| prevalence of enteropathogenic bacteria in treated effluents and receiving water bodies and their potential health risks. | the failure of wastewater treatment plants to produce effluents of a high microbiological quality is a matter of great concern in terms of water resource pollution. a more serious concern is that this water source is used by communities in developing countries for multiple purposes, which include drinking, recreation and agriculture. the current study investigated the prevalence and potential health risks of enteropathogenic bacteria (salmonella typhimurium, shigella dysenteriae and vibrio chole ... | 2015 | 25777950 |
| effect of water storage in silver container on the viability of enteric bacterial pathogens. | silver is one of the heavy metals traditionally played major role in the human life. it is used in the form of ornaments or as containers to store or drink water and other consumable liquids. the study was designed to observe the effect of water storage in silver containers on enteric pathogens. three sets of sterile silver, stainless steel and glass metal screw capped containers were filled with non-chlorinated sterilized well water. one each of the three sets was inoculated with enteric pathog ... | 2012 | 25145073 |
| structure based virtual screening of novel inhibitors against multidrug resistant superbugs. | pathogenic microorganisms are persistently expressing resistance towards present generation antibiotics and are on the verge of joining the superbug family. recent studies revealed that, notorious pathogens such as salmonella typhi, shigella dysenteriae and vibrio cholerae have acquired multiple drug resistance and the treatment became a serious concern. this necessitates an alternative therapeutic solution. present study investigates the utility of computer aided method to study the mechanism o ... | 2012 | 22715312 |
| antimicrobial effects of psidium guajava extract as one mechanism of its antidiarrhoeal action. | a morphine-like spasmolytic action (not naloxone reversible; involving the inhibition of acetylcholine release) and also effects on the transmural transport of electrolytes (na(+) and k(+)) and water have been reported as possible modes of the antidiarrhoeal action of polar fractions of psidium guajava leaf extractives. the objective for this study was to verify if the reported modes of the antidiarrhoeal action should be broadened to include direct antimicrobial actions on some of the more comm ... | 1999 | 22589684 |
| iridoids from canthium subcordatum iso-butanol fraction with potent biological activities. | the continuous emergence of multi-drug-resistant bacteria drastically reduces the efficacy of antibiotic armory and, consequently, increases the frequency of therapeutic failure. the discovery of new antibacterial drugs is an urgent need. the present study reports the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of the methanol extract, fractions and iridoids from canthium subcordatum, a plant traditionally used as antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial. | 2017 | 28056944 |
| anticancer and antibacterial secondary metabolites from the endophytic fungus penicillium sp. cam64 against multi-drug resistant gram-negative bacteria. | the emergence of multiple-drug resistance bacteria has become a major threat and thus calls for an urgent need to search for new effective and safe anti-bacterial agents. | 2016 | 27917206 |
| antibacterial and cytotoxic cytochalasins from the endophytic fungus phomopsis sp. harbored in garcinia kola (heckel) nut. | the continuous emergence of multidrug-resistant (mdr) bacteria drastically reduced the efficacy of our antibiotic armory and consequently, increased the frequency of therapeutic failure. the search for bioactive constituents from endophytic fungi against mdr bacteria became a necessity for alternative and promising strategies, and for the development of novel therapeutic solutions. we report here the isolation and structure elucidation of antibacterial and cytotoxic compounds from phomopsis sp., ... | 2016 | 27842536 |
| complex secondary metabolites from ludwigia leptocarpa with potent antibacterial and antioxidant activities. | diarrhea continues to be one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality among infants and children in developing countries. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of extracts and compounds from ludwigia leptocarpa, a plant traditionally used for its vermifugal, anti-dysenteric, and antimicrobial properties. a methanol extract was prepared by maceration of the dried plant and this was successively extracted with ethyl acetate to obtain ... | 2017 | 27431270 |
| an optofluidic imaging system to measure the biophysical signature of single waterborne bacteria. | in this paper, for the first time, an on-chip optofluidic imaging system is innovated to measure the biophysical signatures of single waterborne bacteria, including both their refractive indices and morphologies (size and shape), based on immersion refractometry. the key features of the proposed optofluidic imaging platform include (1) multiple sites for single-bacterium trapping, which enable parallel measurements to achieve higher throughput, and (2) a chaotic micromixer, which enables efficie ... | 2014 | 25205636 |
| alanine-scanning mutagenesis of wh2 domains of vopf reveals residues important for conferring lethality in a saccharomyces cerevisiae model. | vopf, the type iii effector molecule, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of non-o1, non-o139 strains of vibrio cholerae. it is a protein of 530 amino acids, comprises of one formin homology 1-like (fh1-like) domain and three wasp homology 2 (wh2) domains. previous works have demonstrated that wh2 domains are crucial for vopf function as a modulator of cellular actin homeostasis. furthermore, domain deletion analysis also suggests that vopf variant constituted with only wh2 domain 3 is more ... | 2013 | 23680644 |
| antibiotic resistant salmonella and vibrio associated with farmed litopenaeus vannamei. | salmonella and vibrio species were isolated and identified from litopenaeus vannamei cultured in shrimp farms. shrimp samples showed occurrence of 3.3% of salmonella and 48.3% of vibrio. the isolates were also screened for antibiotic resistance to oxolinic acid, sulphonamides, tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, norfloxacin, ampicillin, doxycycline hydrochloride, erythromycin, chloramphenicol, and nitrofurantoin. salmonella enterica serovar corvallis isolated from shrimp showed individu ... | 2012 | 22619583 |
| the role of flhf and hubp as polar landmark proteins in shewanella putrefaciens cn-32. | spatiotemporal regulation of cell polarity plays a role in many fundamental processes in bacteria and often relies on 'landmark' proteins which recruit the corresponding clients to their designated position. here, we explored the localization of two multi-protein complexes, the polar flagellar motor and the chemotaxis array, in shewanella putrefaciens cn-32. we demonstrate that polar positioning of the flagellar system, but not of the chemotaxis system, depends on the gtpase flhf. in contrast, t ... | 2015 | 26235439 |
| development of lipopolysaccharide-mimicking peptides and their immunoprotectivity against vibrio cholerae serogroup o1. | vibrio cholerae serogroup o1 is the main causative agent of cholera diseases defined by life threatening rice watery diarrhea. cholera routine vaccination has failed in controlling epidemics in developing countries because of their hard and expensive production. in this study, our aim was to investigate phage displayed mimotopes that could mimic v. cholerae lipopolysaccharide (lps). although lps of vibrio, as an endotoxin, can stimulate the immune system, thereby making it a suitable candidate f ... | 2016 | 27766741 |
| simultaneous infection with shigella sonnei and vibrio cholerae in a young child. | a 20-month-old infant presented to the emergency department with diarrhea and vomiting of six days duration. blood, stool and urine specimens were collected for both bacteriological culture and parasitic workup. concurrent infections with both shigella sonnei and vibrio cholerae were determined to be the cause of the infectious diarrhea. this case illustrates the importance of the microbiology laboratory in detecting infrequently seen enteric pathogens. we will also review the pathogenesis and l ... | 2013 | 24432507 |
| local and global consequences of flow on bacterial quorum sensing. | bacteria use a chemical communication process called quorum sensing (qs) to control collective behaviours such as pathogenesis and biofilm formation(1,2). qs relies on the production, release and group-wide detection of signal molecules called autoinducers. to date, studies of bacterial pathogenesis in well-mixed cultures have revealed virulence factors and the regulatory circuits controlling them, including the overarching role of qs(3). although flow is ubiquitous to nearly all living systems( ... | 2016 | 27571752 |
| biological properties and chemical composition of jatropha neopauciflora pax. | ethnopharmacological relevance. jatropha neopauciflora (pax) is an endemic species of the tehuacan- cuicatlan valley, mexico. this species has long been used as a remedy to alleviate illnesses of bacterial, fungal and viral origin. aim of the study. experimentally test the traditional use of jatropha neopauciflora in mexican traditional medicine. | 2017 | 28331913 |
| phytochemical analysis and estimation of major bioactive compounds from triticum aestivum l. grass with antimicrobial potential. | the aim of the present study was to investigate phytochemical analysis, and qualitative and quantitative determination of major bioactive compound present in various organic extracts of t. aestivum l. grass. soxhlet apparatus was used for the extraction purpose using hexane, chloroform, methanol and distilled water as a solvent system. all the extracts derived from t. aestivum showed qualitative presence of major phytochemicals including alkaloids, steroids and cardiac glycosides tannins, flavon ... | 2015 | 26687741 |
| biotechnological potential of the seaweed cladophora rupestris (chlorophyta, cladophorales) lipidic extract. | recently, with the advent of modern technologies, various marine organisms including algae are being studied as sources of natural substances effective on classical microorganisms and able to also combat the new trend of acquired resistance in microbes. in the present study the antimicrobial activity of the lipidic extract of the green seaweed cladophora rupestris collected in a mediterranean area, in two sampling periods (january and april), was assayed. the chemical characterization of the lip ... | 2014 | 24852224 |
| genome-wide fitness and genetic interactions determined by tn-seq, a high-throughput massively parallel sequencing method for microorganisms. | the lagging annotation of bacterial genomes and the inherent genetic complexity of many phenotypes is hindering the discovery of new drug targets and the development of new antimicrobial agents and vaccines. this unit presents tn-seq, a method that has made it possible to quantitatively determine fitness for most genes in a microorganism and to screen for quantitative genetic interactions on a genome-wide scale and in a high-throughput fashion. tn-seq can thus direct studies on the annotation of ... | 2015 | 25641100 |
| multiplex genome editing by natural transformation. | editing bacterial genomes is an essential tool in research and synthetic biology applications. here, we describe multiplex genome editing by natural transformation (mugent), a method for accelerated evolution based on the cotransformation of unlinked genetic markers in naturally competent microorganisms. we found that natural cotransformation allows scarless genome editing at unprecedented frequencies of ∼50%. using dna substrates with randomized nucleotides, we found no evidence for bias during ... | 2014 | 24889608 |
| genome-wide fitness and genetic interactions determined by tn-seq, a high-throughput massively parallel sequencing method for microorganisms. | the lagging annotation of bacterial genomes and the inherent genetic complexity of many phenotypes is hindering the discovery of new drug targets and the development of new antimicrobial agents and vaccines. this unit presents tn-seq, a method that has made it possible to quantitatively determine fitness for most genes in a microorganism and to screen for quantitative genetic interactions on a genome-wide scale and in a high-throughput fashion. tn-seq can thus direct studies on the annotation of ... | 2014 | 24733243 |
| homopolymer tail-mediated ligation pcr: a streamlined and highly efficient method for dna cloning and library construction. | the amplification of dna fragments, cloned between user-defined 5' and 3' end sequences, is a prerequisite step in the use of many current applications including massively parallel sequencing (mps). here we describe an improved method, called homopolymer tail-mediated ligation pcr (html-pcr), that requires very little starting template, minimal hands-on effort, is cost-effective, and is suited for use in high-throughput and robotic methodologies. html-pcr starts with the addition of homopolymer ... | 2013 | 23311318 |
| molecular docking and enzymatic evaluation to identify selective inhibitors of aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase. | microbes that have gained resistance against antibiotics pose a major emerging threat to human health. new targets must be identified that will guide the development of new classes of antibiotics. the selective inhibition of key microbial enzymes that are responsible for the biosynthesis of essential metabolites can be an effective way to counter this growing threat. aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenases (asadhs) produce an early branch point metabolite in a microbial biosynthetic pathway for es ... | 2012 | 22464683 |
| the relationship between glycan binding and direct membrane interactions in vibrio cholerae cytolysin, a channel-forming toxin. | bacterial pore-forming toxins (pfts) are structurally diverse pathogen-secreted proteins that form cell-damaging channels in the membranes of host cells. most pfts are released as water-soluble monomers that first oligomerize on the membrane before inserting a transmembrane channel. to modulate specificity and increase potency, many pfts recognize specific cell surface receptors that increase the local toxin concentration on cell membranes, thereby facilitating channel formation. vibrio cholerae ... | 2015 | 26416894 |
| halophilic and halotolerant actinomycetes from a marine saltern of goa, india producing anti-bacterial metabolites. | marine salterns are estuarine ecosystems in goa, receiving inputs from riverine and marine waters. the salinity fluctuates between 0 and 300 psu which makes it a conducive niche for salt tolerant and salt loving actinomycetales. halotolerant and halophilic actinomycetales producing anti-bacterial metabolites were studied from crystallizer pond sediments of ribandar saltern, goa. three media viz. starch casein, r2a and inorganic salt starch agar at four different salinities (35, 50, 75 and 100 ps ... | 2015 | 25449757 |
| exploring insights for virulent gene inhibition of multidrug resistant salmonella typhi, vibrio cholerae, and staphylococcus areus by potential phytoligands via in silico screening. | in our recent studies on prevalence of multidrug resistant pathogens in byramangala reservoir, karnataka, india, we identified salmonella typhi, staphylococcus aureus, and vibrio cholerae which had acquired multiple drug resistance (mdr) and emerged as superbugs. hence, there is a pressing demand to identify alternative therapeutic remedies. our study focused on the screening of herbal leads by structure-based virtual screening. the virulent gene products of these pathogens towards kanamycin(aph ... | 2014 | 23876154 |
| molecular detection of the three major pathogenic vibrio species from seafood products and sediments in tunisia using real-time pcr. | vibrio spp. have emerged as a serious threat to human health worldwide. v. parahaemolyticus , v. cholerae , and v. vulnificus pose a considerable public health risk in tunisia because they cause sporadic and epidemic foodborne infections associated with the consumption of raw or undercooked contaminated seafood. more recently, toxr-positive v. alginolyticus was also reported to be a potential source of contaminated seafood. a total of 247 samples, including 113 fishes ( labrus viridis , penaeus ... | 2016 | 28221954 |
| world health organization estimates of the relative contributions of food to the burden of disease due to selected foodborne hazards: a structured expert elicitation. | the foodborne disease burden epidemiology reference group (ferg) was established in 2007 by the world health organization (who) to estimate the global burden of foodborne diseases (fbds). this estimation is complicated because most of the hazards causing fbd are not transmitted solely by food; most have several potential exposure routes consisting of transmission from animals, by humans, and via environmental routes including water. this paper describes an expert elicitation study conducted by t ... | 2016 | 26784029 |
| development of triplex real-time pcr and detection of toxoplasma gondii dna in infected mice tissues and spiked human samples. | toxoplasma gondii is an important pathogen in veterinary and human medicine. in this study, a new multiplex taqman real-time pcr for detection of t. gondii dna was developed. this assay consisted of new sets of primers and probes which targeted b1 gene and its-1 region of t. gondii, with vibrio cholera gene as internal control. the b1 gene primers were designed to detect t. gondii rh strain, while the its-1 region primers detected most t. gondii strains. specificity test using common protozoal a ... | 2015 | 26691266 |
| triplex pcr using new primers for the detection of toxoplasma gondii. | molecular methods are used increasingly for the detection of toxoplasma gondii infection. this study developed a rapid, sensitive, and specific conventional triplex pcr for the detection of the b1 gene and its1 region of t. gondii using newly designed primers and an internal control based on the vibrio cholerae hemm gene. the annealing temperature and concentrations of the primers, mgcl(2), and dntps were optimized. two sets of primers (set 1 and 2) were tested, which contained different segment ... | 2012 | 22561042 |
| saharan dust nutrients promote vibrio bloom formation in marine surface waters. | vibrio is a ubiquitous genus of marine bacteria, typically comprising a small fraction of the total microbial community in surface waters, but capable of becoming a dominant taxon in response to poorly characterized factors. iron (fe), often restricted by limited bioavailability and low external supply, is an essential micronutrient that can limit vibrio growth. vibrio species have robust metabolic capabilities and an array of fe-acquisition mechanisms, and are able to respond rapidly to nutrien ... | 2016 | 27162369 |
| occurrence of virulence genes among vibrio cholerae and vibrio parahaemolyticus strains from treated wastewaters. | pathogenic vibrio species are an important cause of foodborne illnesses. the aim of this study was to describe the occurrence of potentially pathogenic vibrio species in the final effluents of a wastewater treatment plant and the risk that they may pose to public health. during the 1-year monitoring, a total of 43 vibrio strains were isolated: 23 vibrio alginolyticus, 1 vibrio cholerae, 4 vibrio vulnificus, and 15 vibrio parahaemolyticus. the pcr investigation of v. parahaemolyticus and v. chole ... | 2014 | 25023745 |
| multiplex pcr assays for the detection of vibrio alginolyticus, vibrio parahaemolyticus, vibrio vulnificus, and vibrio cholerae with an internal amplification control. | a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay that can simultaneously detect 4 major vibrio spp., vibrio alginolyticus, vibrio parahaemolyticus, vibrio vulnificus, and vibrio cholerae, in the presence of an internal amplification control (iac) was developed. species-specific pcr primers were designed based on the gyrb gene for v. alginolyticus, the collagenase gene for v. parahaemolyticus, the vvha gene for v. vulnificus, and the ompw gene for v. cholerae. additionally, an iac primer pair wa ... | 2014 | 24731836 |
| genotypic diversity, antimicrobial resistance and screening of vibrio cholerae molecular virulence markers in vibrio alginolyticus strains recovered from a tunisian ruditapes decussatus hatchery. | in this study, a total of 54 vibrio alginolyticus strains were analyzed. the isolates were recovered from different compartments of the ruditapes decussatus hatchery in the national institute of marine sciences and technologies, monastir, tunisia. all isolates were biochemically identified (api 20e and api zym strips), characterized by amplification of the hsp-40 gene polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and analyzed by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (eric)-based genotyping to evalua ... | 2013 | 24459831 |
| mechanistic and statistical models of total vibrio abundance in the neuse river estuary. | bacteria in the genus vibrio are ubiquitous to estuarine waters worldwide and are often the dominant genus recovered from these environments. this genus contains several potentially pathogenic species, including vibrio vulnificus, vibrio cholerae, vibrio parahaemolyticus, and vibrio alginolyticus. these bacteria have short generation times, as low as 20-30 min, and can thus respond rapidly to changing environmental conditions. a five-parameter mechanistic model was generated based on environment ... | 2013 | 23948561 |
| temporal and spatial distribution patterns of potentially pathogenic vibrio spp. at recreational beaches of the german north sea. | the number of reported vibrio-related wound infections associated with recreational bathing in northern europe has increased within the last decades. in order to study the health risk from potentially pathogenic vibrio spp. in the central wadden sea, the seasonal and spatial distribution of vibrio vulnificus, vibrio parahaemolyticus, vibrio alginolyticus and vibrio cholerae were investigated at ten recreational beaches in this area over a 2-year period. v. alginolyticus and v. parahaemolyticus w ... | 2013 | 23563708 |
| distribution and pathogenic relationship of virulence associated genes among vibrio alginolyticus from the mariculture systems. | vibrio alginolyticus has been confirmed as an important pathogen for aquatic animals. however, the pathogenic mechanism of v. alginolyticus is not completely understood. a total of 31 isolates of v. alginolyticus from sea water, fish and shrimp on the mariculture systems were fingerprinted by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. the pathogenicity of these isolates was tested by challenge and the 21 genes associated with the virulence of vibrio cholerae or vibrio parahaemolyticus were examined in v. ... | 2013 | 23562411 |
| dynamics of vibrio with virulence genes detected in pacific harbor seals (phoca vitulina richardii) off california: implications for marine mammal health. | given their coastal site fidelity and opportunistic foraging behavior, harbor seals (phoca vitulina) may serve as sentinels for coastal ecosystem health. seals using urbanized coastal habitat can acquire enteric bacteria, including vibrio that may affect their health. to understand vibrio dynamics in seals, demographic and environmental factors were tested for predicting potentially virulent vibrio in free-ranging and stranded pacific harbor seals (phoca vitulina richardii) off california. vibri ... | 2013 | 23392641 |
| virulence genes and pathogenicity islands in environmental vibrio strains nonpathogenic to humans. | most vibrio species in autochthonous marine microbial communities, such as vibrio alginolyticus, vibrio harveyi, vibrio anguillarum among others, are considered nonpathogenic for humans. however, because many bacterial virulence genes are located in mobile genetic elements, the acquisition of mobile dna could mediate the appearance of virulent or more virulent strains even in a species defined as nonpathogenic. in this study, we screened a collection of marine nonpathogenic vibrio strains isolat ... | 2012 | 22676367 |
| real-time pcr optimization to identify environmental vibrio spp. strains. | to identify vibrio vulnificus, vibrio cholerae and vibrio alginolyticus using standardized dna extraction method and real-time pcr assays, among a large number of bacterial strains isolated from marine environment. | 2012 | 22639795 |
| transcriptome analysis revealed changes of multiple genes involved in immunity in cynoglossus semilaevis during vibrio anguillarum infection. | half-smooth tongue sole (cynoglossus semilaevis) is one of the most valuable marine aquatic species in northern china. given to the rapid development of aquaculture industry, the c. semilaevis was subjected to disease-causing bacteria vibrio anguillarum. it therefore is indispensable and urgent to understand the mechanism of c. semilaevis host defense against v. anguillarum infection. in the present study, the extensively analysis at the transcriptome level for v. anguillarum disease in tongue s ... | 2015 | 25543033 |
| prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of vibrio spp. in retail and farm shrimps in ecuador. | the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of vibrio spp. in shrimp at retail and in shrimp farms in ecuador and to determine the antimicrobial agent resistance patterns of farm isolates. the presence of genes linked to early mortality syndrome (ems) or acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (ahpnd) also was evaluated. vibrio spp. were isolated from retail shrimps in cuenca, ecuador, and farm shrimps originating from provinces el oro and guayas, ecuador. a total of 229 shrimp sampl ... | 2015 | 26555534 |
| prevalence of vibrio spp. in raw shrimps (parapenaeus longirostris) and performance of a chromogenic medium for the isolation of vibrio strains. | vibrios are natural inhabitants of estuarine ecosystems and some species may pose public health problem as agents of sporadic or collective food-borne infections associated with the consumption of fish or shellfish. samples of raw shrimp (n = 299), fished in coastal areas of the city of agadir, morocco, and collected from its fish marketplace, were examined for the presence of pathogenic vibrios. microbiological analysis was carried out according to a protocol using thiosulphate citrate bile suc ... | 2015 | 26081523 |
| season-specific occurrence of potentially pathogenic vibrio spp. on the southern coast of south korea. | vibrio species are widely distributed in warm estuarine and coastal environments, and they can infect humans through the consumption of raw and mishandled contaminated seafood. in this study, we aimed to isolate and observe the distribution of enteropathogenic vibrio spp. from environments of the southern coast of south korea over a season cycle. a total of 10,983 isolates of vibrio spp. were obtained from tidal water and mud samples over a 1-year period from five sampling sites along the southw ... | 2017 | 27836844 |
| iron chelators inhibit the heme-degradation reaction by hutz from vibrio cholerae. | hutz is a heme-degrading enzyme. we found that the heme-degradation reaction by hutz is inhibited by the iron chelators. kinetic analysis of each heme-degradation step suggests that water molecules hydrogen bonded to thr27 are involved in proton transfer to fe(iii)-oo(-), and that this step is inhibited by iron chelators. | 2017 | 28352909 |
| non-o1/non-o139 vibrio cholerae septicaemia in a saudi man: a case report. | background. the non-o1/non-o139 serogroups of vibrio cholerae occur in diverse natural niches, and usually cause mild and self-limiting gastrointestinal illness. however, they have well-documented potential to cause invasive and extra-intestinal infections among immunocompromised patients. furthermore, their ability to grow in low-salinity surface water, and the existence of asymptomatic human carriers, suggest novel acquisition routes for this unusual infection, even in people without obvious r ... | 2017 | 28348803 |
| vibrio cholerae vcib mediates iron reduction. | vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of the severe diarrheal disease cholera. v. cholerae thrives within the human host where it replicates to high numbers but also persists within the aquatic environments of ocean and brackish water. to survive within these nutritionally diverse environments, v. cholerae must encode the necessary tools to acquire the essential nutrient iron in all forms it may encounter. a prior study of systems involved in iron transport in v. cholerae revealed the existence ... | 2017 | 28348025 |
| environmental fluctuation governs selection for plasticity in biofilm production. | bacteria can grow in a free-swimming state, as planktonic cells, or in surface-attached communities, termed biofilms. the planktonic and biofilm growth modes differ dramatically with respect to spatial constraints, nutrient access, population density and cell-cell interactions. fitness trade-offs underlie how successfully bacteria compete in each of these environments. accordingly, some bacteria have evolved to be specialists in biofilm formation, while others specialize in planktonic growth. th ... | 2017 | 28338673 |
| chloroform-free permeabilization for improved detection of β-galactosidase activity in vibrio cholerae. | lacz (β-galactosidase) is used to monitor the transcription of genes in reporter strains carrying the lacz gene under the control of a promotor of interest. this protocol for lacz activity determinations in vibrio cholerae following detergent lysis results in 2.5-fold increase of lacz activities compared to lysis with chloroform. | 2017 | 28336461 |
| a new class of inhibitors of the arac family virulence regulator vibrio cholerae toxt. | vibrio cholerae is responsible for the diarrheal disease cholera that infects millions of people worldwide. while vaccines protecting against cholera exist, and oral rehydration therapy is an effective treatment method, the disease will remain a global health threat until long-term solutions such as improved sanitation and access to clean water become widely available. because of this, there is a pressing need for potent therapeutics that can either mitigate cholera symptoms, or act prophylactic ... | 2017 | 28332578 |
| sequential displacement of type vi secretion system effector genes leads to evolution of diverse immunity gene arrays in vibrio cholerae. | type vi secretion systems (t6ss) enable bacteria to engage neighboring cells in contact-dependent competition. in vibrio cholerae, three chromosomal clusters each encode a pair of effector and immunity genes downstream of those encoding the t6ss structural machinery for effector delivery. different combinations of effector-immunity proteins lead to competition between strains of v. cholerae, which are thought to be protected only from the toxicity of their own effectors. screening of all publica ... | 2017 | 28327641 |
| occurrence and virulence properties of vibrio and salinivibrio isolates from tropical lagoons of the southern caribbean sea. | the vibrionaceae are gram-negative bacteria present in marine and estuarine environments worldwide, including several species known as important pathogens to humans and aquatic organisms. the aim of this research was to investigate the occurrence and virulence properties of vibrio and salinivibrio isolated from lagoons at cuare wildlife refuge and margarita island in the southern caribbean sea. water, plankton and oyster samples were collected during october 2011 and march 2012 and examined by s ... | 2017 | 28324231 |
| a vibrio cholerae autoinducer-receptor pair that controls biofilm formation. | quorum sensing (qs) is a cell-cell communication process that enables bacteria to track cell population density and orchestrate collective behaviors. qs relies on the production and detection of, and the response to, extracellular signal molecules called autoinducers. in vibrio cholerae, multiple qs circuits control pathogenesis and biofilm formation. here, we identify and characterize a new qs autoinducer-receptor pair. the autoinducer is 3,5-dimethylpyrazin-2-ol (dpo). dpo is made from threoni ... | 2017 | 28319101 |
| synthesis and human/bacterial carbonic anhydrase inhibition with a series of sulfonamides incorporating phthalimido moieties. | a series of sulfonamides was obtained by reacting substituted-2-(1,3-dioxo-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran-5-carboxamido)benzoic acids with aromatic sulfonamides incorporating primary amino moieties. the new compounds were investigated as inhibitor of four carbonic anhydrase (ca, ec 4.2.1.1) isoforms, the human (h) hca i and ii, and the α- and β-class cas from the pathogenic bacterium vibrio cholerae, vchcaα and vhccaβ. hca i was effectively inhibited by the new sulfonamides, with inhibition constants ... | 2017 | 28318894 |
| cholera. | cholera is an acute, watery diarrhoeal disease caused by vibrio cholerae of the o1 or o139 serogroups. in the past two centuries, cholera has emerged and spread from the ganges delta six times and from indonesia once to cause global pandemics. rational approaches to the case management of cholera with oral and intravenous rehydration therapy have reduced the case fatality of cholera from more than 50% to much less than 1%. despite improvements in water quality, sanitation, and hygiene, as well a ... | 2017 | 28302312 |
| late assembly of the vibrio cholerae cell division machinery postpones septation to the last 10% of the cell cycle. | bacterial cell division is a highly regulated process, which involves the formation of a complex apparatus, the divisome, by over a dozen proteins. in the few model bacteria in which the division process was detailed, divisome assembly occurs in two distinct steps: a few proteins, including the ftsz tubulin-like protein, form a membrane associated contractile ring, the z-ring, at ~30% of the cell cycle. the z-ring serves as a scaffold for the recruitment of a second series of proteins, including ... | 2017 | 28300142 |
| identification of the binding sites for ubiquinone and inhibitors in the na(+)-pumping nadh-ubiquinone oxidoreductase of vibrio cholerae by photoaffinity labeling. | the na(+)-pumping nadh-quinone oxidoreductase (na(+)-nqr) is the first enzyme of the respiratory chain and the main ion transporter in many marine and pathogenic bacteria, including vibrio cholerae the v. cholerae na(+)-nqr has been extensively studied, but its binding sites for ubiquinone and inhibitors remain controversial. here, using a photoreactive ubiquinone puq-3 as well as two aurachin-type inhibitors [(125)i]pad-1 and [(125)i]pad-2 and photoaffinity labeling experiments on the isolated ... | 2017 | 28298441 |
| fish as hosts of vibrio cholerae. | vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of pandemic cholera, is abundant in marine and freshwater environments. copepods and chironomids are natural reservoirs of this species. however, the ways v. cholerae is globally disseminated are as yet unknown. here we review the scientific literature that provides evidence for the possibility that some fish species may be reservoirs and vectors of v. cholerae. so far, v. cholerae has been isolated from 30 fish species (22 freshwater; 9 marine). v. cholerae ... | 2017 | 28293221 |
| an amoebal grazer of cyanobacteria requires cobalamin produced by heterotrophic bacteria. | amoebae are unicellular eukaryotes that consume microbial prey through phagocytosis, playing a role in shaping microbial foodwebs. many amoebal species can be cultivated axenically in rich media or monoxenically with single bacterial prey species. here we characterize heterolobosean amoeba lpg3, a recent natural isolate, which is unable to grow on unicellular cyanobacteria, its primary food source, in the absence of a heterotrophic bacterium, a pseudomonas species coisolate. to investigate the m ... | 2017 | 28283521 |
| vibrio cholerae lipopolysaccharide loaded chitosan nanoparticle could save life by induction of specific immunoglobulin isotype. | the lipopolysaccharide (lps) of vibrio cholerae (v. cholerae) plays an important role in cholera disease and the induction of primary protection. in this study, we evaluate mice humoral immune response in intranasal and intraperitoneal administrated v. cholerae lps. the results showed that the intranasal administration of lps-chitosan nanoparticle induced the high level of antibodies compared to intraperitoneal injection of antigen without chitosan (p < .001). these results indicated that intran ... | 2017 | 28278575 |
| vibrio cholerae o1 with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin and azithromycin isolated from a rural coastal area of bangladesh. | cholera outbreaks occur each year in the remote coastal areas of bangladesh and epidemiological surveillance and routine monitoring of cholera in these areas is challenging. in this study, a total of 97 vibrio cholerae o1 isolates from mathbaria, bangladesh, collected during 2010 and 2014 were analyzed for phenotypic and genotypic traits, including antimicrobial susceptibility. of the 97 isolates, 95 possessed ctx-phage mediated genes, ctxa, ace, and zot, and two lacked the cholera toxin gene, c ... | 2017 | 28270803 |
| pandemics, pathogenicity and changing molecular epidemiology of cholera in the era of global warming. | vibrio cholerae, a gram-negative, non-spore forming curved rod is found in diverse aquatic ecosystems around the planet. it is classified according to its major surface antigen into around 206 serogroups, of which o1 and o139 cause epidemic cholera. a recent spatial modelling technique estimated that around 2.86 million cholera cases occur globally every year, and of them approximately 95,000 die. about 1.3 billion people are currently at risk of infection from cholera. meta-analysis and mathema ... | 2017 | 28270154 |
| the proximity of ribosomal protein genes to oric enhances vibrio cholerae fitness in the absence of multifork replication. | recent works suggest that bacterial gene order links chromosome structure to cell homeostasis. comparative genomics showed that, in fast-growing bacteria, ribosomal protein genes (rp) locate near the replication origin (oric). we recently showed that vibrio cholerae employs this positional bias as a growth optimization strategy: under fast-growth conditions, multifork replication increases rp dosage and expression. however, rp location may provide advantages in a dosage-independent manner: for e ... | 2017 | 28246358 |
| transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of pst2 operon expression in vibrio cholerae o1. | one of the most abundant proteins in v. cholerae o1 cells grown under inorganic phosphate (pi) limitation is psts, the periplasmic pi-binding component of the high-affinity pi transport system pst2 (pstscab), encoded in pst2 operon (psts-pstc2-psta2-pstb2). besides its role in pi uptake, pst2 has been also associated with v. cholerae virulence. however, the mechanisms regulating pst2 expression and the non-stoichiometric production of the pst2 components under pi-limitation are unknown. a comput ... | 2017 | 28242357 |
| differential regulation of riboflavin supply genes in vibrio cholerae. | riboflavin is the precursor of important redox cofactors such as flavin mononucleotide (fmn) and flavin adenine dinucleotide, required for several biological processes. vibrio cholerae, a pathogenic bacterium responsible for the cholera disease, possesses the ability to biosynthesize de novo as well as to uptake riboflavin through the riboflavin biosynthetic pathway (rbp) and the ribn importer, respectively. the intra-organism relationship between riboflavin biosynthesis and uptake functions has ... | 2017 | 28239422 |
| structural and biochemical studies on vibrio cholerae hsp31 reveals a novel dimeric form and glutathione-independent glyoxalase activity. | vibrio cholerae experiences a highly hostile environment at human intestine which triggers the induction of various heat shock genes. the hcha gene product of v. cholerae o395, referred to a hypothetical intracellular protease/amidase vchsp31, is one such stress-inducible homodimeric protein. our current study demonstrates that vchsp31 is endowed with molecular chaperone, amidopeptidase and robust methylglyoxalase activities. through site directed mutagenesis coupled with biochemical assays on v ... | 2017 | 28235098 |
| whole-genome sequencing of vibrio cholerae o1 el tor strains isolated in ukraine (2011) and russia (2014). | here, we present the draft whole-genome sequence of vibrio cholerae o1 el tor strains 76 and m3265/80, isolated in mariupol, ukraine, and moscow, russia. the presence of various mutations detected in virulence-associated mobile elements indicates high genetic similarity of the strains reported here with new highly virulent variants of the cholera agent v. cholerae. | 2017 | 28232438 |
| genetic characterization of vibrio cholerae o1 isolates from outbreaks between 2011 and 2015 in tanzania. | cholera outbreaks have occurred in tanzania since 1974. to date, the genetic epidemiology of these outbreaks has not been assessed. | 2017 | 28219321 |
| structure and function of vibrio cholerae accessory cholera enterotoxin in presence of gold nanoparticles: dependence on morphology. | accessory cholera enterotoxin (ace) is a classical enterotoxin produced by vibrio cholerae, the causative agent for cholera. considering the crucial role of ace in pathogenesis of cholera, we explored the modulation of structure/function of ace using gold nanoparticles (aunps) of different size and shape - spherical (auns10 and auns100, the number indicating the diameter in nm) and rod (aunr10). | 2017 | 28215703 |
| the epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance of cholera cases in iran during 2013. | cholera is an endemic diarrheal disease in iran, caused by vibrio cholerae. the epidemiology, transmission route, environmental determinants and antimicrobial resistant pattern of cholera have been changed during recent years. in this study the epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance of cholera in iran during 2013 outbreak was investigated. | 2016 | 28210461 |
| replication of vibrio cholerae classical ctx phage. | the toxigenic classical and el tor biotype vibrio cholerae serogroup o1 strains are generated by lysogenization of host-type-specific cholera toxin phages (ctx phages). experimental evidence of the replication and transmission of an el tor biotype-specific ctx phage, ctx-1, has explained the evolution of v. cholerae el tor biotype strains. the generation of classical biotype strains has not been demonstrated in the laboratory, and the classical biotype-specific ctx phage, ctx-cla, is considered ... | 2017 | 28196886 |
| systematic genetic dissection of pts in vibrio cholerae uncovers a novel glucose transporter and a limited role for pts during infection of a mammalian host. | a common mechanism for high affinity carbohydrate uptake in microbial species is the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system (pts). this system consists of a shared component, ei, which is required for all pts transport, and numerous carbohydrate uptake transporters. in vibrio cholerae, there are 13 distinct pts transporters. due to genetic redundancy within this system, the carbohydrate specificity of each of these transporters is not currently defined. here, using multiplex gen ... | 2017 | 28196401 |
| comparative genome analysis of vsp-ii and snps reveals heterogenic variation in contemporary strains of vibrio cholerae o1 isolated from cholera patients in kolkata, india. | cholera is an acute diarrheal disease and a major public health problem in many developing countries in asia, africa, and latin america. since the bay of bengal is considered the epicenter for the seventh cholera pandemic, it is important to understand the genetic dynamism of vibrio cholerae from kolkata, as a representative of the bengal region. we analyzed whole genome sequence data of v. cholerae o1 isolated from cholera patients in kolkata, india, from 2007 to 2014 and identified the heterog ... | 2017 | 28192431 |
| evolution of the immune response against recombinant proteins (tcpa, tcpb, and flaa) as a candidate subunit cholera vaccine. | vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of cholera and annually leads to death of thousands of people around the globe. two factors in the pathogenesis of this bacterium are its pili and flagella. the main subunits of pili tcpa, tcpb, and flaa are the constituent subunit of flagella. in this study, we studied the ability of pili and flagella subunits to stimulate immune responses in mice. after amplification of tcpa, tcpb, and flaa genes using pcr, they were cloned in expression plasmids. after p ... | 2017 | 28191473 |
| conjugate vaccines from bacterial antigens by squaric acid chemistry: a closer look. | by using o-sp-core (o-spcnh2 ) polysaccharide, isolated from vibrio cholera o1 lipopolysaccharide (lps) and related synthetic substances, a detailed study of factors that affect conjugation of bacterial polysaccharides to protein carriers through squaric acid chemistry to form conjugate vaccines has been carried out. several previously unrecognized processes that take place during the squarate labeling of the o-spcnh2 and subsequent conjugation of the formed squarate (o-spcnh-sqome) have been id ... | 2017 | 28182850 |
| the ins and outs of cyclic di-gmp signaling in vibrio cholerae. | the second messenger nucleotide cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-gmp) governs many cellular processes in the facultative human pathogen vibrio cholerae. this organism copes with changing environmental conditions in aquatic environments and during transitions to and from human hosts. modulation of c-di-gmp allows v. cholerae to shift between motile and sessile stages of life, thus allowing adaptation to stressors and environmental conditions during its transmission cycle. the v. chole ... | 2017 | 28171809 |
| 3-amino 1,8-naphthalimide, a structural analog of the anti-cholera drug virstatin inhibits chemically-biased swimming and swarming motility in vibrios. | a screen for inhibitors of vibrio cholerae motility identified the compound 3-amino 1,8-naphthalimide (3-a18ni), a structural analog of the cholera drug virstatin. similar to virstatin, 3-a18ni diminished cholera toxin production. in contrast, 3-a18ni impeded swimming and/or swarming motility of v. cholerae and v. parahemolyticus suggesting that it could target the chemotaxis pathway shared by the polar and lateral flagellar system of vibrios. 3-a18ni did not inhibit the expression of v. cholera ... | 2017 | 28392408 |
| chemotactic behaviors of vibrio cholerae cells. | vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, swims in aqueous environments with a single polar flagellum. in a spatial gradient of a chemical, the bacterium can migrate in "favorable" directions, a property that is termed chemotaxis. the chemotaxis of v. cholerae is not only critical for survival in various environments and but also is implicated in pathogenicity. in this chapter, we describe how to characterize the chemotactic behaviors of v. cholerae: these methods include swarm assay, tem ... | 2017 | 28389961 |
| an electrochemical strategy using multifunctional nanoconjugates for efficient simultaneous detection of escherichia coli o157: h7 and vibrio cholerae o1. | the rapid and accurate quantification of the pathogenic bacteria is extremely critical to decrease the bacterial infections in all areas related to health and safety. we have developed an electrochemical strategy for simultaneous ultrasensitive detection of e. coli o157:h7 and vibrio cholerae o1. this approach was based on the specific immune recognition of different pathogenic bacteria by multifunctional nanoconjugates and subsequent signal amplification. by employing the proposed biosensor, th ... | 2017 | 28382165 |
| insights into the ion-coupling mechanism in the mate transporter norm-vc. | bacteria have developed a variety of different mechanisms to defend themselves from compounds that are toxic to them, such as antibiotics. one of these defence mechanisms is the expulsion of drugs or other noxious compounds by multidrug efflux pumps. multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (mate) transporters are efflux pumps that extrude metabolic waste and a variety of antibiotics out of the cell, using an ion gradient as energy source. they function via an alternative-access mechanism. when io ... | 2017 | 28169223 |
| paxvax cvd 103-hgr single-dose live oral cholera vaccine. | cholera remains a problem in developing countries and a risk for travelers. hypochlorhydria, blood group o, cardiac and renal disease increase the risk of developing cholera gravis. oral vaccines containing inactivated vibrio cholerae and requiring two doses are available in some countries. no cholera vaccine had been available for u.s. travelers for decades until 2016 when cvd 103-hgr (vaxchora™), an oral live attenuated vaccine, was licensed by the u.s. fda. areas covered: enduring protection ... | 2017 | 28165831 |
| architecture of the vibrio cholerae toxin-coregulated pilus machine revealed by electron cryotomography. | type iv pili (t4p) are filamentous appendages found on many bacteria and archaea. they are helical fibres of pilin proteins assembled by a multi-component macromolecular machine we call the basal body. based on pilin features, t4p are classified into type iva pili (t4ap) and type ivb pili (t4bp)(1,2). t4ap are more widespread and are involved in cell motility(3), dna transfer(4), host predation(5) and electron transfer(6). t4bp are less prevalent and are mainly found in enteropathogenic bacteria ... | 2017 | 28165453 |
| killing by type vi secretion drives genetic phase separation and correlates with increased cooperation. | by nature of their small size, dense growth and frequent need for extracellular metabolism, microbes face persistent public goods dilemmas. genetic assortment is the only general solution stabilizing cooperation, but all known mechanisms structuring microbial populations depend on the availability of free space, an often unrealistic constraint. here we describe a class of self-organization that operates within densely packed bacterial populations. through mathematical modelling and experiments w ... | 2017 | 28165005 |
| oxyr-activated expression of dps is important for vibrio cholerae oxidative stress resistance and pathogenesis. | vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of cholera, a dehydrating diarrheal disease. this gram-negative pathogen is able to modulate its gene expression in order to combat stresses encountered in both aquatic and host environments, including stress posed by reactive oxygen species (ros). in order to further the understanding of v. cholerae's transcriptional response to ros, we performed an rna sequencing analysis to determine the transcriptional profile of v. cholerae when exposed to hydrogen hyd ... | 2017 | 28151956 |
| a cocktail of three virulent bacteriophages prevents vibrio cholerae infection in animal models. | effective prevention strategies will be essential in reducing disease burden due to bacterial infections. here we harness the specificity and rapid-acting properties of bacteriophages as a potential prophylaxis therapy for cholera, a severely dehydrating disease caused by vibrio cholerae. to this end, we test a cocktail of three virulent phages in two animal models of cholera pathogenesis (infant mouse and rabbit models). oral administration of the phages up to 24 h before v. cholerae challenge ... | 2017 | 28146150 |
| oxyr2 modulates oxyr1 activity and vibrio cholerae oxidative stress response. | bacteria have developed capacities to deal with different stresses and adapt to different environmental niches. the human pathogen vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of the severe diarrheal disease cholera, utilizes the transcriptional regulator oxyr to activate genes related to oxidative stress resistance, including peroxiredoxin prxa, in response to hydrogen peroxide. in this study, we identified another oxyr homolog in v. cholerae, which we named oxyr2, and we renamed the previous oxyr oxyr ... | 2017 | 28138024 |
| tracking disease: digital epidemiology offers new promise in predicting outbreaks. | on 19 october 2010, ten months after a devastating earthquake hit haiti, the haitian ministry of public health and population (mspp) was notified of a sudden surge in patients suffering from watery diarrhea and dehydration. two days later, the haiti national public health laboratory identified the culprit: vibrio cholerae. on 22 october, officials announced the first cholera outbreak in haiti in more than a century. | 2017 | 28129137 |
| biochemical basis for activation of virulence genes by bile salts in vibrio parahaemolyticus. | bile salts act as a stressor to bacteria that transit the intestinal tract. enteric pathogens have hijacked bile as an intestinal signal to regulate virulence factors. we recently demonstrated that vibrio parahemolyticus senses bile salts via a heterodimeric receptor formed by the periplasmic domains of inner-membrane proteins vtra and vtrc. crystal structures of the periplasmic complex reveal that vtra and vtrc form a β-barrel that binds bile salts in its hydrophobic interior to activate the vt ... | 2017 | 28129014 |
| role of non-coding regulatory rna in the virulence of human pathogenic vibrios. | in recent decades, the identification of small non-coding rnas in bacteria has revealed an important regulatory mechanism of gene expression involved in the response to environmental signals and to the control of virulence. in the family vibrionaceae, which includes several human and animal pathogens, small non-coding rnas (srnas) are closely related to important processes including metabolism, quorum sensing, virulence, and fitness. studies conducted in silico and experiments using microarrays ... | 2016 | 28123382 |
| flufenamic acid protects against intestinal fluid secretion and barrier leakage in a mouse model of vibrio cholerae infection through nf-κb inhibition and ampk activation. | nuclear factor kappa b (nf-κb)-mediated inflammatory responses play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of diarrhea caused by the vibrio cholerae el tor variant (el), which is a major bacterial strain causing recent cholera outbreaks. flufenamic acid (ffa) has previously been demonstrated to be a potent activator of amp-activated protein kinase (ampk), which is a negative regulator of nf-κb signaling. this study aimed to investigate the anti-diarrheal efficacy of ffa in a mouse model of el infecti ... | 2017 | 28119077 |
| the fatty acid regulator fadr influences the expression of the virulence cascade in the el tor biotype of vibrio cholerae by modulating the levels of toxt via two different mechanisms. | fadr is a master regulator of fatty acid (fa) metabolism that coordinates the pathways of fa degradation and biosynthesis in enteric bacteria. we show here that a δfadr mutation in the el tor biotype of vibrio cholerae prevents the expression of the virulence cascade by influencing both the transcription and the posttranslational regulation of the master virulence regulator toxt. fadr is a transcriptional regulator that represses the expression of genes involved in fa degradation, activates the ... | 2017 | 28115548 |
| characterization and genetic variation of vibrio cholerae isolated from clinical and environmental sources in thailand. | cholera is still an important public health problem in several countries, including thailand. in this study, a collection of clinical and environmental v. cholerae serogroup o1, o139, and non-o1/non-o139 strains originating from thailand (1983 to 2013) was characterized to determine phenotypic and genotypic traits and to investigate the genetic relatedness. using a combination of conventional methods and whole genome sequencing (wgs), 78 v. cholerae strains were identified. wgs was used to deter ... | 2017 | 28103259 |
| merr and chrr mediate blue light induced photo-oxidative stress response at the transcriptional level in vibrio cholerae. | blue light (bl) is a major environmental factor that affects the physiology, behavior, and infectivity of bacteria as it contributes to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ros) while increasing photo-oxidative stress in cells. however, precise photo-oxidative response mechanism in non-phototrophic bacteria is yet to be elucidated. in this study, we investigated the effect of bl in vibrio cholerae by using genetics and transcriptome profiling. genome-wide analysis revealed that transcripti ... | 2017 | 28098242 |
| unraveling the stereochemical and dynamic aspects of the catalytic site of bacterial peptidyl-trna hydrolase. | bacterial peptidyl-trna hydrolase (pth; ec 3.1.1.29) hydrolyzes the peptidyl-trnas accumulated in the cytoplasm and thereby prevents cell death by alleviating trna starvation. x-ray and nmr studies of vibrio cholerae pth (vcpth) and mutants of its key residues involved in catalysis show that the activity and selectivity of the protein depends on the stereochemistry and dynamics of residues h24, d97, n118, and n14. d97-h24 interaction is critical for activity because it increases the nucleophilic ... | 2017 | 28096445 |
| vibrio cholerae cholix toxin-induced hepg2 cell death is enhanced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha through ros and intracellular signal-regulated kinases. | cholix toxin (cholix) from vibrio cholerae is a potent virulence factor exhibiting adp-ribosyltransferase activity on eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eef2) of host cells, resulting in inhibition of protein synthesis. administration of cholix or its homologue pseudomonas exotoxin a (pea) to mice causes lethal hepatocyte damage. in this study, we demonstrate cytotoxicity of cholix on immortalized human hepatocytes in the presence of tumor necrosis factor α (tnf-α), which has been reported to play ... | 2017 | 28087840 |
| a periplasmic polymer curves vibrio cholerae and promotes pathogenesis. | pathogenic vibrio cholerae remains a major human health concern. v. cholerae has a characteristic curved rod morphology, with a longer outer face and a shorter inner face. the mechanism and function of this curvature were previously unknown. here, we identify and characterize crva, the first curvature determinant in v. cholerae. crva self-assembles into filaments at the inner face of cell curvature. unlike traditional cytoskeletons, crva localizes to the periplasm and thus can be considered a pe ... | 2017 | 28086090 |
| physiology of the vc-nhap paralogous group of cation-proton antiporters in vibrio cholerae. | the genome of vibrio cholerae encodes three cation-proton antiporters of nhap-type, vc-nhap1, 2, and 3. to examine physiological roles of vc-nhap antiporters, triple δnhap1δnhap2δnhap3 and single δnhap3 deletion mutants of v. cholerae were constructed and characterized. vc-nhap3 was, for the first time, cloned and biochemically characterized. activity measurements on the inside-out membrane vesicle experimental model defined vc-nhap3 as a potassium-specific cation-proton antiporter. while elimin ... | 2017 | 28083717 |
| peldor spectroscopy reveals two defined states of a sialic acid trap transporter sbp in solution. | the tripartite atp-independent periplasmic (trap) transporters are a widespread class of membrane transporters in bacteria and archaea. typical substrates for trap transporters are organic acids including the sialic acid n-acetylneuraminic acid. the substrate binding proteins (sbp) of trap transporters are the best studied component and are responsible for initial high-affinity substrate binding. to better understand the dynamics of the ligand binding process, pulsed electron-electron double res ... | 2017 | 28076802 |
| distribution of resistance genetic determinants among vibrio cholerae isolates of 2012 and 2013 outbreaks in ir iran. | the objective of this study was to characterize antimicrobial resistance determinants in relation to antimicrobial susceptibility and genotyping profile in 20 clinical isolates of vibrio cholerae. all of the isolates were resistant to streptomycin. the second most prevalent resistance was observed to trimethoprim (75%), co-trimoxazole (60%), tetracycline (50%), and minocycline (45%). about 50% of the isolates fulfilled the criteria of multi drug resistance (mdr) phenotype. none of the isolates c ... | 2017 | 28062293 |
| glycosylation characterization of an influenza h5n7 hemagglutinin series with engineered glycosylation patterns: implications for structure-function relationships. | the glycosylation patterns of four recombinant h5 hemagglutinins (has) derived from a/mallard/denmark/64650/03 (h5n7) have been characterized. the proteins were expressed in (i) hek293t cells to produce complex glycoforms, (ii) hek293t cells treated with vibrio cholera neuraminidase to provide asialo-complex glycoforms, (iii) hek293s gnti(-) cells with predominantly the canonical man5glcnac2 glycoform, and (iv) drosophila s2 insect cells producing primarily paucimannose glycoforms. previously, t ... | 2017 | 28060516 |