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spoilage and shelf-life of cod fillets packed in vacuum or modified atmospheres.microbial growth, sensory and chemical changes and composition of gas atmosphere were studied in vacuum packed (vp) and modified atmosphere packed (map) cod fillets stored at 0 degree c. contrary to previous studies, coccobacilli and pleomorphic gram-negative microorganisms (2-4 by 2-5 microns) and not shewanella putrefaciens were found most likely to be the main spoilage organisms. these microorganisms, which may be photobacterium phosphoreum, can explain the short shelf-life extension of vp an ...19938257657
growth and luminescence of luminous bacteria promoted by agents of microbial origin.the examination of four species of luminous bacteria photobacterium leiognathi, photobacterium phosphoreum, vibrio fischeri and vibrio harveyi has enabled us to reveal some nutrient medium components effecting growth, luminescence intensity and luciferase synthesis. these agents are nucleic components (nucleotides, nucleotides and amine bases), amino acids and vitamins, which are part of hydrolysates from the biomass of various lithotrophic microorganisms, hydrogen-oxidizing, iron-oxidizing and ...19938285107
crystal structure of a flavoprotein related to the subunits of bacterial luciferase.the molecular structure of the luxf protein from the bioluminescent bacterium photobacterium leiognathi has been determined by x-ray diffraction techniques and refined to a conventional r-factor of 17.8% at 2.3 a resolution. the 228 amino acid polypeptide exists as a symmetrical homodimer and 33% of the monomer's solvent-accessible surface area is buried upon dimerization. the monomer displays a novel fold that contains a central seven-stranded beta-barrel. the solvent-exposed surface of the mon ...19938491169
[possibilities for using biotests for the assessment of the hazard potential of ground water with hazardous sediments]. 19921339172
primary chemical and physical characterization of acute toxic components in wastewaters.a chemical and physical primary characterization work sheet was developed based on the microtox test, a bacterial bioluminescence system used as a rapid estimate of acute aquatic toxic effects. measurements of the variation in light reduction upon different pretreatments provided information about the chemical and physical properties of the main toxic component(s) in test wastewater samples. this primary characterization of a wastewater sample was performed within 1 day. tests of pure toxic chem ...19921280588
[eco-toxicologic studies of the effect of boat engine emissions]. 19921307785
[continuous biological test procedures for monitoring waste water and event controlled sampling techniques]. 19921307793
[a biotest program for risk evaluation of sediments]. 19921307810
[microbial biotests with sediments]. 19921307811
[experiences with biologically active tests in the study of soil pollutants]. 19921307812
[biotest studies for evaluating hazardous waste water with reference to section 7a whg]. 19921307816
[biological test procedures in compliance with abwag and whg]. 19921307817
[detection of hazardous substances in waste water with reference to biodegradability and toxicity for evaluating the status of the technique exemplified by gas station and automobile repair shop waste water]. 19921307818
[the luminescent bacteria test for clean water legislation].luminescent bacteria (photobacterium phosphoreum) may be used, on the one hand, for classical toxicity tests based on the inhibition of respiration or growth and, on the other hand, their luminescence itself may become the test criterion. such a luminescence inhibition test is commonly called a luminescent bacteria test. it may be conducted with fresh bacteria or with conserved ones. the luminescence parameter is, just like the parameter oxygen consumption, a summative parameter for undisturbed ...19921307824
[the physiologic background of the luminescent bacteria test]. 19921307825
[the luminescent bacteria test with personally cultured and freeze dried bacteria]. 19921307826
[environmental monitoring with the luminescent bacteria test: the problem of false negative findings--short report]. 19921307827
[examination of the water supply with the alkali and alkali-earth supplement optimized din luminescent bacteria test, exemplified by the saar river].the light intensity emitted by luminescent bacteria is influenced by both the osmolarity and the ion composition of the test medium. the addition of potassium and calcium ions to a sodium chloride solution causes a considerable increase in the light intensity of bacteria. if these elements occur in the proper concentrations in the test material, the luminescence in the test sample will be higher than in the control sample containing only sodium chloride. this physiological dependence did not fin ...19921307828
[luminescence, growth and respiration as end points of the toxic effects on photobacterium phosphoreum--short report]. 19921307830
mutatox: a genotoxicity assay using luminescent bacteria. 19921307839
the lux genes in photobacterium leiognathi are closely linked with genes corresponding in sequence to riboflavin synthesis genes.three open reading frames (orfs) have been found in the region downstream of the luxg gene in the photobacterium leiognathi lux operon. these genes (orf i, ii, and iii) are not only closely linked to the lux operon and transcribed in the same direction but also show the same organization and code for proteins homologous in sequence to the gene products of ribb, riba, and ribh of bacillus subtilis, respectively. the photobacterium leiognathi gene (orf ii) corresponding to riba was expressed in es ...19921339274
integrated assessment of contaminated sediments in the lower fox river and green bay, wisconsin.samples of sediment and biota were collected from sites in the lower fox river and southern green bay to determine existing or potential impacts of sediment-associated contaminants on different ecosystem components of this great lakes area of concern. evaluation of benthos revealed a relatively depauperate community, particularly at the lower fox river sites. sediment pore water and bulk sediments from several lower fox river sites were toxic to a number of test species including pimephales prom ...19921375148
sediment pore water toxicity identification in the lower fox river and green bay, wisconsin, using the microtox assay.microtox assays with two different methods of osmotic adjustment were used to assess the toxicity of pore waters from 13 sediment samples collected from the fox river watershed in wisconsin. no toxicity was observed in microtox assays osmotically adjusted with nacl; however, 15-min ec50 values for assays osmotically adjusted with sucrose ranged from 52 to 63% pore water. un-ionized ammonia accounted for a large part of the observed toxicity, but, based on a toxic units approach, did not account ...19921376238
microtox ec50 values for drinking water by-products produced by ozonolysis.the aim was to determine the microtox ec50 values of some aliphatic aldehydes and carboxylic acids of normal chain length with 1-14 carbon atoms since these compounds have been detected as ozonolysis by-products in drinking water. the aqueous ec50 values decreased with increasing chain length except for formaldehyde and for the c1-c7 acids. at chain lengths above c7, where methanolic saline solutions were utilized to promote solubility, the aldehydes were more toxic than their corresponding carb ...19921376239
development of monoclonal antibodies that identify vibrio species commonly isolated from infections of humans, fish, and shellfish.monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against vibrio species that infect humans, fish, and shellfish were developed for application in rapid identifications. the pathogens included vibrio alginolyticus, v. anguillarum, v. carchariae, v. cholerae, v. damsela, v. furnissii, v. harveyi, v. ordalii, v. parahaemolyticus, and v. vulnificus. three types of mabs were selected. the first important group included mabs that reacted with only a single species. a second group comprised a number of mabs that reacted w ...19921482190
fluorescence study of the ligand stereospecificity for binding to lumazine protein.6,7-dimethyllumazine derivatives, substituted at the 8-position with aldityls or monohydroxyalkyl groups, have been examined for their binding ability to lumazine apo-protein from two strains of photobacterium phosphoreum using fluorescence dynamics techniques. on the protein the lumazine has a nearly monoexponential decay of fluorescence with lifetime 13.8 ns (20 degrees c). in free solution the lifetime is 9.6 ns. the concentration of free and bound lumazine in an equilibrium mixture can be re ...19921483455
evidence for the existence of a restriction-modification system common to several species of the family vibrionaceae.a broad-host-range vibriophage kvp40 originally isolated on vibrio parahaemolyticus 1010 was restricted and modified by strains of at least five vibrio and one photobacterium species. 1010 was a non-restricting host. an anti-restriction mutant kvp40 aar1 was isolated after propagating the phage on a restricting host, v. anguillarum vib36. kvp40 aar1 grown on either 1010 or vib36, as well as the parental phage grown on vib36, showed much higher efficiencies of plating on all the restricting hosts ...19921521769
toxicity assessment of atrazine, alachlor, and carbofuran and their respective environmental metabolites using microtox.using the microtox method of toxicity assessment designed by microbics corporation, the relative toxicities of alachlor, atrazine, and carbofuran, three pesticides commonly used in agricultural production, were determined. generally, carbofuran was found to be most acutely toxic, followed closely by atrazine. alachlor was least toxic of the three pesticides tested. selected environmental metabolites of these three agri-chemicals were also tested using the same method. hydroxyalachlor, deethylatr ...19921522608
deaths in captive eels (anguila reinhardtii) due to photobacterium (vibrio) damsela. 19921530562
bioluminescent method in studying the complex effect of sewage components.the inhibition of bacterial luminescence has been used in testing industrial enterprises sewage. the toxicity of the sewage is less than the total toxicity of separate components due to neutralization of quinone products of polyphenol oxidation in the reactions with the other phenol components of sewage. toxicity increase is due to their influence on the cell membrane. studies of cell ultrastructure confirm this fact. the studied mechanism of the complex effect allowed a more accurate forecast o ...19921536600
crystallization of photobacterium leiognathi non-fluorescent flavoprotein, an unusual flavoprotein with limited sequence identity to bacterial luciferase.single crystals of the non-fluorescent flavoprotein (nfp) purified from photobacterium leiognathi strain s1 have been grown from ammonium sulphate solutions using the hanging drop vapour diffusion technique. the crystals grow as thin (0.06 mm) plates and belong to the orthorhombic space group c222(1): a = 57.06(3) a, b = 92.41(6) a, c = 99.52(6) a. there is one nfp monomer per asymmetric unit and crystals diffract to 2.2 a spacings on film. a complete native data set to 2.5 a resolution has been ...19921560468
a broad-host-range vibriophage, kvp40, isolated from sea water.a broad-host-range vibriophage, kvp40, was isolated from sea water by using vibrio parahaemolyticus 1010 (eb101) as the indicator host. the host range of kvp40 extended over at least 8 vibrio and 1 photobacterium species. kvp40 was a large tailed phage containing double-stranded dna and belonged to ackermann's morphotype a2. kvp40 dna was cleaved by 11 different type ii restriction endonucleases including ecori and hindiii, but not by 17 other enzymes including bamhi, kpni and sali.19921584076
investigations of phagocytosis concerning the immunological defence mechanism of mytilus edulis using a sublethal luminescent bacterial assay (photobacterium phosphoreum).1. a simple method for the determination of phagocytosis activity using mussel hemocytes by measuring the bioluminescence is presented. 2. the immunological defence activity based on phagocytosis is measured and quantified by a luminescent bacterial assay with photobacterium phosphoreum. 3. the measuring system allows us to establish the stress of the immunological defence mechanism of organisms exposed to chemicals and polluted rivers or sewage. results with reference substances and the phagocy ...19911677842
evaluation of the genus listonella and reassignment of listonella damsela (love et al.) macdonell and colwell to the genus photobacterium as photobacterium damsela comb. nov. with an emended description.the genus listonella, which was recently described on the basis of 5s rrna sequence data, was found to be of dubious value on the basis of the results of a comparison of a number of taxonomic studies involving members of the vibrionaceae. the available data suggest that 5s rrna sequences may be of limited taxonomic use at the intra- and intergeneric levels, at least for apparently recently evolved groups, such as the vibrionaceae. in this light, we assessed the generic assignment of the species ...19911742198
green flavoprotein from p. leiognathi: purification, characterization and identification as the product of the lux g(n) gene.a green flavoprotein (gfp) was isolated and purified to homogeneity from photobacterium leiognathi, strain 208. gfp is a homodimer of molecular weight 54,000 and contains two molecules of an unusual flavin per molecule of protein. various biochemical characteristics including isoelectric point, trypsin and chymotrypsin degradation, sds and temperature influence on subunit dissociation and the dissociation of the flavin chromophore, were investigated. the sequence of 23 n-terminal amino acids was ...19911746316
crystallization and preliminary x-ray diffraction studies of a flavoprotein, fp390, from a luminescent bacterium, photobacterium phosphoreum.a flavoprotein, fp390, obtained from a luminescent bacterium, photobacterium phosphoreum, in the purification of luciferase has been crystallized by the vapor-diffusion procedure. crystals obtained from polyethylene glycol 4000 solutions, whose x-ray photographs show powder diffraction patterns, were unsuitable for further crystallographic work. however, tetragonal crystals grown from potassium phosphate solution well diffracted x-rays beyond 3 a resolution. the space group of this crystal is p4 ...19911783606
determination of petroleum hydrocarbon toxicity with microtox. 19911786452
qsar studies of comparative toxicity in aquatic organisms.this study investigated the relationships between the toxicities of common organic pollutants to the fathead minnow (pimephales promelas), to daphnia magna, to tetrahymena pyriformis and in the microtox test, which uses the luminescent bacterium photobacterium phosphoreum. the toxicity data were compiled from the literature, with the exception of 40 experimentally determined microtox data. encouraging correlations are seen, indicating significant relationships between fish toxicities and those t ...19911815364
regression and cluster analysis of the acute toxicity of 267 chemicals to six species of biota and the octanol/water partition coefficient.the acute toxicities of 267 compounds to six aquatic and one terrestrial species were investigated with correlation, principal component and cluster analysis techniques for relationships with each other and with the compounds' octanol/water partition coefficient. selection of the investigated chemicals was based on the availability of at least three of the following measured parameters: acute (24-h to 96-h) lethal concentrations (lc50) to the fish fathead minnow (pimephales promelas), the fish g ...19911815369
evaluation of the genotoxic activity and acute toxicity of euphorbia splendens latex, a molluscicide for the control of schistosomiasis.1. the latex of euphorbia splendens var. hislopii has a molluscicidal action at low concentration (ld90 less than 1.5 ppm or 1.5 micrograms/ml) against the vector snails of schistosomiasis. 2. in the present study, the latex in natura or after lyophilization was submitted to the ames test and the chromotest to evaluate genotoxicity, to the microtox system to determine acute toxicity, and to the chinese hamster ovary cell assay (cho) to measure cytotoxicity. 3. the latex had no mutagenic activity ...19911823273
evaluation of humic-pesticide interactions on the acute toxicity of selected organophosphate and carbamate insecticides.the ability of water resource managers to accurately predict the toxicity of agricultural chemicals in aquatic ecosystems is essential for the development of reliable water quality standards. at present, accurate predictions are difficult due to the paucity of data concerning the interaction of these chemicals with organic constituents of the freshwater chemical matrix. dissolved humic materials are ubiquitous components of freshwater ecosystems and can affect the availability and toxicity of ch ...19911831119
development of species-specific hybridization probes for marine luminous bacteria by using in vitro dna amplification.by using two highly conserved region of the luxa gene as primers, polymerase chain reaction amplification methods were used to prepare species-specific probes against the luciferase gene from four major groups of marine luminous bacteria. laboratory studies with test strains indicated that three of the four probes cross-reacted with themselves and with one or more of the other species at low stringencies but were specific for members of their own species at high stringencies. the fourth probe, g ...19911854194
microtox assay of trinitrotoluene, diaminonitrotoluene, and dinitromethylaniline mixtures. 19911854999
marine biosurfactants, iii. toxicity testing with marine microorganisms and comparison with synthetic surfactants.eight synthetic and nine biogenetic surfactants were tested on their toxicity. because of their possible application as oil dispersants against oil slicks on sea, the test organisms used were marine microorganisms (mixed and pure cultures of bacteria, microalgae, and protozoa). bacterial growth was hardly effected or stimulated, whilst that of algae and flagellates was reduced. all substances tested were biodegraded in sea water. the bioluminescence of photobacter phosphoreum (microtox test) was ...19911878108
the acute toxicity of pulse-dosed, para-substituted phenols to larval american flagfish (jordanella floridae): a comparison with toxicity to photoluminescent bacteria and predicted toxicity using log kow.the acute toxicity of nine para-substituted phenols was determined using a pulse-exposure testing protocol and 8-day-old larval american flagfish (jordanella floridae). relative tolerance was assessed by determining the 2-h pulse exposure concentration causing 20 and 50% mortality (pe lc20 and pe lc50) over the subsequent 94 h. four bioassays were run for each phenol and yielded the following mean pe lc20 values (mg 1(-1)) in descending order of toxicity: p-aminophenol, 0.06; hydroquinone, 0.13; ...19911891709
the lux genes of the luminous bacterial symbiont, photobacterium leiognathi, of the ponyfish. nucleotide sequence, difference in gene organization, and high expression in mutant escherichia coli.the lux genes required for light expression in the luminescent bacterium photobacterium leiognathi (atcc 25521) have been cloned and expressed in escherichia coli and their organization and nucleotide sequence determined. transformation of a recombinant 9.5-kbp chromosomal dna fragment of p. leiognathi into an e. coli mutant (43r) gave luminescent colonies that were as bright as those of the parental strain. moreover, expression of the lux genes in the mutant e. coli was strong enough so that no ...19911915359
evaluation of seven in vitro alternatives for ocular safety testing.seven in vitro assays were evaluated to determine if any were useful as screening procedures in ocular safety assessment. seventeen test materials (chemicals, household cleaners, hand soaps, dishwashing liquids, shampoos, and liquid laundry detergents) were tested in each assay. in vivo ocular irritation scores for the materials were obtained from existing rabbit low volume eye test (lvet) data. the seven assays evaluated included the silicon microphysiometer (sm), luminescent bacteria toxicity ...19911916072
a novel method for detection and counting of single bacteria in a wide field using an ultra-high-sensitivity tv camera without a microscope.we describe a novel method for enumeration of bacteria, based on the principle that small, light emitting particles on a flat surface can be easily and rapidly detected and counted using an ultra-high-sensitivity tv camera. to test this method, we obtained tv images of individual cells of a luminous bacterium on a membrane filter without the use of a microscope. the positions of the luminous points in the tv images were almost the same as the positions of the bacterial colonies after growth. our ...19911916227
correlation of metal decoration and topochemistry on protein surfaces.on the surface of protein molecules the formation of metal clusters during vacuum condensation is controlled by topochemical features of the substrate and by specific properties of the decorating material. the resulting metal distribution (decoration pattern) can be mapped by electron microscopy in conjunction with image processing. we have applied this technique to freeze-etched crystals of the lumazine synthase-riboflavin synthase complex and its derivative obtained by binding of the heteropol ...19911920438
borrowed proteins in bacterial bioluminescence.a library of photobacterium phosphoreum dna was screened in lambda 2001 for the lumazine protein gene, using two degenerate 17-mer oligonucleotide probes that were deduced from a partial protein primary sequence. the lumazine protein gene was localized to a 3.4-kilobase bamhi/ecori fragment in one clone. the fragment contained an open reading frame, encoding a 189-residue protein, that had a predicted amino acid sequence that concurred with the partial sequence determined for lumazine protein. c ...19911996310
changes in poultry litter toxicity with simulated acid rain. 19912001488
structure and properties of luciferase from photobacterium phosphoreum.the nucleotide sequences of the luxa and luxb genes coding for the alpha and beta subunits, respectively, of luciferase from photobacterium phosphoreum have been determined. the predicted amino acid sequences of the alpha and beta subunits were shown to be significantly different from other bacterial luciferases with 62 to 88% identity with the alpha subunits and 47 to 71% identity with the beta subunits of other species. expression of the different luciferases appear to correlate with the numbe ...19912018544
identification of the acyl transfer site of fatty acyl-protein synthetase from bioluminescent bacteria.fatty acid activation, transfer, and reduction by the fatty acid reductase multienzyme complex from photobacterium phosphoreum to generate fatty aldehydes for the luminescence reaction is regulated by the interaction of the synthetase and reductase subunits of this complex. identification of the specific site involved in covalent transfer of the fatty acyl group between the sites of activation and reduction on the synthetase and reductase subunits, respectively, is a critical step in understandi ...19912023262
analysis of synchronous photon emissions from the bacterium photobacterium phosphoreum during colony formation from a single cell.light emission from photobacterium phosphoreum was analysed during cell growth on an agar plate from a single cell to colony formation. temporal analysis of image intensified light was set so that a quadratic window covered a single cell. intensity of light emission from a single cell through colony formation showed an initial decrease, a prolonged lag phase, and then a rapid increase. these responses on an agar plate were similar to those from liquid cultures. the image analysis showed repeated ...19912053463
further study on polyamine compositions in vibrionaceae.it has previously been reported that norspermidine, one of the unusual polyamines, is present in vibrio species. to expand this observation, the cellular polyamine compositions of additional species and strains in the family vibrionaceae (vibrio, photobacterium, listonella, and shewanella) as well as aeromonas species and plesiomonas shigelloides, which have been proposed to be excluded from vibrionacea, were determined by using gas-liquid chromatography. some vibrio species previously reported ...19912059921
electronic excitation transfer in the complex of lumazine protein with bacterial bioluminescence intermediates.fluorescence dynamics measurements have been made on the bioluminescence reaction intermediates using photobacterium leiognathi, vibrio fischeri, and vibrio harveyi luciferases, both alone and in mixtures with photobacterium phosphoreum lumazine protein. each luciferase produces a "fluorescent transient" intermediate on reaction with the bioluminescence substrates, fmnh2, tetradecanal, and o2, and all have a fluorescence quantum yield about 0.3, with a predominant lifetime around 10 ns. the p. l ...19912069948
evolutionary aspects of superoxide dismutase: the copper/zinc enzyme.copper/zinc superoxide dismutase is typically an enzyme of eukaryotes. the presence of the enzyme in the ponyfish symbiont photobacterium leiognathi and some free living bacteria does not have an immediate explanation. amino acid sequence alignment of 19 cu/zn superoxide dismutases shows 21 invariant residues in key positions related to maintenance of the beta-barrel fold, the active site structure including the electrostatic channel loop, and dimer contacts. nineteen other residues are invarian ...19912071039
the rate of cu,zn superoxide dismutase evolution.the rate of amino acid replacement in cu,zn sod greatly departs from the expectations of the molecular clock. we examine 27 cu,zn sod sequences available and conclude that: (1) the sod enzymes from different mammal families differ from each other by roughly the same number of replacements, which is consistent with a simultaneous mammalian radiation; (2) over the most recent 60 million years (my) the rate of sod evolution is fairly high (15 aa/100 aa/100 myr) and may be considered constant; (3) t ...19912071040
induction of superoxide dismutases in photobacterium leiognathi.we investigated the induction of cu,zn-sod (bacteriocuprein) and fe-sod in photobacterium leiognathi dk-a1 which was isolated from the light organ of the squid, droteuthis kensaki. the induction of superoxide dismutases depended on the addition of paraquat to the medium. induction of sod by paraquat was attributed mostly to the bacteriocuprein by measuring of the activities of both sods by using densitometry of isoelectrofocusing gel. when paraquat was added to the culture at various times in th ...19912071047
a lux-specific myristoyl transferase in luminescent bacteria related to eukaryotic serine esterases.the diversion of fatty acids from fatty acid biosynthesis into the luminescent system is catalyzed by a lux-specific acyltransferase that catalyzes the cleavage of fatty acyl-acyl carrier protein (acp). analysis of the substrate specificities for fatty acyl-acps of the transferases from divergent luminescent bacteria, photobacterium phosphoreum and vibrio harveyi, has demonstrated that myristoyl-acp is cleaved at the highest rate. inhibition by phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride as well as resistanc ...19912071574
resonance raman studies on the structure of bacteriochlorophyll c in chlorosomes from chloroflexus aurantiacus.resonance raman spectra of chlorosomes isolated from the thermophilic green photosynthetic bacterium chloroflexus aurantiacus have been obtained with several excitation wavelengths from 441.6 to 514.5 nm. resonance raman spectra of bacteriochlorophyll (bchl) c isolated from c. aurantiacus cells have also been observed. the c=c stretching frequencies of bchl c in the chlorosomes were found to be at 1,556 (strong) and 1,544 (shoulder) cm-1, which correspond to those expected for the 5-coordinated ...19902081732
a protein isolated from brucella abortus is a cu-zn superoxide dismutase.brucella abortus contains a protein that elicits an antigenic response in cattle previously exposed to the organism. the amino acid sequence of the recombinant form of this antigenic protein was determined by gas-phase sequencing of the pyridylethylated protein and its peptides obtained by digestion with cyanogen bromide (cnbr), clostripain, and staphylococcus aureus v8 protease. the brucella protein demonstrated 53.6% identity with the cu-zn superoxide dismutase (sod) from photobacterium leiogn ...19902105741
do photosynthetic and respiratory electron transport chains share redox proteins?in purple nonsulfur bacteria and cyanobacteria, there is close interaction between the photosynthetic and respiratory electron transport chains, which share identical redox proteins. recent findings that the thylakoid membranes of eukaryotic chloroplasts may have respiratory functions suggest that the interaction of photosynthesis and respiration may be a common feature of all photosynthetic cells.19901963954
the lumazine protein gene in photobacterium phosphoreum is linked to the lux operon. 19902243804
[a bioluminescent method of determining the degree of intoxication in peritonitis].a method for estimating the severity of the clinical condition and of the body intoxication in peritonitis patients is suggested. high sensitivity of the method permits classifying the patients into 4 groups in accordance with the severity of their condition: mild, moderate, severe, and extremely grave. this method is also applicable for the assessment of the efficacy of detoxification measures, such as abdominal cavity sanitization during surgery, lymph drainage. the method is simple and the ti ...19901702851
structure-toxicity relationships for nonpolar narcotics: a comparison of data from the tetrahymena, photobacterium and pimephales systems. 19902106356
[expression of photobacterium leiognathi bioluminescence system genes in escherichia coli].expression of photobacterium leiognathi bioluminescence genes under the control of lac, tac, tet promoters in escherichia coli cells has been studied. the position of the genes for aliphatic aldehyde biosynthesis and for the synthesis of luciferase subunits was identified. the plasmid pbrpl1 has been constructed containing the system of bioluminescence genes devoid of promoter following the polylinker dna fragment. the plasmid can be used for selection of promoter containing dna sequences as wel ...19902185420
affinity purification of bacterial luciferase and nad(p)h:fmn oxidoreductases by fmn-sepharose for analytical applications.a modified purification method for bacterial luciferases and nad(p)h:fmn oxidoreductases is described which uses fmn-sepharose alone or coupled to deae ion exchange chromatography for the simultaneous purification of luciferase and the various oxidoreductases from vibrio harveyi, a bright mutant of vibrio harveyi, vibrio fischeri, and photobacterium phosphoreum. this purification method is compared with deae-sepharose cl 6b fractionations from these organisms. both methods allow the separation o ...19902220416
a soluble fatty acyl-acyl carrier protein synthetase from the bioluminescent bacterium vibrio harveyi.an enzyme catalyzing the ligation of long chain fatty acids to bacterial acyl carrier protein (acp) has been detected and partially characterized in cell extracts of the bioluminescent bacterium vibrio harveyi. acyl-acp synthetase activity (optimal ph 7.5-8.0) required millimolar concentrations of atp and mg2+ and was slightly activated by ca2+, but was inhibited at high ionic strength and by triton x-100. acp from either escherichia coli (apparent km = 20 microm) or v. harveyi was used as a sub ...19902223012
relationship of the luminous bacterial symbiont of the caribbean flashlight fish, kryptophanaron alfredi (family anomalopidae) to other luminous bacteria based on bacterial luciferase (luxa) genes.flashlight fishes (family anomalopidae) have light organs that contain luminous bacterial symbionts. although the symbionts have not yet been successfully cultured, the luciferase genes have been cloned directly from the light organ of the caribbean species, kryptophanaron alfredi. the goal of this project was to evaluate the relationship of the symbiont to free-living luminous bacteria by comparison of genes coding for bacterial luciferase (lux genes). hybridization of a lux ab probe from the k ...19902256783
[the immunoelectron microscopic localization of histone-like proteins in the chromatin of luminescent bacteria]. 19902272273
bacterial luminescence: a new tool for investigating the effects of acoustic energy and cavitation.an assay utilizing luminescent bacteria, photobacterium phosphoreum, was adapted to assess the antibacterial effects of acoustic energy. acoustic pressures up to 67 kpa in the 100- to 800-hz frequency range were applied to bacteria freely suspended in a liquid medium. bacterial luminescence decreased after sonication, thus showing sensitivity to the effects of acoustic energy. this decreased luminescence was linearly related to exposure duration, appeared independent of acoustic frequency in thi ...19902283427
isolation of bioluminescent functions from photobacterium leiognathi: analysis of luxa, luxb, luxg and neighboring genes.genes encoding luminescence of photobacterium leiognathi have been cloned in escherichia coli. the luminescent clones were readily apparent. among them, a clone containing a recombinant plasmid with a 13.5-kb insertion was identified. this dna fragment contained all of the luminescence-encoding genes. the luciferase-encoding genes (lux) in this dna fragment were localized. we have sequenced a part of the cloned lux region and identified the luxa, luxb and luxg genes encoding the alpha and beta s ...19902311938
application of the microtox system to assess the toxicity of pesticides and their hydrolysis metabolites. 19902322666
crystallographic characterization of a cu,zn superoxide dismutase from photobacterium leiognathi.crystals of a copper-zinc superoxide dismutase from photobacterium leiognathi, a luminescent marine bacterium that is the species-specific symbiont of the ponyfish, have been obtained from 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol solutions. the space group was determined using screenless small-angle precession photographs, and was confirmed by analyzing area detector diffraction data with the xengen programs for indexing and refinement. the crystals are monoclinic, space group c2 (a = 126.4 a, b = 87.0 a, c = 4 ...19902325128
13c and 15n nmr studies on the interaction between 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine and lumazine protein.the interaction between the prosthetic group 6,7-dimethyl-8-(1'-d-ribityl)lumazine and the lumazine apoproteins from two marine bioluminescent bacteria, one from a relatively thermophilic species, photobacterium leiognathi, and the other from a psychrophilic species, photobacterium phosphoreum, was studied by 13c and 15n nmr using various selectively enriched derivatives. it is shown that the electron distribution in the protein-bound 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine differs from that of free 6,7- ...19902331466
the luminescent bacteria toxicity test: its potential as an in vitro alternative.during the past several years, the use of animals for toxicity testing has come under critical surveillance. for ethical and economic reasons, various techniques have been developed and proposed as potential alternatives for some of the whole animal toxicity assays. one assay proposed as an alternative to animal testing is the luminescent bacteria toxicity test (lbt), provided under the trade name of microtox. the sensitivity and specificity of the lbt was compared with two commonly used toxicit ...19902336974
copper-zinc superoxide dismutase of caulobacter crescentus: cloning, sequencing, and mapping of the gene and periplasmic location of the enzyme.although widely found in the cytoplasm of eucaryotes, the copper-zinc form of superoxide dismutase (cuznsod) has been identified in only a small number of bacterial species. one species is the freshwater bacterium caulobacter crescentus, which also contains an sod with iron as the metal cofactor (fesod). to investigate the function of this cuznsod and its structural relationship to the eucaryotic cuznsods, the gene encoding cuznsod (sodc) of c. crescentus cb15 was cloned and sequenced. by hybrid ...19902345128
assessing the effectiveness of depuration of polluted clams and mussels using the microtox bioassay. 19902354264
the nucleotide sequence of a small mett trna operon from photobacterium leiognathi. 19902362826
evaluation of the bioluminescence assays as screens for genotoxic chemicals.while present data suggest that the mutatox assay is not effective for carcinogen screening, it does appear to detect many agents with diverse mechanisms of mutagenic activity with reasonable sensitivity as well as some known human teratogens. for general screening, more detailed studies need to be performed using coded agents with various mutagenic mechanisms as well as with toxicants of various classes including teratogens. with additional validation, the mutatox assay, with its sensitivity to ...19902371306
a photobacterium-like bacterium able to fix nitrogen.a photobacterium-like bacterium isolated from the roots of eelgrass (zostera marina) was shown to fix nitrogen under anaerobic conditions. nitrogen fixation by photobacterium spp. has not been reported previous to this.19902372212
inhibition of bioluminescence in photobacterium phosphoreum by sulfamethizole and its stimulation by thymine.in bioluminescent bacteria very few agents have been reported that can selectively inhibit the luminescence. in sensitivity tests with photobacterium phosphoreum, using 55 different antibiotics, it was found that sulfamethizole, an inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthetase and the formation of folic acid, inhibited bioluminescence more than growth. likewise, in mutants requiring thymine for growth, the luminescence per cell was much less in a medium low in thymine. in neither case could the decrea ...19902372557
the nucleotide sequence of the luxa and luxb genes of xenorhabdus luminescens hm and a comparison of the amino acid sequences of luciferases from four species of bioluminescent bacteria.the luxa and luxb genes of bioluminescent bacteria encode the alpha and beta subunits of luciferase, respectively. sequences of the luxa and luxb genes of xenorhabdus luminescens, the only terrestrial bioluminescent bacterium known, were determined and the amino acid sequence of luciferase deduced. the alpha subunit was found to contain 360 amino acids and has a calculated molecular weight of 41,005 da, while the beta subunit contains 327 amino acids and has a calculated molecular weight of 37,6 ...19902383248
use of a rapid bioluminescence assay for detecting cyanobacterial microcystin toxicity.the recent rise in the awareness of the occurrence of toxic cyanobacterial blooms in aquatic environments, with associated human health problems and animal deaths, has increased the need for rapid, reliable and sensitive methods of determining cyanobacterial toxicity. a luminescent bacterial toxicity test was assessed as a complement to the established mouse bioassay. seventeen samples including pure cyanobacterial microcystin-lr hepatotoxin, laboratory isolates and natural blooms of cyanobacter ...19901367480
mutatox test: a new test for monitoring environmental genotoxic agents.in this study, yamaska river water and milli-q water and organically extracted sediment extracts were used to evaluate the sensitivity of a new genotoxicity screening test, the mutatox test. also in this study, the samples were tested for acute and chronic toxicity using the following screening test procedures: microtox, daphnia magna, ceriodaphnia reticulata and atp-tox systems. the mutatox test is based on the use of a dark mutant strain of photobacterium phosphoreum and is sensitive to chemic ...199015092256
elongation of exogenous fatty acids by the bioluminescent bacterium vibrio harveyi.bioluminescent bacteria require myristic acid (c14:0) to produce the myristaldehyde substrate of the light-emitting luciferase reaction. since both endogenous and exogenous c14:0 can be used for this purpose, the metabolism of exogenous fatty acids by luminescent bacteria has been investigated. both vibrio harveyi and vibrio fischeri incorporated label from [1-14c]myristic acid (c14:0) into phospholipid acyl chains as well as into co2. in contrast, photobacterium phosphoreum did not exhibit phos ...19892492504
proposed mechanism for the bacterial bioluminescence reaction involving a dioxirane intermediate.we propose here a verifiable mechanism for the bacterial bioluminescence reaction involving a dioxirane intermediate. participation of the dioxirane predicts either formation of an excited carbonyl, rather than the flavin, as the primary excited state in the reaction, or, through a cieel mechanism, the c4a hydroxyflavin or the chromophore of a secondary emitter protein could become excited. we propose energy transfer from the primary excited state to the c4a hydroxyflavin in the absence of the l ...19892590194
ecotoxicological characterization of industrial wastewater--sulfite pulp mill with bleaching.different process wastewaters from a sulfite pulp mill with bleaching were characterized by chemical analysis and toxicity tests. the amount of adsorbable organically bound halogen (aox) from the bleachery was 3.6 kg per ton pulp. the extractable organically bound chlorine was 15% of aox. some identified organochlorine compounds in the effluent could be traced in the receiving water. effluents from the chlorination and alkaline extraction stages and the condensate were the main contributors to t ...19892612424
isolation of a photoactive photosynthetic reaction center-core antenna complex from heliobacillus mobilis.a photoactive reaction center-core antenna complex was isolated from the photosynthetic bacterium heliobacillus mobilis by extraction of membranes with deriphat 160c followed by differential centrifugation and sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation. the purified complex contained a mr 47,000 polypeptide(s) that bound both the primary donor (p800) and approximately 24 antenna bacteriochlorophylls g. time-resolved fluorescence emission spectroscopy indicated that the antenna bacteriochloroph ...19892620065
stable-light-emitting escherichia coli as a biosensor.we have studied possibilities for constructing escherichia coli strains capable of producing stable light. light production in e. coli is achieved by cloning the genes encoding bacterial luciferase from vibrio harveyi. to gain the advantage of sensitive detection of light we transferred the genes under the control of a strong, regulatable promoter system. stabilization of light produced by e. coli clones was accomplished by finding the optimal plasmid construction and growth conditions as well a ...19892678927
evolution of a trna operon in gamma purple bacteria.genomic dna from eubacteria belonging to the gamma-3 subdivision of purple bacteria, as classified by woese (c.r. woese, microbiol. rev. 51:221-271, 1987), were probed with the argt operon of escherichia coli encoding 5'-trna(arg)-trna(his)-trna(leu)-trna(pro)-3'. the homologous operon from vibrio harveyi was isolated and sequenced. comparison of the five available sequences of this trna cluster from members of the families enterobacteriaceae, aeromonadaceae, and vibrionaceae led to the conclusi ...19892687235
photochemical conversion of chlorinated phenolic substances in aquatic media as studied by aox and microtox tests.six chlorophenolic substances were photochemically converted by illumination with xenon light. the aox (adsorbable organic halogens) contents were determined after illumination for various periods. pure chlorinated phenolic substances were readily detected by aox. both adsorbable and non-adsorbable chlorinated products were formed. chloride analysis indicated that most (if not all) of the non-adsorbable products consisted of chloride ions. microtox, a bacterial bioluminescence test, was used as ...19892717929
dynamic fluorescence study of the interaction of lumazine protein with bacterial luciferases.the equilibrium association of lumazine protein from photobacterium phosphoreum with luciferases from either p. phosphoreum or an aldehyde-requiring dark mutant of vibrio harveyi is measured from changes of the rotational correlation time which is derived from the decay of the lumazine ligand's fluorescence anisotropy. the rotational correlation time of lumazine protein is 23 ns (2 degrees c, 0.25 m pi) and is increased on addition of luciferase due to the formation of a higher molecular weight ...19892720095
interaction between luciferases from various species of bioluminescent bacteria and the yellow fluorescent protein of vibrio fischeri strain y-1.the interaction of the yellow fluorescent protein (yfp) from vibrio fischeri strain y-1 with luciferases from other bioluminescent bacterial strains have been studied. addition of purified yfp to a y-1 luciferase assay results in enhancement of the intensity of blue (484 nm) bioluminescence and a new peak in the emission spectrum at about 540 nm. the bimodal spectrum also resulted when the luciferase used in the reaction was isolated from the species v. fischeri atcc 7744, v. fischeri y-1, photo ...19892742584
covalent reaction of cerulenin at the active site of acyl-coa reductase of photobacterium phosphoreum.inhibition of bioluminescence in photobacterium phosphoreum by cerulenin has been demonstrated to be due to a specific inactivation of the acyl-coa reductase subunit of the fatty acid reductase complex required for synthesis of the aldehyde substrate for the luminescent reaction. in contrast, the activities of the other luminescence-related enzymes, acyl-protein synthetase, acyl-transferase, and luciferase, were unaffected by cerulenin. myristoyl-coa, but not nadph, protected the acyl-coa reduct ...19892751874
response of enteric luminous bacteria to environmental conditions in the gut of the fish.the response of luminous bacterial cultures to conditions encountered in the fish gut such as neutral ph, the presence of bile salts, gastric juice and lysozyme was examined. the organisms preferred neutral ph. bile salts did not inhibit their growth. neither lysozyme nor gastric juice affected their growth and viability to any extent. in the light of these findings, the adaptability of luminous bacteria to conditions existing in the gut of fish was discussed.19892753845
evaluation of atp photometer for toxicity testing using microtox luminescent bacterial reagent. 19892758127
bioluminescence spectral and fluorescence dynamics study of the interaction of lumazine protein with the intermediates of bacterial luciferase bioluminescence.the mechanism of the shifting of the bioluminescence spectrum from the reaction of bacterial luciferase by lumazine protein is investigated by methods of fluorescence dynamics. a metastable intermediate is produced on reaction of vibrio harveyi luciferase with fmnh2 and o2. it has an absorption maximum at 374 nm and a rotational correlation time (phi) derived from the decay of its fluorescence (maximum 500 nm) anisotropy of 90 ns (2 degrees c). lumazine protein from photobacterium phosphoreum ha ...19892765486
time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy of lumazine protein from photobacterium phosphoreum using synchrotron radiation.time-resolved fluorescence on lumazine protein from photobacterium phosphoreum was performed with synchrotron radiation as a source of continuously tunable excitation. the experiments yielded structural and dynamic details from which two aspects became apparent. from fluorescence anisotropy decay monitoring of lumazine fluorescence with different excitation wavelengths, the average correlation times were shown to change, which must indicate the presence of anistropic motion of the protein. a sim ...19892767000
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