Publications

concurrent infections with vector-borne pathogens associated with fatal hemolytic anemia in a cattle herd in switzerland.	bovine anaplasmosis is a vector-borne disease that results in substantial economic losses in other parts of the world but so far not in northern europe. in august 2002, a fatal disease outbreak was reported in a large dairy herd in the swiss canton of grisons. diseased animals experienced fever, anorexia, agalactia, and depression. anemia, ectoparasite infestation, and, occasionally, hemoglobinuria were observed. to determine the roles of vector-borne pathogens and to characterize the disease, b ...	2004	15297529
a comparison of serologic tests for the detection of serum antibodies to whole-cell and recombinant borrelia burgdorferi antigens in cattle.	serum samples from healthy dairy and beef cattle, living in tick-infested areas of connecticut, usa, were analyzed by polyvalent enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisa), indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) staining methods, or western blot procedures to detect antibodies to tick-borne agents. of the 80 sera tested by elisa with whole-cell or 10 separate recombinant antigens (fusion proteins) of borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, 57 (71%) were positive to 1 or more antigens, while 36 (45%) re ...	2004	15368740
stochastic transmission of multiple genotypically distinct anaplasma marginale strains in a herd with high prevalence of anaplasma infection.	multiple genotypically unique strains of the tick-borne pathogen anaplasma marginale occur and are transmitted within regions where the organism is endemic. in this study, we tested the hypothesis that specific a. marginale strains are preferentially transmitted. the study herd of cattle (n = 261) had an infection prevalence of 29% as determined by competitive inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and pcr, with complete concordance between results of the two assays. genotyping revealed th ...	2004	15528749
identification of a novel anaplasma marginale appendage-associated protein that localizes with actin filaments during intraerythrocytic infection.	the rickettsial pathogen anaplasma marginale assembles an actin filament bundle during intracellular infection. unlike other bacterial pathogens that generate actin filament tails, a. marginale infects mature erythrocytes, and the f-actin appendages are assembled on the cytoplasmic surface of a vacuole containing several organisms. to identify a. marginale molecules associated with these filaments, two complementary approaches were used: matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight ...	2004	15557651
anaplasma marginale major surface protein 2 cd4+-t-cell epitopes are evenly distributed in conserved and hypervariable regions (hvr), whereas linear b-cell epitopes are predominantly located in the hvr.	organisms in the genus anaplasma express an immunodominant major surface protein 2 (msp2), composed of a central hypervariable region (hvr) flanked by highly conserved regions. throughout anaplasma marginale infection, recombination results in the sequential appearance of novel msp2 variants and subsequent control of rickettsemia by the immune response, leading to persistent infection. to determine whether immune evasion and selection for variant organisms is associated with a predominant respon ...	2004	15557669
identification of igg2-specific antigens in mexican anaplasma marginale strains.	to identify novel antigens with immunoglobulin g2 (igg2) specificity and immunostimulant properties for bovine th1 cells, humoral and cellular responses were studied in cattle inoculated with initial bodies from a mexican isolate of anaplasma marginale and challenged with a heterologous strain. analysis of post-immunization sera by elisa and assaying of in vitro cellular responses in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) cultured in the presence of protein extracts from three anaplasma marg ...	2004	15604474
detection of anaplasma marginale dna in larvae of boophilus microplus ticks by polymerase chain reaction.	boophilus microplus larvae from two different sources were used for the detection of anaplasma marginale dna: larvae a, which were collected from a pasture of an endemic farm, and larvae b, which originated from engorged female ticks fed on calves with no clinical signs of disease and with low rickettsemia (approximately 0.01 to 1.0%). larvae a were collected monthly, from january to may in 2001. two hundred engorged female ticks fed on calves that provided larvae b were divided into groups of 1 ...	2004	15604475
recent studies on the characterization of anaplasma marginale isolated from north american bison.	anaplasma marginale (rickettsiales: anaplasmataceae), a tick-borne pathogen of cattle, is endemic in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. many geographic isolates of a. marginale occur worldwide that have been identified by major surface protein (msp) 1a, which varies in sequence and molecular weight owing to different numbers of tandem 28-29 amino acid repeats. although serologic tests have identified american bison, bison bison, as being infected with a. marginale, the present studie ...	2004	15604478
immunization of bovines using a dna vaccine (pcdna3.1/msp1b) prepared from the jaboticabal strain of anaplasma marginale.	anaplasma is a tick-borne ehrlichial pathogen of cattle that causes the disease, anaplasmosis. in the present study, a total of 11 anaplasma marginale seronegative calves were assigned into two groups: one immunized (g1, n = 6) and one nonimmunized-control (g2, n = 5). six calves were immunized by using a dna vaccine containing the gene of a major surface protein, msp1b, encoded by the plasmid identified as pcdna3.1/msp1b. calves received three intramuscular inoculations of 100 microg of pcdna3. ...	2004	15604503
complete genome sequencing of anaplasma marginale reveals that the surface is skewed to two superfamilies of outer membrane proteins.	the rickettsia anaplasma marginale is the most prevalent tick-borne livestock pathogen worldwide and is a severe constraint to animal health. a. marginale establishes lifelong persistence in infected ruminants and these animals serve as a reservoir for ticks to acquire and transmit the pathogen. within the mammalian host, a. marginale generates antigenic variants by changing a surface coat composed of numerous proteins. by sequencing and annotating the complete 1,197,687-bp genome of the st. mar ...	2004	15618402
glycosylation of anaplasma marginale major surface protein 1a and its putative role in adhesion to tick cells.	anaplasma marginale, the causative agent of bovine anaplasmosis, is a tick-borne rickettsial pathogen of cattle that multiplies in erythrocytes and tick cells. major surface protein 1a (msp1a) and msp1b form the msp1 complex of a. marginale, which is involved in adhesion of the pathogen to host cells. in this study we tested the hypothesis that msp1a and msp1b were glycosylated, because the observed molecular weights of both proteins were greater than the deduced molecular masses. we further hyp ...	2004	15102815
molecular conservation of msp4 and msp5 in anaplasma marginale and a. centrale vaccine strain.	anaplasma centrale msp4 and msp5 genes were cloned and sequenced, and the recombinant proteins were expressed. the identity between anaplasma marginale and a. centrale msp4 was 83% in the nucleotide sequences and 91.7% in the encoded protein sequences. a. centrale msp5 nucleotide sequences shared 86.8% identity with a. marginale msp5, and there was 92.9% homology between a. centrale and a. marginale encoded amino acids of the msp5 protein. southern blots hybridized with probes derived from the m ...	2004	15135513
genetic diversity and molecular phylogeny of anaplasma marginale isolates from minas gerais, brazil.	anaplasma marginale (rickettsiales: anaplasmataceae), a tick-borne pathogen of cattle, is endemic in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, and many isolates of a. marginale may occur in a given geographic area. phylogenetic relationships have been reported for a. marginale isolates from the us using gene and protein sequences of msp1a and msp4. these studies demonstrated that msp4 sequences, but not msp1a dna or protein sequences, provide phylogeographic information and also that msp1a ...	2004	15135871
disease survey of free-ranging grey brocket deer (mazama gouazoubira) in the gran chaco, bolivia.	samples from 17 free-ranging hunter-killed grey brocket deer (mazama gouazoubira) in the gran chaco, bolivia, were collected during june-august 1999. all 17 deer appeared to be in good condition at the time of death. gross necropsies were performed, serum was collected for serologic evaluation of selected infectious disease agents, and feces and ectoparasites were collected for evaluation of internal and external parasites. serologic tests were positive for antibodies against bovine respiratory ...	2004	15137493
anaplasma infection in free-ranging iberian red deer in the region of castilla-la mancha, spain.	organisms in the genus anaplasma are obligate intracellular pathogens that multiply in both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. the type species, anaplasma marginale, causes bovine anaplasmosis and infects erythrocytes of the vertebrate host and undergoes a complex developmental cycle in ticks which serve as biological vectors. infected cattle, wild ruminants and ticks can all serve as reservoirs of a. marginale. in this study, hunter killed iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) from the r ...	2004	15145495
cd4+ t lymphocytes from anaplasma marginale major surface protein 2 (msp2) vaccinees recognize naturally processed epitopes conserved in msp3.	major surface protein 2 (msp2) and msp3 of the persistent bovine ehrlichial pathogen anaplasma marginale are immunodominant proteins that undergo antigenic variation. the recently completed sequence of msp3 revealed blocks of amino acids in the n and c termini that are conserved with msp2. this study tested the hypothesis that cd4+ t cells specific for msp2 recognize naturally processed epitopes conserved in msp3. at least one epitope in the n terminus and two in the c terminus of msp2 were also ...	2004	15155686
infection of endothelial cells with anaplasma marginale and a. phagocytophilum.	anaplasma marginale and a. phagocytophilum are obligate intracellular, tick-borne pathogens that target erythrocytes and neutrophil granulocytes, respectively. because ticks do not directly tap blood vessels, an intermediate tissue may mediate infection of blood cells. we considered that vascular endothelium interacts with circulating blood cells in vivo, and could be involved in pathogenesis and dissemination of the organisms. we used light and electron microscopy and immune labeling to show th ...	2004	15201033
anaplasma phagocytophilum has a functional msp2 gene that is distinct from p44.	the msp2 and p44 genes encode polymorphic major outer membrane proteins that are considered unique to the intraerythrocytic agent of anaplasma marginale and the intragranulocytic agent of anaplasma phagocytophilum, respectively. in the present study, however, we found an msp2 gene in a. phagocytophilum that was remarkably conserved among a. phagocytophilum strains from human granulocytic anaplasmosis (hga) patients, ticks, and a horse from various regions in the united states, but the gene was d ...	2004	15213131
sensitive and specific detection of proviral bovine leukemia virus by 5' taq nuclease pcr using a 3' minor groove binder fluorogenic probe.	sensitive assays are required to detect proviral bovine leukemia virus (blv) in donor cattle used for the in vivo preparation of australian tick fever vaccines. 5' taq nuclease assays using 3' minor groove binder dna probes (taqmanmgb) were developed and compared to conventional pcr assays for sensitive detection of australian blv. seven beef and dairy herds were screened using dna prepared by a variety of protocols to evaluate these tests. comparative sensitivities of pcr tests were determined ...	2004	14667532
a novel antigen from anaplasma marginale: characterization, expression and preliminary evaluation of the recombinant protein.	through a process of protein fractionation and vaccination we previously identified four native antigens that confer a degree of protection against challenge with anaplasma marginale. one of these, ana 29 has been successfully cloned and sequenced using degenerate primers designed to n-terminal and internal peptide sequences. the full-length gene codes for a protein with a theoretical molecular weight of 27 kda and pi 8.6. the sequence is highly conserved, showing 99% identity between two austra ...	2004	14670322
characterization of the anaplasma marginale msp2 locus and its synteny with the omp1/p30 loci of ehrlichia chaffeensis and e. canis.	major surface protein 2 (msp2) is an immunodominant and antigenically variant protein in the outer membrane of the rickettsia anaplasma marginale. msp2 variation is generated by recombination into a single operon-linked genomic expression site. the complete 5.6-kb msp2 locus was identified by sequencing a 90-kb region of the st. maries strain of a. marginale. the locus encoded, in a 5' to 3' direction, a transcriptional regulator followed by five outer membrane proteins, omp1, opag3, opag2, opag ...	2004	14697516
the prevalence of serum antibodies to tick-borne infections in mbale district, uganda: the effect of agro-ecological zone, grazing management and age of cattle.	between august and october 2000, a cross-sectional study was conducted in smallholder dairy farms in mbale district, uganda to assess the prevalence of ticks and tick-borne diseases under different grazing systems and agro-ecological zones and understand the circumstances under which farmers operated. a questionnaire was administered to obtain information on dairy farm circumstances and practices. a total of 102 farms were visited and sera and ticks were collected from 478 animals. sero-prevalen ...	2004	15861224
lack of infectivity of a brazilian anaplasma marginale isolate for boophilus microplus ticks.	previous studies have shown that one brazilian anaplasma marginale isolate presents an inclusion appendage (tail), while other isolates do not present such inclusion. studies on tick transmission have been carried out with tailless isolates but little is known about transmission of tailed isolates by boophilus microplus. two splenectomized calves were experimentally inoculated with the tailed a. marginale isolate. during ascending rickettsemia, b. microplus larvae, free from hemoparasites, were ...	2004	15740870
anaplasma marginale (rickettsiales: anaplasmataceae): recent advances in defining host-pathogen adaptations of a tick-borne rickettsia.	the tick-borne intracellular pathogen anaplasma marginale (rickettsiales: anaplasmataceae) develops persistent infections in cattle and tick hosts. while erythrocytes appear to be the only site of infection in cattle, a. marginale undergoes a complex developmental cycle in ticks and transmission occurs via salivary glands during feeding. many geographic isolates occur that vary in genotype, antigenic composition, morphology and infectivity for ticks. in this chapter we review recent research on ...	2004	15938516
prevalence of blood parasites in cattle from wilayates of annaba and el tarf east algeria.	between june and september 2002, a preliminary study was conducted to assess the prevalence of blood parasites of cattle in eastern algeria. fifty-four bovines of different genotypes were submitted to clinical examination. from each animal, blood smears were made and stained by giemsa. four species of parasites, namely theileria annulata, t. orientalis, babesia bovis and anaplasma marginale were encountered. fifty animals carried single or multiple infections with blood parasites and four were f ...	2004	16929762
value of 1-alpha-hydroxy vitamin d3 in treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism before parathyroidectomy.	the postoperative course of six patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and obvious radiological evidence of bone disease pretreated with 1-alpha-hydroxy vitamin d3 (1 alpha hcc) was indistinguishable from that of six patients with a similar clinical and radiological picture who were not pretreated. 1alphahcc may increase the hypercalcaemia in some cases and cannot be recommended for the routine preparation of such patients for surgery.	2004	427402
a double-blind comparison of 1% hydrocortisone plus 10% urea ('alphaderm') and 0.1% betamethasone 17-valerate in the treatment of non-infective inflammatory dermatoses.	a double-blind controlled trial was carried out over a period of 3 weeks to assess the effectiveness of 1% hydrocortisone, in a specialized carbamide drug delivery system, compared with 0.1% betamethasone 17-valerate cream in the treatment of 21 patients with bilateral, symmetrical, non-infective inflammatory dermatoses. the trial preparations were applied topically twice daily, each to one side only during the trial. although overall patient preference tended to favour betamethasone 17-valerate ...	2004	343995
[histomorphologic classification of colonic polyps].		2004	470584
prescribing procrastination.	in his everyday work the family physician sees many patients whose problems have been diagnosed but for whom postponement of an active treatment plan is indicated. the physician must therefore prescribe procrastination in a carefully planned way. i describe some ideas and practical methods for doing this.	2004	529244
amitriptyline: comparison of three different dosage schedules in neurotic depression.	three groups of neurotic depressed patients were treated with amitriptyline, one group receiving the customary three daily doses, another a single dose in the morning, and the third a single dose at night. all three groups showed significant decrements of total scores on the hamilton scale for depression and the zung self-rating depression scale without significant differences. patients taking the drug at night showed a lower incidence of side effects.	2004	497630
colonic adrenocarcinomas in patients with ureterosigmoidostomies.	two additional cases of adenocarcinoma of the sigmoid colon occurring at the site of ureterosigmoidostomy are reported. the high risk of this complication occurring in patients who have undergone ureterosigmoidostomy is described. the possible shortness of the interval from diversion to development of an adenocarcinoma, especially in those cases involving carcinoma of the bladder, is emphasized. it is strongly recommended that careful follow up of such patients should begin within several years ...	2004	446246
lymphocyte transformation in patients with paraproteinaemia.	the transformation of lymphocytes in cultures with phytohaemagglutinin (pha) or with pokeweed mitogen (pwm) was carried out during treatment on 28 patients with paraproteinaemia and on 20 control subjects. 78.5% of the peripheral blood lymphocyte short-term cultures from the treated patients showed a subnormal pha-induced but high pwm-induced lymphocyte transformation. the other 21.5% of the treated patients had a normal pattern of lymphocyte transformation. eight of 12 untreated patients with m ...	2005	1201200
inhibition of drug metabolism by quinolone antibiotics.	a number of quinolone antibiotics have been found to reduce the hepatic clearance of coadministered drugs such as theophylline. enoxacin appears to be the most potent inhibitor, consistently decreasing theophylline clearance by more than 50%, while a single study suggests a similar degree of inhibition with pipemidic acid. ciprofloxacin and pefloxacin reduce theophylline clearance to a smaller extent (approximately 20 to 30%). however, with ciprofloxacin, larger changes and theophylline toxicity ...	2005	3052987
[lymphocyte populations in hbag-positive acute hepatitis].		2005	1087387
[post-cholecystectomy condition: duodeno-gastric reflux and bile acid concentration in the gastric juice].	in cholecystectomized patients highly significantly more frequently a duodenogastric reflux was found than in a group of patients with a healthy abdomen and a group of patients with cholelithiasis. the average concentration of bile acid in the gastric juice was after the removal of the gall-bladder manifoldly higher than in the control groups. the number of patients with concentrated reflux was also highly significantly larger than in patients with cholelithiasis not operated on and in patients ...	2005	538988
psychiatric morbidity in a sample of a london coroner's open verdicts.	one hundred and thirty-four deaths recorded as open verdicts in the inner west london coroner's district during 1969 and 1970 have been surveyed for evidence of mental illness. for 110 (82 per cent) of these deaths the probable verdicts were suicide or accident and they were reclassified as undetermined deaths. of these deaths 73 per cent were diagnosed as mentally ill, 54 per cent were receiving medical treatment for psychological symptoms before death, 42 per cent had a history of psychiatric ...	2005	1182365
primary dental care: an educational methodology for dental hygiene students.		2005	1069646
[gastric secretion in gastroduodenal ulcer].		2005	545511
the impact of 2 dipping systems on endemic stability to bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis in cattle in 4 communally grazed areas in limpopo province, south africa.	a 12-month study was conducted in 4 communal grazing areas in the bushbuckridge region, limpopo province, south africa. the main objective was to investigate the impact of reduced acaricide application on endemic stability to bovine babesiosis (babesia bigemina and babesia bovis) and anaplasmosis (anaplasma marginale) in the local cattle population. to this end 60 cattle in each communal grazing area were bled at the beginning and the conclusion of the experimental period and their sera were ass ...	2005	16642719
structural basis for segmental gene conversion in generation of anaplasma marginale outer membrane protein variants.	bacterial pathogens in the genus anaplasma generate surface coat variants by gene conversion of chromosomal pseudogenes into single-expression sites. these pseudogenes encode unique surface-exposed hypervariable regions flanked by conserved domains, which are identical to the expression site flanking domains. in addition, anaplasma marginale generates variants by recombination of oligonucleotide segments derived from the pseudogenes into the existing expression site copy, resulting in a combinat ...	2005	15948961
spatial and management factors associated with exposure of smallholder dairy cattle in tanzania to tick-borne pathogens.	a cross-sectional study of serum antibody responses of cattle to tick-borne pathogens (theileria parva, theileria mutans,anaplasma marginale, babesia bigemina and babesia bovis) was conducted on smallholder dairy farms in tanga and iringa regions of tanzania. seroprevalence was highest for t. parva (48% in iringa and 23% in tanga) and b. bigemina (43% in iringa and 27% in tanga) and lowest for b. bovis (12% in iringa and 6% in tanga). we use spatial and non-spatial models, fitted using classical ...	2005	16023121
serologic and molecular characterization of anaplasma species infection in farm animals and ticks from sicily.	although anaplasma marginale was known to be endemic in italy, the diversity of anaplasma spp. from this area have not been characterized. in this study, the prevalence of anaplasma spp. antibodies in randomly selected farm animals collected on the island of sicily was determined by use of a msp5 celisa for anaplasma spp. and an immunofluorescence test specific for anaplasma phagocytophilum. genetic variation among strains of anaplasma spp. from animals and ticks was characterized using the a. m ...	2005	16043300
genetic diversity of anaplasma marginale strains from cattle farms in the province of palermo, sicily.	bovine anaplasmosis, caused by the tick-borne rickettsia anaplasma marginale, is endemic in sicily and results in economic loss to the cattle industry. this study was designed to characterize strains of a. marginale at the molecular level from cattle in the province of palermo, sicily. seropositivity of cattle >or=1 year old for a. marginale in the study area ranged from 62% to 100%. the observed prevalence of a. marginale infections in cattle herds ranged from 25% to 100%. two predominant a. ma ...	2005	16115096
relative efficiency of biological transmission of anaplasma marginale (rickettsiales: anaplasmataceae) by dermacentor andersoni (acari: ixodidae) compared with mechanical transmission by stomoxys calcitrans (diptera: muscidae).	anaplasma marginale theiler is a tick-borne intraerythrocytic rickettsial pathogen of cattle that also can be mechanically transmitted by biting flies. rickettsemia during the acute phase of infection may reach as high as 10(9) infected erythrocytes (ies) per milliliter of blood. animals that survive acute infection develop a life-long persistent infection that cycles between 10(2.5) and 10(7) ie/ ml of blood. we compared stable fly stomoxys calcitrans (l.) -borne mechanical transmission during ...	2005	16119558
genetic diversity of anaplasma species major surface proteins and implications for anaplasmosis serodiagnosis and vaccine development.	the genus anaplasma (rickettsiales: anaplasmataceae) includes several pathogens of veterinary and human medical importance. an understanding of the diversity of anaplasma major surface proteins (msps), including those msps that modulate infection, development of persistent infections, and transmission of pathogens by ticks, is derived in part, by characterization and phylogenetic analyses of geographic strains. information concerning the genetic diversity of anaplasma spp. msps will likely influ ...	2005	16164010
distinctly different msp2 pseudogene repertoires in anaplasma marginale strains that are capable of superinfection.	lifelong persistent infection of cattle is a hallmark of the tick transmitted pathogen anaplasma marginale. antigenic variation of major surface protein 2 (msp2) plays an important role in evasion of the host immune response to allow persistence. antigenic variation of msp2 is achieved by gene conversion of pseudogenes into the single operon linked expression site and the diversity of variants is defined by the pseudogene repertoire. once an animal is persistently infected with one strain of a. ...	2005	16202540
[evaluation of diagnostic tests in the absence of a gold standard using an anaplasma marginale field data set].	the evaluation of newly developed diagnostic tests (tests) commonly involves the comparison of the test outcomes (pos/neg.) of a sample of animals to those of a reference test (gold standard) in order to derive sensitivity and specificity estimates. often, however, new tests have to be evaluated against an imperfect reference test since a true gold standard test is either too expensive or too costly to apply. this results in bias in the test characteristic estimates. to solve this problem, laten ...	2005	16206931
serologic cross-reactivity between anaplasma marginale and anaplasma phagocytophilum.	in the context of a serosurvey conducted on the anaplasma marginale prevalence in swiss cattle, we suspected that a serological cross-reactivity between a. marginale and a. phagocytophilum might exist. in the present study we demonstrate that cattle, sheep and horses experimentally infected with a. phagocytophilum not only develop antibodies to a. phagocytophilum (detected by immunofluorescent-antibody assay) but also to a. marginale (detected by a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). ...	2005	16210480
intrahaplotype and interhaplotype pairing of bovine leukocyte antigen dqa and dqb molecules generate functional dq molecules important for priming cd4(+) t-lymphocyte responses.	antigen-specific cd4(+) t-lymphocyte responses are restricted by major histocompatibility complex class ii molecules, which influence t-cell priming during infection. human leukocyte antigen (hla) and bovine leukocyte antigen (bola) drb3 and dq genes are polymorphic, but unlike hla, many bola haplotypes have duplicated dq genes, and antibody-blocking studies indicated that bola-dq molecules present various pathogen epitopes. limited experimentation also suggested that bola-dq molecules formed by ...	2005	16220347
comparative study of anaplasma parasites in tick carrying buffaloes and cattle.	a comparative study on the prevalence of anaplasma parasite was conducted on ticks carrying buffaloes and cattle. five hundred blood samples of both animals (250 of each) were collected during february, march and april. thin blood smears on glass slides were made, fixed in 100% methyl alcohol and examined. microscopic examination revealed that 205 (41%) animals had anaplasma parasites, out of which 89, 44 and 72 animals had anaplasma marginale, anaplasma centrale and mixed infection respectively ...	2005	16252338
identification of novel antigenic proteins in a complex anaplasma marginale outer membrane immunogen by mass spectrometry and genomic mapping.	immunization with purified anaplasma marginale outer membranes induces complete protection against infection that is associated with cd4+ t-lymphocyte-mediated gamma interferon secretion and immunoglobulin g2 (igg2) antibody titers. however, knowledge of the composition of the outer membrane immunogen is limited. recent sequencing and annotation of the a. marginale genome predicts at least 62 outer membrane proteins (omp), enabling a proteomic and genomic approach for identification of novel omp ...	2005	16299305
serological survey of babesia bovis and anaplasma marginale in cattle in tete province, mozambique.	a serological survey of bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis in communal cattle was conducted in the northwestern province of tete, mozambique. blood was collected from cattle ranging from 4 to 15 months old from randomly selected farms from six districts. thirty-nine per cent of all 478 calves tested in tete province were seropositive to the elisa for babesia bovis antibodies and 63% of all calves were seropositive in the card agglutination test for anaplasma marginale. seroprevalence of b. bovis ...	2005	15742867
sequence analysis of the msp4 gene of anaplasma phagocytophilum strains.	the causative agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis was recently reclassified as anaplasma phagocytophilum, unifying previously described bacteria that cause disease in humans, horses, dogs, and ruminants. for the characterization of genetic heterogeneity in this species, the homologue of anaplasma marginale major surface protein 4 gene (msp4) was identified, and the coding region was pcr amplified and sequenced from a variety of sources, including 50 samples from the united states, germany, ...	2005	15750101
genome update: base skews in 200+ bacterial chromosomes.		2005	15758208
detection of antibodies against anaplasma marginale in milk using a recombinant msp5 indirect elisa.	an indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ielisa) for diagnosis of anaplasmosis using undiluted individual milk samples from dairy cows was developed. the recombinant 19 kda major surface protein 5 (rmsp5) of anaplasma marginale was used as antigen. a monoclonal antibody against bovine igg1 conjugated with peroxidase and the chromogen 3,5,3',5'-tetramethylbenzidine were used in the test. strong and weak, positive and negative milk samples were set up as reference controls. results were expr ...	2005	15778035
seroprevalence of anaplasmosis among cattle in switzerland in 1998 and 2003: no evidence of an emerging disease.	anaplasma marginale infection in europe has been limited to the mediterranean and eastern countries, to austria and to very sporadic cases in switzerland. there are no reports of its occurrence in the countries north of switzerland. a severe outbreak of anaplasmosis in august 2002 in a cattle farm in the canton grisons, switzerland, north of the alps, with more than 300 cattle that had to be culled, came unexpected and gave reason to hypothesize presence of an increased yet undetected prevalence ...	2005	15795079
amplification of 16s rrna genes of anaplasma species in china for phylogenetic analysis.	in this study, a phylogenetic tree was inferred through comparing five 16s rrna gene sequences of four isolates of anaplasma ovis and one of anaplasma marginale in china with all nineteen 16s rrna gene sequences deposited in genbank (12 a. marginale, 3 a. ovis and 4 anaplasma centrale derived from america, uruguay, south africa, zimbabwe, australia, isreal and japan). the analysis showed that all a. ovis isolated in china were separated into an a. ovis cluster, while the a. marginale in china wa ...	2005	15795086
variation among geographically separated populations of dermacentor andersoni (acari: ixodidae) in midgut susceptibility to anaplasma marginale (rickettsiales: anaplasmataceae).	anaplasma marginale is a tick-borne rickettsial pathogen of cattle that is endemic throughout large areas of the united states. cattle that survive acute infection become life-long persistently infected carriers. in the intermountain west the rocky mountain wood tick, dermacentor andersoni stiles, is the most common vector of a. marginale. male d. andersoni acquire a. marginale when feeding on persistently infected cattle and biologically transmit it when they transfer from infected to susceptib ...	2005	15799524
livelihood hazards.		2005	15818892
enhancement of antigen acquisition by dendritic cells and mhc class ii-restricted epitope presentation to cd4+ t cells using vp22 dna vaccine vectors that promote intercellular spreading following initial transfection.	induction of immune responses against microbial antigens using dna is an attractive strategy to mimic the immunity induced by live vaccines. although dna vaccines are efficacious in murine models, the requirement for multiple immunizations using high doses in outbred animals and humans has hindered deployment. this requirement is, in part, a result of poor vaccine spreading and suboptimal dc transfection efficiency. incorporation of a signal that directs intercellular spreading of a dna-encoded ...	2005	15857936
rapid and long-term disappearance of cd4+ t lymphocyte responses specific for anaplasma marginale major surface protein-2 (msp2) in msp2 vaccinates following challenge with live a. marginale.	in humans and ruminants infected with anaplasma, the major surface protein 2 (msp2) is immunodominant. numerous cd4(+) t cell epitopes in the hypervariable and conserved regions of msp2 contribute to this immunodominance. antigenic variation in msp2 occurs throughout acute and persistent infection, and sequentially emerging variants are thought to be controlled by variant-specific ab. this study tested the hypothesis that challenge of cattle with anaplasma marginale expressing msp2 variants to w ...	2005	15905510
identification of functional promoters in the msp2 expression loci of anaplasma marginale and anaplasma phagocytophilum.	organisms in the family anaplasmataceae are important tick-borne pathogens of livestock worldwide and cause recently emergent infections in humans. despite their medical importance, very little is known about how these organisms regulate gene expression in the mammalian host, the tick vector, or during transition between the host and vector. however, it is clear that gene regulation, in addition to recombinatorial mechanisms, is essential for these small genome pathogens to adapt to distinctly d ...	2005	15935572
ticks and tick-borne disease in guatemalan cattle and horses.	blood samples and ticks were collected from 48 cattle and 74 horses from seven sites in the peten region of guatemala. data on body condition, mucous membrane capillary refill time and tick infestation levels were recorded for each animal in the study. horses had significantly higher levels of tick infestation than cattle, as well as poorer body condition scores. seroprevalence of babesia spp. was 95.8% for b. bovis in cattle, 89.6% for b. bigemina in cattle, and 92.7% for b. equi in horses. ser ...	2005	15936147
a longitudinal study of sero-conversion to tick-borne pathogens in smallholder dairy youngstock in tanzania.	a longitudinal study of sero-conversion of youngstock to the tick-borne pathogens theileria parva, t. mutans, anaplasma marginale, babesia bigemina and b. bovis was conducted over two years on smallholder dairy farms in tanga region, tanzania. there was evidence of maternal antibodies to all tick-borne pathogens in animals less than 18 weeks of age. seroprevalence increased as expected with age in animals older than this but seroprevalence profiles underestimated the force of infection due to wa ...	2005	15936149
serological survey of babesia bovis, babesia bigemina, and anaplasma marginale antibodies in cattle from the semi-arid region of the state of bahia, brazil, by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.	the objectives of this work were to determine the prevalence of babesia bovis, babesia bigemina, and anaplasma marginale detecting antibodies in cattle raised in the semi-arid region of the state of bahia, brazil, through indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (elisa) and to compare the performances of indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays with crude (i-elisa-cranaag) and recombinant major surface protein-5 (i-elisa-msp-5ag), as antigens to detect antibodies against a. marginale. an s ...	2005	16302060
capillary tube feeding system for studying tick-pathogen interactions of dermacentor variabilis (acari: ixodidae) and anaplasma marginale (rickettsiales: anaplasmataceae).	a capillary tube feeding (ctf) system was adapted for studying the interaction between dermacentor variabilis (say) and the rickettsial cattle pathogen anaplasma marginale theiler. a. marginale undergoes a complex developmental cycle in ticks that begins in midguts and ends by transmission from salivary glands. in this ctf system, male d. variabilis were fed a. marginale-infected blood or cultured tick cells. ticks that fed on highly rickettsemic calves developed midgut and salivary gland infect ...	2005	16366000
potential vertebrate reservoir hosts and invertebrate vectors of anaplasma marginale and a. phagocytophilum in central spain.	organisms in the genus anaplasma are obligate intracellular pathogens that multiply in both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. the type species, a. marginale, causes bovine anaplasmosis and only infects ticks and ruminants. a. phagocytophilum causes human and animal granulocytic anaplasmosis, and genetically closely related strains show a wide host range, including ticks, ruminants, rodents, equids, canids, birds, and humans. recent reports demonstrated that a. marginale and a. phagocytophilum c ...	2005	16417435
seroprevalence estimation and risk factors for a. marginale on smallholder dairy farms in tanzania.	a cross-sectional serological survey of a. marginale was conducted on 200 randomly selected smallholder farms in each of the tanga and iringa regions of tanzania between january and april 1999. sera, from dairy cattle of all ages, sexes and breeds were tested for antibodies against a. marginale using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. antibodies to a. marginale were present in cattle throughout the study areas and the overall prevalence was 20% for tanga and 37% for iringa. the force ...	2005	16619876
comparison of three oxytetracycline regimes for the treatment of persistent anaplasma marginale infections in beef cattle.	anaplasmosis, caused by the tick-borne rickettsia, anaplasma marginale, is an economically important disease of cattle in the united states and worldwide. cattle that recover from acute infection become carriers in which low or microscopically undetectable a. marginale rickettsemia persists. tetracycline antimicrobials are currently the only drug used in the us for treatment of acute anaplasmosis. there are currently no drugs specifically licensed for elimination of persistent infections. this s ...	2005	15675047
the cd4+ t cell immunodominant anaplasma marginale major surface protein 2 stimulates gammadelta t cell clones that express unique t cell receptors.	major surface protein 2 (msp2) of the bovine rickettsial pathogen anaplasma marginale is an abundant, serologically immunodominant outer membrane protein. immunodominance partially results from numerous cd4+ t cell epitopes in highly conserved amino and carboxy regions and the central hypervariable region of msp2. however, in long-term cultures of lymphocytes stimulated with a. marginale, workshop cluster 1 (wc1)+ gammadelta t cells and cd4+ alphabeta t cells proliferated, leading to a predomina ...	2005	15522917
letter: immunisation against whooping cough.		2005	1247822
ripple suppression during reconstruction in transverse tomography.		2005	1187793
orbital pseudo-tumours: difficulties in diagnosis. a study of 12 cases.		2005	1242203
[abo blood groups in gastric cancer].		2005	1169525
thermodynamics of protein-peptide interactions in the ribonuclease-s system studied by molecular dynamics and free energy calculations.	hydrophobic interactions between the s-peptide and s-protein in the ribonuclease-s complex are probed using molecular dynamics simulations and free energy calculations. three successive mutations at the buried position met13 are simulated: met----leu, leu----ile, and ile----val, for which x-ray structures and experimental thermodynamic data are available. the calculations give theoretical estimates of the changes in binding free energies associated with these mutations. the calculated free energ ...	2005	1390651
[vascular surgery in the aged].		2005	538948
[are there liver protective drugs really?].		2005	1307060
[gastroenterological disorders in diabetes mellitus. iii. other disorders].		2005	545514
[digestive hemorrhage caused by aorto-duodenal fistula. report of 5 cases].	the aortoduodeonal fistula is a rare condition and has high mortality. we report five retrospective cases of digestive hemorrhage due to an aortoduodenal fistula (4 secondary and 1 primary) between 1986 and 1990. three of them died. attention is called to the importance of clinical suspicion and the main diagnostic methods in early diagnosis such as oral endoscopy. we also enhance the importance of emergency surgery for survival.	2006	1599763
site of injection for vaccination.		2006	1392898
development of the cardiovascular system: an interactive video computer program.	the major aim of this project is to provide interactive video computer based courseware that can be used by the medical student and others to supplement his or her learning of this very important aspect of basic biomedical education. embryology is a science that depends on the ability of the student to visualize dynamic changes in structure which occur in four dimensions--x, y, z, and time. traditional didactic methods, including lectures employing photographic slides and laboratories employing ...	2006	1483013
influence of alcohol intake on the course and consequences of spinal cord injury.		2006	1428390
a common precursor for cd4+ t cells producing il-2 or il-4.	to investigate whether cd4+ t cells are predetermined to produce a given pattern of lymphokines, we have used a culture system that allows the controlled induction of either il-2- or il-4-producing cd4+ t cells. single, freshly isolated murine cd4+ t cells were activated with con a, ril-2, and apc; the developing clones were split and then cultured for an additional 14 days with either ril-2 alone or with ril-2 and anti-cd3 stimulation. subclones expanded in the presence of ril-2 alone produced ...	2006	1346619
responses of gastrointestinal peptides and motor activity to milk and water feedings in preterm and term infants.	because duodenal motor activity differs between preterm and term infants during fasting, this study evaluated the responses of motor activity and peptide release in response to feeding. in the first study, fasting concentrations of gastrin, gastric inhibitory peptide, neurotensin, and peptide yy (pyy) were determined in 53 preterm and 20 term infants. plasma concentrations of gastrin and neurotensin were significantly lower in preterm infants than in healthy adults reported previously by our lab ...	2006	1635821
fistula injury to the bladder at repeat cone biopsy by laser.	a 33-year-old woman underwent repeat cone biopsy of the cervix with a carbon dioxide (co2) laser. at operation the laser caused multiple full thickness fenestrations of the bladder, creating multiple small vesico-vaginal fistulae. the cone biopsy was completed and the fistulae were converted into a single defect which was immediately repaired. the patient went home 'dry'. we believe this is the first such report in the english-language literature.	2006	1563577
primary fibrinogenolysis complicating second trimester placental separation.	we present a case of second trimester placental separation complicated by severe bleeding diathesis. primary fibrinogenolysis is suggested as the cause of the coagulopathy.	2006	1550391
disinfection of capd solution bag medication ports.		2006	1482455
the sulfonylurea receptor.		2006	1482696
[brain morphology of microtus brandti (radde, 1861) and alticola argentatus semicanus (allen, 1924) (rodentia, cricetidae). results of the mongolian-german biological expeditions since 1962, no. 189)].		2006	3291445
detection of ehrlichia chaffeensis in brazilian marsh deer (blastocerus dichotomus).	ehrlichia chaffeensis was detected for the first time in blood samples from brazilian marsh deers (blastocerus dichotomus) captured in the marshes of parana river in southeast brazil in 1998. seven edta-blood samples from deers were analyzed by pcr and nested pcr for presence of ehrlichia chaffeensis, ehrlichia ewingii, ehrlichia canis, neoriickettsia risticii, anaplasma phagocytophilum and anaplasma marginale. three samples showed positive reactions for e. chaffeensis and anaplasma marginale. n ...	2006	16621285
sequencing a new target genome: the boophilus microplus (acari: ixodidae) genome project.	the southern cattle tick, boophilus microplus (canestrini), causes annual economic losses in the hundreds of millions of dollars to cattle producers throughout the world, and ranks as the most economically important tick from a global perspective. control failures attributable to the development of pesticide resistance have become commonplace, and novel control technologies are needed. the availability of the genome sequence will facilitate the development of these new technologies, and we are p ...	2006	16506442
distribution, seasonality, and hosts of the rocky mountain wood tick in the united states.	anaplasma marginale theiler is a tick-borne pathogen that causes anaplasmosis in cattle. there are approximately 20 tick species worldwide that are implicated as vectors of this pathogen. in the united states, dermacentor andersoni stiles and dermacentor variabilis (say) are the principal vectors. the risk of transmission of anaplasmosis to cattle has been largely based on the distribution of d. andersoni in the united states. we developed a centralized geographic database that incorporates coll ...	2006	16506443
genomic and proteomic approaches to vaccine candidate identification for anaplasma marginale.	outer membrane protein preparations have been demonstrated to elicit protective immunity for anaplasma marginale. attempts to recreate this protective immunity using known surface proteins have been unsuccessful; therefore, novel outer membrane proteins have been searched for using a proteomic/genomic approach. annotation of the whole genome sequence identified 62 outer membrane protein candidates based on sequence similarity to known surface proteins. in a proteomics approach for the identifica ...	2006	16451111
anaplasma marginale: lack of cross-protection between strains that share msp1a variable region and msp4.	in mexico, there are no commercial alternatives for the immunoprophylaxis of bovine anaplasmosis, a disease responsible for great economic losses. blood derived anaplasma marginale used for immunizing susceptible cattle has shown promising results for homologous protection and controversial results against unrelated strains. the present study examined, under controlled conditions, the cross-protective potential of an immunogen composed of blood derived a. marginale of three strains against chall ...	2006	16386388
development of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays based on recombinant msp1a and msp2 of anaplasma marginale.	indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) based on recombinant msp1a and msp2 from a brazilian isolate of anaplasma marginale were developed to detect antibodies against this rickettsia in cattle. the high sensitivities (99% for both tests) and specificities (100% for both tests) were confirmed with sera from cattle positive or negative for a. marginale antibodies, respectively, by immunofluorescent antibody test. by the analysis of 583 sera from cattle of three regions of the state o ...	2006	16410967
molecular and serological detection of a. centrale- and a. marginale-infected cattle grazing within an endemic area.	a reverse line blot hybridization (rlb) one-stage nested pcr (npcr) for anaplasma centrale and a nested pcr for anaplasma marginale were used to detect infected cattle grazing within an endemic region in israel. a novel set of pcr primers and oligonucleotide probes based on a 16s ribosomal rna gene was designed for rlb detection of both anaplasma species, and the performance of the molecular assays compared. the immunofluorescent antibody test (ifa) was used to detect antibodies to both anaplasm ...	2006	16300909
flow cytometric evaluation of selected antimicrobial efficacy for clearance of anaplasma marginale in short-term erythrocyte cultures.	the tick-borne rickettsia, anaplasma marginale, causes the economically important cattle disease anaplasmosis. once infected, cattle remain lifelong carriers. herein, we used flow cytometry to test the efficacy of three antimicrobials; oxytetracycline, imidocarb and enrofloxacin against virginia (vgn) or oklahoma (ok) a. marginale isolates in short-term erythrocyte cultures. parasite viability was assessed using the vital dye hydroethidine (he), which is detectable when living organisms convert ...	2006	16669861
differential expression and sequence conservation of the anaplasma marginale msp2 gene superfamily outer membrane proteins.	bacterial pathogens in the genera anaplasma and ehrlichia encode a protein superfamily, pfam01617, which includes the predominant outer membrane proteins (omps) of each species, major surface protein 2 (msp2) and msp3 of anaplasma marginale and anaplasma ovis, anaplasma phagocytophilum msp2 (p44), ehrlichia chaffeensis p28-omp, ehrlichia canis p30, and ehrlichia ruminantium map1, and has been shown to be involved in both antigenic variation within the mammalian host and differential expression b ...	2006	16714578
phylogenetic analysis of anaplasma marginale strains from paraná state, brazil, using the msp1alpha and msp4 genes.	anaplasma marginale is an obligate intraerythrocytic rickettsial pathogen (order, rickettsiales: family, anaplasmataceae) that causes bovine anaplasmosis. this disease is widely distributed in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world and causes important economic losses to cattle production. major surface protein (msp)1a (msp1alpha gene) is one of the six msps identified on a. marginale from cattle, whose sequence and size vary according to the number of tandem 28- to 29-amino acid repeats ...	2006	17062116
comparison between indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for anaplasma marginale antibodies with recombinant major surface protein 5 and initial body antigens.	indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) based on recombinant major surface protein 5 (rmsp5) and initial body (ib) antigens from a brazilian isolate of anaplasma marginale were developed to detect antibodies against this rickettsia in cattle. both tests showed the same sensitivity (98.2%) and specificities (100% for rmsp5 and 93.8% for ib elisa) which did not differ statistically. no cross-reactions were detected with babesia bigemina antibodies, but 5 (rmsp5 elisa) to 15% (ib elisa ...	2006	17072454