capsule. the sequences of additional cdnas and genomic dna repor ... | 1992 | 1418626 |
| activity and tolerability of tetridamine vaginal lavage in rats and women. | tetridamine (2-methyl-3-methylamino-4,5,6,7-tetrahydroindazole) is a well known analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug. here the activity and the tolerability of a new 0.134% tetridamine formulation in rats and women, are reported. anti-inflammatory and analgesic tests were performed in sprague-dawley rats with carrageenin oedema; topical application of 0.134% tetridamine solution showed a marked reduction of paw swelling (-54.4%) and pain sensibility (-81.0%). a 28 days vaginal tolerability study ... | 1992 | 1418890 |
| a clinical trial of buparvaquone in the treatment of east coast fever. | a clinical trial was conducted to test buparvaquone (butalex; coopers pitman-moore) in the treatment of east coast fever under field conditions in kenya. data from 229 cases were analysed following treatment with one (69), two (142) or three (18) doses at 2.5 mg/kg. the majority of cattle (95.2 per cent) were exotic (bos taurus) or improved (bos taurus cross bos indicus) and 39.3 per cent were infected with anaplasma marginale. there was an overall recovery rate of 85.6 per cent, with 90.1 per c ... | 1992 | 1441098 |
| development and persistence of cowdria ruminantium specific antibodies following experimental infection of cattle, as detected by the indirect fluorescent antibody test. | different breeds of cattle were experimentally infected with palm river, a zimbabwean isolate, or ball-3, a south african isolate of cowdria ruminantium, derived from tissue culture or tick or blood stabilates. c. ruminantium specific antibody responses were detected by an indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat) using c. ruminantium-infected bovine aortic endothelial (bae) cell cultures as antigen. the first detection of antibodies to c. ruminantium generally coincided with the peak of the feb ... | 1992 | 1441219 |
| characterization of disulfide-linked heterodimers containing apolipoprotein d in human plasma lipoproteins. | human plasma apolipoprotein (apo) d is a glycoprotein with an apparent molecular weight of 29,000 m(r). it is present, mainly, in high density lipoproteins (hdl) and very high density lipoproteins (vhdl). western blot analysis of hdl and vhdl using rabbit antibodies to human apod revealed major immunoreactive bands at 29,000 and 38,000 m(r), with minor bands ranging from 50,000 to and 80,000 m(r). only the 29,000 m(r) band corresponding to apod remained when the electrophoresis was conducted und ... | 1992 | 1479288 |
| apolipoprotein b messenger rna editing in rat liver: developmental and hormonal modulation is divergent from apolipoprotein a-iv gene expression despite increased hepatic lipogenesis. | rat hepatic apolipoprotein b (apob) mrna editing is regulated developmentally as well as by hormonal and nutritional modulation of hepatic lipogenesis, changes previously associated with coordinate modulation of hepatic apoa-iv gene expression. we have examined the effects of dexamethasone administration on apob mrna editing and the expression of other apolipoprotein genes in both neonatal and adult rats. administration of dexamethasone increased hepatic triglyceride content in neonatal rats and ... | 1992 | 1479293 |
| persistence of anaplasma marginale (rickettsiales: anaplasmataceae) in male dermacentor andersoni (acari: ixodidae) transferred successively from infected to susceptible calves. | the persistence of anaplasma marginale theiler in male dermacentor andersoni stiles ticks exposed to the organism as adults was studied as the ticks were successively transferred to five susceptible calves. all calves fed upon by these ticks rapidly developed clinical anaplasmosis; incubation periods of infection ranged from 19 to 26 d and did not change significantly with successive feedings. development of a. marginale in tick midgut and salivary glands was followed daily during tick feeding ( ... | 1992 | 1495076 |
| anaplasma marginale: failure of sera from immune cattle to confer protection in passive-transfer experiments. | high levels of immunity to anaplasma marginale were induced in cattle either by vaccination using sonically disrupted a. marginale-infected erythrocytes or by repeated infection with different strains of the rickettsia. in both instances, high levels of anti-a. marginale antibody were detected in the sera of the immune cattle by immunoblotting. serum from one animal that had been made immune by repeated infection was transferred intravenously to a. marginale-susceptible calves (three non-splenec ... | 1992 | 1495919 |
| a specific dna probe which identifies babesia bovis in whole blood. | a genomic library of babesia bovis dna from the mexican strain m was constructed in plasmid pun121 and cloned in escherichia coli. several recombinants which hybridized strongly to radioactively labeled b. bovis genomic dna in an in situ screening were selected and further analyzed for those which specifically hybridized to b. bovis dna. it was found that pmu-b1 had the highest sensitivity, detecting 25 pg of purified b. bovis dna, and 300 parasites in 10 microliters of whole infected blood, or ... | 1992 | 1496779 |
| serologic survey for selected arboviruses and other potential pathogens in wildlife from mexico. | during 1988 and 1989, a serologic survey of wildlife was conducted in northeastern mexico to determine the presence, prevalence, and distribution of arboviruses and other selected disease agents. eighty mammal specimens were tested. antibodies to vesicular stomatitis-indiana, venezuelan equine encephalitis-mena ii, rio grande virus, and vesicular stomatitis-new jersey were detected predominantly in small mammals. deer and mouflon (ovis musimon) had antibodies to bluetongue and epizootic hemorrha ... | 1992 | 1512876 |
| a cloned dna probe for cowdria ruminantium hybridizes with eight heartwater strains and detects infected sheep. | the dna probe pcs20, which was cloned from the dna of the crystal springs heartwater strain from zimbabwe, cross-reacted with dnas of heartwater strains from all endemic areas, including four heartwater strains from zimbabwe, two strains from south africa, one strain from nigeria, and the gardel strain from the caribbean island of guadeloupe. by nucleic acid hybridization, the pcs20 dna probe detected cowdria ruminantium dna in all dna preparations made from plasma samples from infected sheep be ... | 1992 | 1572987 |
| phylogenetic relationship of cowdria ruminantium, agent of heartwater, to anaplasma marginale and other members of the order rickettsiales determined on the basis of 16s rrna sequence. | the phylogenetic relationship between cowdria ruminantium and representative members of the orders rickettsiales and chlamydiales has been examined on the basis of the sequence of the 16s rrna. phylogeny reconstruction by using both parsimony and distance methods supports the conclusion that c. ruminantium is closely related to the rickettsiales and in particular to the family anaplasmataceae. a signature of nine base substitutions delineated the linkage of anaplasma marginale with c. ruminantiu ... | 1992 | 1581187 |
| development of anaplasma marginale in male dermacentor andersoni transferred from parasitemic to susceptible cattle. | the development and transmission of anaplasma marginale was studied in dermacentor andersoni males. laboratory-reared male d andersoni were allowed to feed for 7 days on a calf with ascending a marginale parasitemia. the ticks were then held in a humidity chamber for 7 days before being placed on 2 susceptible calves. anaplasmosis developed in the calves after incubation periods of 24 and 26 days. gut and salivary glands were collected from ticks on each day of the 23-day experiment and examined ... | 1992 | 1586018 |
| seroprevalence survey for anaplasma marginale-infection of austrian cattle. | a serologic survey study of 5,076 austrian cattle farming herds was carried out in the period of december 1988 till march 1990. one animal was randomly selected from each herd and the antibody titer against anaplasma marginale in blood serum samples was evaluated by means of the complement fixation test. the number of these tested blood samples was 3.6% of 140,081 cattle herd farms of austria. 109 (2.1%) of the tested animals showed positive titers (1:10) against anaplasma marginale, in relation ... | 1992 | 1621479 |
| detection of babesia bovis carrier cattle by using polymerase chain reaction amplification of parasite dna. | carrier cattle infected with babesia bovis are difficult to detect because of the low numbers of parasites that occur in peripheral blood. however, diagnosis of low-level infections with the parasite is important for evaluating the efficacies of vaccines and in transmission and epidemiological studies. we used the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) to amplify a portion of the apocytochrome b gene from the parasite and tested the ability of this method to detect carrier cattle. the target sequence i ... | 1992 | 1624551 |
| preliminary attempts to infect bovine erythrocytes in vitro with a tick-derived stage of anaplasma marginale. | | 1992 | 1626895 |
| influence of a menhaden oil diet on cercarial penetration of schistosoma mansoni. | the ability of a menhaden oil (mo) diet to influence cercarial penetration into mouse tail skin was evaluated. male cd-1 mice 4-6 wk old (15.2 g average weight) were fed a 0, 10%, or 20% mo-supplemented diet for 2 wk. after this time mice were infected with either 65 +/- 3 or 145 +/- 3 [35s]methionine/cysteine-labeled cercariae for 1 hr by tail immersion. twenty-four hours and 7 days later groups of mice were killed and their tail skin removed and autoradiographed. at 24 hr postinfection, mice f ... | 1992 | 1635035 |
| time course of cerebral blood flow and histological outcome after focal cerebral ischemia in rats. | the relation between time-dependent changes in cerebral blood flow and the appearance of infarction after focal cerebral ischemia is still a matter for debate. the aim of this study was to measure perfusion after simultaneous occlusions of the left middle cerebral artery and ipsilateral common carotid artery in rats and correlate it with the timing and distribution of histological changes. | 1992 | 1636189 |
| the msp1 beta multigene family of anaplasma marginale: nucleotide sequence analysis of an expressed copy. | a gene for the beta subunit of the immunoprotective surface antigen msp-1 of anaplasma marginale was previously cloned and expressed in escherichia coli. a nucleic acid probe based on this gene detects a. marginale infection in carrier cattle and in the tick vector. we report here the sequence and structural features of the cloned msp1 beta gene and expressed polypeptide. the gene codes for a polypeptide of 756 amino acids that contains domains of tandemly repeated sequence and glutamine-rich re ... | 1991 | 1671779 |
| molecular basis for surface antigen size polymorphisms and conservation of a neutralization-sensitive epitope in anaplasma marginale. | anaplasmosis is one of several tick-borne diseases severely constraining cattle production and usage in many parts of the world. cattle can be protected from anaplasmosis by immunization with major surface protein 1, a surface protein of anaplasma marginale carrying a neutralization-sensitive epitope. marked size polymorphisms exist among different isolates of a. marginale in the amf105 subunit of major surface protein 1, yet all isolates still contain the neutralization-sensitive epitope. to cl ... | 1990 | 1691504 |
| in vivo staining of mouse preimplantation embryos with hoechst 33342. | female mice bearing secondary oocytes or preimplantation embryos of various stages were injected with hoechst 33342 (h 33342), either intravenously or intraperitoneally and sacrificed at various intervals afterward. the dye penetrated through the wall of oviduct and stained the nuclei of its cells as well as mitotic chromosomes of secondary oocytes, the pronuclei of one-cell embryos, and nuclei of blastomeres and polar bodies. the nuclear fluorescence was observed in living cells flushed out of ... | 1990 | 1695497 |
| identification of a theileria mutans-specific antigen for use in an antibody and antigen detection elisa. | purified piroplasms of theileria mutans were used to immunize balb/c mice to generate monoclonal antibodies (moabs). the moabs recognized an antigen of a relative molecular mass of 32 kda in western blots. this antigen was also recognized by sera from cattle which had recovered naturally from experimental tick-transmission or infections induced by the blood stages of t. mutans. the moabs did not react, in indirect immunofluorescence or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisa), with the common ... | 1990 | 1698274 |
| analysis of protein compositions and surface protein epitopes of anaplasma centrale and anaplasma marginale. | protein composition was compared and epitopes were analyzed among the isolates of anaplasma centrale and a. marginale by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, immunoblotting using bovine antisera and monoclonal antibodies, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. common and unique proteins were found among the isolates. all isolates tested had a major surface protein with an apparent molecular weight of 38 to 40 kilodalton which had slight molecular size variations between spe ... | 1991 | 1713792 |
| induction of protective immunity by using anaplasma marginale initial body membranes. | anaplasma marginale initial bodies of the norton zimbabwe strain were disrupted and separated into two membrane fractions banding at 1.15 and 1.22 g/cm3 by sucrose density centrifugation. the membrane fractions differed in their morphology and polypeptide composition. membranes banding at 1.22 g/cm3 shared epitopes with surface-exposed polypeptides of the florida strain of a. marginale, confirming the outer membrane location of these polypeptides. immunization of cattle with either membrane frac ... | 1991 | 1715323 |
| crossprotective immunity between the florida and a zimbabwe stock of anaplasma marginale. | cattle immunised by infection with the florida stock of anaplasma marginale were protected against subsequent homologous challenge, as demonstrated by complete prevention of microscopically detectable parasitaemia. identically immunised cattle were partially protected against challenge with the norton, zimbabwe stock of a. marginale as determined by the significant prolongation of the prepatent period, a significantly lower peak parasitaemia, and a significantly lower percentage drop in haemoglo ... | 1991 | 1724581 |
| mass screening of cattle sera against 14 infectious disease agents, using an elisa system for monitoring health in livestock. | mass screening elisa methods were developed for testing cattle serum for antibodies against 14 common livestock diseases simultaneously. the absorbance values were transformed to a %elisa (spectrophotometric antibody end point) by a computer interfaced with a microplate reader. a histogram indicating a cutoff point and a report for the veterinarian also was generated. the computer program produced a print-out of the antibody profile for each animal tested, the antibody concentration against each ... | 1991 | 1767993 |
| development of an in vitro microtest to assess drug susceptibility of babesia bovis and babesia bigemina. | continuous cultivation of the bovine hemoparasites babesia bovis and babesia bigemina was developed as an in vitro microtest to assess parasite susceptibility to babesicidal compounds. reproducibility of parasite multiplication rates was independent of culture size, making it possible to use a microscale of 100 microliters for each test sample. inhibitory concentrations (ic50s) of a commonly used babesicide, quinuronium sulfate, evaluated by this in vitro method were found to be 5 x 10(-8) g/ml ... | 1991 | 1779305 |
| microsomal activation of benzo[a]pyrene by alligator mississippiensis: mechanisms, mutagenicity and induction. | | 1991 | 1783208 |
| preliminary observations on ticks and tick-borne diseases in the north west province of cameroon. i. babesiosis and anaplasmosis. | during a survey on ticks and tick-borne diseases in the north-western cameroon at the bamenda cattle market, the ticks identified were boophilus annulatus (20%) and b. decoloratus (80%). more than 50% of the ticks were collected during the dry season. of 524 blood smears 47.3% were positive for babesia bovis, 31.1% for b. bigemina and 2.2% for anaplasma marginale. 19.4% were negative. | 1991 | 1824132 |
| candida albicans-specific ly-2+ lymphocytes with cytolytic activity. | to determine whether antigen (ag)-specific cytotoxic t lymphocytes are generated during experimental candida albicans infection, purified l3t4+ and ly-2+ lymphocytes from immunized mice were cultured in the presence of syngeneic accessory cells, c. albicans ag, and interleukin 2. yeast-infected bone marrow macrophages were used as target cells in a standard 51cr-release assay. freshly isolated l3t4+ and ly-2+ lymphocytes failed to lyse either target cell type. however, ag-specific, major histoco ... | 1991 | 1828430 |
| candida albicans-specific ly-2+ lymphocytes with cytolytic activity. | to determine whether antigen (ag)-specific cytotoxic t lymphocytes are generated during experimental candida albicans infection, purified l3t4+ and ly-2+ lymphocytes from immunized mice were cultured in the presence of syngeneic accessory cells, c. albicans ag, and interleukin 2. yeast-infected bone marrow macrophages were used as target cells in a standard 51cr-release assay. freshly isolated l3t4+ and ly-2+ lymphocytes failed to lyse either target cell type. however, ag-specific, major histoco ... | 1991 | 1828430 |
| altered coupling states between calcium transport and (ca2+, mg2+)-atpase in the as-30d ascites hepatocarcinoma plasma membrane. | plasma membrane fractions from normal, regenerating liver and the as-30d ascites hepatocarcinoma exhibited a high degree of enrichment when a set of plasma membrane enzyme markers were studied in comparison to the ones associated to the mitochondrial and cytosolic compartments. while the (ca2+, mg2+)-atpase observed for the plasma membrane fraction isolated from normal liver showed an activity of 1.2 mumoles/mg/min, the regenerating liver and the as-30d plasma membrane fractions presented a much ... | 1991 | 1828860 |
| trypsin modification of phosphofructokinase from ascaris suum. | phosphofructokinase from ascaris suum is a tetramer with subunits of 90 kda. treatment of the native enzyme with trypsin (10%, w/w) followed by sds-gel electrophoresis was shown to immediately generate a 40-kda fragment followed by a gradual formation of two other fragments of 37 and 32 kda. the loss of catalytic activity during the digestion was less than 50%. gel filtration of the digested enzyme under non-denaturing conditions showed a mr almost that of the native enzyme. digestion of the pho ... | 1991 | 1828862 |
| lovastatin inhibits gallstone formation in the cholesterol-fed prairie dog. | the efficacy of lovastatin, an inhibitor of hepatic cholesterol synthesis in the prevention of cholesterol gallstone formation, was evaluated in the prairie dog model. two groups of animals were maintained on either nonlithogenic or 1.2% cholesterol-enriched chow for 21 days. seven of the animals in each group received lovastatin, and the remaining six received only distilled water. all of the cholesterol-fed/water-treated animals had crystals and 83% had gallstones, but none of the cholesterol- ... | 1991 | 1867522 |
| competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for heartwater using monoclonal antibodies to a cowdria ruminantium-specific 32-kilodalton protein. | hybridomas producing monoclonal antibodies (mab) to cowdria ruminantium were raised. four mabs of the igg isotype reacted in western blots with a 32-kilodalton cowdria protein (cr32), which had previously been shown to be conserved and immunodominant. a fifth mab of the igm isotype recognized a 40-kda cowdria protein. the latter mab was negative in an indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifa), whereas the other four were positive. mab no. 4f10b4 showed the strongest signal in western blots using ... | 1991 | 1871954 |
| use of a most probable number method modified with a deoxyribonucleic probe to monitor control by food preservatives of natural salmonella contamination in animal meat meals. | a most probable number (mpn) technique using a dna probe was developed for determination of salmonella in naturally contaminated meat meals. the method eliminated the need for 180 selective plates and 75 selective tubes and saved 27 h when compared with a traditional technique; yet it still yielded identical mpn of salmonella per 100 g in five naturally contaminated samples. the method was used to monitor the effect of a commercial food preservative (sal curb) at 0, .25, .50, 1.0, and 2.0% in me ... | 1991 | 1876558 |
| the effects of electrical stimulation, adenosine and adenosine-5'-triphosphate (atp) on mouse rectal muscle. | the effects of electrical field stimulation and of purine compounds, adenosine and adenosine-5'-triphosphate (atp) were examined on the mouse isolated rectum. electrical field stimulation induced frequency-dependent contractions of mouse rectal muscles which were potentiated by physostigmine and inhibited by atropine or tetrodotoxin. contractile amplitude at 37 degrees c was significantly (p less than 0.05) greater than at 25 degrees c, but the degree of potentiation by physostigmine was signifi ... | 1991 | 1876577 |
| detection of anaplasma marginale rickettsemia prior to onset of clinical signs by using an antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. | an antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed by using monoclonal antibodies to conserved epitopes on the anaplasma marginale msp1a surface protein. the assay sensitivity was 1.1 (+/- 0.5)% parasitized erythrocytes, and all infected cattle were detected prior to development of 2.0%-parasitized erythrocytes. positive tests preceded the onset of anemia by a mean of 2 days. the assay was specific for anaplasmosis, as demonstrated by nonreactivity with another common hemoparasit ... | 1991 | 1885753 |
| effects of environmental exposure on carbon polysulphone composites. | in vivo and in vitro studies were designed to characterize the material degradation associated with implantation of carbon fibre-reinforced polysulphone (c/ps). composite plates were compression moulded for both studies, and a fibre orientation of 0 degrees with the long axis and a fibre volume fraction of approximately 55% were used. the in vitro experiment involved soaking three groups of four plates each at 4, 12 and 26 wk in 0.9% saline solution at 37 degrees c. the plates were measured for ... | 1991 | 1888812 |
| identification of anaplasma marginale long-term carrier cattle by detection of serum antibody to isolated msp-3. | rapid and accurate detection of anaplasma marginale-infected cattle would enhance anaplasmosis control procedures and evaluation of vaccines. current tests based on detection of antibodies in serum are not widely used for several reasons, including the occurrence of either false-positive or false-negative results. we evaluated binding of antibodies in serum to a subunit antigen isolated from a. marginale initial bodies--major surface protein 3 (msp-3). msp-3 was detected in lysates of eight geog ... | 1991 | 1890178 |