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cloning and characterization of dihydrofolate reductases from deep-sea bacteria.enzymes from organisms living in deep-sea are thought to have characteristic pressure-adaptation mechanisms in structure and function. to better understand these mechanisms in dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr), an essential enzyme in living cells, we cloned, overexpressed and purified four new dhfrs from the deep-sea bacteria shewanella violacea (svdhfr), photobacterium profundum (ppdhfr), moritella yayanosii (mydhfr) and moritella japonica (mjdhfr), and compared their structure and function with t ...201020040594
development of a real-time pcr assay with an internal amplification control for detection of gram-negative histamine-producing bacteria in fish.prompt detection of bacteria that contribute to scombrotoxin (histamine) fish poisoning can aid in the detection of potentially toxic fish products and prevent the occurrence of illness. we report development of the first real-time pcr method for rapid detection of gram-negative histamine-producing bacteria (hpb) in fish. the real-time pcr assay was 100% inclusive for detecting high-histamine producing isolates and did not detect any of the low- or non-histamine producing isolates. the efficienc ...201021356438
constrained water access to the active site of cytochrome p450 from the piezophilic bacterium photobacterium profundum.living species inhabiting ocean deeps must adapt to high hydrostatic pressure. this adaptation, which must enable functioning under conditions of promoted protein hydration, is especially important for proteins such as cytochromes p450 that exhibit functionally important hydration-dehydration dynamics. here we study the interactions of substrates with cytochrome p450-ss9, a putative fatty acid hydroxylase from the piezophilic bacterium photobacterium profundum ss9, and characterize the protein's ...201021475616
a novel model integrated concentration addition with independent action for the prediction of toxicity of multi-component mixture.concentration addition (ca) and independent action (ia) have been used to describe the mixture of components having similar and dissimilar mode of action (moa), respectively. environmentally relevant mixture does, however, not follow the strictly similar or dissimilar moa. a novel model, which integrated ca with ia based on the multiple linear regression (icim), was proposed for predicting the toxicity of noninteractive mixture. the predictive power of the icim model was validated by data set 1 ...201021182889
acute toxicity evaluation of explosive wastewater by bacterial bioluminescence assays using a freshwater luminescent bacterium, vibrio qinghaiensis sp. nov.the compositions of explosive wastewater generated from tnt (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene) purification stage were characterized by using uv-vis spectroscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ftir), high performance liquid chromatograph (hplc) and gas chromatograph/mass spectroscopy (gc/ms). the acute toxicity was evaluated by bacterium bioluminescence assay using a freshwater luminescent bacterium (vibrio qinghaiensis sp. nov.) and a marine luminescent bacterium (photobacterium phosphoreum). t ...201021185645
[effect of tririum on growth and bioluminescence of p. phosphoreum bacteria].effect of tritium labeled amino acid valine (0.3-1.0 mbq/ml) on luminous bacteria p. phosphoreum was studied. the amino acid was used as a nutrient medium for the bacteria. tritium was found to suppress bacterial growth, but stimulate luminescence: luminescence intensity, quantum yield and time of light-emitting were increased. activation of the luminescent function is explained by redistribution of electronic density at beta-decay, and affecting biochemical processes in the bacterial media. eff ...201021434387
detoxification of am-241 solutions by humic substances: bioluminescent monitoring.the study addresses the effect of humic substances on marine luminous bacteria photobacterium phosphoreum exposed to am-241 (3,000 bq l(-1), water solution). luminescent intensity of the bacteria was applied as a marker of their physiological activity. humic substances have been found to reduce the effect of am-241 on luminescence, decrease damage to cells, and change distribution of am-241 between bacterial cells and intercellular media. it was shown that water-soluble humic substances, being p ...201021174201
pulmonary fungal infection caused by neoscytalidium dimidiatum in a risso's dolphin (grampus griseus).neoscytalidium dimidiatum was isolated from two 12-18 cm abscesses in the lung and the mediastinal lymph nodes of a stranded risso's dolphin (grampus griseus). histopathologic examination of samples of these organs revealed the presence of hyphae and sclerotic body-like fungal elements. photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae was recovered from the dolphin's organs which also were found to contain numerous monorygma grimaldii cysts. no histopathological signs of morbillivirus infection were seen ...201021174494
identification of antigens for the development of a subunit vaccine against photobacterium damselae ssp. piscicida.photobacterium damselae ssp. piscicida (ph.d.p.), the causative agent of photobacteriosis, is among the most important pathogens affecting finfish aquaculture globally. with the emergence of recombinant technology, subunit vaccines have been actively pursued, but mostly for viral diseases. bacterial subunit vaccines are more difficult to develop since the bacterial genome is more complex, with numerous candidate antigens, leading to a lengthy and laborious screening process. immunoproteomics, us ...201021134466
marine bacterial sialyltransferases.sialyltransferases transfer n-acetylneuraminic acid (neu5ac) from the common donor substrate of these enzymes, cytidine 5'-monophospho-n-acetylneuraminic acid (cmp-neu5ac), to acceptor substrates. the enzymatic reaction products including sialyl-glycoproteins, sialyl-glycolipids and sialyl-oligosaccharides are important molecules in various biological and physiological processes, such as cell-cell recognition, cancer metastasis, and virus infection. thus, sialyltransferases are thought to be imp ...201021139844
replacement of dietary fish oil by vegetable oils affects humoral immunity and expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines genes in gilthead sea bream sparus aurata.commercial gilthead sea bream feeds are highly energetic, fish oil traditionally being the main lipid source. but the decreased fish oil production together with the increased prices of this oil encourages its substitution by vegetable oils, imposing new nutritional habits to aquaculture species. partial replacement of fish oil by vegetable oils in diets for marine species allows good feed utilization and growth but may affect fish health, since imbalances in dietary fatty acids may alter fish i ...201020817101
temporal shifts of the norway lobster (nephrops norvegicus) gut bacterial communities.the aim of this study was to investigate the gut bacterial communities of nephrops norvegicus individuals, using a suite of molecular tools consisting of automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis, 16s rrna gene-internal transcribed spacer clone libraries and fish. the animals were collected from pagasitikos gulf, greece, during different months of the year. the diversity of the gut bacterial communities was found to mostly vary with sampling time, which could be related to temporal variatio ...201020831590
phylogeny, genomics, and symbiosis of photobacterium.photobacterium comprises several species in vibrionaceae, a large family of gram-negative, facultatively aerobic, bacteria that commonly associate with marine animals. members of the genus are widely distributed in the marine environment and occur in seawater, surfaces, and intestines of marine animals, marine sediments and saline lake water, and light organs of fish. seven photobacterium species are luminous via the activity of the lux genes, luxcdabeg. much recent progress has been made on the ...201020883503
insights into piezophily from genetic studies on the deep-sea bacterium, photobacterium profundum ss9.the deep-sea bacterium, photobacterium profundum ss9, has been adopted as a model organism to understand the molecular basis of cold-adapted high-pressure-loving (piezophilic) growth. despite growing optimally at 28 mpa (15 degrees c), p. profundum ss9 can grow over a wide range of pressures and temperatures. the ability to grow at atmospheric pressure has enabled a limited set of genetic tools to be developed, which has provided genetic insights into the mechanism of piezophilic growth in p. pr ...201020233381
comparisons of vibrio fischeri, photobacterium phosphoreum, and recombinant luminescent using escherichia coli as bod measurement.to shorten the time needed to measure biochemical oxygen demand (bod) in water samples and to provide a rapid feedback of the real condition of water quality, we tested and evaluated the validity and reliability of luminescent bacteria vibrio fischeri, photobacterium phosphoreum, and recombinant escherichia coli as potential indicators of bod in the domestic wastewaters. the results indicate that the luminescence intensities of these strains are dependent on temperature, ph, and bod concentratio ...201020390863
quantitative trait loci for resistance to fish pasteurellosis in gilthead sea bream (sparus aurata).fish pasteurellosis is a bacterial disease causing important losses in farmed fish, including gilthead sea bream, a teleost fish of great relevance in marine aquaculture. we report in this study a qtl analysis for resistance to fish pasteurellosis in this species. an experimental population of 500 offspring originating from eight sires and six dams in a single mass-spawning event was subjected to a disease challenge with photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida (phdp), the causative agent of fis ...201020946317
a recombinant α-(2→3)-sialyltransferase with an extremely broad acceptor substrate specificity from photobacterium sp. jt-ish-224 can transfer n-acetylneuraminic acid to inositols.we confirmed that a recombinant α-(2→3)-sialyltransferase cloned from photobacterium sp. jt-ish-224 recognizes inositols having a structure corresponding to the c-3 and c-4 of a galactopyranoside moiety, such as epi-, 1d-chiro, myo-, and muco-inositol, as acceptor substrates, and that the enzyme can transfer n-acetylneuraminic acid (neu5ac) from cytidine 5'-monophospho-n-acetylneuraminic acid (cmp-neu5ac) to them. after purifying the reaction products, the structures were confirmed by use of nmr ...201020947069
changes in complement responses in gilthead seabream (sparus aurata) and european seabass (dicentrarchus labrax) under crowding stress, plus viral and bacterial challenges.gilthead seabream (sparus aurata) and european seabass (dicentrarchus labrax) were subjected to either experimental infection with photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida or nodavirus after a period of 2 weeks of crowding in which fish were subjected to a 5-fold increase in density (10-50 kg/m(3)). samples were obtained before the crowding period (0 h or control) and at 24h and 72 h after crowding from both groups of infected fish. the complement haemolytic activity and the expression of the c3 ...201020951810
relationships between acute toxicities of para nitrophenol (p-np) and nitrobenzene (nb) to daphnia magna and photobacterium phosphoreum: physicochemical properties and metabolites under anaerobic/aerobic sequentials.in this study, the acute toxicities of nitrobenzene (nb) and para nitrophenol (p-np) were investigated in a high rate sequential anaerobic migrating blanket (ambr)/aerobic completely stirred tank reactor (cstr) using microtox and daphnia magna tests. after sequential anaerobic and aerobic treatments, the inhibitions in the microtox bacteria decreased from an initial 78.10-48.20% and 4.00%, respectively, in wastewater containing 40.00 mg/l p-np. the inhibitions of the influent wastewater containi ...201021035948
spoilage-related microbiota associated with chilled beef stored in air or vacuum pack.in order to study the spoilage-related microbiota of beef at species level, a combination of culture-independent and culture-dependent methods was used to analyse nine different beef samples stored at 4°c in air or in vacuum pack. plate counts on selective agars after 0, 7 and 20 days of storage showed that vacuum packaging reduced the viable counts of brochothrix thermosphacta, pseudomonas spp. and enterobacteriaceae, whereas the growth of lactic acid bacteria (lab) was unaffected. storage in v ...201021056779
[new biosensors for assessment of environmental toxicity based on marine luminescent bacteria].sixteen strains of luminescent bacteria of vibrio and photobacterium genera were isolated from water of the azov and black seas. two strains prospective for biotesting were genetically identified as vibrio fisher ve-9579 and vibrio fisheri ve-9580 according to russian industrial microorganism collection (vkmp) classification and accepted for depositing. the isolated luminescent strains exhibited high individual sensitivity to oil derived products, heavy metal salts, sodium dodecyl sulfate (sds) ...201021061601
phylogeographical patterns among mediterranean sepiolid squids and their vibrio symbionts: environment drives specificity among sympatric species.bobtail squid from the genera sepiola and rondeletiola (cephalopoda: sepiolidae) form mutualistic associations with luminous gram-negative bacteria (gammaproteobacteria: vibrionaceae) from the genera vibrio and photobacterium. symbiotic bacteria proliferate inside a bilobed light organ until they are actively expelled by the host into the surrounding environment on a diel basis. this event results in a dynamic symbiont population with the potential to establish the symbiosis with newly hatched s ...201021075896
properties of tryptophan indole-lyase from a piezophilic bacterium, photobacterium profundum ss9.tryptophan indole-lyase (trpase), pbpra2532, from photobacterium profundum ss9, a piezophilic marine bacterium, has been cloned, expressed in escherichia coli, and purified. the p. profundum trpase (pptrpase) exhibits similar substrate specificity as the enzyme from e. coli (ectrpase). pptrpase has an optimum temperature for activity at about 30°c, compared with 53°c for ectrpase, and loses activity rapidly (t(1/2)∼30min) when incubated at 50°c, while ectrpase is stable up to 65°c. pptrpase reta ...201021081107
antibacterial compounds from marine vibrionaceae isolated on a global expedition.on a global research expedition, over 500 bacterial strains inhibitory towards pathogenic bacteria were isolated. three hundred of the antibacterial strains were assigned to the vibrionaceae family. the purpose of the present study was to investigate the phylogeny and bioactivity of five vibrionaceae strains with pronounced antibacterial activity. these were identified as vibrio coralliilyticus (two strains), v. neptunius (two strains), and photobacterium halotolerans (one strain) on the basis o ...201021339958
elucidation of exo-beta-d-glucosaminidase activity of a family 9 glycoside hydrolase (pbpra0520) from photobacterium profundum ss9.a glycoside hydrolase (gh) gene from photobacterium profundum ss9 (pbpra0520) belonging to gh family 9 was expressed in escherichia coli. the protein was expressed with the intact n-terminal sequence, suggesting that it is an intracellular enzyme. the recombinant protein showed hydrolytic activity toward chitobiose [(glcn)(2)] and cellobiose (cg(2)) in various disaccharides. this protein also released 4-nitrophenol (pnp) from both 4-nitrophenyl-β-d-glucosaminide (glcn-pnp) and 4-nitrophenyl-β-d- ...201021098515
toxicity prediction of antibiotics on luminescent bacteria, photobacterium phosphoreum, based on their quantitative structure-activity relationship models.acute toxicity (ec₅₀₋₃₀ min) and chronic toxicity (ec₅₀₋₂₄ h) of 21 antibiotics on photobacterium phosphoreum was observed and quantitative structure-activity relationship (qsar) models were developed, respectively. by comparing these two qsar models, the following model was established, log(1/ec₅₀₋₂₄ h) = 1.8283 + 1.1503log(1/ec ₅₀₋₃₀ min) + 0.2872elomo - 0.0901dm + 0.0003pmiz + 0.0088psa - 0.0382sd, r² = 0.8513, where elomo is lowest occupied molecular energy, dm is dipole moment, pmiz is prin ...201021107523
aip56: a novel bacterial apoptogenic toxin.photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida (phdp) is a gram-negative pathogen agent of an important fish septicemia. the key virulence factor of phdp is the plasmid-encoded exotoxin aip56, which is secreted by exponentially growing pathogenic strains. aip56 has 520 amino acids including an n-terminal cleavable signal peptide of 23 amino acid residues, two cysteine residues and a zinc-binding region signature hexxh that is typical of most zinc metallopeptidases. aip56 induces in vitro and in vivo s ...201022069616
expression, purification, and characterization of a recombinant flavin reductase from the luminescent marine bacterium photobacterium leiognathi: a set of exercises for students.in photobacterium, the flavin reductase encoded by luxg regenerates the reduced form of flavin mononucleotide (fmn). reduced fmn is one of the substrates of the luciferase enzyme that catalyzes a light-emitting reaction. a set of experiments, that employs a luxg-expression plasmid construct (pghis) and is suitable for an undergraduate laboratory course, is presented. hexahistidine-tagged protein is expressed in e. coli from pghis, with the t7 rna polymerase/lac repressor induction system. bacter ...201021567817
visualization of sialic acid produced on bacterial cell surfaces by lectin staining.oligosaccharides containing n-acetylneuraminic acid on the cell surface of some pathogenic bacteria are important for host-microbe interactions. n-acetylneuraminic acid (neu5ac) plays a major role in the pathogenicity of bacterial pathogens. for example, cell surface sialyloligosaccharide moieties of the human pathogen haemophilus influenzae are involved in virulence and adhesion to host cells. in this study, we have established a method of visualizing neu5ac linked to a glycoconjugate on the ba ...201021576867
vibrios as causal agents of zoonoses.vibrios are gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria that are widespread in the coastal and estuarine environments. some species, e.g. vibrio anguillarum and v. tapetis, comprise serious pathogens of aquatic vertebrates or invertebrates. other groups, including grimontia (=vibrio) hollisae, photobacterium (=vibrio) damselae subsp. damselae, v. alginolyticus, v. harveyi (=v. carchariae), v. cholerae, v. fluvialis, v. furnissii, v. metschnikovii, v. mimicus, v. parahaemolyticus and v. vulnificus, may cau ...201019342185
photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae, an emerging pathogen in danish rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), mariculture.a selection of 16 field isolates of photobacterium damselae from marine rainbow trout farms in denmark was subjected to phenotypic and genotypic characterization and pathogenicity to fish. all isolates belonged to the subspecies damselae, being positive for haemolysis, motility and urease. there were considerable differences in haemolytic properties, some isolates presenting a broad zone of haemolysis and others only a narrow zone. pulsed-field gel electrophoresis revealed a high diversity indic ...200919364386
[characterization of listonella anguillarum as the aetiological agent of vibriosis occurred in cultured ayu (plecoglossus altivelis) in ninghai country, china].ayu (plecoglossus altivelis) vibriosis threatens ayu aquaculture seriously caused by mass mortality due to severe infections. we characterized the vibriosis pathogen of ayu in ninghai country.200919873758
utilization of mucus from the coral acropora palmata by the pathogen serratia marcescens and by environmental and coral commensal bacteria.in recent years, diseases of corals caused by opportunistic pathogens have become widespread. how opportunistic pathogens establish on coral surfaces, interact with native microbiota, and cause disease is not yet clear. this study compared the utilization of coral mucus by coral-associated commensal bacteria ("photobacterium mandapamensis" and halomonas meridiana) and by opportunistic serratia marcescens pathogens. s. marcescens pdl100 (a pathogen associated with white pox disease of acroporid c ...200919395569
expression, purification, and characterization of the recombinant putative periplasmic hemin-binding protein (hutb) of photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida.hutb, the periplasmic hemin binding protein of photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida, was produced as a recombinant protein. uv-vis spectrophotometrical analysis showed absorption spectral changes in hemin upon mixing it with the recombinant protein, indicating complex formation. spectrophotometric titration of hutb with hemin showed saturation at a heme/hutb ratio of 1:1 and a binding affinity (k(d)) of 10 microm.200919420687
catalytic properties of a lipase from photobacterium lipolyticum for biodiesel production containing a high methanol concentration.biodiesel, an alternative fuel, is generated via the transesterification reaction of vegetable oil or animal oil with alcohol. currently, many reports have noted that microbial lipases might be utilized for the production of biodiesel. among them, immobilized candida antarctica lipase b (novozym435) is frequently utilized for its biocatalytic efficiency and availability. however, as the enzyme is unstable in a medium containing high concentrations of methanol, a multi-stepwise methanol supply is ...200919447334
synthesis of new 2-thio-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]quinazoline derivatives and its antimicrobial activity.a series of novel ([1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]quinazolin-2-ylthio)carboxylic acids 2a-d and esters 3a-l were synthesized and evaluated for antimicrobial activity. alkylation of potassium 2-thio-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]quinazoline 1 with halogenocarboxylic acids and its esters proceeded s-regioselectively. during acid catalyzed esterification of 2a-c, degradation of the pyrimidine ring was observed. the structures of the compounds were elucidated by ft-ir, (1)h- and (13)c-nmr, electron impact mass spect ...200919483337
effect of brining, modified atmosphere packaging, and superchilling on the shelf life of cod (gadus morhua) loins.the aim of these experiments was to evaluate the effect of brining, modified atmosphere packaging (map), and superchilling on the quality changes of cod loins as measured by microbial, sensory, and chemical analysis. unbrined and brined (2.5 +/- 1.0% nacl) cod loins were kept in styrofoam boxes (air) and under modified atmosphere (ma, co(2)/o(2)/n(2): 50/5/45) at 0, -2, and -3.6 degrees c. samples were examined over a 4-wk period. total viable psychrotrophic counts and counts of h(2)s-producing ...200919723210
photobacterium aquimaris sp. nov., a luminous marine bacterium isolated from seawater.two luminous marine bacteria, strains lc2-065(t) and lc2-102, were isolated from seawater at sagami bay in japan. these bacteria were gram-negative, oxidase-negative, catalase-positive, motile and coccoid-rods. 16s rrna gene sequence analysis and multilocus sequence analysis (mlsa) using six loci (ftsz, gapa, gyrb, mreb, pyrh and topa) and sequence analysis of the alpha subunit of luciferase (luxa) gene revealed that these bacteria were distinct from other species of the genus photobacterium. th ...200919502330
hormesis response of marine and freshwater luminescent bacteria to metal exposure.the stimulatory effect of low concentrations of toxic chemicals on organismal metabolism, referred to as hormesis, has been found to be common in the widely used luminescence bioassay. this paper aims to study the hormesis phenomenon in both marine and freshwater luminescent bacteria, named photobacterium phosphorem and vibrio qinghaiensis. the effects of cu (ii), zn (ii), cd (ii) and cr (vi) on luminescence of these two bacteria were studied for 0 to 75 minutes exposure by establishing dose- an ...200919746263
differentiation of whole bacterial cells based on high-throughput microarray chip printing and infrared microspectroscopic readout.using robotic automation, a microarray printing protocol for whole bacterial cells was developed for subsequent label-free and nondestructive infrared microspectroscopic detection. using this contact microspotting system, 24 microorganisms were printed on zinc selenide slides; these were 6 species of listeria, 10 species of vibrio, 2 strains of photobacterium damselae, yersinia enterocolitica 289, bacillus cereus atcc 14529, staphylococcus aureus, atcc 19075 (serotype 104 b), shigella sonnei 201 ...200919630511
comparison between the short-term and the long-term toxicity of six triazine herbicides on photobacteria q67.the bioluminescence inhibition of six triazine herbicides including desmetryne (des), simetryn (sim), velpar (vel), prometon (pro), metribuzin (met), and aminotriazine (ami) on vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-q67 (q67) was determined to investigate the effects of exposure duration on the ecotoxicological relevance of triazine herbicides. based on the short-term microplate toxicity analysis (mta), a long-term mta was established to assess the impact of exposure time on the toxicities of the herbicides. t ...200919203776
detection of bacterioplankton in immersed cadavers using selective agar plates.we measured bacterioplankton in blood from cadavers retrieved from the sea (n=12), near estuaries (n=4), rivers (fresh water, n=8) and from bathtubs (n=4) as well as from non-drowned victims (n=10) discovered near aquatic environments. blood from 11 victims drowned in seawater developed bioluminescent and/or blue colonies (oxidase test positive) on selective media containing 2-4% nacl. homology analyses of the 16s rrna gene showed that all of them were marine bacteria (genera: photobacterium, vi ...200919261520
induction of the histidine decarboxylase genes of photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae (formally p. histaminum) at low ph.to elucidate the detailed mechanism of histamine production by photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae.200919302297
the nonrandom microheterogeneity of 16s rrna genes in vibrio splendidus may reflect adaptation to versatile lifestyles.16s rrna molecules in a microbial strain can differ due to nucleotide variation between their genes. this is a typical trait of fast-growing bacteria to cope with different niches. we investigated characteristics of 16s rrna genes in vibrio splendidus strain pb1-10, from the normal flora of atlantic halibut. sequencing of 16s rrna gene clones detected 35 variable positions in a total of 13 different gene copies. more than two-thirds of the substitutions occurred in regions corresponding to helix ...200919341395
remarkable resistance to uvb of the marine bacterium photobacterium angustum explained by an unexpected role of photolyase.dna damage and cell survival was assessed in the marine bacteria, photobacterium angustum (gc%=39.6) and sphingopyxis alaskensis (gc%=65.5) following uvb irradiation and recovery in the presence or absence of visible light. the extent of bipyrimidine photoproduct formation was analyzed by hplc-ms/ms. s. alaskensis was chosen as a reference species since it was previously shown to be photoresistant. interestingly, p. angustum exhibited an even higher level of survival to uvb irradiation than s. a ...200919707619
effect of increasing nitrobenzene loading rates on the performance of anaerobic migrating blanket reactor and sequential anaerobic migrating blanket reactor/completely stirred tank reactor system.a laboratory scale anaerobic migrating blanket reactor (ambr) reactor was operated at nitrobenzene (nb) loading rates increasing from 3.33 to 66.67 g nb/m(3)day and at a constant hydraulic retention time (hrt) of 6 days to observe the effects of increasing nb concentrations on chemical oxygen demand (cod), nb removal efficiencies, bicarbonate alkalinity, volatile fatty acid (vfa) accumulation and methane gas percentage. moreover, the effect of an aerobic completely stirred tank reactor (cstr) re ...200919286317
bioluminescence intensity difference observed in luminous bacteria groups with different motility.the aim of this study was to compare the luminescent intensity of bioluminescence from marine luminous bacteria with different motility.200919207857
combined photobacterium toxicity of herbicide mixtures containing one insecticide.to test whether the dose-addition (da) model can predict the combined toxicity of the mixtures of herbicides that coexisted with insecticide(s), we selected five herbicides (simetryn, prometon, bromacil, velpar, and diquat) and one organophosphorus insecticide (dichlorvos) as the test components. the inhibition toxicities of the six pesticides as well as those of their mixtures to vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-q67 were determined by using the microplate toxicity test procedure. the dose-response curve ...200919215957
evaluation of the ecotoxicity of model nanoparticles.since society at large became aware of the use of nanomaterials in ever growing quantities in consumer products and their presence in the environment, critical interest in the impact of this emerging technology has grown. the main concern is whether the unknown risks of engineered nanoparticles (nps), in particular their impact on health and environment, outweighs their established benefits for society. therefore, a key issue in this field is to evaluate their potential toxicity. in this context ...200919264345
the genomic basis of trophic strategy in marine bacteria.many marine bacteria have evolved to grow optimally at either high (copiotrophic) or low (oligotrophic) nutrient concentrations, enabling different species to colonize distinct trophic habitats in the oceans. here, we compare the genome sequences of two bacteria, photobacterium angustum s14 and sphingopyxis alaskensis rb2256, that serve as useful model organisms for copiotrophic and oligotrophic modes of life and specifically relate the genomic features to trophic strategy for these organisms an ...200919805210
photobacterium damsela wound infection in a 14-year-old surfer.photobacterium damsela (p damsela) is a common marine bacterium. rare reports of p damsela causing septicemia and wound infection have been described in children. we report a case of photobacterium damsela isolated from a wound culture taken from a 14-year-old male injured after a minor trauma while surfing. we alert physicians to this infection and the importance of early diagnosis and appropriate antimicrobial therapy for wound infection following seawater injury.200919279534
importance of proteins controlling initiation of dna replication in the growth of the high-pressure-loving bacterium photobacterium profundum ss9.the molecular mechanism(s) by which deep-sea bacteria grow optimally under high hydrostatic pressure at low temperatures is poorly understood. to gain further insight into the mechanism(s), a previous study screened transposon mutant libraries of the deep-sea bacterium photobacterium profundum ss9 and identified mutants which exhibited alterations in growth at high pressure relative to that of the parent strain. two of these mutants, fl23 (pbpra3229::mini-tn10) and fl28 (pbpra1039::mini-tn10), w ...200919700526
effect of quinone on the fluorescence decay dynamics of endogenous flavin bound to bacterial luciferase.the interaction of quinone with luciferase from photobacterium leiognathi was studied based on the fluorescence decay measurements of the endogenous flavin bound to the enzyme. homologous 1,4-quinones, 1,4-benzoquinone, methyl-1,4-benzoquinone, 2-methyl-5-isopropyl-1,4-benzoquine and 1,4-naphthoquinone, were investigated. in the absence of quinone, the fluorescence intensity and anisotropy decays of the endogenous flavin exhibited two intensity decay lifetimes (~1 and 5 ns) and two anisotropy de ...200919162392
piscidin 4, a novel member of the piscidin family of antimicrobial peptides.piscidins are linear, amphipathic, antimicrobial peptides (amps) with broad, potent, activity spectrum. piscidins and other members of the piscidin family appear to comprise the most common group of amps in teleost fish. all piscidins and related members of the piscidin family described to date are 18-26 amino acids long.we report here the isolation of a novel 5329.25 da, 44-residue (ffrhlfrgakaifrgarqgxrahkvvsryrnrdvpetdnnqeep) antimicrobial peptide from hybrid striped bass (morone chrysops fem ...200919266617
gammaproteobacteria as a possible source of eicosapentaenoic acid in anoxic intertidal sediments.eicosapentaenoic acid (epa; n-20:5omega3) was found to be a constituent of phospholipids in three mesophilic strains of gammaproteobacteria, which were isolated from anoxic most probable number series prepared with sediments from an intertidal flat of the german north sea coast. their partial 16s rrna gene sequences identified the isolates as close relatives of shewanella colwelliana, vibrio splendidus, and photobacterium lipolyticum. so far, eicosapentaenoic acid has mainly been reported to occ ...200918777187
comparative study of phenol and cyanide containing wastewater in cstr and sbr activated sludge reactors.the objectives of this work were the examination of the performance of two bench scale activated sludge systems, a conventional continuous stirring tank reactor (cstr) and a sequential batch reactor (sbr), for the treatment of wastewaters containing phenol and cyanides and the assessment of the toxicity reduction potential by bioassays. the operation of the reactors was monitored by physicochemical analyses, while detoxification potential of the systems was monitored by two bioassays, the marine ...200918650084
invasion and survival of photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida in non-phagocytic cells of gilthead sea bream, sparus aurata l.fluorescence microscopy and gentamicin protection assays were used to investigate the ability of four photobacterium damselae subsp. pisicida (phdp) strains to adhere to and to invade the fish epithelial cell line, saf-1, derived from sparus aurata. all strains tested were detected intracellularly using both techniques, although internalization levels varied among strains. treatment with cytochalasin d and experiments carried out at 4 degrees c demonstrated that a functional host cell cytoskelet ...200919460085
culturable heterotrophic bacteria in seawater and mytilus galloprovincialis from a mediterranean area (northern ionian sea-italy).although mar piccolo of taranto (ionian sea, italy) is one of the most important mytilus galloprovincialis farming areas, data concerning the natural bacterial microbiota of these mussels and their surrounding environment are still scant. this study was carried out seasonally, throughout a year, to determine culturable heterotrophic bacteria both in the water and mussels samples collected at three sampling sites in the northern ionian sea: s. vito, lido gandoli and lido silvana. culturable heter ...200918301997
prepared bed bioremediation of oily sludge in an oilfield in northern china.field-scale bioremediation of oily sludge in prepared beds was studied at shengli oilfield in northern china. the influence of manure, coarse sand, sawdust, a specialized microbial preparation and greenhouse conditions on the efficiency of removal of oil and grease was evaluated. after bioremediation for 230d, oil and grease content fell by 32-42gkg(-1)dry sludge in treated plots, indicating removal of 27-46% compared with only 15% in the control plot. addition of manure, coarse sand, sawdust an ...200918572312
catabolite regulation of enzymatic activities in a white pox pathogen and commensal bacteria during growth on mucus polymers from the coral acropora palmata.colonization of host mucus surfaces is one of the first steps in the establishment of coral-associated microbial communities. coral mucus contains a sulfated glycoprotein (in which oligosaccharide decorations are connected to the polypeptide backbone by a mannose residue) and molecules that result from its degradation. mucus is utilized as a growth substrate by commensal and pathogenic organisms. two representative coral commensals, photobacterium mandapamensis and halomonas meridiana, differed ...200920095241
[quantitative detection of nadh by in vitro bacterial luciferase bioluminescent].the study aimed at establishing the bacterial luciferase: fmn-nadh oxidoreductase bioluminescent system in vitro and evaluating its potential for quantitative detection of nadh.200920030062
bacterial composition and succession during storage of north-atlantic cod (gadus morhua) at superchilled temperatures.the bacteriology during storage of the north-atlantic cod has been investigated for the past decades using conventional cultivation strategies which have generated large amount of information. this paper presents a study where both conventional cultivation and cultivation independent approaches were used to investigate the bacterial succession during storage of cod loins at chilled and superchilled temperatures.200919961579
septicemia progressing to fatal hepatic dysfunction in an cirrhotic patient after oral ingestion of photobacterium damsela: a case report. 200920013095
multi-gene analysis reveals previously unrecognized phylogenetic diversity in aliivibrio.the "vibrio fischeri species group" recently was reclassified as a new genus, aliivibrio, comprising four species, aliivibrio fischeri, aliivibrio logei, aliivibrio salmonicida, and aliivibrio wodanis. only limited phylogenetic analysis of strains within aliivibrio has been carried out, however, and taxonomic ambiguity is evident within this group, especially for phenotypically unusual strains and certain strains isolated from bioluminescent symbioses. therefore, to examine in depth the evolutio ...200919481895
expression and characterization of the periplasmic cobalamin-binding protein of photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida.abstract cobalamin (vitamin b(12)) is an essential cofactor in a variety of enzymatic reactions and most prokaryotes contain transport systems to import vitamin b(12). a gene coding for a periplasmic cobalamin-binding protein of photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida was identified by in silico analysis of sequences from a genomic library. the open reading frame was composed of 834 bp encoding a protein of 277 amino acids. the protein showed 61% identity with the vitamin b(12)-binding protein ...200919490395
development of a multiplex pcr assay for photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida identification in fish samples.a multiplex polymerase chain reaction protocol for the detection of photobacterium damselae and subspecies piscicida and damselae discrimination, with internal amplification control, was developed. assay specificity was assessed by testing 19 target and 25 non-target pure cultures. the detection limit was 500 fg, corresponding to 100 genome equivalents. the optimized protocol was also prevalidated with spleen, kidney and blood samples from infected and uninfected sea bass, without any culture st ...200919500208
a novel packaging method with a dissolving co(2) headspace combined with organic acids prolongs the shelf life of fresh salmon.the aim of this study was to evaluate a novel packaging method for fresh fish and to determine its effect on the bacterial growth in fresh salmon. fresh salmon was packed with a small amount of 100% co(2) (gas/product ratio 0.2/1.0 v/v) and a brine solution containing various combinations of citric acid (3% w/w, ph 5), acetic acid (1% w/w, ph 5) and cinnamaldehyde (200 microg/ml). total bacterial counts, counts of sulphur reducing bacteria, lactic acid bacteria and enterobacteriaceae as well as ...200919523706
a concise diels-alder strategy for the asymmetric synthesis of (+)-albicanol, (+)-albicanyl acetate, (+)-dihydrodrimenin, and (-)-dihydroisodrimeninol.a short, mild, highly diastereo-, regio-, and stereoselective diels-alder strategy has been developed for the asymmetric synthesis of (+)-albicanol, (+)-albicanyl acetate, (+)-dihydrodrimenin, and (-)-dihydroisodrimeninol.200919594165
comparative study of immobilized and soluble nadh:fmn-oxidoreductase-luciferase coupled enzyme system.the properties of a coupled enzyme system (nad(p)h:fmn-oxidoreductase and luciferase) from luminous bacteria were studied. the enzymes and their substrates were immobilized in polymer gels of different types: starch (polysaccharide) and gelatin (polypeptide). maximum activity yield (100%) was achieved with the enzymes immobilized in starch gel. an increase in k(m) (app) was observed in both immobilized systems as compared with the soluble coupled enzyme system. immobilization in starch and gelat ...200919645676
innovations in host and microbial sialic acid biosynthesis revealed by phylogenomic prediction of nonulosonic acid structure.sialic acids (sias) are nonulosonic acid (nulo) sugars prominently displayed on vertebrate cells and occasionally mimicked by bacterial pathogens using homologous biosynthetic pathways. it has been suggested that sias were an animal innovation and later emerged in pathogens by convergent evolution or horizontal gene transfer. to better illuminate the evolutionary processes underlying the phenomenon of sia molecular mimicry, we performed phylogenomic analyses of biosynthetic pathways for sias and ...200919666579
transferrin and ferritin response to bacterial infection: the role of the liver and brain in fish.iron is essential for growth and survival, but it is also toxic when in excess. thus, there is a tight regulation of iron that is accomplished by the interaction of several genes including the iron transporter transferrin and iron storage protein ferritin. these genes are also known to be involved in response to infection. the aim of this study was to understand the role of transferrin and ferritin in infection and iron metabolism in fish. thus, sea bass transferrin and ferritin h cdnas were iso ...200919428486
crystal structure of alpha/beta-galactoside alpha2,3-sialyltransferase from a luminous marine bacterium, photobacterium phosphoreum.alpha/beta-galactoside alpha2,3-sialyltransferase produced by photobacterium phosphoreum jt-ish-467 is a unique enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of n-acetylneuraminic acid residue from cytidine monophosphate n-acetylneuraminic acid to acceptor carbohydrate groups. the enzyme recognizes both mono- and di-saccharides as acceptor substrates, and can transfer neu5ac to both alpha-galactoside and beta-galactoside, efficiently. to elucidate the structural basis for the broad acceptor substrate speci ...200919467231
characterization of dissolved organic matter fractions and its relationship with the disinfection by-product formation.dissolved organic matter (dom) has been identified as precursor for disinfection by-products (dbps) formation during chlorination. recently, it has been demonstrated that the characteristics of dom influence the dbps formation mechanism. a study was, therefore, initiated to investigate the effects of dom fractions on dbps formation mechanism. in the chlorination process, organic acids are dominant precursors of total thihalomethanes (tthm) because of the v(c-o) and unsaturated structures. furthe ...200919402400
synthesis, cytotoxicity by bioluminescence inhibition, antibacterial and antifungal activity of ([1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]quinazolin-2-ylthio)carboxylic acid amides.we report in this work the synthesis, cytotoxicity, and antimicrobial activity of ([1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]quinazolin-2-ylthio)carboxylic acid amides 4-7 in connection with our previous research in the preparation of triazoloquinazoline derivatives. due to simplicity, general availability of starting materials, and high yields, the most reliable method of synthesis appeared to be the one with n,n-carbonyldiimidazole activation stage. the chemical structures of all obtained substances were deduced ...200919882690
[toxicity of nitrification substrates and products to photobacterium].in this study, we studied the toxic effect of nitrification substrates and products on photobacterium.200919673411
genomic taxonomy of vibrios.vibrio taxonomy has been based on a polyphasic approach. in this study, we retrieve useful taxonomic information (i.e. data that can be used to distinguish different taxonomic levels, such as species and genera) from 32 genome sequences of different vibrio species. we use a variety of tools to explore the taxonomic relationship between the sequenced genomes, including multilocus sequence analysis (mlsa), supertrees, average amino acid identity (aai), genomic signatures, and genome blast atlases. ...200919860885
quality changes of prerigor filleted atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.) packaged in modified atmosphere using co2 emitter, traditional map, and vacuum.pieces of prerigor salmon fillets were packaged in modified atmosphere (60% co(2) and 40% n(2)) and in vacuum. the ma packages had a gas to product volume ratio (g/p ratio) of 3/1 (traditional map) and 1/1 (packaged with a co(2) emitter). all the samples were stored at 1.2 degrees c for 25 d. the ma packages had lower bacterial growth during storage compared to vacuum packages. the analyses of 16s rrna at day 22 indicated a similar bacterial diversity, independent of packaging methods, dominated ...200919723208
biodegradability and toxicity of sulphonate-based surfactants in aerobic and anaerobic aquatic environments.four types of commonly used sulphonate-based surfactants (alkane sulphonates, alpha-olefin sulphonates, sulphosuccinates and methyl ester sulphonates) were tested for their aerobic and anaerobic biodegradability as well as for their toxicity to daphnia magna and photobacterium phosphoreum to assess the effect of the surfactant structure on those properties. aerobic biodegradation was evaluated by means of the co2 headspace test and anaerobic biodegradation was assessed by a method based on the e ...200918976786
observations on the estrogenic activity and concentration of 17beta-estradiol in the discharges of 12 wastewater treatment plants in southern australia.there is very little information on the overall level of estrogenic activity, or concentrations of specific hormonal compounds in wastewater treatment plant (wwtp) discharges in australia, compared with europe, japan, and north america. to partly address this, in 2004, water samples were collected as "grab" or "spot" samples from 12 wwtp facilities across southern victoria at the point at which effluent enters the environment, either as recycled water or direct discharge to the receiving water. ...200919057835
[effects of antibiotics on bacterial community in shrimp hatchery system].with bacterial 16s rrna gene (rdna) as molecular marker and by using pcr-dgge technique, the fingerprints of bacterial community were constructed to study the effects of applying streptomycin sulfate, terramycin, and penicillin on the bacterial community in shrimp hatchery system. within the 120 h experimental period, significant difference in the diversity of the bacterial community was observed between the treatments applied with 0.5 mg x l(-1) of test antibiotics and the control. in the contr ...200920077718
dietary medicinal plant extracts improve growth, immune activity and survival of tilapia oreochromis mossambicus.the effects of supplementing diets with acetone extract (1% w/w) from four medicinal plants (bermuda grass cynodon dactylon, h(1), beal aegle marmelos, h(2), winter cherry withania somnifera, h(3) and ginger zingiber officinale, h(4)) on growth, the non-specific immune response and ability to resist pathogen infection in tilapia oreochromis mossambicus were assessed. in addition, the antimicrobial properties of the extract were assessed against vibrio alginolyticus, vibrioparahaemolyticus, vibri ...200920735646
[adaptation of bioluminescence technique for the evaluation of the toxicity of mineral waters].mineral waters have been ascertained to exert a pronounced inhibiting effect, that is in proportion in their mineralization and ph values, on the fluorescence of microbial luminescent biosensors. to prevent such adverse reactions masking the effects of chemical pollutants, the authors propose an adjusted procedure for preparing the samples of mineral waters for luminescence biotesting. the first approach is to differentially insert additional quantities of nacl into the test samples depending on ...200819097443
[construction of recombinate luminescence bacteria vector to evaluate the genetoxic of environment pollutant].recombinate luminescence bacteria have the important role in evaluating water toxicity. two recombinate luminescence bacteria vectors pucd-uvra and pucd-alka were constructed to investigate the impaired mechanism of pollutant genetic toxicity. the genes of uvra and alka were amplified by pcr from e. coli w3110, sequenced after ligated with pgem-t easy vector. the pcr products and pucd615 vector were all digested with bamh i, ecor i, then be linked and imported into jm109 with electrotransformati ...200819186821
developmental and microbiological analysis of the inception of bioluminescent symbiosis in the marine fish nuchequula nuchalis (perciformes: leiognathidae).many marine fish harbor luminous bacteria as bioluminescent symbionts. despite the diversity, abundance, and ecological importance of these fish and their apparent dependence on luminous bacteria for survival and reproduction, little is known about developmental and microbiological events surrounding the inception of their symbioses. to gain insight on these issues, we examined wild-caught larvae of the leiognathid fish nuchequula nuchalis, a species that harbors photobacterium leiognathi as its ...200818978090
protein evolution in deep sea bacteria: an analysis of amino acids substitution rates.abyssal microorganisms have evolved particular features that enable them to grow in their extreme habitat. genes belonging to specific functional categories are known to be particularly susceptible to high-pressure; therefore, they should show some evidence of positive selection. to verify this hypothesis we computed the amino acid substitution rates between two deep-sea microorganisms, photobacterium profundum ss9 and shewanella benthica kt99, and their respective shallow water relatives.200819014525
effect of dietary administration of porphyridium cruentum on the respiratory burst activity of sole, solea senegalensis (kaup), phagocytes.the stimulatory effect of the red microalga porphyridium cruentum on respiratory burst activity of sole phagocytes was evaluated in vivo. oral administration of a diet supplemented with lyophilized p. cruentum cells (10 g kg(-1)) stimulated respiratory burst activity after 4 weeks feeding in sole vaccinated with photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida bacterin.200818577098
the crosslinking and antimicrobial properties of tunichrome.tunichromes are small peptides containing one or more dehydrodopa derived units that have been identified in the blood cells of at least eleven species of tunicates. incubation of tunichromes isolated from ascidia nigra hemocytes (or model dopa-containing compounds) under oxidative conditions with either lysozyme, cytochrome c or ovalbumin resulted in a time-dependent polymerization of these test proteins to dimers, trimers, tetramers and potentially to other oligomers. these results indicate th ...200818593604
antibacterial action of l-amino acid oxidase from the skin mucus of rockfish sebastes schlegelii.l-amino acid oxidase (lao) shows broadly antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria by h(2)o(2) generated in the oxidative process of l-amino acids. however, lao (termed ssap) isolated from the rockfish sebastes schlegelii skin mucus acted selectively on gram-negative bacteria. therefore, this study was undertaken to clarify the antibacterial action of ssap as compared with h(2)o(2). ssap inhibited potently the growth of aeromonas salmonicida, photobacterium damselae ...200818055243
vaccination of larvae of the bony fish gilthead seabream reveals a lack of correlation between lymphocyte development and adaptive immunocompetence.fish eggs are released and embryos hatch into a pathogenically hostile environment, at a time when their immunological capacity is severely limited. although the eggs are initially protected by the envelope as well as by several innate and adaptive immune substances, which are transferred to eggs during fish vitellogenesis, it seems that young specimens depend fundamentally on their innate defence mechanisms. here we show in the gilthead seabream, an immunologically tractable teleost fish model, ...200818325592
structure of lumazine protein, an optical transponder of luminescent bacteria.the intensely fluorescent lumazine protein is believed to be involved in the bioluminescence of certain marine bacteria. the sequence of the catalytically inactive protein resembles that of the enzyme riboflavin synthase. its non-covalently bound fluorophore, 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine, is the substrate of this enzyme and also the committed precursor of vitamin b(2). an extensive crystallization screen was performed using numerous single-site mutants of the lumazine protein from photobacteri ...200818602927
genomic and functional analysis of icepdaspa1, a fish-pathogen-derived sxt-related integrating conjugative element that can mobilize a virulence plasmid.integrating conjugative elements (ices) are self-transmissible mobile elements that transfer between bacteria via conjugation and integrate into the host chromosome. sxt and related ices became prevalent in asian vibrio cholerae populations in the 1990s and play an important role in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes in v. cholerae. here, we carried out genomic and functional analyses of icepdaspa1, an sxt-related ice derived from a spanish isolate of photobacterium damselae subsp. ...200818326579
observation of oscillation in bacterial luminescence.oscillation in the bioluminescent intensity from a luminous bacteria suspension was observed. the time course of the luminescence intensity from a suspension containing luminous bacteria was measured. the oscillation mode changed with the liquid broth component. the optical density and dissolved oxygen (do) concentration were measured simultaneously with the luminescence intensity, and a possibility was indicated that both diauxic growth and oxygen reaction-consumption resulted with oscillation.200818332555
three cases of gastric prolapse through the gill slit in sand tiger sharks, carcharhinus taurus (rafinesque). 200818353023
the efficacy and safety of an oil-based vaccine against photobacterium damsela subsp. piscicida in yellowtail (seriola quinqueradiata): a field study.protection after intraperitoneal (i.p.) vaccination of yellowtail (seriola quinqueradiata) against pasteurellosis was studied in a field trial. yellowtail juveniles captured from the wild or artificially hatched were immunised with an oil-based vaccine against photobacterium damsela subsp. piscicida, and the fish were observed for 15 weeks after vaccination. outbreak of pasteurellosis was observed at all five sites (mortality in control group ranged from 7% to 77%), and significant (p<0.01) prot ...200818356079
phylogenetic analysis of the incidence of lux gene horizontal transfer in vibrionaceae.horizontal gene transfer (hgt) is thought to occur frequently in bacteria in nature and to play an important role in bacterial evolution, contributing to the formation of new species. to gain insight into the frequency of hgt in vibrionaceae and its possible impact on speciation, we assessed the incidence of interspecies transfer of the lux genes (luxcdabeg), which encode proteins involved in luminescence, a distinctive phenotype. three hundred three luminous strains, most of which were recently ...200818359809
shewanella and photobacterium spp. in oysters and seawater from the delaware bay.shewanella algae, s. putrefaciens, and photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae are indigenous marine bacteria and human pathogens causing cellulitis, necrotizing fasciitis, abscesses, septicemia, and death. infections are rare and are most often associated with the immunocompromised host. a study was performed on the microbiological flora of oysters and seawater from commercial oyster harvesting sites in the delaware bay, new jersey. from 276 water and shellfish samples tested, 1,421 bacterial i ...200818378645
fate and effects of amphoteric surfactants in the aquatic environment.amphoteric surfactants form part of specialty surfactants available for formulators to improve or design new formulations in response to environmental, toxicity, safety and performance demands. nevertheless, limited information on the ecological properties of amphoterics is available. in the present work, the aerobic and anaerobic biodegradability and the aquatic toxicity of different types of amphoteric surfactants (three alkyl betaines, one alkylamido betaine and three alkyl imidazoline deriva ...200818456334
[toxicity screening and identification of bacteria isolated from snails nassarius semiplicatus and their habitat].tetrodotoxin and its analogues (ttxs) were responsible for the poisoning incidents associated with snail nassarius spp. we studied bacteria isolated from toxic snails as well as their habitat to probe into the relationship between bacteria and toxicity of nassariid gastropod.200818837369
evolutionary ecology during the rise of dioxygen in the earth's atmosphere.pre-photosynthetic niches were meagre with a productivity of much less than 10(-4) of modern photosynthesis. serpentinization, arc volcanism and ridge-axis volcanism reliably provided h(2). methanogens and acetogens reacted co(2) with h(2) to obtain energy and make organic matter. these skills pre-adapted a bacterium for anoxygenic photosynthesis, probably starting with h(2) in lieu of an oxygen 'acceptor'. use of ferrous iron and sulphide followed as abundant oxygen acceptors, allowing producti ...200818468980
molecular characterization, phylogeny, and expression of c-type and g-type lysozymes in brill (scophthalmus rhombus).lysozymes are key proteins of the innate immune system against bacterial infections. in this study we report the molecular cloning and characterization of the c-type and g-type lysozymes in brill (scophthalmus rhombus). catalytic and other conserved residues required for functionality were identified. phylogenetic analysis revealed distinct evolutionary histories for each lysozyme type. expression profiles of both lysozyme genes were studied in juvenile tissues using a real-time pcr approach. c- ...200818479938
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