| new ligation independent cloning vectors for expression of recombinant proteins with a self-cleaving cpd/6xhis-tag. | recombinant protein purification is a crucial step for biochemistry and structural biology fields. rapid robust purification methods utilize various peptide or protein tags fused to the target protein for affinity purification using corresponding matrices and to enhance solubility. however, affinity/solubility-tags often need to be removed in order to conduct functional and structural studies, adding complexities to purification protocols. | 2017 | 28056928 |
| identification of the catalytic ubiquinone-binding site of vibrio cholerae sodium-dependent nadh dehydrogenase: a novel ubiquinone-binding motif. | the sodium-dependent nadh dehydrogenase (na(+)-nqr) is a key component of the respiratory chain of diverse prokaryotic species, including pathogenic bacteria. na(+)-nqr uses the energy released by electron transfer between nadh and ubiquinone (uq) to pump sodium, producing a gradient that sustains many essential homeostatic processes as well as virulence factor secretion and the elimination of drugs. the location of the uq binding site has been controversial, with two main hypotheses that sugges ... | 2017 | 28053088 |
| vibrio mimicus as the rare cause of acute diarrheal illness. | vibrio mimicus, although named for having many of the same virulent factors as vibrio cholera, is a rare cause of significant gastrointestinal illness. like many of the vibrio species, the strongest risk factor for v. mimicus infection is seafood consumption. after consuming crabs, a 64-year-old male presented with a three day history of voluminous, non-bloody, water diarrhea. the severity of the diarrhea caused the patient to have orthostatic hypotension and acute kidney injury, which improved ... | 2017 | 28045686 |
| resource abundance and the critical transition to cooperation. | cooperation is abundant in nature, occurring at all levels of biological complexity. yet cooperation is continually threatened by subversion from noncooperating cheaters. previous studies have shown that cooperation can nevertheless be maintained when the benefits that cooperation provides to relatives outweigh the associated costs. these fitness costs and benefits are not fixed properties, but can be affected by the environment in which populations reside. here, we describe how one environmenta ... | 2017 | 28036143 |
| genetically encodable bacterial flavin transferase for fluorogenic protein modification in mammalian cells. | a bacterial flavin transferase (apbe) was recently employed for flavin mononucleotide (fmn) modification on the na(+)-translocating nadh:quinone oxidoreductase c (nqrc) protein in the pathogenic gram-negative bacterium vibrio cholerae. we employed this unique post-translational modification in mammalian cells and found that the fmn transfer reaction robustly occurred when nqrc and apbe were genetically targeted in the cytosol of live mammalian cells. moreover, nqrc expression in the endoplasmic ... | 2017 | 28035820 |
| elucidation of the tidal influence on bacterial populations in a monsoon influenced estuary through simultaneous observations. | the influence of tides on bacterial populations in a monsoon influenced tropical estuary was assessed through fine resolution sampling (1 to 3 h) during spring and neap tides from mouth to the freshwater end at four stations during pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. higher abundance of total bacterial count (tbc) in surface water near the river mouth, compared to the upstream, during pre-monsoon was followed by an opposite scenario during the monsoon when seasonally compared, it was ... | 2017 | 28035613 |
| the replication initiator of the cholera pathogen's second chromosome shows structural similarity to plasmid initiators. | the conserved dnaa-oric system is used to initiate replication of primary chromosomes throughout the bacterial kingdom; however, bacteria with multipartite genomes evolved distinct systems to initiate replication of secondary chromosomes. in the cholera pathogen, vibrio cholerae, and in related species, secondary chromosome replication requires the rctb initiator protein. here, we show that rctb consists of four domains. the structure of its central two domains resembles that of several plasmid ... | 2016 | 28031373 |
| rules of engagement: the type vi secretion system in vibrio cholerae. | microbial species often exist in complex communities where they must avoid predation and compete for favorable niches. the type vi secretion system (t6ss) is a contact-dependent bacterial weapon that allows for direct killing of competitors through the translocation of proteinaceous toxins. vibrio cholerae is a gram-negative pathogen that can use its t6ss during antagonistic interactions with neighboring prokaryotic and eukaryotic competitors. the t6ss not only promotes v. cholerae's survival du ... | 2017 | 28027803 |
| in-silico prediction of dual function of dksa like hypothetical protein in v. cholerae o395 genome. | cholera, an acute infection of the small intestine, is caused by vibrio cholerae. the present study identified a hypothetical protein in v. cholerae o395, which was predicted to be acquired through horizontal gene transfer the origin of which was found to be from a phage. its expression was further confirmed by rt-pcr. homology based 3d model of the hypothetical protein indicated dksa like homologue. protein binding site of 3d-model revealed a deep cleft which may influence the dimer formation a ... | 2017 | 28024527 |
| whole-genome sequences of 26 vibrio cholerae isolates. | the human pathogen vibrio cholerae employs several adaptive mechanisms for environmental persistence, including natural transformation and type vi secretion, creating a reservoir for the spread of disease. here, we report whole-genome sequences of 26 diverse v. cholerae isolates, significantly increasing the sequence diversity of publicly available v. cholerae genomes. | 2016 | 28007852 |
| application of a paper based device containing a new culture medium to detect vibrio cholerae in water samples collected in haiti. | cholera is now considered to be endemic in haiti, often with increased incidence during rainy seasons. the challenge of cholera surveillance is exacerbated by the cost of sample collection and laboratory analysis. a diagnostic tool is needed that is low cost, easy-to-use, and able to detect and quantify vibrio cholerae accurately in water samples within 18-24h, and perform reliably in remote settings lacking laboratory infrastructure and skilled staff. the two main objectives of this study were ... | 2017 | 28007529 |
| nitrosative stress response in vibrio cholerae: role of s-nitrosoglutathione reductase. | vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, poses serious threats to humans worldwide. v. cholerae faces host inflammatory response and encounters nitrosative stress before establishing successful colonization. it is not clear how v. cholerae combats nitric oxide and reactive nitrogen species. in the present study, we used three clinical strains of v. cholerae and tested their nitrosative stress response pattern towards sodium nitroprusside (snp) and s-nitrosoglutathione (gsno). among them, ... | 2016 | 28000045 |
| cholera rapid test with enrichment step has diagnostic performance equivalent to culture. | cholera rapid diagnostic tests (rdt) could play a central role in outbreak detection and surveillance in low-resource settings, but their modest performance has hindered their broad adoption. the addition of an enrichment step may improve test specificity. we describe the results of a prospective diagnostic evaluation of the crystal vc rdt (span diagnostics, india) with enrichment step and of culture, each compared to polymerase chain reaction (pcr), during a cholera outbreak in south sudan. rdt ... | 2016 | 27992488 |
| origins of pandemic vibrio cholerae from environmental gene pools. | some microorganisms can transition from an environmental lifestyle to a pathogenic one(1-3). this ecological switch typically occurs through the acquisition of horizontally acquired virulence genes(4,5). however, the genomic features that must be present in a population before the acquisition of virulence genes and emergence of pathogenic clones remain unknown. we hypothesized that virulence adaptive polymorphisms (vaps) circulate in environmental populations and are required for this transition ... | 2016 | 27991885 |
| ribavirin suppresses bacterial virulence by targeting lysr-type transcriptional regulators. | targeting bacterial virulence mechanisms without compromising bacterial growth is a promising strategy to prevent drug resistance. lysr-type transcriptional regulators (lttrs) possess structural conservation across bacterial species and regulate virulence in numerous pathogens, making them attractive targets for antimicrobial agents. we targeted aphb, a vibrio cholerae lttr, which regulates the expression of genes encoding cholera toxin and toxin-co-regulated pilus for inhibitor designing. since ... | 2016 | 27991578 |
| polymer-based oral rehydration solution for treating acute watery diarrhoea. | acute diarrhoea is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality among children in low-income countries. glucose-based oral rehydration solution (ors) helps replace fluid and prevent further dehydration from acute diarrhoea. since 2004, the world health organization (who) has recommended the osmolarity of less than 270 mosm/l (ors ≤ 270) versus greater than 310 mosm/l formulation (ors ≥ 310). polymer-based ors (for example, prepared using rice or wheat) slowly releases glucose and may be sup ... | 2016 | 27959472 |
| efficient and flexible preparation of biosynthetic microperoxidases. | heme peptides and their derivatives, also called microperoxidases (mps), are employed as heme protein active site models, catalysts, and charge-transfer chromophores. in this work, two approaches to the biosynthesis of novel mps are described. in one method, heme peptides are expressed as c-terminal tags to the protein azurin and the mp is liberated by proteolytic cleavage by an endopeptidase. in an alternative approach, heme peptides are expressed as n-terminal tags to the cysteine protease dom ... | 2017 | 27957837 |
| genomic profile of antibiotic resistant, classical ctxb positive vibrio cholerae o1 biotype el tor isolated in 2003 and 2005 from puri, india: a retrospective study. | to examine eight strains of vibrio cholerae o1 isolated in 2003 and 2005 from puri, india, for antibiotic susceptibility, presence of virulence and regulatory genes, cholera toxin (ct) production, ctx arrangement and genomic profiles. | 2017 | 27934824 |
| haitian variant tcpa in vibrio cholerae o1 el tor strains in national capital region (india). | | 2016 | 27934812 |
| comparison of antibody immobilization strategies in detection of vibrio cholerae by surface plasmon resonance. | surface plasmon resonance immunosensor for the detection of bacterial cells was first reported in 1998 with high detection limit as much as 10(7 )cfu/ml. since then, many efforts have been made aiming to lower the detection limit and improve the sensitivity of detection. the aim of this study was to compare the effect of four most frequently used immobilization strategies, including direct physical adsorption (physisorption), covalent immobilization via self-assembled monolayer (sam) formation, ... | 2016 | 27923270 |
| cross-protection against vibrio cholerae infection by monoclonal antibodies against vibrio vulnificus rtxa1/martxvv. | gram-negative vibrio species secrete multifunctional autoprocessing repeats-in-toxin (martx) toxins associated with bacterial pathogenesis. here, the cross-reactivity and cross-protectivity of mabs against v. vulnificus rtxa1/martxvv was evaluated. passive administration of any of these mabs (21ra, 24ra, 46ra, 47ra and 50ra) provided strong protection against lethal v. cholerae infection. interestingly, 24ra and 46ra, which map to the cysteine protease domain of v. cholerae martxvc , inhibited c ... | 2016 | 27921342 |
| kinetics of antibody-secreting cell and fecal iga responses after oral cholera vaccination in different age groups in a cholera endemic country. | immune responses to oral enteric vaccines in children and infants may be influenced by factors such as age, previous priming with related microorganisms and breast feeding. in this study, we aimed to determine optimal time points to assess immune responses to oral enteric vaccines in different clinical specimens. this was done by investigating antibody secreting cell (asc) and fecal antibody responses on different days after vaccination using the licensed oral cholera vaccine dukoral, containing ... | 2017 | 27916412 |
| effects of chromosomal deletion of the operon encoding the multiple resistance and ph-related antiporter in vibrio cholerae. | to examine the possible physiological significance of mrp, a multi-subunit cation/proton antiporter from vibrio cholerae, a chromosomal deletion δmrp of v. cholerae was constructed and characterized. the resulting mutant showed a consistent early growth defect in lb broth that became more evident at elevated ph of the growth medium and increasing na+ or k+ loads. after 24 h incubation, these differences disappeared likely due to the concerted effort of other cation pumps in the mrp mutant. pheno ... | 2016 | 27902431 |
| selective and efficient elimination of vibrio cholerae with a chemical modulator that targets glucose metabolism. | vibrio cholerae, a gram-negative bacterium, is the causative agent of pandemic cholera. previous studies have shown that the survival of the seventh pandemic el tor biotype v. cholerae strain n16961 requires production of acetoin in a glucose-rich environment. the production of acetoin, a neutral fermentation end-product, allows v. cholerae to metabolize glucose without a ph drop, which is mediated by the production of organic acid. this finding suggests that inhibition of acetoin fermentation c ... | 2016 | 27900286 |
| quorum regulated resistance of vibrio cholerae against environmental bacteriophages. | predation by bacteriophages can significantly influence the population structure of bacterial communities. vibrio cholerae the causative agent of cholera epidemics interacts with numerous phages in the aquatic ecosystem, and in the intestine of cholera patients. seasonal epidemics of cholera reportedly collapse due to predation of the pathogen by phages. however, it is not clear how sufficient number of the bacteria survive to seed the environment in the subsequent epidemic season. we found that ... | 2016 | 27892495 |
| whole-genome enrichment provides deep insights into vibrio cholerae metagenome from an african river. | the detection and typing of vibrio cholerae in natural aquatic environments encounter major methodological challenges related to the fact that the bacterium is often present in environmental matrices at very low abundance in nonculturable state. this study applied, for the first time to our knowledge, a whole-genome enrichment (wge) and next-generation sequencing (ngs) approach for direct genotyping and metagenomic analysis of low abundant v. cholerae dna (<50 genome unit/l) from natural water c ... | 2017 | 27888291 |
| phenotypic and antibiogram pattern of v. cholerae isolates from a tertiary care hospital in mumbai during 2004-2013: a retrospective cross-sectional study. | cholera is a major gastroenteric disease with reports on fluctuation and resistance. hence, the objective is to determine the trend in seasonality, resistance pattern, prevalent biotypes, serotypes and phage types between 2004 and 2013 among vibrio cholerae isolates. | 2016 | 27888174 |
| biogeochemical and hydrological drivers of the dynamics of vibrio species in two patagonian estuaries. | the ecology of the most relevant vibrio species for human health and their relation to water quality and biogeochemistry were studied in two estuaries in argentinian patagonia. vibrio cholerae and vibrio parahaemolyticus were reported in >29% of cases at the río colorado and río negro estuaries. neither the pandemic serogroups of vibrio cholerae o1, vibrio cholerae o139 nor the cholera toxin gene were detected in this study. however, several strains of v. cholerae (not o1 or o139) are able to ca ... | 2017 | 27871750 |
| high genetic diversity of vibrio cholerae in the european lake neusiedler see is associated with intensive recombination in the reed habitat and the long-distance transfer of strains. | coastal marine vibrio cholerae populations usually exhibit high genetic diversity. to assess the genetic diversity of abundant v. cholerae non-o1/non-o139 populations in the central european lake neusiedler see, we performed a phylogenetic analysis based on reca, toxr, gyrb and pyrh loci sequenced for 472 strains. the strains were isolated from three ecologically different habitats in a lake that is a hot-spot of migrating birds and an important bathing water. we also analyzed 76 environmental a ... | 2017 | 27871138 |
| origins of the current seventh cholera pandemic. | vibrio cholerae has caused seven cholera pandemics since 1817, imposing terror on much of the world, but bacterial strains are currently only available for the sixth and seventh pandemics. the el tor biotype seventh pandemic began in 1961 in indonesia, but did not originate directly from the classical biotype sixth-pandemic strain. previous studies focused mainly on the spread of the seventh pandemic after 1970. here, we analyze in unprecedented detail the origin, evolution, and transition to pa ... | 2016 | 27849586 |
| calcium enhances bile salt-dependent virulence activation in vibrio cholerae. | vibrio cholerae is the causative bacteria of the diarrheal disease cholera, but it also persists in aquatic environments, where it displays an expression profile that is distinct from that during infection. upon entry into the host, a tightly regulated circuit coordinates the induction of two major virulence factors: cholera toxin and a toxin-coregulated pilus (tcp). it has been shown that a set of bile salts, including taurocholate, serve as host signals to activate v. cholerae virulence throug ... | 2017 | 27849180 |
| the live attenuated cholera vaccine cvd 103-hgr primes responses to the toxin-coregulated pilus antigen tcpa in subjects challenged with wild-type vibrio cholerae. | one potential advantage of live attenuated bacterial vaccines is the ability to stimulate responses to antigens which are only expressed during the course of infection. to determine whether the live attenuated cholera vaccine cvd 103-hgr (vaxchora) results in antibody responses to the in vivo-induced toxin-coregulated pilus antigen tcpa, we measured iga and igg responses to vibrio cholerae o1 el tor tcpa in a subset of participants in a recently reported experimental challenge study. participant ... | 2017 | 27847368 |
| a genomic island in vibrio cholerae with vpi-1 site-specific recombination characteristics contains crispr-cas and type vi secretion modules. | cholera is a devastating diarrhoeal disease caused by certain strains of serogroup o1/o139 vibrio cholerae. mobile genetic elements such as genomic islands (gis) have been pivotal in the evolution of o1/o139 v. cholerae. perhaps the most important gi involved in cholera disease is the v. cholerae pathogenicity island 1 (vpi-1). this gi contains the toxin-coregulated pilus (tcp) gene cluster that is necessary for colonization of the human intestine as well as being the receptor for infection by t ... | 2016 | 27845364 |
| non-cholera vibrios: the microbial barometer of climate change. | there is a growing interest in the role of climate change in driving the spread of waterborne infectious diseases, such as those caused by bacterial pathogens. one particular group of pathogenic bacteria - vibrios - are a globally important cause of diseases in humans and aquatic animals. these gram-negative bacteria, including the species vibrio vulnificus, vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio cholerae, grow in warm, low-salinity waters, and their abundance in the natural environment mirrors ambi ... | 2017 | 27843109 |
| vibrio cholerae non-o1, non-o139 bacteraemia associated with pneumonia, italy 2016. | this paper describes an elderly male patient, living in the veneto region, italy, who developed vibrio cholerae bacteraemia and pneumonia. some days previously, while on holiday in the lagoon of venice, he had been collecting clams in seawater, during which he suffered small abrasions of the skin. on admission to hospital, he was confused, had fever and a cough, but neither diarrhoea nor signs of gastroenteritis were found. both blood and stool cultures grew v. cholerae of non-o1 non-o-139 type, ... | 2017 | 27837335 |
| antimicrobial susceptibility of autochthonous aquatic vibrio cholerae in haiti. | we investigated the antimicrobial susceptibility of 50 environmental isolates of vibrio cholerae non-o1/non-o139 collected in surface waters in haiti in july 2012, during an active cholera outbreak. a panel of 16 antibiotics was tested on the isolates using the disk diffusion method and pcr detection of seven resistance-associated genes (stra/b, sul1/2, erma/b, and mefa). all isolates were susceptible to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cefotaxime, imipenem, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, amikacin, and ... | 2016 | 27818656 |
| achievements and challenges for the use of killed oral cholera vaccines in the global stockpile era. | cholera remains an important but neglected public health threat, affecting the health of the poorest populations and imposing substantial costs on public health systems. cholera can be eliminated where access to clean water, sanitation, and satisfactory hygiene practices are sustained, but major improvements in infrastructure continue to be a distant goal. new developments and trends of cholera disease burden, the creation of affordable oral cholera vaccines (ocvs) for use in developing countrie ... | 2017 | 27813703 |
| characterization of the gluconate utilization system of vibrio cholerae with special reference to virulence modulation. | orthologs search identified that the vibrio cholerae gluconate (gnt) utilization system minimally consisted of the entner-doudoroff (ed) pathway (edd and eda) and three other genes, namely gntu, gntk and gntr this system appeared unique by genomic organization of component genes into two operons transcribed in opposite directions. in silico analysis indicated gntu as an inner-membrane protein functioning for transport and gntk as a kinase with cytosolic localization that generates gnt6p, which i ... | 2016 | 27650573 |
| transmission of infectious vibrio cholerae through drinking water among the household contacts of cholera patients (chobi7 trial). | recurrent cholera causes significant morbidity and mortality among the growing population of dhaka, the capital city of bangladesh. previous studies have demonstrated that household contacts of cholera patients are at >100 times higher risk of cholera during the week after the presentation of the index patient. our prospective study investigated the mode of transmission of vibrio cholerae, the cause of cholera, in the households of cholera patients in dhaka city. out of the total 420 rectal swab ... | 2016 | 27803695 |
| occurrence of vibrio parahaemolyticus, vibrio cholerae and vibrio vulnificus in the clam ruditapes philippinarum (adams & reeve, 1850) from emilia romagna and sardinia, italy. | marine vibrios, vibrio parahaemolyticus, v. vulnificus and v. cholerae are responsible of the majority of food-borne human infections by consumption of bivalve shellfish. the aim of the present study was to ascertain the occurrence of these bacteria, and their potential pathogenicity, in the manila clam r. philippinarum from emilia romagna (er) and sardinia (sr) regions, italy. isolation was performed on chromagar(tm) vibrio with subculture on (thiosulfate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose) agar and m- ... | 2016 | 27800436 |
| anoctamin 6 contributes to cl- secretion in accessory cholera enterotoxin (ace)-stimulated diarrhea: an essential role for phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (pip2) signaling in cholera. | accessory cholera enterotoxin (ace) of vibrio cholerae has been shown to contribute to diarrhea. however, the signaling mechanism and specific type of cl(-) channel activated by ace are still unknown. we have shown here that the recombinant ace protein induced icl of apical plasma membrane, which was inhibited by classical cacc blockers. surprisingly, an ace-elicited rise of current was neither affected by ano1 (tmem16a)-specific inhibitor t16a(inh)-ao1(tao1) nor by the cystic fibrosis transmemb ... | 2016 | 27799301 |
| a plant from the altiplano of northern chile senecio nutans, inhibits the vibrio cholerae pathogen. | in the altiplano of northern chile the plant senecio nutans is habitually used as an infusion to relieve the effects of altitude sickness (locally known as "puna"). it is also used to alleviate the bronchitis, whooping cough, asthma, stomachache, tiredness and fever. the extreme conditions under which these plant grow and scientific data that shows the inhibiting potential of the essential oils of plants of the genus senecio represents great potential in the study of their application to control ... | 2016 | 27795930 |
| immunity provided by an outer membrane vesicle cholera vaccine is due to o-antigen-specific antibodies inhibiting bacterial motility. | an outer membrane vesicle (omv)-based cholera vaccine is highly efficacious in preventing intestinal colonization in the suckling mouse model. immunity from omvs comes from immunoglobulin (ig), particularly igg, in the milk of mucosally immunized dams. anti-omv igg renders vibrio cholerae organisms immotile, thus they pass through the small intestine without colonizing. however, the importance of motility inhibition for protection and the mechanism by which motility is inhibited remain unclear. ... | 2017 | 27795359 |
| nanocarriers from gras zein proteins to encapsulate hydrophobic actives. | one factor limiting the expansion of nanomedicines has been the high cost of the materials and processes required for their production. we present a continuous, scalable, low cost nanoencapsulation process, flash nanoprecipitation (fnp) that enables the production of nanocarriers (ncs) with a narrow size distribution using zein corn proteins. zein is a low cost, gras protein (having the fda status of "generally regarded as safe") currently used in food applications, which acts as an effective en ... | 2016 | 27744703 |
| the role of vibrio cholerae haemagglutinin protease (hap) in extra-intestinal infection. | based on the diversity of surface o antigen vibrio cholerae can be classified into 206 serogroups. vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of cholera and extra intestinal infections like, septicemia, wound infection and haemorrhagic reactions. pathogenic factors of v. cholerae extra-intestinal infection are yet to be explored. | 2016 | 27790431 |
| cholera cases cluster in time and space in matlab, bangladesh: implications for targeted preventive interventions. | cholera remains a serious public health threat in asia, africa and in parts of the americas. three world health organization (who) pre-qualified oral cholera vaccines are now available but their supply is limited, so current supplies must be administered strategically. this requires an improved understanding of disease transmission and control strategies. | 2016 | 27789673 |
| complete genome sequences of two marine vibrio cholerae strains isolated from the south coast of sweden. | vibrio cholerae serogroups o1 and o139 are commonly associated with diarrhea, while non-o1-o139 strains may cause wound infections. here, we present the genome sequences of two v. cholerae strains isolated from blue mussels (mytilus edulis) collected in coastal waters of southern sweden. | 2016 | 27789632 |
| adherence to intestinal cells promotes biofilm formation in vibrio cholerae. | vibrio cholerae, the etiological agent of cholera, is known to form biofilms to persist in the environment. it is demonstrated here that even during infection, biofilm genes are upregulated, and microscopic observation indicated that biofilm formation is initiated almost immediately after adherence of v. cholerae to intestinal cells. about 7-fold upregulation of the biofilm regulatory gene vpst was observed within 30 minutes of adherence of v. cholerae to the intestinal cell line int 407, and a ... | 2016 | 27638940 |
| vibrio cholerae laboratory infection of the adult house fly musca domestica. | the present study was designed to test the hypothesis that house flies may be capable of specifically harbouring ingested vibrio cholerae in their digestive tracts. flies were continuously fed green fluorescent protein (gfp)-labelled, non-o1/non-o139 environmental strains of v. cholerae. bacterial burdens were quantitatively measured using plate counts and localization was directly observed using confocal microscopy. vibrio cholerae were present in the fly alimentary canal after just 4 h, and re ... | 2016 | 27444689 |
| non-toxigenic environmental vibrio cholerae o1 strain from haiti provides evidence of pre-pandemic cholera in hispaniola. | vibrio cholerae is ubiquitous in aquatic environments, with environmental toxigenic v. cholerae o1 strains serving as a source for recurrent cholera epidemics and pandemic disease. however, a number of questions remain about long-term survival and evolution of v. cholerae strains within these aquatic environmental reservoirs. through monitoring of the haitian aquatic environment following the 2010 cholera epidemic, we isolated two novel non-toxigenic (ctxa/b-negative) vibrio cholerae o1. these t ... | 2016 | 27786291 |
| characterization of vibrio cholerae isolates from 1976 to 2013 in shandong province, china. | cholera continues to be a serious public health issue in developing countries. we analyzed the epidemiological data of cholera from 1976 to 2013 in shandong province, an eastern coastal area of china. a total of 250 vibrio cholerae isolates were selected for pcr analysis of virulence genes and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge). the analysis of the virulence genes showed that the positive rates for tcpa and tcpi were the highest among strains from the southwest region, which had the highest ... | 2017 | 27780663 |
| a monoclonal antibody that targets the conserved core/lipid a region of lipopolysaccharide affects motility and reduces intestinal colonization of both classical and el tor vibrio cholerae biotypes. | vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of cholera, an acute diarrheal disease that remains endemic in many parts of the world. the mechanisms underlying immunity to cholera remain poorly defined, though it is increasingly clear that protection is associated with antibodies against lipopolysaccharide (lps). here we report that zac-3, a monoclonal antibody against the core/lipid a region of v. cholerae lps is a potent inhibitor of v. cholerae flagellum-based motility in viscous and liquid environm ... | 2016 | 27773473 |
| in silico identification of outer membrane protein (omp) and subunit vaccine design against pathogenic vibrio cholerae. | virulence-related outer membrane proteins (omps) are expressed in bacteria (gram-negative) such as v. cholerae and are vital to bacterial invasion in to eukaryotic cell and survival within macrophages that could be best candidate for development of vaccine against v. cholerae. applying in silico approaches, the 3-d model of the omp was developed using swiss model server and validated byprosa and procheck web server. the continuous stretch of amino acid sequences 26mer: rtrsnsglltwgdkqtitleygdpal ... | 2016 | 27769003 |
| travel-associated vibrio cholerae o1 el tor, russia. | | 2016 | 27767910 |
| effectiveness of one dose of oral cholera vaccine in response to an outbreak: a case-cohort study. | oral cholera vaccines represent a new effective tool to fight cholera and are licensed as two-dose regimens with 2-4 weeks between doses. evidence from previous studies suggests that a single dose of oral cholera vaccine might provide substantial direct protection against cholera. during a cholera outbreak in may, 2015, in juba, south sudan, the ministry of health, médecins sans frontières, and partners engaged in the first field deployment of a single dose of oral cholera vaccine to enhance the ... | 2016 | 27765293 |
| a five-year study on the epidemiological approaches to cholera in iran. | cholera is considered a key indicator of social development but still is reported in various cities of iran. the present study aimed to analyze the available information regarding cholera outbreaks since 2010 in iran. | 2016 | 27757199 |
| toxigenic vibrio cholerae o1 in vegetables and fish raised in wastewater irrigated fields and stabilization ponds during a non-cholera outbreak period in morogoro, tanzania: an environmental health study. | cholera, one of the world's deadliest infectious diseases, remains rampant and frequent in tanzania and thus hinders existing control measures. the present study was undertaken to evaluate the occurrence of toxigenic vibrio cholerae o1 in wastewater, fish and vegetables during a non-outbreak period in morogoro, tanzania. | 2016 | 27756420 |
| rapid dipstick detection of vibrio cholerae in household stored and municipal water in dhaka, bangladesh: chobi7 trial. | in urban dhaka, bangladesh, 30% of source water samples collected from the households of patients with cholera had detectable vibrio cholerae. these findings indicate an urgent need for a public health intervention for this population. the crystal vc(®) dipstick test is a rapid method for detecting v. cholerae in stool and water. however, to date no study has investigated the use of the rapid dipstick test for household surveillance of stored drinking water. | 2017 | 27754582 |
| genome-wide biases in the rate and molecular spectrum of spontaneous mutations in vibrio cholerae and vibrio fischeri. | the vast diversity in nucleotide composition and architecture among bacterial genomes may be partly explained by inherent biases in the rates and spectra of spontaneous mutations. bacterial genomes with multiple chromosomes are relatively unusual but some are relevant to human health, none more so than the causative agent of cholera, vibrio cholerae here, we present the genome-wide mutation spectra in wild-type and mismatch repair (mmr) defective backgrounds of two vibrio species, the low-%gc sq ... | 2017 | 27744412 |
| no-go zones for mariner transposition. | the property of transposons to randomly insert into target dna has long been exploited for generalized mutagenesis and forward genetic screens. newer applications that monitor the relative abundance of each transposon insertion in large libraries of mutants can be used to evaluate the roles in cellular fitness of all genes of an organism, provided that transposition is in fact random across all genes. in a recent article, kimura and colleagues identified an important exception to the latter assu ... | 2016 | 27729512 |
| cholera. | cholera is an acute disease of the gastrointestinal tract caused by vibrio cholerae. cholera was localized in asia until 1817, when a first pandemic spread from india to several other regions of the world. after this appearance, six additional major pandemics occurred during the 19th and 20th centuries, the latest of which originated in indonesia in the 1960s and is still ongoing. in 1854, a cholera outbreak in soho, london, was investigated by the english physician john snow (1813 to 1858). he ... | 2016 | 27726771 |
| major shift of toxigenic v. cholerae o1 from ogawa to inaba serotype isolated from clinical and environmental samples in haiti. | in october of 2010, an outbreak of cholera was confirmed in haiti for the first time in more than a century. a single clone of toxigenic vibrio cholerae o1 biotype el tor serotype ogawa strain was implicated as the cause. five years after the onset of cholera, in october, 2015, we have discovered a major switch (ranging from 7 to 100%) from ogawa serotype to inaba serotype. furthermore, using wbet gene sequencing and comparative sequence analysis, we now demonstrate that, among 2013 and 2015 ina ... | 2016 | 27716803 |
| quantification of vibrio species in oysters from the gulf of mexico with two procedures based on mpn and pcr. | oysters can accumulate potentially pathogenic water bacteria. the objective of this study was to compare two procedures to quantify vibrio species present in oysters to determine the most sensitive method. we analyzed oyster samples from the gulf of mexico, commercialized in mexico city. the samples were inoculated in tubes with alkaline peptone water (apw), based on three tubes and four dilutions (10(-1) to 10(-4)). from these tubes, the first quantification of vibrio species was performed (mos ... | 2016 | 27709461 |
| retrospective analysis of serotype switching of vibrio cholerae o1 in a cholera endemic region shows it is a non-random process. | genomic data generated from clinical vibrio cholerae o1 isolates collected over a five year period in an area of kolkata, india with seasonal cholera outbreaks allowed a detailed genetic analysis of serotype switching that occurred from ogawa to inaba and back to ogawa. the change from ogawa to inaba resulted from mutational disruption of the methyltransferase encoded by the wbet gene. re-emergence of the ogawa serotype was found to result either from expansion of an already existing ogawa clade ... | 2016 | 27706170 |
| chlorination of household drinking water among cholera patients' households to prevent transmission of toxigenic vibrio cholerae in dhaka, bangladesh: chobi7 trial. | household members of cholera patients are at a 100 times higher risk of cholera infections than the general population because of shared contaminated drinking water sources and secondary transmission through poor household hygiene practices. in this study, we investigated the bactericidal concentration of free chlorine required to inactivate vibrio cholerae in household drinking water in dhaka, bangladesh. in laboratory experiments, we found that the concentrations of free chlorine required to i ... | 2016 | 27698273 |
| intrinsic gtpase activity of a ribosomal maturation protein cgta is associated with its inter-domain movement: insights from md simulations and biochemical studies. | cgta is an essential ribosome associated gtpase protein of bacteria. it has three domains, viz., obg, gtpase, and c-terminal domain. it is a multifunctional protein and it is being considered as a potential drug target against bacterial infections. despite the importance, cgta's action mechanisms are not well known which warrants further study. towards that goal, we are pursuing biochemical and computational studies in vibrio cholerae cgta (cgtavc). biochemically we found that a single amino aci ... | 2016 | 27677930 |
| role of a sensor histidine kinase chis of vibrio cholerae in pathogenesis. | vibrio cholera survival in an aquatic environment depends on chitin utilization pathway that requires two factors, chitin binding protein and chitinases. the chitinases and the chitin utilization pathway are regulated by a two-component sensor histidine kinase chis in v. cholerae. in recent studies these two factors are also shown to be involved in v. cholerae pathogenesis. however, the role played by their upstream regulator chis in pathogenesis is yet to be known. in this study, we investigate ... | 2016 | 27670078 |
| single nucleotide polymorphisms in regulator-encoding genes have an additive effect on virulence gene expression in a vibrio cholerae clinical isolate. | vibrio cholerae is the etiological agent of the infectious disease cholera, which is characterized by vomiting and severe watery diarrhea. recently, v. cholerae clinical isolates have demonstrated increased virulence capabilities, causing more severe symptoms with a much higher rate of disease progression than previously observed. we have identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) in four virulence-regulatory genes (hapr, hns, luxo, and viea) of a hypervirulent v. cholerae clinical isolat ... | 2017 | 27668288 |
| catalases and phob/phor system independently contribute to oxidative stress resistance in vibrio cholerae o1. | all cells are subjected to oxidative stress, a condition under which reactive oxygen species (ros) production exceeds elimination. bacterial defences against ros include synthesis of antioxidant enzymes like peroxidases and catalases. vibrio cholerae can produce two distinct catalases, katb and katg, which contribute to ros homeostasis. in this study, we analysed the mechanism behind katg and katb expression in two v. cholerae o1 pandemic strains, o395 and n16961, of classical and el tor biotype ... | 2016 | 27665757 |
| disease dynamics in a coupled cholera model linking within-host and between-host interactions. | a new modelling framework is proposed to study the within-host and between-host dynamics of cholera, a severe intestinal infection caused by the bacterium vibrio cholerae. the within-host dynamics are characterized by the growth of highly infectious vibrios inside the human body. these vibrios shed from humans contribute to the environmental bacterial growth and the transmission of the disease among humans, providing a link from the within-host dynamics at the individual level to the between-hos ... | 2017 | 27646159 |
| strong ph dependence of coupling efficiency of the na+ - translocating nadh:quinone oxidoreductase (na+-nqr) of vibrio cholerae. | the na+-translocating nadh:quinone oxidoreductase (nqr) is the entry site for electrons into the respiratory chain of vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera disease. nqr couples the electron transfer from nadh to ubiquinone to the translocation of sodium ions across the membrane. we investigated the ph dependence of electron transfer and generation of a transmembrane voltage (δψ) by nqr reconstituted in liposomes with na+ or li+ as coupling cation. δψ formation was followed with the vol ... | 2017 | 27639271 |
| thiol-based switch mechanism of virulence regulator aphb modulates oxidative stress response in vibrio cholerae. | bacterial pathogens display versatile gene expression to adapt to changing surroundings. for example, vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, utilizes distinct genetic programs to combat reactive oxygen species (ros) in aquatic environments or during host infection. we previously reported that the virulence activator aphb in v. cholerae is involved in ros resistance. here by performing a genetic screen, we show that aphb represses ros resistance gene ohra, which is also repressed by ano ... | 2016 | 27625149 |
| total synthesis of the complete protective antigen of vibrio cholerae o139. | the first chemical synthesis of the complete protective o-antigen of a human-disease-causing pathogenic bacterium is described. the synthesis involved a protecting-group strategy that facilitated the regioselectivity of the key transformations, stereoselective glycosylation reactions, and enabled the one-step global deprotection of the completely assembled, fully protected, phosphorylated hexasaccharide by hydrogenation/hydrogenolysis. the final amino-group-functionalized, linker-equipped antige ... | 2016 | 27623688 |
| genetic studies of vibrio cholerae in south west cameroon-a phylogenetic analysis of isolates from the 2010-2011 epidemic. | during the cholera outbreak from 2010 to 2011 in cameroon, 33,192 cases with 1,440 deaths (case fatality ratio 4.34%) were reported to the world health organization. of these, the south west region reported 3,120 clinical cases. this region is in the equatorial monsoon climatic subzone of cameroon, close to the coast, raising questions as to whether cases were linked with development of environmental reservoirs. | 2016 | 27617169 |
| redox pathway sensing bile salts activates virulence gene expression in vibrio cholerae. | vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of the severe diarrheal disease cholera, has evolved signal transduction systems to control co-ordinately the expression of virulence determinants. it was previously shown that the presence of the bile salts glycocholate and taurocholate in the small intestine causes dimerization of the transmembrane transcription factor tcpp by inducing intermolecular disulphide bonds in the tcpp periplasmic domain. in this study, they further investigated the mechanism of h ... | 2016 | 27610607 |
| sialylation transmogrifies human breast and pancreatic cancer cells into 3d multicellular tumor spheroids using cyclic rgd-peptide induced self-assembly. | multicellular tumor spheroids (mts) have been at the forefront of cancer research, designed to mimic tumor-like developmental patterns in vitro. tumor growth in vivo is highly influenced by aberrant cell surface-specific sialoglycan structures on glycoproteins. aberrant sialoglycan patterns that facilitate mts formation are not well defined. matrix-free spheroids from breast mcf-7 and pancreatic panc1 cancer cell lines and their respective tamoxifen (tmx) and gemcitabine (gem) resistant variants ... | 2016 | 27608845 |
| intestinal ameliorative effects of traditional ogi-tutu, vernonia amygdalina and psidium guajava in mice infected with vibrio cholera. | cholera, a severe acute watery diarrhea caused by vibrio cholerae is endemic in nigeria with most cases occurring in the rural areas. in south west nigeria, some individuals resort to alternative treatments such as ogi-tutu, psidium guajava and vernonia amygdalina during infections. the effectiveness of these alternatives in the prevention and treatment of v. cholerae infection requires experimental investigation. | 2016 | 27605980 |
| a rare case of necrotizing fasciitis caused by vibrio cholerae o8 in an immunocompetent patient. | we report a case of necrotizing fasciitis of the leg caused by vibrio cholerae o8 in a 63-year-old immunocompetent man after he had been fishing in a lake on a croatian island. the strain was cytotoxic, invasive and adhesive and contained a fragment of the gene for el tor-like hemolysin (el tor hlya). after surgical and antibiotic treatment, the patient fully recovered. | 2016 | 27604649 |
| 1.65 å resolution structure of the arac-family transcriptional activator toxt from vibrio cholerae. | toxt is an arac-family transcriptional activator protein that controls the expression of key virulence factors in vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera. toxt directly activates the expression of the genes that encode the toxin-coregulated pilus and cholera toxin, and also positively auto-regulates its own expression from the tcp promoter. the crystal structure of toxt has previously been solved at 1.9 å resolution (pdb entry 3gbg). in this study, a crystal structure of toxt at 1.65 å r ... | 2016 | 27599865 |
| development of a multiplex pcr for discrimination of the tlc:rs1:ctx array of vibrio cholerae wave 3 el tor strains. | vibrio cholerae o1 serogroup wave 3 el tor strains are presently prevalent worldwide. the wave 3 el tor strains contain a tlc:rs1:ctx array on chromosome 1, and no element is integrated on chromosome 2. a multiplex pcr optimized to identify the tlc:rs1:ctx array of wave 3 strains has been developed in this study. by using eight primers, the multiplex pcr can identify the characteristic ctx and rs1 array of wave 3 strains from various arrays of strains belonging to other waves. the four amplified ... | 2016 | 27586526 |
| measuring in vitro atpase activity for enzymatic characterization. | adenosine triphosphate-hydrolyzing enzymes, or atpases, play a critical role in a diverse array of cellular functions. these dynamic proteins can generate energy for mechanical work, such as protein trafficking and degradation, solute transport, and cellular movements. the protocol described here is a basic assay for measuring the in vitro activity of purified atpases for functional characterization. proteins hydrolyze atp in a reaction that results in inorganic phosphate release, and the amount ... | 2016 | 27584824 |
| the nucleoid binding protein h-ns biases genome-wide transposon insertion landscapes. | transposon insertion sequencing (tis; also known as tnseq) is a potent approach commonly used to comprehensively define the genetic loci that contribute to bacterial fitness in diverse environments. a key presumption underlying analyses of tis datasets is that loci with a low frequency of transposon insertions contribute to fitness. however, it is not known whether factors such as nucleoid binding proteins can alter the frequency of transposon insertion and thus whether tis output may systematic ... | 2016 | 27578758 |
| chemotaxis cluster 1 proteins form cytoplasmic arrays in vibrio cholerae and are stabilized by a double signaling domain receptor dosm. | nearly all motile bacterial cells use a highly sensitive and adaptable sensory system to detect changes in nutrient concentrations in the environment and guide their movements toward attractants and away from repellents. the best-studied bacterial chemoreceptor arrays are membrane-bound. many motile bacteria contain one or more additional, sometimes purely cytoplasmic, chemoreceptor systems. vibrio cholerae contains three chemotaxis clusters (i, ii, and iii). here, using electron cryotomography, ... | 2016 | 27573843 |
| a signal-amplified electrochemical dna biosensor incorporated with a colorimetric internal control for vibrio cholerae detection using shelf-ready reagents. | a novel enzyme/nanoparticle-based dna biosensing platform with dual colorimetric/electrochemical approach has been developed for the sequence-specific detection of the bacterium vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of acute diarrheal disease in cholera. this assay platform exploits the use of shelf-stable and ready-to-use (shelf-ready) reagents to greatly simplify the bioanalysis procedures, allowing the assay platform to be more amenable to point-of-care applications. to assure maximum diagnosi ... | 2017 | 27567251 |
| cell division licensing in the multi-chromosomal vibrio cholerae bacterium. | cell division must be coordinated with chromosome replication and segregation to ensure the faithful transmission of genetic information during proliferation. in most bacteria, assembly of the division apparatus, the divisome, starts with the polymerization of a tubulin homologue, ftsz, into a ring-like structure at mid-cell, the z-ring(1). it typically occurs at half of the cell cycle when most of the replication and segregation cycle of the unique chromosome they generally harbour is achieved( ... | 2016 | 27562255 |
| rugose atypical vibrio cholerae o1 el tor responsible for 2009 cholera outbreak in india. | vibrio cholerae causes cholera outbreaks in endemic regions where the water quality and sanitation facilities remain poor. apart from biotype and serotype changes, v. cholerae undergoes phase variation, which results in the generation of two morphologically different variants termed smooth and rugose. in this study, 12 rugose (r-vc) and 6 smooth (s-vc) v. cholerae o1 ogawa isolates were identified in a cholera outbreak that occurred in hyderabad, india. antimicrobial susceptibility results showe ... | 2016 | 27561681 |
| phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity in vibrio cholerae o139 isolated from cholera cases in delhi, india during 2001-2006. | incidence of epidemic vibrio cholerae serogroup o139 has declined in cholera endemic countries. however, sporadic cholera caused by v. cholerae o139 with notable genetic changes is still reported from many regions. in the present study, 42 v. cholerae o139 strains isolated from 2001 to 2006 in delhi, india, were retrospectively analyzed to understand their phenotype and molecular characteristics. the majority of isolates were resistant to ampicillin, furazolidone and nalidixic acid. though the i ... | 2016 | 27555841 |
| vibrio cholerae biofilm growth program and architecture revealed by single-cell live imaging. | biofilms are surface-associated bacterial communities that are crucial in nature and during infection. despite extensive work to identify biofilm components and to discover how they are regulated, little is known about biofilm structure at the level of individual cells. here, we use state-of-the-art microscopy techniques to enable live single-cell resolution imaging of a vibrio cholerae biofilm as it develops from one single founder cell to a mature biofilm of 10,000 cells, and to discover the f ... | 2016 | 27555592 |
| vibrio cholerae leuo links the toxr regulon to expression of lipid a remodeling genes. | vibrio cholerae is an intestinal pathogen that causes the diarrheal disease cholera. colonization of the intestine depends upon the expression of genes that allow v. cholerae to overcome host barriers, including low ph, bile acids, and the innate immune system. toxr is a major contributor to this process. toxr is a membrane-spanning transcription factor that coordinates gene expression in response to environmental cues. in previous work we showed that toxr upregulated leuo expression in response ... | 2016 | 27550934 |
| molecular evolution and functional divergence of vibrio cholerae. | the purpose of this review is to synopsize and highlight the recent subtle genetic changes in cholera causing toxigenic vibrio cholerae with special reference to their virulence, integrating and conjugative elements and toxin-antitoxin systems. it is not intended to cover issues on the whole genome sequence and epidemiology of cholera. | 2016 | 27537830 |
| vibrio cholerae o1 imported from iraq to kuwait, 2015. | | 2016 | 27532267 |
| vibriosis, not cholera: toxigenic vibrio cholerae non-o1, non-o139 infections in the united states, 1984-2014. | toxigenic strains of vibrio cholerae serogroups o1 and o139 have caused cholera epidemics, but other serogroups - such as o75 or o141 - can also produce cholera toxin and cause severe watery diarrhoea similar to cholera. we describe 31 years of surveillance for toxigenic non-o1, non-o139 infections in the united states and map these infections to the state where the exposure probably originated. while serogroups o75 and o141 are closely related pathogens, they differ in how and where they infect ... | 2016 | 27510301 |
| h-ns: an overarching regulator of the vibrio cholerae life cycle. | vibrio cholerae has become a model organism for studies connecting virulence, pathogen evolution and infectious disease ecology. the coordinate expression of motility, virulence and biofilm enhances its pathogenicity, environmental fitness and fecal-oral transmission. the histone-like nucleoid structuring protein negatively regulates gene expression at multiple phases of the v. cholerae life cycle. here we discuss: (i) the regulatory and structural implications of h-ns chromatin-binding in the t ... | 2017 | 27492955 |
| characterization of vibrio cholerae strains isolated from the nigerian cholera outbreak in 2010. | we examined clinical samples from nigerian patients with acute watery diarrhea for vibrio cholerae during the 2010 cholera outbreak. a total of 109 suspected isolates were characterized, but only 57 v. cholerae strains could be confirmed using multiplex real-time pcr as well as rpob sequencing and typed as v. cholerae o:1 ogawa biotype el tor. this finding highlighted the need for accurate diagnosis of cholera in epidemic countries to implement life-saving interventions. | 2016 | 27487957 |
| effects of tcpb mutations on biogenesis and function of the toxin-coregulated pilus, the type ivb pilus of vibrio cholerae. | vibrio cholerae is the etiological agent of the acute intestinal disorder cholera. the toxin-coregulated pilus (tcp), a type ivb pilus, is an essential virulence factor of v. cholerae recent work has shown that tcpb is a large minor pilin encoded within the tcp operon. tcpb contributes to efficient pilus formation and is essential for all tcp functions. here, we have initiated a detailed targeted mutagenesis approach to further characterize this salient tcp component. we have identified (thus fa ... | 2016 | 27481929 |
| comparative genomic analysis of two isolates of vibrio cholerae o1 ogawa el tor isolated during outbreak in mariupol in 2011. | cholera is a water-borne, severe enteric infection essentially caused by toxigenic strains of vibrio cholera o1 and o139 serogroups. an outbreak of cholera was registered during may-july 2011 in mariupol, ukraine, with 33 cholera cases and 25 carriers of cholera. following this outbreak, the toxigenic strain of v. cholerae 2011el-301 was isolated from seawater in the recreation area of taganrog city on the territory of russia. the aim of our study was to understand genomic features of mariupol i ... | 2016 | 27480918 |
| understanding, monitoring, and controlling biofilm growth in drinking water distribution systems. | in drinking water distribution systems (dwds), biofilms are the predominant mode of microbial growth, with the presence of extracellular polymeric substance (eps) protecting the biomass from environmental and shear stresses. biofilm formation poses a significant problem to the drinking water industry as a potential source of bacterial contamination, including pathogens, and, in many cases, also affecting the taste and odor of drinking water and promoting the corrosion of pipes. this article crit ... | 2016 | 27479445 |
| unique clones of vibrio cholerae o1 el tor with haitian type ctxb allele implicated in the recent cholera epidemics from nigeria, africa. | the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and genetic characteristics of vibrio cholerae o1, which is responsible for several cholera epidemics in nigeria, are not reported in detail since 2007. in this study, we screened v. cholerae o1 el tor biotype isolates from cholera cases and water samples from different states to investigate their phenotypic and genetic attributes with special reference to their clonality. | 2016 | 27479360 |
| multi-scale molecular dynamics study of cholera pentamer binding to a gm1-phospholipid membrane. | the ab5 type toxin produced by the vibrio cholerae bacterium is the causative agent of the cholera disease. the cholera toxin (ct) has been shown to bind specifically to gm1 glycolipids on the membrane surface. this binding of ct to the membrane is the initial step in its endocytosis and has been postulated to cause significant disruption to the membrane structure. in this work, we have carried out a combination of coarse-grain and atomistic simulations to study the binding of ct to a membrane m ... | 2016 | 27474868 |
| sequences of a co-existing sxt element, a chromosomal integron (ci) and an inca/c plasmid and their roles in multidrug resistance in a vibrio cholerae o1 el tor strain. | the ongoing seventh cholera pandemic is attributed to vibrio cholerae o1 el tor biotype strains. although antibiotic therapy ameliorates symptoms in patients and reduces pathogen transfer to the environment, multidrug resistance remains a major clinical threat. an o1 el tor strain isolated from a patient in 1998 was intermediate or resistant to 13 antibiotics and could potentially produce extended-spectrum β-lactamase (esbl), which is very rare in o1 strains. using genome sequencing, three relev ... | 2016 | 27470490 |