| structural and functional importance of outer membrane proteins in vibrio cholerae flagellum. | vibrio cholerae has a sheath-covered monotrichous flagellum that is known to contribute to virulence. although the structural organization of the v. cholerae flagellum has been extensively studied, the involvement of outer membrane proteins as integral components in the flagellum still remains elusive. here we show that flagella produced by v. cholerae o1 el tor strain c6706 were two times thicker than those from two other gram-negative bacteria. a c6706 mutant strain (ssy11) devoid of two outer ... | 2012 | 22923112 |
| studies of dynamic protein-protein interactions in bacteria using renilla luciferase complementation are undermined by nonspecific enzyme inhibition. | the luciferase protein fragment complementation assay is a powerful tool for studying protein-protein interactions. two inactive fragments of luciferase are genetically fused to interacting proteins, and when these two proteins interact, the luciferase fragments can reversibly associate and reconstitute enzyme activity. though this technology has been used extensively in live eukaryotic cells, split luciferase complementation has not yet been applied to studies of dynamic protein-protein interac ... | 2012 | 22905225 |
| crystal structure of the vgrg1 actin cross-linking domain of the vibrio cholerae type vi secretion system. | vibrio cholerae is the cause of the diarrheal disease cholera. v. cholerae produces rtxa, a large toxin of the martx family, which is targeted to the host cell cytosol, where its actin cross-linking domain (acd) cross-links g-actin, leading to f-actin depolymerization, cytoskeleton rearrangements, and cell rounding. these effects on the cytoskeleton prevent phagocytosis and bacterial engulfment by macrophages, thus preventing v. cholerae clearance from the gut. the v. cholerae type vi secretion- ... | 2012 | 22898822 |
| presence of ctx gene cluster in environmental non-o1/o139 vibrio cholerae and its potential clinical significance. | the aim of this study was to understand the epidemiological linkage of clinical and environmental isolates of vibrio cholerae and to determine their genotypes and virulence genes content. | 2012 | 22885193 |
| vibrio cholerae/mimicus in fecal microbiota of healthy children in a cholera endemic urban slum setting in kolkata, india. | during a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled probiotic trial among 3758 children residing in an urban slum in kolkata, india, vibrio cholerae/mimicus was detected in fecal microbiota of healthy children. the importance of this finding in the local, regional and global transmission of cholera is discussed. | 2012 | 22882566 |
| evaluation of tcpf-a2-ctb chimera and evidence of additive protective efficacy of immunizing with tcpf and ctb in the suckling mouse model of cholera. | the secreted colonization factor, tcpf, which is produced by vibrio cholerae 01 and 0139, has generated interest as a potential protective antigen in the development of a subunit vaccine against cholera. this study evaluated immunogenicity/protective efficacy of a tcpf holotoxin-like chimera (tcpf-a2-ctb) following intraperitoneal immunization compared to tcpf alone, a tcpf+ctb mixture, or ctb alone. immunization with the tcpf-a2-ctb chimera elicited significantly greater amounts of anti-tcpf ig ... | 2012 | 22879984 |
| multidrug-resistant vibrio cholerae o1 in belgaum, south india. | an outbreak of acute diarrhoea occurred in the belgundi area (population 3896) of belgaum taluka (population 815 581) in karnataka, south india, in june 2010. an estimated 16.22 % of people were affected and 0.16 % deaths were reported. vibrio cholerae o1 el tor was isolated from 18 of the 147 stool samples cultured. seven out of eight drinking water samples collected from different sources were found to be grossly contaminated with faecal coliforms. all isolates were multidrug resistant, with s ... | 2012 | 22878247 |
| x-ray structure of salmonella typhimurium uridine phosphorylase complexed with 5-fluorouracil and molecular modelling of the complex of 5-fluorouracil with uridine phosphorylase from vibrio cholerae. | uridine phosphorylase (uph), which is a key enzyme in the reutilization pathway of pyrimidine nucleoside metabolism, is a validated target for the treatment of infectious diseases and cancer. a detailed analysis of the interactions of uph with the therapeutic ligand 5-fluorouracil (5-fura) is important for the rational design of pharmacological inhibitors of these enzymes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. expanding on the preliminary analysis of the spatial organization of the active centre of uph ... | 2012 | 22868762 |
| antibiotic resistance of vibrio cholerae o1 el tor strains from the seventh pandemic in china, 1961-2010. | antibiotic resistance is observed with increasing frequency among epidemic vibrio cholerae strains in some countries. in this study, the antibiotic resistance profiles of v. cholerae o1 el tor strains isolated in china from 1961 to 2010 were analysed. the frequency of antibiotic resistance among the seventh pandemic el tor isolates from china remained low, except for resistance to nalidixic acid (45.9%), tetracycline (11%) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (38.5%). all test strains in the first ... | 2012 | 22867881 |
| holliday junction affinity of the base excision repair factor endo iii contributes to cholera toxin phage integration. | toxigenic conversion of vibrio cholerae bacteria results from the integration of a filamentous phage, ctx phage. integration is driven by the bacterial xer recombinases, which catalyse the exchange of a single pair of strands between the phage single-stranded dna and the host double-stranded dna genomes; replication is thought to convert the resulting pseudo-holliday junction (hj) intermediate into the final recombination product. the natural tendency of the xer recombinases to recycle hj interm ... | 2012 | 22863778 |
| antimicrobial resistance of vibrio cholerae o1 isolated during a cholera epidemic in 2011 in dry season in cote d'ivoire. | | 2012 | 22842949 |
| third-generation cephalosporin-resistant vibrio cholerae, india. | vibrio cholerae resistance to third-generation cephalosporins is rarely reported. we detected a strain that was negative for extended-spectrum β-lactamase and positive for the ampc disk test, modified hodge test, and edta disk synergy test and harbored the bladha-1 and blandm-1 genes. the antimicrobial drug susceptibility profile of v. cholerae should be monitored. | 2012 | 22840562 |
| nontoxigenic vibrio cholerae septicemia in an immunocompromised patient. | we report a recent case of non-o1, non-o139, nontoxigenic vibrio cholerae septicemia in a post-liver-transplant immunocompromised patient associated with prior seafood consumption. non-o1, non-o139 v. cholerae strains have been reported in several cases of extraintestinal infections and seem to be emerging infectious agents especially in patients with immunocompromising conditions. | 2012 | 22830064 |
| antibacterial & antitoxic effects of the cardiovascular drug lacidipine in an animal model. | vibrio cholerae produces acute infection by liberating potent enterotoxin, called cholera toxin in human intestine. cardiovascular drug lacidipine possessing powerful in vitro action against v. cholerae was tested to determine its possible activity against a toxigenic v. cholerae strain in an established animal model. | 2012 | 22825612 |
| identification and characterization of the functional toxboxes in the vibrio cholerae cholera toxin promoter. | following the consumption of contaminated food or water by a human host, the vibrio cholerae bacterium produces virulence factors, including cholera toxin (ct), which directly causes voluminous diarrhea, producing cholera. a complex regulatory network controls virulence gene expression and responds to various environmental signals and transcription factors. ultimately, toxt, a member of the arac/xyls transcription regulator family, is responsible for activating the transcription of the virulence ... | 2012 | 22821976 |
| occurrence of toxigenic vibrio cholerae in accessible water sources of cholera endemic foci in india. | | 2012 | 22814165 |
| phenotypic and genetic characterization of vibrio cholerae o1 clinical isolates collected through national antimicrobial resistance surveillance network in nepal. | cholera occurs in sporadic cases and outbreaks in nepal each year. vibrio cholerae o1 (n = 522) isolated during 2007-2010 from diarrheal patients at 10 different hospital laboratories in nepal were characterized. biochemical and serologic identifications showed that all the isolates belonged to serogroup o1, el tor biotype. except 72 isolates of inaba serotype isolated in the year 2007, all the remaining isolates were of ogawa serotype. all isolates were resistant to nalidixic acid and furazolid ... | 2012 | 22806193 |
| ultrastructural changes in cultured cells under the effect of vibrio cholerae hemagglutinin/protease. | electron microscopic study of changes in cultured cells caused by vibrio cholerae recombinant hemagglutinin/protease (ha/p) showed significant structural changes, most pronounced in hela and l-929 cells not forming a compact monolayer with tight junctions between the cells: formation of numerous vesicles on the cell surface and clasmatosis, vacuolation of the cytoplasm, swelling of mitochondria, clarification of their matrix and crist distortions, and increase in the number of lysosomes. cytopla ... | 2012 | 22803110 |
| molecular architecture and assembly principles of vibrio cholerae biofilms. | in their natural environment, microbes organize into communities held together by an extracellular matrix composed of polysaccharides and proteins. we developed an in vivo labeling strategy to allow the extracellular matrix of developing biofilms to be visualized with conventional and superresolution light microscopy. vibrio cholerae biofilms displayed three distinct levels of spatial organization: cells, clusters of cells, and collections of clusters. multiresolution imaging of living v. choler ... | 2012 | 22798614 |
| [design and implementation of geographical information system on prevention and control of cholera]. | to build the geographical information system (gis) database for prevention and control of cholera programs as well as using management analysis and function demonstration to show the spatial attribute of cholera. data from case reporting system regarding diarrhoea, vibrio cholerae, serotypes of vibrio cholerae at the surveillance spots and seafoods, as well as surveillance data on ambient environment and climate were collected. all the data were imported to system database to show the incidence ... | 2012 | 22781421 |
| functional interaction analysis of gm1-related carbohydrates and vibrio cholerae toxins using carbohydrate microarray. | the development of analytical tools is important for understanding the infection mechanisms of pathogenic bacteria or viruses. in the present work, a functional carbohydrate microarray combined with a fluorescence immunoassay was developed to analyze the interactions of vibrio cholerae toxin (ctx) proteins and gm1-related carbohydrates. ctx proteins were loaded onto the surface-immobilized gm1 pentasaccharide and six related carbohydrates, and their binding affinities were detected immunological ... | 2012 | 22770420 |
| broad spectrum pro-quorum-sensing molecules as inhibitors of virulence in vibrios. | quorum sensing (qs) is a bacterial cell-cell communication process that relies on the production and detection of extracellular signal molecules called autoinducers. qs allows bacteria to perform collective activities. vibrio cholerae, a pathogen that causes an acute disease, uses qs to repress virulence factor production and biofilm formation. thus, molecules that activate qs in v. cholerae have the potential to control pathogenicity in this globally important bacterium. using a whole-cell high ... | 2012 | 22761573 |
| human epithelial cells stimulated with vibrio cholerae produce thymic stromal lymphopoietin and promote dendritic cell-mediated inflammatory th2 response. | vibrio cholerae induces acute inflammatory response at intestinal epithelial surface; the underlying cellular immune mechanisms for such effects are largely unexplored. mucosal immune response is controlled by crosstalk between the intestinal epithelial cells (ecs) and dendritic cells (dcs). an ec-derived cytokine thymic stromal lymphopoietin (tslp) has been found a critical regulator of several human inflammatory conditions. tslp is highly elevated in ecs stimulated with v. cholerae and its rec ... | 2012 | 22750414 |
| cholera. | cholera is an acute, secretory diarrhoea caused by infection with vibrio cholerae of the o1 or o139 serogroup. it is endemic in more than 50 countries and also causes large epidemics. since 1817, seven cholera pandemics have spread from asia to much of the world. the seventh pandemic began in 1961 and affects 3-5 million people each year, killing 120,000. although mild cholera can be indistinguishable from other diarrhoeal illnesses, the presentation of severe cholera is distinct, with pronounce ... | 2012 | 22748592 |
| epidemiology and potential land-sea transfer of enteric bacteria from terrestrial to marine species in the monterey bay region of california. | marine mammals are at risk for infection by fecal-associated zoonotic pathogens when they swim and feed in polluted nearshore marine waters. because of their tendency to consume 25-30% of their body weight per day in coastal filter-feeding invertebrates, southern sea otters (enhydra lutris nereis) can act as sentinels of marine ecosystem health in california. feces from domestic and wildlife species were tested to determine prevalence, potential virulence, and diversity of selected opportunistic ... | 2012 | 22740531 |
| the regulatory network of natural competence and transformation of vibrio cholerae. | the human pathogen vibrio cholerae is an aquatic bacterium frequently encountered in rivers, lakes, estuaries, and coastal regions. within these environmental reservoirs, the bacterium is often found associated with zooplankton and more specifically with their chitinous exoskeleton. upon growth on such chitinous surfaces, v. cholerae initiates a developmental program termed "natural competence for genetic transformation." natural competence for transformation is a mode of horizontal gene transfe ... | 2012 | 22737089 |
| changing trend of persistent diarrhoea in young children over two decades: observations from a large diarrhoeal disease hospital in bangladesh. | we studied the changing trend and factors associated with persistent diarrhoea (pd) in under-five children presenting to a large diarrhoeal disease hospital in urban dhaka, bangladesh, over the last two decades. | 2012 | 22734659 |
| comparative structural analysis of two proteins belonging to quorum sensing system in vibrio cholerae. | vibrio cholerae uses quorum sensing communication system to interact with other bacteria and for gauzing environmental parameters. this organism dwells equally well in both human host and aquatic environments. quorum sensing regulates multitude of activities and is one of the lucrative targets presently pursued for drug design in bacteria to encounter virulence. histidine phosphotransfer protein luxu and response regulator luxo of v. cholerae are known to play important roles in biofilms and vir ... | 2012 | 22731847 |
| the low-resolution solution structure of vibrio cholerae hfq in complex with qrr1 srna. | in vibrio cholerae, the rna binding protein and chaperone hfq (vchfq) facilitates the pairing of the quorum regulatory rna (qrr) small regulatory rnas (srnas) to the 5' untranslated regions of the mrnas for a number of global regulators that modulate the expression of virulence genes. this qrr-mediated srna circuit is an attractive antimicrobial target, but characterization at the molecular level is required for this to be realized. here, we investigate the interactions between vchfq and the qrr ... | 2012 | 22730296 |
| characterization of the rpon regulon reveals differential regulation of t6ss and new flagellar operons in vibrio cholerae o37 strain v52. | the alternative sigma factor rpon is an essential colonization factor of vibrio cholerae and controls important cellular functions including motility and type vi secretion (t6ss). the rpon regulon has yet to be clearly defined in t6ss-active v. cholerae isolates, which use t6ss to target both bacterial competitors and eukaryotic cells. we hypothesize that t6ss-dependent secreted effectors are co-regulated by rpon. to systemically identify rpon-controlled genes, we used chromatin immunoprecipitat ... | 2012 | 22723378 |
| twelve transmembrane helices form the functional core of mammalian mate1 (multidrug and toxin extruder 1) protein. | the x-ray structure of the prototypic mate family member, norm from vibrio cholerae, reveals a protein fold composed of 12 transmembrane helices (tmhs), confirming hydropathy analyses of the majority of (prokaryotic and plant) mate transporters. however, the mammalian mates are generally predicted to have a 13(th) tmh and an extracellular c terminus. here we affirm this prediction, showing that the c termini of epitope-tagged, full-length human, rabbit, and mouse mate1 were accessible to antibod ... | 2012 | 22722930 |
| alkaline protease from a non-toxigenic mangrove isolate of vibrio sp. v26 with potential application in animal cell culture. | vibrio sp. v26 isolated from mangrove sediment showed 98 % similarity to 16s rrna gene of vibrio cholerae, v. mimicus, v. albensis and uncultured clones of vibrio. phenotypically also it resembled both v. cholerae and v. mimicus. serogrouping, virulence associated gene profiling, hydrophobicity, and adherence pattern clearly pointed towards the non-toxigenic nature of vibrio sp. v26. purification and characterization of the enzyme revealed that it was moderately thermoactive, nonhemagglutinating ... | 2013 | 22717659 |
| genomic diversity of 2010 haitian cholera outbreak strains. | the millions of deaths from cholera during the past 200 y, coupled with the morbidity and mortality of cholera in haiti since october 2010, are grim reminders that vibrio cholerae, the etiologic agent of cholera, remains a scourge. we report the isolation of both v. cholerae o1 and non-o1/o139 early in the haiti cholera epidemic from samples collected from victims in 18 towns across eight arrondissements of haiti. the results showed two distinct populations of v. cholerae coexisted in haiti earl ... | 2012 | 22711841 |
| outbreak-associated vibrio cholerae genotypes with identical pulsotypes, malaysia, 2009. | a cholera outbreak in terengganu, malaysia, in november 2009 was caused by 2 el tor vibrio cholerae variants resistant to typical antimicrobial drugs. evidence of replacement of treatable v. cholerae infection in the region with antimicrobial-resistant strains calls for increased surveillance and prevention measures. | 2012 | 22709679 |
| ambient temperature detection of pcr amplicons with a novel sequence-specific nucleic acid lateral flow biosensor. | in the field of diagnostics, molecular amplification targeting unique genetic signature sequences has been widely used for rapid identification of infectious agents, which significantly aids physicians in determining the choice of treatment as well as providing important epidemiological data for surveillance and disease control assessment. we report the development of a rapid nucleic acid lateral flow biosensor (nalfb) in a dry-reagent strip format for the sequence-specific detection of single-s ... | 2012 | 22705404 |
| multiple antibiotic resistance of vibrio cholerae serogroup o139 in china from 1993 to 2009. | regarded as an emerging diarrheal micropathogen, vibrio cholerae serogroup o139 was first identified in 1992 and has become an important cause of cholera epidemics over the last two decades. o139 strains have been continually isolated since o139 cholera appeared in china in 1993, from sporadic cases and dispersed foodborne outbreaks, which are the common epidemic types of o139 cholera in china. antibiotic resistance profiles of these epidemic strains are required for development of clinical trea ... | 2012 | 22701685 |
| in-house contamination of potable water in urban slum of kolkata, india: a possible transmission route of diarrhea. | we have investigated and determined the potentiality of different water sources, both for drinking and domestic purposes, in diarrheal disease transmission in diarrhea endemic foci of urban slums in kolkata, india in a one and half year prospective study. out of 517 water samples, collected from different sources, stored water (washing) showed higher prevalence of fecal coliforms (58%) (p < 0.0001) in comparison with stored (drinking) samples (28%) and tap/tubewell water (8%) respectively. among ... | 2012 | 22699333 |
| evolutionary perspective on the origin of haitian cholera outbreak strain. | cholera epidemic has not been reported in haiti for at least 100 years, although cholera has been present in latin america since 1991. surprisingly, the recent cholera epidemic in haiti (october 2010) recorded more than 250,000 cases and 4000 deaths in the first 6 months and became one of the most explosive and deadly cholera outbreak in recent history. in the present study, we conducted genomic analyses of pathogenicity islands of three haitian vibrio cholerae strains and compared them with nin ... | 2012 | 22693991 |
| [use of various methods to isolate exopolysaccharide of eltor cholera vibrios and its immunochemical characteristics]. | isolation of vibrio eltor exopolysaccharide and study of its immunochemical properties. | 2012 | 22693805 |
| the transcriptional regulator, cosr, controls compatible solute biosynthesis and transport, motility and biofilm formation in vibrio cholerae. | vibrio cholerae inhabits aquatic environments and colonizes the human digestive tract to cause the disease cholera. in these environments, v. cholerae copes with fluctuations in salinity and osmolarity by producing and transporting small, organic, highly soluble molecules called compatible solutes, which counteract extracellular osmotic pressure. currently, it is unclear how v. cholerae regulates the expression of genes important for the biosynthesis or transport of compatible solutes in respons ... | 2013 | 22690884 |
| low-resolution structure determination of na(+)-translocating nadh:ubiquinone oxidoreductase from vibrio cholerae by ab initio phasing and electron microscopy. | a low-resolution structure of the na(+)-translocating nadh:ubiquinone oxidoreductase from the human pathogen vibrio cholerae was determined by ab initio phasing and independently confirmed by electron microscopy. this multi-subunit membrane-protein complex (molecular weight 210 kda) generates an na(+) gradient that is essential for substrate uptake, motility, pathogenicity and efflux of antibiotics. the obtained 16 å resolution electron density-map revealed an asymmetric particle with a central ... | 2012 | 22683795 |
| [non-o1-vibrio cholerae diarrhoea. a diagnosis to bear in mind]. | | 2012 | 22683175 |
| the international standard iso/ts 21872-1 to study the occurence of total and pathogenic vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio cholerae in seafood: its improvement by use of a chromogenic medium and pcr. | during two surveys conducted in 2008 and 2009, the culture method described in the international standard iso/ts 21872-1 was applied to the detection of vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio cholerae in 112 living bivalve mollusc samples, with a chromogenic medium used in addition to the tcbs agar, as second selective isolation medium and for enumeration of v. parahaemolyticus and v. cholerae by surface inoculation. a pcr method for detection of these 2 vibrio species and the hemolysin genes tdh an ... | 2012 | 22682545 |
| genomic analysis of immune response against vibrio cholerae hemolysin in caenorhabditis elegans. | vibrio cholerae cytolysin (vcc) is among the accessory v. cholerae virulence factors that may contribute to disease pathogenesis in humans. vcc, encoded by hlya gene, belongs to the most common class of bacterial toxins, known as pore-forming toxins (pfts). v. cholerae infects and kills caenorhabditis elegans via cholerae toxin independent manner. vcc is required for the lethality, growth retardation and intestinal cell vacuolation during the infection. however, little is known about the host ge ... | 2012 | 22675448 |
| in silico analyses of primers used to detect the pathogenicity genes of vibrio cholerae. | in vibrio cholerae, the etiological agent of cholera, most of the virulence genes are located in two pathogenicity islands, named tcp (toxin-co-regulated pilus) and ctx (cholera toxins). for each v. cholerae pathogenicity gene, we retrieved every primer published since 1990 and every known allele in order to perform a complete in silico survey and assess the quality of the pcr primers used for amplification of these genes. primers with a melting temperature in the range 55-60°c against any targe ... | 2012 | 22673304 |
| [vibrio spp. infections of clinical significance and implication for public health]. | vibrio spp. infections still are a public health concern. vibrio spp. can be found in marine, estuarine, and freshwater environments, and can be able to cause diseases in fish, shellfish, mammals, as well as in humans. since '80 to date, the number of species within the genus increased from 21 to more than 100. the most important is vibrio cholerae, the etiological agent of the cholera, responsible of seven pandemics; serotypes o1 and o139 can produce cholera toxin, while serotypes non-o1/non-o1 ... | 2014 | 22670341 |
| vibrio cholerae vexh encodes a multiple drug efflux pump that contributes to the production of cholera toxin and the toxin co-regulated pilus. | the resistance-nodulation-division (rnd) efflux systems are ubiquitous transporters that function in antimicrobial resistance. recent studies showed that rnd systems were required for virulence factor production in vibrio cholerae. the v. cholerae genome encodes six rnd efflux systems. three of the rnd systems (vexb, vexd, and vexk) were previously shown to be redundant for in vitro resistance to bile acids and detergents. a mutant lacking the vexb, vexd, and vexk rnd pumps produced wild-type le ... | 2012 | 22666485 |
| emergence of multidrug-resistant vibrio cholerae o1 biotype el tor in port blair, india. | | 2012 | 22665610 |
| evaluation of a rapid dipstick test for identifying cholera cases during the outbreak. | intermittent cholera outbreaks are major problem in many of the states of india. it is essential to identify cholera at the earliest for timely mobilization of public health responses and to abort the outbreaks. the present study was a part of a diarrhoeal outbreak investigation in secunderabad, india, during may 2009 where the usefulness of crystal vc rapid dipstick kit was assessed for detecting the aetiologic agent of the outbreak. | 2012 | 22664501 |
| genome-wide study of the defective sucrose fermenter strain of vibrio cholerae from the latin american cholera epidemic. | the 7th cholera pandemic reached latin america in 1991, spreading from peru to virtually all latin american countries. during the late epidemic period, a strain that failed to ferment sucrose dominated cholera outbreaks in the northern brazilian amazon region. in order to understand the genomic characteristics and the determinants of this altered sucrose fermenting phenotype, the genome of the strain iec224 was sequenced. this paper reports a broad genomic study of this strain, showing its corre ... | 2012 | 22662140 |
| site-specific recombination systems in filamentous phages. | since the discovery of the integration mechanism of the filamentous phage ctxϕ of vibrio cholerae, integrating filamentous phages have been discovered to be more abundant and diverse than previously recognized. however, the integration systems of filamentous phages have not been fully investigated. the present review provides a short overview on the different strategies employed by filamentous bacteriophages for integration into the host chromosome. this is the first review to describe the diver ... | 2012 | 22661259 |
| periplasmic proteins encoded by vca0261-0260 and vc2216 genes together with copa and cuer products are required for copper tolerance but not for virulence in vibrio cholerae. | the bacterial pathogen vibrio cholerae requires colonizination of the human small intestine to cause cholera. the anaerobic and slightly acidic conditions predominating there enhance toxicity of low copper concentrations and create a selective environment for bacteria with evolved detoxifying mechanisms. we reported previously that the vca0260, vca0261 and vc2216 gene products were synthesized only in v. cholerae grown in microaerobiosis or anaerobiosis. here we show that orfs vca0261 and vca026 ... | 2012 | 22653946 |
| interaction of virstatin with human serum albumin: spectroscopic analysis and molecular modeling. | virstatin is a small molecule that inhibits vibrio cholerae virulence regulation, the causative agent for cholera. here we report the interaction of virstatin with human serum albumin (hsa) using various biophysical methods. the drug binding was monitored using different isomeric forms of hsa (n form ∼ph 7.2, b form ∼ph 9.0 and f form ∼ph 3.5) by absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. there is a considerable quenching of the intrinsic fluorescence of hsa on binding the drug. the distance (r) ... | 2012 | 22649528 |
| the role of glycine residues 140 and 141 of subunit b in the functional ubiquinone binding site of the na+-pumping nadh:quinone oxidoreductase from vibrio cholerae. | the na(+)-pumping nadh:quinone oxidoreductase (na(+)-nqr) is the main entrance for electrons into the respiratory chain of many marine and pathogenic bacteria. the enzyme accepts electrons from nadh and donates them to ubiquinone, and the free energy released by this redox reaction is used to create an electrochemical gradient of sodium across the cell membrane. here we report the role of glycine 140 and glycine 141 of the nqrb subunit in the functional binding of ubiquinone. mutations at these ... | 2012 | 22645140 |
| cholera vaccine: new preventive tool for endemic countries. | cholera is a major global public health problem and remains an important threat in almost every developing country, especially in areas where population overcrowding and poor sanitation are common, such as slums and refugee camps. cholera is one of the most dreaded diseases in the world, in some cases leading to death within 24 h if left untreated. without treatment, severe infection has a mortality rate of 30-50%. in 2007, who recorded 177,963 cholera cases and 4,031 deaths worldwide. however, ... | 2012 | 22634452 |
| a heme degradation enzyme, hutz, from vibrio cholerae. | hutz, one of the crucial proteins of the iron uptake system in vibrio cholerae, was purified, which binds to heme at a stoichiometry of 1 : 1. in the presence of ascorbic acid, the hutz-bound heme degrades via the same intermediates observed in heme oxygenase, suggesting that hutz works as a heme degradation enzyme. | 2012 | 22627893 |
| multi-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis of 7th pandemic vibrio cholerae. | seven pandemics of cholera have been recorded since 1817, with the current and ongoing pandemic affecting almost every continent. cholera remains endemic in developing countries and is still a significant public health issue. in this study we use multilocus variable number of tandem repeats (vntrs) analysis (mlva) to discriminate between isolates of the 7th pandemic clone of vibrio cholerae. | 2012 | 22624829 |
| purification and characterization of cytotoxin produced by a clinical isolate of vibrio cholerae o54 tv113. | vibrio cholerae o54 tv113 isolated from a diarrheal patient produces an extracellular cytotoxin that caused alteration in the morphology of chinese hamster ovary cells manifested as cell shrinkage with intact cell boundaries and finally causing cell death. syncase medium supplemented with lincomycin (50 μg/ml), ph 7.2, and 18 h incubation with shaking at 37 °c supported optimal cytotoxin production. we isolated and purified this cytotoxin to homogeneity by ultrafiltration, 40-80 % ammonium sulfa ... | 2012 | 22618242 |
| neutrophils are essential for containment of vibrio cholerae to the intestine during the proinflammatory phase of infection. | cholera is classically considered a noninflammatory diarrheal disease, in comparison to invasive enteric organisms, although there is a low-level proinflammatory response during early infection with vibrio cholerae and a strong proinflammatory reaction to live attenuated vaccine strains. using an adult mouse intestinal infection model, this study examines the contribution of neutrophils to host defense to infection. nontoxigenic el tor o1 v. cholerae infection is characterized by the upregulatio ... | 2012 | 22615254 |
| light-scattering sensor for real-time identification of vibrio parahaemolyticus, vibrio vulnificus and vibrio cholerae colonies on solid agar plate. | the three most common pathogenic species of vibrio, vibrio cholerae, vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus, are of major concerns due to increased incidence of water- and seafood-related outbreaks and illness worldwide. current methods are lengthy and require biochemical and molecular confirmation. a novel label-free forward light-scattering sensor was developed to detect and identify colonies of these three pathogens in real time in the presence of other vibrios in food or water samples ... | 2012 | 22613192 |
| a one dose experimental cholera vaccine. | the number of cholera vaccine doses required for immunity is a constraint during epidemic cholera. protective immunity following one dose of multiple vibrio cholerae (vc) colonization factors (inaba lps el tor, tcpa, tcpf, and cbp-a) has not been directly tested even though individual vc colonization factors are the protective antigens. inaba lps consistently induced vibriocidal and protective antibodies at low doses. a lps booster, regardless of dose, induced highly protective secondary sera. v ... | 2012 | 22612159 |
| molecular epidemiology of geographically dispersed vibrio cholerae, kenya, january 2009-may 2010. | numerous outbreaks of cholera have occurred in kenya since 1971. to more fully understand the epidemiology of cholera in kenya, we analyzed the genetic relationships among 170 vibrio cholerae o1 isolates at 5 loci containing variable tandem repeats. the isolates were collected during january 2009-may 2010 from various geographic areas throughout the country. the isolates grouped genetically into 5 clonal complexes, each comprising a series of genotypes that differed by an allelic change at a sin ... | 2012 | 22607971 |
| amino acid addition to vibrio cholerae lps establishes a link between surface remodeling in gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. | historically, the o1 el tor and classical biotypes of vibrio cholerae have been differentiated by their resistance to the antimicrobial peptide polymyxin b. however, the molecular mechanisms associated with this phenotypic distinction have remained a mystery for 50 y. both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria modify their cell wall components with amine-containing substituents to reduce the net negative charge of the bacterial surface, thereby promoting cationic antimicrobial peptide resista ... | 2012 | 22589301 |
| [isolation and function of genes regulating aphb expression in vibrio cholerae]. | we identified genes that regulate the expression of aphb, the gene encoding a key virulence regulator in vibrio cholerae o1 e1 tor c6706(-). | 2012 | 22587006 |
| spontaneous bacterial empyema due to non-o1, non-o139 vibrio cholerae in a cirrhotic patient with hepatocellular carcinoma. | vibrio cholerae is known as a common etiology of epidemic diarrheal disease and rarely causes extra-intestinal infections. in this report, we described a cirrhotic patient with hepatocellular carcinoma who developed spontaneous bacterial empyema due to non-o1, non-o139 v. cholerae. the patient was successfully treated with antimicrobial agents and percutaneous drainage. | 2012 | 22578941 |
| crystal structure of periplasmic catecholate-siderophore binding protein vctp from vibrio cholerae at 1.7 å resolution. | vctp, one of the two essential siderophore-binding pbps from the pathogen vibrio cholerae, plays an important role in the transport of enterobactin and vibriobactin, which have quite different configurations of iron coordination, from the periplasm to the inner membrane. the current study reports the crystal structure of vctp from v. cholerae n16961 at 1.7å resolution. a structural comparison of vctp with its homologues and the results of molecular docking indicate that enterobactin and vibrioba ... | 2012 | 22575663 |
| unique core genomes of the bacterial family vibrionaceae: insights into niche adaptation and speciation. | the criteria for defining bacterial species and even the concept of bacterial species itself are under debate, and the discussion is apparently intensifying as more genome sequence data is becoming available. however, it is still unclear how the new advances in genomics should be used most efficiently to address this question. in this study we identify genes that are common to any group of genomes in our dataset, to determine whether genes specific to a particular taxon exist and to investigate ... | 2012 | 22574681 |
| characterization of the gm1 pentasaccharide-vibrio cholera toxin interaction using a carbohydrate-based electrochemical system. | antibody- or dna-based electrochemical systems have been developed widely for several decades, while carbohydrate-based electrochemical systems have been rarely reported. herein, we used an electrochemical detection system to understand the molecular relationships in carbohydrate-protein interactions that can provide useful information about biological processes in living organisms. this system was also helpful for the development of potent biomedical agents. electrochemical detection was achiev ... | 2012 | 22574310 |
| [point mutation of the virbrio cholerae o139 cef (cho cell elongating factor) gene alters the substrate specificity of its product]. | sequencing of the cef (cho cell elongating factor) of vibrio cholerae serogroup o139 revealed one nucleotide substitution (c for t in position 2015) in comparison with classical v. cholerae o1 and two substitutions (ac for gt in positions 2014-2015) in comparison with v. cholerae o1 e1 tor. a comparative bioinformatic analysis showed that the substitution determines a threonine residue in position 672 of the cefprotein, while the position is occupied by an isoleucine residue in the classical str ... | 2012 | 22568007 |
| the vc1777-vc1779 proteins are members of a sialic acid-specific subfamily of trap transporters (siapqm) and constitute the sole route of sialic acid uptake in the human pathogen vibrio cholerae. | sialic acids are nine-carbon amino sugars that are present on all mucous membranes and are often used by bacteria as nutrients. in pathogenic vibrio the genes for sialic acid catabolism (sac) are known to be important for host colonization, yet the route for sialic acid uptake is not proven. vibrio cholerae contains a tripartite atp-independent periplasmic (trap) transporter, siapqm (vc1777-vc1779), encoded by genes within the vibrio pathogenicity island-2 (vpi-2), which are adjacent to the sac ... | 2012 | 22556361 |
| notes from the field: identification of vibrio cholerae serogroup o1, serotype inaba, biotype el tor strain - haiti, march 2012. | on october 20, 2010, an outbreak of cholera was confirmed in haiti for the first time in more than a century. as of april 10, 2012, a total of 534,647 cases, 287,656 hospitalizations, and 7,091 deaths have been reported in haiti as a result of the outbreak. the vibrio cholerae strain that caused the haiti epidemic has been characterized as toxigenic v. cholerae, serogroup o1, serotype ogawa, biotype el tor. | 2012 | 22552208 |
| non-coding srnas regulate virulence in the bacterial pathogen vibrio cholerae. | vibrio cholerae is the waterborne bacterium responsible for worldwide outbreaks of the acute, potentially fatal cholera diarrhea. the primary factors this human pathogen uses to cause the disease are controlled by a complex regulatory program linking extracellular signaling inputs to changes in expression of several critical virulence genes. recently it has been uncovered that many non-coding regulatory srnas are important components of the v. cholerae virulence regulon. most of these srnas appe ... | 2012 | 22546941 |
| tlp01, an msha mutant of vibrio cholerae o139 as vaccine candidate against cholera. | no commercially live vaccine against cholera caused by vibrio cholerae o139 serogroup is available and it is currently needed. virulent o139 strain crc266 was genetically modified by firstly deleting multiple copies of the filamentous phage ctxφ, further tagging by insertion of the endoglucanase a coding gene from clostridium thermocellum into the hemagglutinin/protease gene and finally deleting the msha gene, just to improve the vaccine biosafety. one of the derived strains designated as tlp01 ... | 2012 | 22546527 |
| the 1.8 å cholix toxin crystal structure in complex with nad+ and evidence for a new kinetic model. | certain vibrio cholerae strains produce cholix, a potent protein toxin that has diphthamide-specific adp-ribosyltransferase activity against eukaryotic elongation factor 2. here we present a 1.8 å crystal structure of cholix in complex with its natural substrate, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (nad(+)). we also substituted hallmark catalytic residues by site-directed mutagenesis and analyzed both nad(+) binding and adp-ribosyltransferase activity using a fluorescence-based assay. these data a ... | 2012 | 22535961 |
| complete genome sequence of a sucrose-nonfermenting epidemic strain of vibrio cholerae o1 from brazil. | we report the genome sequence of vibrio cholerae strain iec224, which fails to ferment sucrose. it was isolated from a cholera outbreak in the amazon. the defective sucrose phenotype was determined to be due to a frameshift mutation, and a molecular marker of the latin american main epidemic lineage was identified. | 2012 | 22535947 |
| thermodynamic contribution to the regulation of electron transfer in the na(+)-pumping nadh:quinone oxidoreductase from vibrio cholerae. | the na(+)-pumping nadh:quinone oxidoreductase (na(+)-nqr) is a fundamental enzyme of the oxidative phosphorylation metabolism and ionic homeostasis in several pathogenic and marine bacteria. to understand the mechanism that couples electron transfer with sodium translocation in na(+)-nqr, the ion dependence of the redox potential of the individual cofactors was studied using a spectroelectrochemical approach. the redox potential of one of the fmn cofactors increased 90 mv in the presence of na(+ ... | 2012 | 22533880 |
| a rapidly-progressing outbreak of cholera in a shelter-home for mentally-retarded females, amta-ii block, howrah, west bengal, india. | on 13 may 2010, a cluster of diarrhoeal disease cases was reported among the inmates of a shelter-home for mentally-retarded females in parbaksi village of howrah district in west bengal, india. the outbreak was investigated to identify the aetiological agent and source of infection and to propose recommendations. a suspected case of cholera was defined as an acute onset of >3 loose watery stools in a female resident of the shelter-home since 1 may 2010. the demographic and clinical details were ... | 2012 | 22524127 |
| emergence of classical ctxb genotype 1 and tetracycline resistant strains of vibrio cholerae o1 el tor in assam, india. | cholera epidemics with moderately high case fatality rates in assam, northeast india were investigated in 2007, 2008 and 2010. based on mismatch amplification mutation assay pcr for detection of ctxb allele, 40 isolates of vibrio cholerae o1 el tor collected from the epidemics were found to harbour the classical ctxb gene allele of cholera toxin (ct). dna sequencing of ctxb gene confirmed the isolates to be genotype 1 of ctxb. antimicrobial susceptibility tests reveal that 100% of the isolates w ... | 2012 | 22521215 |
| indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase expression and functional activity in dendritic cells exposed to cholera toxin. | indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (ido), a tryptophan-metabolizing enzyme expressed by dendritic cells (dc), has the potential to inhibit t cell responses and to promote tolerance. in contrast, cholera toxin (ct), the enterotoxin produced by vibrio cholerae, promotes t cell responses, partly through its ability to induce dc maturation and promote antigen presentation. we hypothesized that the adjuvant activity of ct is associated with a lack of induction of ido in dc. to test this hypothesis, monocyte ... | 2012 | 22519828 |
| vibrio cholerae classical biotype strains reveal distinct signatures in mexico. | vibrio cholerae o1 classical (cl) biotype caused the fifth and sixth pandemics, and probably the earlier cholera pandemics, before the el tor (et) biotype initiated the seventh pandemic in asia in the 1970s by completely displacing the cl biotype. although the cl biotype was thought to be extinct in asia and although it had never been reported from latin america, v. cholerae cl and et biotypes, including a hybrid et, were found associated with areas of cholera endemicity in mexico between 1991 a ... | 2012 | 22518867 |
| memory b cell responses to vibrio cholerae o1 lipopolysaccharide are associated with protection against infection from household contacts of patients with cholera in bangladesh. | vibrio cholerae o1 causes cholera, a dehydrating diarrheal disease. we have previously shown that v. cholerae-specific memory b cell responses develop after cholera infection, and we hypothesize that these mediate long-term protective immunity against cholera. we prospectively followed household contacts of cholera patients to determine whether the presence of circulating v. cholerae o1 antigen-specific memory b cells on enrollment was associated with protection against v. cholerae infection ove ... | 2012 | 22518009 |
| quantitative expression of cholera toxin mrna in vibrio cholerae isolates with different ctx cassette arrangements. | cholera toxin (ct) is the major virulence factor produced by vibrio cholerae. several genomic arrangements within the ctx cassette have been elucidated in v. cholerae. previously, it was shown that three different ctx cassette arrangements, one complete ctx cassette (arrangement a), one complete and two incomplete ctx cassettes (arrangement b), and two complete ctx cassettes (arrangement c), exist within v. cholerae isolates. in the present study, the level of ct expression by v. cholerae isolat ... | 2012 | 22516130 |
| immune responses to cholera in children. | cholera is a severe acute dehydrating diarrheal disease caused by vibrio cholerae o1 or o139 infection, and is associated with significant mortality and morbidity globally. although young children bear a high burden of the disease, currently available oral vaccines give a lower efficacy and shorter duration of protection in this group than in adults. according to the studies of natural infection, young children achieve comparable systemic anti-v. cholerae antigen-specific antibody, gut-homing an ... | 2012 | 22512753 |
| the norr regulon is critical for vibrio cholerae resistance to nitric oxide and sustained colonization of the intestines. | vibrio cholerae, the cause of an often fatal infectious diarrhea, remains a large global public health threat. little is known about the challenges v. cholerae encounters during colonization of the intestines, which genes are important for overcoming these challenges, and how these genes are regulated. in this study, we examined the v. cholerae response to nitric oxide (no), an antibacterial molecule derived during infection from various sources, including host inducible no synthase (inos). we d ... | 2012 | 22511349 |
| drug resistance in vibrio cholerae strains isolated from clinical specimens. | cholera is a serious epidemic and endemic disease caused by the gram-negative bacterium vibrio cholerae. sxt is an integrative conjugation element (ice) that was isolated from a v. cholerae; it encodes resistance to the antibiotics chloramphenicol, streptomycin and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim. one hundred seven v. cholerae o1 strains were collected from cholera patients in iran from 2005 to 2007 in order to study the presence of sxt constin and antibiotic resistance.the study examined 107 vibr ... | 2012 | 22510289 |
| nepalese origin of cholera epidemic in haiti. | cholera appeared in haiti in october 2010 for the first time in recorded history. the causative agent was quickly identified by the haitian national public health laboratory and the united states centers for disease control and prevention as vibrio cholerae serogroup o1, serotype ogawa, biotype el tor. since then, >500 000 government-acknowledged cholera cases and >7000 deaths have occurred, the largest cholera epidemic in the world, with the real death toll probably much higher. questions of or ... | 2012 | 22510219 |
| reassessment of the 2010-2011 haiti cholera outbreak and rainfall-driven multiseason projections. | mathematical models can provide key insights into the course of an ongoing epidemic, potentially aiding real-time emergency management in allocating health care resources and by anticipating the impact of alternative interventions. we study the ex post reliability of predictions of the 2010-2011 haiti cholera outbreak from four independent modeling studies that appeared almost simultaneously during the unfolding epidemic. we consider the impact of different approaches to the modeling of spatial ... | 2012 | 22505737 |
| molecular diversity of ctx prophage in vibrio cholerae. | the objective of this study was to investigate the molecular diversity of ctx genetic element within toxigenic vibrio cholerae genomes and to determine the genetic diversity of v. cholerae population collected in a 6-year period (2004-2009) in iran. | 2012 | 22502605 |
| discrepancies in identification of vibrio cholerae strains as members of aeromonadaceae and enterobacteriaceae by automated microbial identification system. | incidental observation of a discrepancy in identification of vibrio cholerae prompted a study to understand the ability of an automated microbial identification system to identify this important pathogen. | 2012 | 22502586 |
| prevalence and molecular characterization of vibrio cholerae from ice and beverages sold in jakarta, indonesia, using most probable number and multiplex pcr. | vibrio cholerae is well recognized as the causative agent of cholera, an acute intestinal infection characterized by watery diarrhea that may lead to dehydration and death in some cases. v. cholerae is a natural inhabitant of the aquatic environment in the tropical regions. jakarta has the highest percentage of individuals affected by sporadic diarrheal illness compared with other areas in indonesia. inadequate safety measures for drinking water supplies, improper sanitation, and poor hygiene ca ... | 2012 | 22488052 |
| stringent response regulation of biofilm formation in vibrio cholerae. | biofilm formation is a key factor in vibrio cholerae environmental survival and host colonization. production of biofilm enables v. cholerae to survive and persist in aquatic environments and aids in the passage through the gastric acid barrier to allow access to the small intestine. the genes involved in biofilm formation are regulated by the transcriptional activators vpsr and vpst, which are in turn transcriptionally regulated by a number of environmental signals. in this study, the role of t ... | 2012 | 22467780 |
| vibrio cholerae o1 from superficial water of the tucunduba stream, brazilian amazon. | isolation and genetic characterization of an environmental vibrio cholerae o1 from the amazon is reported. this strain lacks two major virulence factors - ctx and tcp - but carries other genes related to virulence. genetic similarity with epidemic strains is evaluated and the importance of v. cholerae surveillance in the amazon is emphasized. | 2012 | 24031874 |
| isolation, identification, and characterization of vibrio cholerae from the danube river in slovakia. | the occurrence of vibrio cholerae, an important aquatic pathogen, was assessed in the surface water of the danube river near bratislava. the isolates were distinguished by biochemical tests and grouped by ardra to three clusters corresponding to three species (v. cholerae, vibrio metschnikovii, and aeromonas spp.). the identification of v. cholerae was confirmed by multiplex pcr using primer pairs targeted to ompw gene (membrane protein), ctxa gene (toxicity gene), and toxr gene (regulatory gene ... | 2012 | 22457232 |
| cholera ante portas - the re-emergence of cholera in kinshasa after a ten-year hiatus. | cholera is an endemic disease in certain well-defined areas in the east of the democratic republic of congo (drc). the west of the country, including the mega-city kinshasa, has been free of cases since mid 2001 when the last outbreak ended. | 2012 | 22453903 |
| replication regulation of vibrio cholerae chromosome ii involves initiator binding to the origin both as monomer and as dimer. | the origin region of vibrio cholerae chromosome ii (chrii) resembles plasmid origins that have repeated initiator-binding sites (iterons). iterons are essential for initiation as well as preventing over-initiation of plasmid replication. in chrii, iterons are also essential for initiation but over-initiation is prevented by sites called 39-mers. both iterons and 39-mers are binding sites of the chrii specific initiator, rctb. here, we have isolated rctb mutants that permit over-initiation in the ... | 2012 | 22447451 |
| immunomodulation of t-cell responses with vibrio cholerae o135 capsular polysaccharide and its protein conjugate, novel cholera vaccine study models. | we studied t-cell immune responses to surface capsular polysaccharide (cps) of vibrio cholerae o135 and its protein conjugate. cps and cps-bovine serum albumin (bsa) activation and presentation are characterized with induced alterations in expression and upregulation of membrane antigens cd25, cd11b, cd16/32, mhcii and cd45 on blood- and spleen-derived t cells. expression of the early activation marker cd25 revealed efficient cps-bsa conjugate activation especially of cd4(+) cd3(+) and cd8(+) cd ... | 2012 | 22443716 |
| memory b cell and other immune responses in children receiving two doses of an oral killed cholera vaccine compared to responses following natural cholera infection in bangladesh. | current oral cholera vaccines induce lower protective efficacy and shorter duration of protection against cholera than wild-type infection provides, and this difference is most pronounced in young children. despite this, there are limited data comparing immune responses in children following wild-type disease versus vaccination, especially with regard to memory responses associated with long-term immunity. here, we report a comparison of immune responses in young children (2 to 5 years of age; n ... | 2012 | 22441386 |
| ifn-γ renders human intestinal epithelial cells responsive to lipopolysaccharide of vibrio cholerae by down-regulation of dmbt1. | although intestinal epithelial cells (iecs) are continuously exposed to high densities of enteric bacteria, they are not highly responsive to microbe-associated molecular patterns (mamps). however, inflammatory cytokines such as interferon-γ (ifn-γ) are potentially capable of priming iecs to enhance responsiveness to mamps. in this study, we observed that heat-killed vibrio cholerae (hkvc) and its lipopolysaccharide (lps) poorly induced il-8 production in a human iec line, ht-29. however, both h ... | 2012 | 22437006 |
| the drosophila protein mustard tailors the innate immune response activated by the immune deficiency pathway. | in this study, we describe a drosophila melanogaster transposon insertion mutant with tolerance to vibrio cholerae infection and markedly decreased transcription of diptericin as well as other genes regulated by the immune deficiency innate immunity signaling pathway. we present genetic evidence that this insertion affects a locus previously implicated in pupal eclosion. this genetic locus, which we have named mustard (mtd), contains a lysm domain, often involved in carbohydrate recognition, and ... | 2012 | 22427641 |
| effect of quercetin on vibrio cholerae induced nuclear factor-κb activation and interleukin-8 expression in intestinal epithelial cells. | vibrio cholerae, the etiological agent of cholera, colonizes the small intestine, produces an enterotoxin and causes acute inflammatory response at intestinal epithelial cell surface. pretreatment of intestinal epithelial cells with quercetin reduces the level of v. cholerae induced il-8 in dose and time dependent manner as determined by elisa and rt-pcr. immunofluorescence studies showed that quercetin suppresses the translocation of p50 subunit of nf-κb. in vivo, quercetin administration produ ... | 2012 | 22421109 |