| anion inhibition studies of the β-carbonic anhydrase from the pathogenic bacterium vibrio cholerae. | the genome of the pathogenic bacterium vibrio cholerae encodes for three carbonic anhydrases (cas, ec 4.2.1.1) belonging to the α-, β- and γ-classes. here we report and anion inhibition study of the β-ca, vchcaβ with anions and other small molecules which inhibit metalloenzymes. the best vchcaβ anion inhibitors were sulfamide, sulfamate, phenylboronic acid and phenylarsonic acid, which showed kis in the range of 54-86μm. diethyldithiocarbonate was also an effective vchcaβ inhibitor, with an inhi ... | 2016 | 26853167 |
| enterobacteria and vibrio from macrobrachium amazonicum prawn farming in fortaleza, ceará, brazil. | to investigate the isolation of enterobacteria associated with macrobrachium amazonicum (m. amazonicum) farming and evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of vibrio strains. | 2016 | 26851782 |
| sulfonamide inhibition studies of the β-carbonic anhydrase from the pathogenic bacterium vibrio cholerae. | the genome of the pathogenic bacterium vibrio cholerae encodes for three carbonic anhydrases (cas, ec 4.2.1.1) belonging to the α-, β- and γ-classes. vchca, the α-ca from this species was investigated earlier, whereas the β-class enzyme, vchcaβ was recently cloned, characterized kinetically and its x-ray crystal structure reported by this group. here we report an inhibition study with sulfonamides and one sulfamate of this enzyme. the best vchcaβ inhibitors were deacetylated acetazolamide and me ... | 2016 | 26850377 |
| role of vibrio cholerae exochitinase chia2 in horizontal gene transfer. | vibrio cholerae exochitinase chia2 plays a key role in acquisition of nutrients by chitin hydrolysis in the natural environment as well as in pathogenesis in the intestinal milieu. in this study we demonstrate the importance of chia2 in horizontal gene transfer in the natural environment. we found that the expression of chia2 and tfox, the central regulator of v. cholerae horizontal gene transfer, varied with changes in environmental conditions. the activity of chia2 was also dependent on these ... | 2016 | 26849349 |
| the rna domain vc1 regulates downstream gene expression in response to cyclic diguanylate in vibrio cholerae. | in many bacterial species, including the aquatic bacterium and human pathogen vibrio cholerae, the second messenger cyclic diguanylate (c-di-gmp) modulates processes such as biofilm formation, motility, and virulence factor production. by interacting with various effectors, c-di-gmp regulates gene expression or protein function. one type of c-di-gmp receptor is the class i riboswitch, representatives of which have been shown to bind c-di-gmp in vitro. herein, we examined the in vitro and in vivo ... | 2016 | 26849223 |
| vibrio cholerae biofilms and cholera pathogenesis. | vibrio cholerae can switch between motile and biofilm lifestyles. the last decades have been marked by a remarkable increase in our knowledge of the structure, regulation, and function of biofilms formed under laboratory conditions. evidence has grown suggesting that v. cholerae can form biofilm-like aggregates during infection that could play a critical role in pathogenesis and disease transmission. however, the structure and regulation of biofilms formed during infection, as well as their role ... | 2016 | 26845681 |
| the bacterial dicarboxylate transporter vcindy uses a two-domain elevator-type mechanism. | secondary transporters use alternating-access mechanisms to couple uphill substrate movement to downhill ion flux. most known transporters use a 'rocking bundle' motion, wherein the protein moves around an immobile substrate-binding site. however, the glutamate-transporter homolog gltph translocates its substrate-binding site vertically across the membrane, through an 'elevator' mechanism. here, we used the 'repeat swap' approach to computationally predict the outward-facing state of the na(+)/s ... | 2016 | 26828963 |
| biochemical and full genome sequence analyses of clinical vibrio cholerae isolates in mexico reveals the presence of novel v. cholerae strains. | the first week of september 2013, the national epidemiological surveillance system identified two cases of cholera in mexico city. the cultures of both samples were confirmed as vibrio cholerae serogroup o1, serotype ogawa, biotype el tor. initial analyses by pfge and by pcr-amplification of the virulence genes, suggested that both strains were similar, but different from those previously reported in mexico. the following week, four more cases were identified in a community in the state of hidal ... | 2016 | 26828665 |
| necrotizing fasciitis due to vibrio cholerae non-o1/non-o139 after exposure to austrian bathing sites. | we report on two cases of necrotizing fasciitis of the lower leg due to nontoxigenic vibrio cholerae (v. cholerae). a 73-year-old woman (case 1) and an 80-year-old man (case 2) were hospitalized with symptoms of necrotizing fasciitis on july 18 and august 15, 2015, respectively. in both cases, symptoms started the day after swimming in local ponds. swabs gained intraoperatively and a blood culture from the male patient, yielded v. cholerae non-o1/non-o139, negative for cholera toxin gene ctx and ... | 2016 | 26825075 |
| notes from the field: ongoing cholera outbreak - kenya, 2014-2016. | on january 6, 2015, a man aged 40 years was admitted to kenyatta national hospital in nairobi, kenya, with acute watery diarrhea. the patient was found to be infected with toxigenic vibrio cholerae serogroup o1, serotype inaba. a subsequent review of surveillance reports identified four patients in nairobi county during the preceding month who met either of the kenya ministry of health suspected cholera case definitions: 1) severe dehydration or death from acute watery diarrhea (more than four e ... | 2016 | 26820494 |
| strategies to prevent cholera introduction during international personnel deployments: a computational modeling analysis based on the 2010 haiti outbreak. | introduction of vibrio cholerae to haiti during the deployment of united nations (un) peacekeepers in 2010 resulted in one of the largest cholera epidemics of the modern era. following the outbreak, a un-commissioned independent panel recommended three pre-deployment intervention strategies to minimize the risk of cholera introduction in future peacekeeping operations: screening for v. cholerae carriage, administering prophylactic antimicrobial chemotherapies, or immunizing with oral cholera vac ... | 2016 | 26812236 |
| randomized controlled trial of hospital-based hygiene and water treatment intervention (chobi7) to reduce cholera. | the risk for cholera infection is >100 times higher for household contacts of cholera patients during the week after the index patient seeks hospital care than it is for the general population. to initiate a standard of care for this high-risk population, we developed cholera-hospital-based-intervention-for-7-days (chobi7), which promotes hand washing with soap and treatment of water. to test chobi7, we conducted a randomized controlled trial among 219 intervention household contacts of 82 chole ... | 2016 | 26811968 |
| comparative transcriptome analysis of vibrio splendidus jz6 reveals the mechanism of its pathogenicity at low temperatures. | yesso scallop-pathogenic vibrio splendidus strain jz6 was found to have the highest virulence at 10°c, while its pathogenicity was significantly reduced with increased temperature and completely incapacitated at 28°c. in the present study, comparative transcriptome analyses of jz6 and another nonpathogenic v. splendidus strain, tz19, were conducted at two crucial culture temperatures (10°c and 28°c) in order to determine the possible mechanism of temperature regulation of virulence. comparisons ... | 2016 | 26801576 |
| occurrence and molecular characterisation of vibrio parahaemolyticus in crustaceans commercialised in venice area, italy. | infections due to the pathogenic human vibrios, vibrio parahaemolyticus, vibrio cholerae and vibrio vulnificus, are mainly associated with consumption of raw or partially cooked bivalve molluscs. at present, little is known about the presence of vibrio species in crustaceans and the risk of vibriosis associated with the consumption of these products. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence and concentration of the main pathogenic vibrio spp. in samples of crustaceans (n=143) ... | 2016 | 26773255 |
| imported cholera with acute renal failure after a short business-trip to the philippines, germany, october 2015. | a german businessman developed acute watery diarrhoea after a three-day trip to the philippines. he was admitted with severe hypotension and acute renal failure, but recovered with rapid rehydration. vibrio cholerae o1 serotype ogawa was isolated. physicians need to be aware of endemic cholera in asia including the philippines and consider this in their pre-travel advice. | 2016 | 26767388 |
| clinical and environmental surveillance for vibrio cholerae in resource constrained areas: application during a 1-year surveillance in the far north region of cameroon. | biological confirmation of the presence of vibrio cholerae in clinical and environmental samples is often constrained due to resource- and labor-intensive gold standard methods. to develop low-cost, simple, and sustainable surveillance techniques, we modified previously published specimen sampling and culture techniques and applied the use of enriched dipstick testing in conjunction with the use of filter paper for dna specimen preservation during clinical and environmental surveillance in the f ... | 2016 | 26755564 |
| evaluation in cameroon of a novel, simplified methodology to assist molecular microbiological analysis of v. cholerae in resource-limited settings. | vibrio cholerae is endemic in south asia and africa where outbreaks of cholera occur widely and are particularly associated with poverty and poor sanitation. knowledge of the genetic diversity of toxigenic v. cholerae isolates, particularly in africa, remains scarce. the constraints in improving this understanding is not only the lack of regular cholera disease surveillance, but also the lack of laboratory capabilities in endemic countries to preserve, store and ship isolates in a timely manner. ... | 2016 | 26735969 |
| hybrid microarray based on double biomolecular markers of dna and carbohydrate for simultaneous genotypic and phenotypic detection of cholera toxin-producing vibrio cholerae. | life-threatening diarrheal cholera is usually caused by water or food contaminated with cholera toxin-producing vibrio cholerae. for the prevention and surveillance of cholera, it is crucial to rapidly and precisely detect and identify the etiological causes, such as v. cholerae and/or its toxin. in the present work, we propose the use of a hybrid double biomolecular marker (dbm) microarray containing 16s rrna-based dna capture probe to genotypically identify v. cholerae and gm1 pentasaccharide ... | 2016 | 26735874 |
| molecular dynamics of sialic acid analogues complex with cholera toxin and dft optimization of ethylene glycol-mediated zinc nanocluster conjugation. | cholera is an infectious disease caused by cholera toxin (ct) protein of bacterium vibrio cholerae. a sequence of sialic acid (n-acetylneuraminic acid, neunac or neu5ac) analogues modified in its c-5 position is modelled using molecular modelling techniques and docked against the ct followed by molecular dynamics simulations. docking results suggest better binding affinity of neunac analogue towards the binding site of ct. the neunac analogues interact with the active site residues glu:11, tyr:1 ... | 2017 | 26733187 |
| role of the na(+)-translocating nadh:quinone oxidoreductase in voltage generation and na(+) extrusion in vibrio cholerae. | for vibrio cholerae, the coordinated import and export of na(+) is crucial for adaptation to habitats with different osmolarities. we investigated the na(+)-extruding branch of the sodium cycle in this human pathogen by in vivo (23)na-nmr spectroscopy. the na(+) extrusion activity of cells was monitored after adding glucose which stimulated respiration via the na(+)-translocating nadh:quinone oxidoreductase (na(+)-nqr). in a v. cholerae deletion mutant devoid of the na(+)-nqr encoding genes (nqr ... | 2016 | 26721205 |
| cholera toxin production induced upon anaerobic respiration is suppressed by glucose fermentation in vibrio cholerae. | the causative agent of pandemic cholera, vibrio cholerae, infects the anaerobic environment of the human intestine. production of cholera toxin (ct), a major virulence factor of v. cholerae, is highly induced during anaerobic respiration with trimethylamine n-oxide (tmao) as an alternative electron acceptor. however, the molecular mechanism of tmao-stimulated ct production is not fully understood. herein, we reveal that ct production during anaerobic tmao respiration is affected by glucose ferme ... | 2016 | 26718467 |
| validity of the estimates of oral cholera vaccine effectiveness derived from the test-negative design. | the test-negative design (tnd) has emerged as a simple method for evaluating vaccine effectiveness (ve). its utility for evaluating oral cholera vaccine (ocv) effectiveness is unknown. we examined this method's validity in assessing ocv effectiveness by comparing the results of tnd analyses with those of conventional cohort analyses. | 2016 | 26707378 |
| a luminescent hybridoma-based biosensor for rapid detection of v. cholerae upon induction of calcium signaling pathway. | in this study, a hybridoma based biosensor was developed for rapid, sensitive and selective detection of vibrio cholerae o1 which converts the antibody-antigen binding to bioluminescence light. after investigation on hybridoma performance, the biosensor was constructed by transfecting specific hybridoma cells with aequorin reporter gene and the bioluminescence activities of stable biosensor were measured. the sensitivity of biosensor was as few as 50 cfu/ml and it showed no responses to other en ... | 2016 | 26706943 |
| starch dust explosion and flame burn injury in a patient complicated with severe cellulites caused by non-o1 vibrio cholerae. | | 2016 | 26687236 |
| characterization of environmental vibrio cholerae serogroups o1 and o139 in the pearl river estuary, china. | toxigenic isolates of vibrio cholerae serogroups o1 and o139 from aquatic reservoirs are a key source for recurrent epidemics of cholera in human populations. however, we do not have an optimal understanding of the microbiology of the strains within these reservoirs, particularly outside of the time periods when there are active cholera cases in the surrounding community. the main objective of the present study was to identify and characterize v. cholerae o1 and o139 in the pearl river estuary a ... | 2016 | 26674584 |
| [application of pulsed field gel electrophoresis for molecular typing of causative agents of especially dangerous infections]. | the macro-restriction analysis of the microorganism dna with the use of gel electrophoresis in pulsed field (pfge typing, pulse electrophoresis) is applied in molecular biology to study the clonal structure and typing of causative agents of infectious diseases. determining the degree of the relationship and definition of epidemiological interrelations of studied isolates, as well as studying the evolutionary history of pathogens, is performed by comparing dna restriction patterns. this review pr ... | 2015 | 26665739 |
| global positioning system & google earth in the investigation of an outbreak of cholera in a village of bengaluru urban district, karnataka. | the global positioning system (gps) technology along with google earth is used to measure (spatial map) the accurate distribution of morbidity, mortality and planning of interventions in the community. we used this technology to find out its role in the investigation of a cholera outbreak, and also to identify the cause of the outbreak. | 2015 | 26658586 |
| molecular epidemiology of vibrio cholerae associated with flood in brahamputra river valley, assam, india. | cholera is often caused when drinking water is contaminated through environmental sources. in recent years, the drastic cholera epidemics in odisha (2007) and haiti (2010) were associated with natural disasters (flood and earthquake). almost every year the state of assam india witnesses flood in brahamputra river valley during reversal of wind system (monsoon). this is often followed by outbreak of diarrheal diseases including cholera. beside the incidence of cholera outbreaks, there is lack of ... | 2016 | 26656743 |
| from cholera to corals: viruses as drivers of virulence in a major coral bacterial pathogen. | disease is an increasing threat to reef-building corals. one of the few identified pathogens of coral disease is the bacterium vibrio coralliilyticus. in vibrio cholerae, infection by a bacterial virus (bacteriophage) results in the conversion of non-pathogenic strains to pathogenic strains and this can lead to cholera pandemics. pathogenicity islands encoded in the v. cholerae genome play an important role in pathogenesis. here we analyse five whole genome sequences of v. coralliilyticus to exa ... | 2015 | 26644037 |
| intraventricular sialidase administration enhances gm1 ganglioside expression and is partially neuroprotective in a mouse model of parkinson's disease. | preclinical and clinical studies have previously shown that systemic administration of gm1 ganglioside has neuroprotective and neurorestorative properties in parkinson's disease (pd) models and in pd patients. however, the clinical development of gm1 for pd has been hampered by its animal origin (gm1 used in previous studies was extracted from bovine brains), limited bioavailability, and limited blood brain barrier penetrance following systemic administration. | 2015 | 26629687 |
| regulation of competence-mediated horizontal gene transfer in the natural habitat of vibrio cholerae. | the human pathogen vibrio cholerae is an autochthonous inhabitant of aquatic environments where it often interacts with zooplankton and their chitinous molts. chitin induces natural competence for transformation in v. cholerae, a key mode of horizontal gene transfer (hgt). recent comparative genomic analyses were indicative of extensive hgt in this species. however, we can still expand our understanding of the complex regulatory network that drives competence in v. cholerae. here, we present rec ... | 2016 | 26615332 |
| the dna-uptake process of naturally competent vibrio cholerae. | the sophisticated dna-uptake machinery used during natural transformation is still poorly characterized, especially in gram-negative bacteria where the transforming dna has to cross two membranes as well as the peptidoglycan layer before entering the cytoplasm. the dna-uptake machinery was hypothesized to take the form of a pseudopilus, which, upon repeated cycles of extension and retraction, would pull external dna towards the cell surface or into the periplasmic space, followed by translocatio ... | 2016 | 26614677 |
| a label-free photoluminescence genosensor using nanostructured magnesium oxide for cholera detection. | nanomaterial-based photoluminescence (pl) diagnostic devices offer fast and highly sensitive detection of pesticides, dna, and toxic agents. here we report a label-free pl genosensor for sensitive detection of vibrio cholerae that is based on a dna hybridization strategy utilizing nanostructured magnesium oxide (nmgo; size >30 nm) particles. the morphology and size of the synthesized nmgo were determined by transmission electron microscopic (tem) studies. the probe dna (pdna) was conjugated with ... | 2015 | 26611737 |
| erratum: autophagy and endosomal trafficking inhibition by vibrio cholerae martx toxin phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate-specific phospholipase a1 activity. | | 2015 | 26610817 |
| comparative characterization of vibrio cholerae o1 from five sub-saharan african countries using various phenotypic and genotypic techniques. | we used standardized methodologies to characterize vibrio cholerae o1 isolates from guinea, democratic republic of the congo (drc), togo, côte d'ivoire and mozambique. we investigated 257 human isolates collected in 2010 to 2013. drc isolates serotyped o1 inaba, while isolates from other countries serotyped o1 ogawa. all isolates were biotype el tor and positive for cholera toxin. all isolates showed multidrug resistance but lacked ciprofloxacin resistance. antimicrobial susceptibility profiles ... | 2015 | 26606536 |
| functional analysis of bacteriophage immunity through a type i-e crispr-cas system in vibrio cholerae and its application in bacteriophage genome engineering. | the classical and el tor biotypes of vibrio cholerae serogroup o1, the etiological agent of cholera, are responsible for the sixth and seventh (current) pandemics, respectively. a genomic island (gi), gi-24, previously identified in a classical biotype strain of v. cholerae, is predicted to encode clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (crispr)-associated proteins (cas proteins); however, experimental evidence in support of crispr activity in v. cholerae has not been documented ... | 2015 | 26598368 |
| comparative genomic analyses reveal a vast, novel network of nucleotide-centric systems in biological conflicts, immunity and signaling. | cyclic di- and linear oligo-nucleotide signals activate defenses against invasive nucleic acids in animal immunity; however, their evolutionary antecedents are poorly understood. using comparative genomics, sequence and structure analysis, we uncovered a vast network of systems defined by conserved prokaryotic gene-neighborhoods, which encode enzymes generating such nucleotides or alternatively processing them to yield potential signaling molecules. the nucleotide-generating enzymes include seve ... | 2015 | 26590262 |
| a cytosine methyltransferase modulates the cell envelope stress response in the cholera pathogen [corrected]. | dna methylation is a key epigenetic regulator in all domains of life, yet the effects of most bacterial dna methyltransferases on cellular processes are largely undefined. here, we used diverse techniques, including bisulfite sequencing, transcriptomics, and transposon insertion site sequencing to extensively characterize a 5-methylcytosine (5mc) methyltransferase, vchm, in the cholera pathogen, vibrio cholerae. we have comprehensively defined vchm's dna targets, its genetic interactions and the ... | 2015 | 26588462 |
| a new nano-worm structure from gold-nanoparticle mediated random curving of zinc oxide nanorods. | creating novel nanostructures is a primary step for high-performance analytical sensing. herein, a new worm like nanostructure with zinc oxide-gold (zno/au) hybrid was fabricated through an aqueous hydrothermal method, by doping au-nanoparticle (aunp) on the growing zno lattice. during zno growth, fine tuning the solution temperature expedites random curving of zno nanorods and forms nano-worms. the nano-worms which were evidenced by morphological, physical and structural analyses, revealed elon ... | 2016 | 26584078 |
| survey on antimicrobial resistance patterns in vibrio vulnificus and vibrio cholerae non-o1/non-o139 in germany reveals carbapenemase-producing vibrio cholerae in coastal waters. | an increase in the occurrence of potentially pathogenic vibrio species is expected for waters in northern europe as a consequence of global warming. in this context, a higher incidence of vibrio infections is predicted for the future and forecasts suggest that people visiting and living at the baltic sea are at particular risk. this study aimed to investigate antimicrobial resistance patterns among vibrio vulnificus and vibrio cholerae non-o1/non-o139 isolates that could pose a public health ris ... | 2015 | 26579088 |
| assessing the risk factors of cholera epidemic in the buea health district of cameroon. | cholera is an acute diarrheal disease caused by the bacterium, vibrio cholerae. a cholera epidemic occurred in cameroon in 2010. after a cholera-free period at the end of 2010, new cases started appearing in early 2011. the disease affected 23,152 people and killed 843, with the south west region registering 336 cases and 13 deaths. hence, we assessed the risk factors of cholera epidemic in the buea health district to provide evidence-based cholera guidelines. | 2015 | 26577770 |
| formation of an intramolecular periplasmic disulfide bond in tcpp protects tcpp and tcph from degradation in vibrio cholerae. | tcpp and toxr coordinately regulate transcription of toxt, the master regulator of numerous virulence factors in vibrio cholerae. tcpp and toxr are membrane-localized transcription factors, each with a periplasmic domain containing two cysteines. in toxr, these cysteines form an intramolecular disulfide bond and a cysteine-to-serine substitution affects activity. we determined that the two periplasmic cysteines of tcpp also form an intramolecular disulfide bond. disruption of this intramolecular ... | 2015 | 26574510 |
| vibrio cholerae serogroup o139: isolation from cholera patients and asymptomatic household family members in bangladesh between 2013 and 2014. | cholera is endemic in bangladesh, with outbreaks reported annually. currently, the majority of epidemic cholera reported globally is el tor biotype vibrio cholerae isolates of the serogroup o1. however, in bangladesh, outbreaks attributed to v. cholerae serogroup o139 isolates, which fall within the same phylogenetic lineage as the o1 serogroup isolates, were seen between 1992 and 1993 and in 2002 to 2005. since then, v. cholerae serogroup o139 has only been sporadically isolated in bangladesh a ... | 2015 | 26562418 |
| hemagglutinin protease secreted by v. cholerae induced apoptosis in breast cancer cells by ros mediated intrinsic pathway and regresses tumor growth in mice model. | conventional anticancer therapies are effective but have side effects, so alternative targets are being developed. bacterial toxins that can kill cells or alter the cellular processes like proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation have been reported for cancer treatment. in this study we have shown antitumor activity of hemagglutinin protease (hap) secreted by vibrio cholerae. one µg of hap showed potent antitumor activity when injected into ehrlich ascites carcinoma (eac) tumors in swiss alb ... | 2016 | 26558913 |
| chitin and products of its hydrolysis in vibrio cholerae ecology. | the role of chitin and its hydrolysis products generated by vibrio cholerae chitinases in mechanisms of its adaptation in water environments, metabolism, preservation, acquisition of pathogenic potential, and its epidemiological value are reviewed. chitin utilization by v. cholerae as a source of energy, carbon, and nitrogen is described. chitin association promotes biofilm formation on natural chitinous surfaces, increasing v. cholerae resistance to adverse factors in ecological niches: the hum ... | 2015 | 26555464 |
| distribution and molecular characteristics of vibrio cholerae o1 el tor isolates recovered in guangdong province, china, 1961-2013. | china's guangdong province is located along the same latitude as kolkata, india and dhaka, bangladesh, and is also considered a source of epidemic cholera. however, molecular description and the genetic relationships between vibrio cholerae o1 el tor isolates in guangdong remain unclear. in this study, 381 clinical v. cholerae o1 isolates recovered from cholera cases presenting in guangdong between 1961 and 2013 were investigated by pcr, amplicon sequencing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis ( ... | 2016 | 26554719 |
| vibrio cholerae o1 el tor from southern vietnam in 2010 was molecularly distinct from that present from 1999 to 2004. | the vibrio cholerae o1 (vco1) el tor biotype appeared during the seventh cholera pandemic starting in 1961, and new variants of this biotype have been identified since the early 1990s. this pandemic has affected vietnam, and a large outbreak was reported in southern vietnam in 2010. pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) and multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analyses (mlva) were used to screen 34 vco1 isolates from the southern vietnam 2010 outbreak (23 patients, five contact persons, an ... | 2016 | 26554547 |
| dissecting the structural elements for the activation of β-ketoacyl-(acyl carrier protein) reductase from vibrio cholerae. | β-ketoacyl-(acyl carrier protein) reductase (fabg) catalyzes the key reductive reaction in the elongation cycle of fatty acid synthesis (fas), which is a vital metabolic pathway in bacteria and a promising target for new antibiotic development. the activation of the enzyme is usually linked to the formation of a catalytic triad and cofactor binding, and crystal structures of fabg from different organisms have been captured in either the active or inactive conformation. however, the structural el ... | 2015 | 26553852 |
| identification of vibrio cholerae serotypes in high-risk marine products with non-gel sieving capillary electrophoresis. | vibrio cholerae, a natural inhabitant of the marine environment, poses a threat to human health, and its new epidemic variants have been reported. a method of multiplex polymerase chain reaction-capillary electrophoresis-laser-induced fluorescence (pcr-ce-lif) detection has been developed to detect and identify v. cholerae in marine products sensitively, rapidly, and reliably. four sets of primers were selected to amplify genus-specific vcc gene, o139 serogroup-specific o139 gene, o1 serogroup-s ... | 2016 | 26548956 |
| parallel quorum sensing signaling pathways in vibrio cholerae. | quorum sensing (qs) is a microbial signaling process for monitoring population density and complexity. communication among bacterial cells via qs relies on the production, secretion, and detection of small molecules called autoinducers. many bacteria have evolved their qs systems with different network architectures to incorporate information from multiple signals. in the human pathogen vibrio cholerae, at least four parallel signaling pathways converge to control the activity of a single regula ... | 2016 | 26545759 |
| non-o1, non-o139 vibrio cholerae bacteraemia: case report and literature review. | non-o1, non-o139 vibrio cholerae (novc) are increasingly frequently observed ubiquitous microorganisms occasionally responsible for intestinal and extra-intestinal infections. most cases involve self-limiting gastroenteritis or ear and wound infections in immunocompetent patients. bacteraemia, which have been described in patients with predisposing factors, are rare and poorly known, both on the clinical and therapeutic aspects. we describe a case of novc bacteraemia and a systematic literature ... | 2015 | 26543710 |
| effects of small molecule calcium-activated chloride channel inhibitors on structure and function of accessory cholera enterotoxin (ace) of vibrio cholerae. | cholera pathogenesis occurs due to synergistic pro-secretory effects of several toxins, such as cholera toxin (ctx) and accessory cholera enterotoxin (ace) secreted by vibrio cholerae strains. ace activates chloride channels stimulating chloride/bicarbonate transport that augments fluid secretion resulting in diarrhea. these channels have been targeted for drug development. however, lesser attention has been paid to the interaction of chloride channel modulators with bacterial toxins. here we re ... | 2015 | 26540279 |
| the out-of-the-delta hypothesis: dense human populations in low-lying river deltas served as agents for the evolution of a deadly pathogen. | cholera is a diarrheal disease that has changed the history of mankind, devastating the world with seven pandemics from 1817 to the present day. although there is little doubt in the causative agent of these pandemics being vibrio cholerae of the o1 serogroup, where, when, and how this pathogen emerged is not well understood. v. cholerae is a ubiquitous coastal species that likely existed for tens of thousands of years. however, the evolution of a strain capable of causing a large-scale epidemic ... | 2015 | 26539168 |
| synthesis of a conjugation-ready, phosphorylated, tetrasaccharide fragment of the o-ps of vibrio cholerae o139. | a new pathway to the tetrasaccharide α-colp-(1→2)-4,6-p-β-d-galp-(1→3)-[α-colp-(1→4)]-β-d-glcpnac-1-(och2ch2)3nh2 has been developed. glycosylation of 8-azido-3,6-dioxaoctyl 4,6-o-benzylidene-2-deoxy-2-trichloroacetamido-β-d-glucopyranoside with 3,4,6-tri-o-acetyl-2-o-bromoacetyl-α-d-galactopyranosyl bromide afforded the β-linked disaccharide. debromoacetylation followed by reductive opening of the benzylidene acetal afforded the disaccharide diol acceptor. halide-assisted glycosylation with 2,4 ... | 2015 | 26528773 |
| detection and characterization of integrative and conjugative elements (ices)-positive vibrio cholerae isolates from aquacultured shrimp and the environment in shanghai, china. | increasing industrialization and use of antimicrobial agents in aquaculture production, have led to heavy metals and multidrug resistant (mdr) pathogens becoming serious problems. these resistances are conferred in two ways: intrinsic and transfer via conjugation, or transformation by the major transmission mediators. integrative and conjugative elements (ices) are one of the major mediators; however, few studies on ices of environmental origin have been reported in asia. herein, we determined t ... | 2015 | 26522159 |
| immunosensor based on nanocomposite of nanostructured zirconium oxide and gelatin-a. | we have reported the studies related to the fabrication of a nanocomposite, comprising of sol-gel derived inorganic zirconium oxide nanoparticles (zro2 nps) and organic biopolymer gelatin-a (ga), deposited on indium-tin-oxide (ito) coated glass substrate by drop casting method. the ga-zro2/ito electrode was used for immobilization of monoclonal antibodies (ab) specific to antigen vibrio cholerae (vc) followed by bovine serum albumin (bsa) for antigen vc detection using electrochemical techniques ... | 2016 | 26515440 |
| non-protein coding rna-based genosensor with quantum dots as electrochemical labels for attomolar detection of multiple pathogens. | the ability of a diagnostic test to detect multiple pathogens simultaneously is useful to obtain meaningful information for clinical treatment and preventive measures. we report a highly sensitive and specific electrochemical biosensor assay for simultaneous detection of three gene targets using quantum dots (qds). the targets are novel non-protein coding rna (npcrna) sequences of vibrio cholerae, salmonella sp. and shigella sp., which cause diarrheal diseases. qds (pbs, cds, zns) were synthesiz ... | 2016 | 26513287 |
| mesenteric panniculitis associated with vibrio cholerae infection. | we report the first case of acute vibrio cholerae infection with computed tomography (ct) changes consistent with mesenteric panniculitis (mp). a 78-year-old indian man returned from overseas travel with progressively severe nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and watery diarrhea. his stool tested positive twice for vibrio cholerae. ct revealed prominent lymph nodes and a hazy mesentery consistent with mp. antibiotic treatment resulted in complete resolution of mp on follow-up ct 8 months later. i ... | 2015 | 26504876 |
| effect of lexa on chromosomal integration of ctxϕ in vibrio cholerae. | the genesis of toxigenic vibrio cholerae involves acquisition of ctxϕ, a single-stranded dna (ssdna) filamentous phage that encodes cholera toxin (ct). the phage exploits host-encoded tyrosine recombinases (xerc and xerd) for chromosomal integration and lysogenic conversion. the replicative genome of ctxϕ produces ssdna by rolling-circle replication, which may be used either for virion production or for integration into host chromosome. fine-tuning of different ssdna binding protein (ssb) levels ... | 2015 | 26503849 |
| non-o1, non-o139 vibrio cholerae bacteremic skin and soft tissue infections. | non-o1, non-o139 vibrio cholerae can cause sporadic cases of gastroenteritis and extra-intestinal invasive infections, following exposure to contaminated seawater or freshwater or after consumption of raw seafood. bacteremic infections with skin and soft tissue manifestations are uncommon and in most cases are associated with liver cirrhosis, haematologic malignancies, diabetes mellitus and other immunosuppressed conditions. | 2016 | 26503346 |
| molecular tools in understanding the evolution of vibrio cholerae. | vibrio cholerae, the etiological agent of cholera, has been a scourge for centuries. cholera remains a serious health threat for developing countries and has been responsible for millions of deaths globally over the past 200 years. identification of v. cholerae has been accomplished using a variety of methods, ranging from phenotypic strategies to dna based molecular typing and currently whole genomic approaches. this array of methods has been adopted in epidemiological investigations, either si ... | 2015 | 26500613 |
| surviving the acid barrier: responses of pathogenic vibrio cholerae to simulated gastric fluid. | when bacteria are subjected to low acidic phs of the gastric environment, they may enter the viable but nonculturable (vbnc) state of survival. in this state, bacteria cannot be cultured on solid media, still exhibit signs of metabolic activity (viability). in this study, the response of pathogenic vibrio cholerae o1 and o139 to low ph-simulated environments of the human stomach was evaluated for their survival by culturability (plate count) and viability (flow cytometry-fc) assays. bacteria wer ... | 2016 | 26496916 |
| sensitivity to polymyxin b in el tor vibrio cholerae o1 strain, kolkata, india. | | 2015 | 26488385 |
| ctxb1 outcompetes ctxb7 in vibrio cholerae o1, bangladesh. | | 2016 | 26487638 |
| membrane vesicle-mediated release of bacterial rna. | many gram-negative bacterial species release outer membrane vesicles (omvs) that interact with the host by delivering virulence factors. here, we report for the first time that rna is among the wide variety of bacterial components that are associated with omvs. to characterize the rna profiles of bacterial omvs, we performed rna deep sequencing analysis using omv samples isolated from a wild type vibrio cholerae o1 el tor strain. the results showed that rnas originating from intergenic regions w ... | 2015 | 26483327 |
| tetra- versus pentavalent inhibitors of cholera toxin. | the five b-subunits (ctb5) of the vibrio cholerae (cholera) toxin can bind to the intestinal cell surface so the entire ab5 toxin can enter the cell. simultaneous binding can occur on more than one of the monosialotetrahexosylganglioside (gm1) units present on the cell surface. such simultaneous binding arising from the toxins multivalency is believed to enhance its affinity. thus, blocking the initial attachment of the toxin to the cell surface using inhibitors with gm1 subunits has the potenti ... | 2015 | 26478842 |
| label-free electrochemical immunosensor based on cerium oxide nanowires for vibrio cholerae o1 detection. | this paper developed a label-free immunosensor based on cerium oxide nanowire for vibrio cholerae o1 detection application. the ceo2 nanowires were synthesized by hydrothermal reaction. the immobilization of anti-v. cholerae o1 onto ceo2 nanowire-deposited sensor was performed via an amino ester, which was created by using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide, and sulfo-n-hydroxysuccinimide. the electrochemical responses of the immunosensor were studied by electrochemical impedance spe ... | 2016 | 26478391 |
| aeromonas chitinase degrades chironomid egg masses. | chironomids are freshwater insects that undergo a complete metamorphosis of four life stages. chironomid egg masses can be degraded by vibrio cholerae and some aeromonas species. egg mass degradation by v. cholerae requires haemagglutinin protease activity. our aim was to identify the egg mass degrading (emd) factor secreted by aeromonas dhkanesis 3k1c15. following the hypothesis that the emd factor of a. dhkanesis is also a protease, secreted proteases were screened, but none of them proved to ... | 2016 | 26472256 |
| optimization and head-to-head comparison of missr-pcr, eric-pcr, rapd and 16s rrna evolutionary clock for the genotyping of vibrio cholerae isolated in china. | to establish a new genotyping method for vibrio cholerae and compare it with other methods. | 2015 | 26470957 |
| characteristics of vibrio cholerae o1 isolated from water of the river ganga, varanasi, india. | vibrio cholerae is an autochthonous inhabitant of fresh and brackish water and estuarine system. investigation of v. cholerae from the river ganga seems important to find variation in ctx arrangement and genomic diversity. | 2015 | 26470956 |
| role of hlya-positive vibrio cholerae non-o1/non-o139 on apoptosis and cytotoxicity in a chinese hamster ovary cell line. | vibrio cholerae non-o1/non-o139 is capable of producing sporadic outbreaks of cholera-like diarrhea; however, the pathogenic mechanisms of this bacterium remain unclear. the objectives of this study were to: 1) compare the apoptosis induction and cytotoxicity between hlya-positive and hlya-negative strains of v. cholerae non-o1/non-o139; 2) clarify the molecular mechanisms by which these strains induce apoptosis; and 3) compare clinical and environmental v. cholerae non-o1/non-o139 isolates with ... | 2014 | 26466422 |
| genotype and drug resistance of clinical and environmental vibrio cholerae non-o1/non-o139 in northeastern thailand. | a total of 124 v cholerae non-o1/non-o139 isolates were collected in khon kaen, thailand from diarrheal patients, asymptomatic carriers and environmental water. the presence of virulence-associated and regulatory genes including ctxa, tcpa, zot, ace, ompu, stn, hlya and toxr) were examined using multiplex pcr. the genomic diversity of the various v. cholerae isolates were differentiated using the random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) method. antimicrobial susceptibility was tested using disk d ... | 2014 | 26466421 |
| ultrastructural changes in the intestine of suckling rabbits infected with cholerogenic and non-cholerogenic nono1/nono139 vibrio cholerae strains. | we performed an electron microscopic study of the small intestine of suckling rabbits infected with cholerogenic and non-cholerogenic strains nono1/nono139 vibrio cholerae. cholerogenic strain induced mostly hydropic degeneration of the epithelium typical of cholera toxin effect, while non-cholerogenic strain induced the formation of lacunae along the borders of adjacent epithelial cells typical of hemagglutinin/protease effect. in both cases, reduction of microvilli, destruction of intracellula ... | 2015 | 26463058 |
| vibrio cholerae porin ompu induces lps tolerance by attenuating tlr-mediated signaling. | porins can act as pathogen-associated molecular patterns, can be recognized by the host immune system and modulate immune responses. vibrio choleraeporin ompu aids in bacterial survival in the human gut by increasing resistance against bile acids and anti-microbial peptides. v. choleraeompu is pro-inflammatory in nature. however, interestingly, it can also down-regulate lps-mediated pro-inflammatory responses. in this study, we have explored how ompu-pretreatment affects lps-mediated responses. ... | 2015 | 26454478 |
| the dynamics of genetic interactions between vibrio metoecus and vibrio cholerae, two close relatives co-occurring in the environment. | vibrio metoecus is the closest relative of vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of the potent diarrheal disease cholera. although the pathogenic potential of this new species is yet to be studied in depth, it has been co-isolated with v. cholerae in coastal waters and found in clinical specimens in the united states. we used these two organisms to investigate the genetic interaction between closely related species in their natural environment. the genomes of 20 v. cholerae and 4 v. metoecus stra ... | 2015 | 26454015 |
| competence-induced type vi secretion might foster intestinal colonization by vibrio cholerae: intestinal interbacterial killing by competence-induced v. cholerae. | the human pathogen vibrio cholerae exhibits two distinct lifestyles: one in the aquatic environment where it often associates with chitinous surfaces and the other as the causative agent of the disease cholera. while much of the research on v. cholerae has focused on the host-pathogen interaction, knowledge about the environmental lifestyle of the pathogen remains limited. we recently showed that the polymer chitin, which is extremely abundant in aquatic environments, induces natural competence ... | 2015 | 26445388 |
| biofilm recruitment of vibrio cholerae by matrix proteolysis. | the appearance of bacterial biofilms involves secretion of polysaccharides and proteins that form an extracellular matrix embedding the bacteria. proteases have also been observed, but their role has remained unclear. smith and co-workers have now found that proteolysis can contribute to further recruitment of bacteria to vibrio cholerae biofilms. | 2015 | 26439292 |
| a λ cro-like repressor is essential for the induction of conjugative transfer of sxt/r391 elements in response to dna damage. | integrative and conjugative elements (ices) of the sxt/r391 family are the main contributors to acquired multidrug resistance in the seventh pandemic lineage of vibrio cholerae, the etiological agent of the diarrheal disease cholera. conjugative transfer of sxt/r391 ices is triggered by antibiotics and agents promoting dna damage through reca-dependent autoproteolysis of setr, an ice-encoded λ ci-like repressor. here, we describe the role of cros, a distant λ cro homolog, as a key component cont ... | 2015 | 26438816 |
| the lysr-type regulator leuo regulates the acid tolerance response in vibrio cholerae. | vibrio cholerae is a neutrophilic enteric pathogen that is extremely sensitive to acid. as v. cholerae passages through the host gastrointestinal tract it is exposed to a variety of environmental stresses including low ph and volatile fatty acids. exposure to acidic environments induces expression of the v. cholerae acid tolerance response. a key component of the acid tolerance response is the cad system, which is encoded by cadc and the cadba operon. cadb is a lysine/cadaverine antiporter and c ... | 2015 | 26424466 |
| satellite based assessment of hydroclimatic conditions related to cholera in zimbabwe. | cholera, an infectious diarrheal disease, has been shown to be associated with large scale hydroclimatic processes. the sudden and sporadic occurrence of epidemic cholera is linked with high mortality rates, in part, due to uncertainty in timing and location of outbreaks. improved understanding of the relationship between pathogenic abundance and climatic processes allows prediction of disease outbreak to be an achievable goal. in this study, we show association of large scale hydroclimatic proc ... | 2015 | 26417994 |
| substrate-induced allosteric change in the quaternary structure of the spermidine n-acetyltransferase speg. | the spermidine n-acetyltransferase speg is a dodecameric enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of an acetyl group from acetyl coenzyme a to polyamines such as spermidine and spermine. speg has an allosteric polyamine-binding site and acetylating polyamines regulate their intracellular concentrations. the structures of speg from vibrio cholerae in complexes with polyamines and cofactor have been characterized earlier. here, we present the dodecameric structure of speg from v. cholerae in a ligand-fr ... | 2015 | 26410587 |
| risk factors for sustained cholera transmission, juba county, south sudan, 2014. | we conducted a case-control study to identify risk factors for the 2014 cholera outbreak in juba county, south sudan. illness was associated with traveling or eating away from home; treating drinking water and receiving oral cholera vaccination were protective. oral cholera vaccination should be used to complement cholera prevention efforts. | 2015 | 26402715 |
| cytr is a global positive regulator of competence, type vi secretion, and chitinases in vibrio cholerae. | the facultative pathogen vibrio cholerae transitions between its human host and aquatic reservoirs where it colonizes chitinous surfaces. growth on chitin induces expression of chitin utilization genes, genes involved in dna uptake by natural transformation, and a type vi secretion system that allows contact-dependent killing of neighboring bacteria. we have previously shown that the transcription factor cytr, thought to primarily regulate the pyrimidine nucleoside scavenging response, is requir ... | 2015 | 26401962 |
| conjugated linoleic acid reduces cholera toxin production in vitro and in vivo by inhibiting vibrio cholerae toxt activity. | the severe diarrheal disease cholera is endemic in over 50 countries. current therapies for cholera patients involve oral and/or intravenous rehydration, often combined with the use of antibiotics to shorten the duration and intensity of the disease. however, as antibiotic resistance increases, treatment options will become limited. linoleic acid has been shown to be a potent negative effector of v. cholerae virulence that acts on the major virulence transcription regulator protein, toxt, to inh ... | 2015 | 26392502 |
| incidence of severe diarrhoea due to vibrio cholerae in the catchment area of six surveillance hospitals in bangladesh. | cholera is an important public health problem in bangladesh. interventions to prevent cholera depend on their cost-effectiveness which in turn depends on cholera incidence. hospital-based diarrhoeal disease surveillance has been ongoing in six bangladeshi hospitals where a systematic proportion of patients admitted with diarrhoea were enrolled and tested for vibrio cholerae. however, incidence calculation using only hospital data underestimates the real disease burden because many ill persons se ... | 2016 | 26391481 |
| suppression of virulence of toxigenic vibrio cholerae by anethole through the cyclic amp (camp)-camp receptor protein signaling system. | use of natural compounds as antivirulence drugs could be an alternative therapeutic approach to modify the outcome of bacterial infections, particularly in view of growing resistance to available antimicrobials. here, we show that sub-bactericidal concentration of anethole, a component of sweet fennel seed, could suppress virulence potential in o1 el tor biotype strains of toxigenic vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of the ongoing 7th cholera pandemic. the expression of cholera toxin (ct) and ... | 2015 | 26361388 |
| development of a dry-reagent-based nucleic acid-sensing platform by coupling thermostabilised late-pcr assay to an oligonucleotide-modified lateral flow biosensor. | in this study, we report for the first time the development of a dry-reagent-based nucleic acid-sensing platform by combining a thermostabilised linear-after-the-exponential (late)-pcr assay with a one-step, hybridisation-based nucleic acid lateral flow biosensor. the nucleic acid-sensing platform was designed to overcome the need for stringent temperature control during transportation or storage of reagents and reduces the dependency on skilled personnel by decreasing the overall assay complexi ... | 2015 | 26342435 |
| surveillance of bacterial pathogens of diarrhoea in two selected sub metros within the accra metropolis. | in recent years, many localities within the greater accra region (gar) have witnessed several episodes of cholera outbreaks, with some deaths. compared to previous epidemics, which usually followed heavy rains, recent outbreaks show no seasonality. | 2015 | 26339088 |
| vibrio cholerae o1 el tor variant and emergence of haitian ctxb variant in the strains isolated from south india. | cholera still continues to be an important cause of human infection, especially in developing countries that lack access to safe drinking water and proper sanitation. in the present study, we report the emergence of new variant form of v. cholerae o1 el tor biotype with a novel mutation in ctxb in strains isolated from various outbreaks during 2010-2014 in belgaum situated in north-west karnataka, india. a total of 14 occurrences of cholera were documented from belgaum division of north karnatak ... | 2016 | 26337047 |
| rapid proliferation of vibrio parahaemolyticus, vibrio vulnificus, and vibrio cholerae during freshwater flash floods in french mediterranean coastal lagoons. | vibrio parahaemolyticus, vibrio vulnificus, and vibrio cholerae of the non-o1/non-o139 serotype are present in coastal lagoons of southern france. in these mediterranean regions, the rivers have long low-flow periods followed by short-duration or flash floods during and after heavy intense rainstorms, particularly at the end of the summer and in autumn. these floods bring large volumes of freshwater into the lagoons, reducing their salinity. water temperatures recorded during sampling (15 to 24° ... | 2015 | 26319881 |
| role of toxs in the proteolytic cascade of virulence regulator toxr in vibrio cholerae. | two of the primary virulence regulators of vibrio cholerae, toxr and tcpp, function together with cognate effector proteins. toxr undergoes regulated intramembrane proteolysis (rip) during late stationary phase in response to nutrient limitation at alkaline ph; however, the specific function of its cognate toxs remains unresolved. in this work, we found that toxr rapidly becomes undetectable in a δtoxs mutant when cultures are exposed to either starvation conditions or after alkaline ph shock in ... | 2015 | 26316386 |
| an electrochemical genosensing assay based on magnetic beads and gold nanoparticle-loaded latex microspheres for vibrio cholerae detection. | an ultrasensitive electrochemical genosensing assay was developed for the sequence-specific detection of vibrio cholerae dna using magnetic beads as the biorecognition surface and gold nanoparticle-loaded latex microspheres (latex-aunps) as a signal-amplified hybridization tag. this biorecognition surface was prepared by immobilizing specific biotinylated capturing probes onto the streptavidin-coupled magnetic beads. fabricating a hybridization tag capable of amplifying the electrochemical signa ... | 2015 | 26310076 |
| signaling beyond punching holes: modulation of cellular responses by vibrio cholerae cytolysin. | pore-forming toxins (pfts) are a distinct class of membrane-damaging cytolytic proteins that contribute significantly towards the virulence processes employed by various pathogenic bacteria. vibrio cholerae cytolysin (vcc) is a prominent member of the beta-barrel pft (beta-pft) family. it is secreted by most of the pathogenic strains of the intestinal pathogen v. cholerae. owing to its potent membrane-damaging cell-killing activity, vcc is believed to play critical roles in v. cholerae pathogene ... | 2015 | 26308054 |
| vibrio cholerae leuo transcription is positively regulated by toxr and contributes to bile resistance. | vibrio cholerae is an aquatic organism and facultative human pathogen that colonizes the small intestine. in the small intestine, v. cholerae is exposed to a variety of antimicrobial compounds, including bile. v. cholerae resistance to bile is multifactorial and includes alterations in the membrane permeability barrier that are mediated by toxr, a membrane-associated transcription factor. toxr has also been shown to be required for activation of the lysr family transcription factor leuo in respo ... | 2015 | 26303831 |
| antimicrobial effects of blueberry, raspberry, and strawberry aqueous extracts and their effects on virulence gene expression in vibrio cholerae. | the antimicrobial effects of aqueous extracts of blueberry, raspberry, and strawberry on 13 pathogenic bacteria were evaluated. the minimum inhibitory concentrations and minimum bactericidal concentrations of the extracts were determined before and after neutralization to ph 7.03 ± 0.15. both gram-positive and gram-negative pathogenic bacteria were selectively inhibited by the non-neutralized berries. blueberry was the best inhibitor, and vibrio and listeria were the most sensitive bacteria. aft ... | 2015 | 26292998 |
| eif2α confers cellular tolerance to s. aureus α-toxin. | we report on the role of conserved stress-response pathways for cellular tolerance to a pore forming toxin. first, we observed that small molecular weight inhibitors including of eif2α-phosphatase, jun-n-terminal kinase (jnk), and pi3-kinase sensitized normal mouse embryonal fibroblasts (mefs) to the small pore forming s. aureus α-toxin. sensitization depended on expression of madam10, the murine ortholog of a proposed high-affinity receptor for α-toxin in human cells. similarly, eif2α (s51a/s51 ... | 2015 | 26284068 |
| cholera in pregnancy: clinical and immunological aspects. | the objective of this study was to examine the clinical and immunological features of cholera in pregnancy. | 2015 | 26283553 |
| efficacy of ciprofloxacin for treatment of cholera associated with diminished susceptibility to ciprofloxacin to vibrio cholerae o1. | we identified a poor clinical response to treatment of cholera with a single 1 g dose of ciprofloxacin, a standard treatment for cholera. | 2015 | 26271050 |
| statistical mechanics of zooplankton. | statistical mechanics provides the link between microscopic properties of many-particle systems and macroscopic properties such as pressure and temperature. observations of similar "microscopic" quantities exist for the motion of zooplankton, as well as many species of other social animals. herein, we propose to take average squared velocities as the definition of the "ecological temperature" of a population under different conditions on nutrients, light, oxygen and others. we test the usefulnes ... | 2015 | 26270537 |
| [evaluation of functional features and stress resistance of isogenic toxigenic and non-toxigenic biovar el tor vibrio cholerae strains]. | comparative evaluation of functional features of toxigenic biovar el tor vibrio cholerae strains and their spontaneous non-toxigenic mutants and study of their resistance to saline and oxidative stress. | 2015 | 26259264 |