| disparate developmental patterns of immune responses to bacterial and viral infections in fish. | during early stages of development vertebrates rely on an immature immune system to fight pathogens, but in non mammalian species few studies have taken an in-depth analysis of the transition from reliance on innate immune mechanisms to the appearance of adaptive immunity. using rainbow trout as a model we characterized responses to two natural pathogens of this species, the gram negative bacterium aeromonas salmonicida and the virus vhsv, using microarray analysis at four early life history sta ... | 2015 | 26487553 |
| aeromonas salmonicida infection only moderately regulates expression of factors contributing to toll-like receptor signaling but massively activates the cellular and humoral branches of innate immunity in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | toll-like receptors (tlrs) are known to detect a defined spectrum of microbial structures. however, the knowledge about the specificity of teleost tlr factors for distinct pathogens is limited so far. we measured baseline expression profiles of 18 tlr genes and associated signaling factors in four immune-relevant tissues of rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss. intraperitoneal injection of a lethal dose of aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida induced highly increased levels of cytokine mrnas du ... | 2015 | 26266270 |
| histopathological findings in farmed rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) naturally infected with 3 different aeromonas species. | this study describes the macroscopic and microscopic lesions in farmed rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) naturally infected with genetically identified aeromonas salmonicida, a. hydrophila, and a. veronii species. the genus aeromonas includes bacteria that naturally inhabit both waterways and organisms. at least 27 aeromonas species have been identified to date, some of which can cause significant economic losses in aquaculture. as up to 68.8% of aeromonas isolates may be misidentified in rout ... | 2015 | 26130859 |
| effect of a phytogenic feed additive on the susceptibility of onchorhynchus mykiss to aeromonas salmonicida. | in recent years, feed additives have increasingly been adopted by the aquaculture industry. these supplements not only offer an alternative to antibiotics but have also been linked to enhanced growth performance. however, the literature is still limited and provides contradictory information on their effectiveness. this is mainly due to the wide variety of available products and their complex mechanisms of action. phytogenic feed additives have been shown to have antimicrobial effects and can im ... | 2015 | 26119300 |
| functional genomics of the aeromonas salmonicida lipopolysaccharide o-antigen and a-layer from typical and atypical strains. | the a. salmonicida a450 lps o-antigen, encoded by the wbsalmo gene cluster, is exported through an abc-2 transporter-dependent pathway. it represents the first example of an o-antigen lps polysaccharide with three different monosaccharides in their repeating unit assembled by this pathway. until now, only repeating units with one or two different monosaccharides have been described. functional genomic analysis of this wbsalmo region is mostly in agreement with the lps o-antigen structure of acet ... | 2015 | 26082990 |
| asagei2b: a new variant of a genomic island identified in the aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida jf3224 strain isolated from a wild fish in switzerland. | aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida is the causal agent of furunculosis in salmonids. we recently identified a group of genomic islands (asagei) in this bacterium. asagei2a, one of these genomic islands, has almost exclusively been identified in isolates from north america. to date, aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida jf3224, a strain isolated from a wild brown trout (salmo trutta) caught in switzerland, was the only european isolate that appeared to bear asagei2a. we analyzed the geno ... | 2015 | 26048417 |
| steelhead trout oncorhynchus mykiss metabolic rate is affected by dietary aloe vera inclusion but not by mounting an immune response against formalin-killed aeromonas salmonicida. | the oxygen consumption (mo2) of two groups of 10° c acclimated steelhead trout oncorhynchus mykiss was measured for 72 h after they were given a 100 µl kg(-1) intraperitoneal injection of formalin-killed aeromonas salmonicida (asal) or phosphate-buffered saline (pbs). in addition, plasma cortisol levels were measured in fish from both groups prior to, and 1 and 3 h after, they were given a 30 s net stress. the first group was fed an unaltered commercial diet for 4 weeks, whereas the second group ... | 2015 | 26010230 |
| growth inhibition of aeromonas salmonicida and yersinia ruckeri by disinfectants containing peracetic acid. | peracetic acid (paa) is a therapeutic agent used for disinfection in aquaculture, but it must be investigated thoroughly in order to mitigate diseases without harming the fish. successful disinfectants (like paa) should not leave dangerous residues in the environment in order to successfully contribute to sustainable aquaculture. the aim of our study was to compare the effectiveness of 6 commercial paa products with different molecular paa:h2o2 ratios to reduce bacterial growth of aeromonas salm ... | 2015 | 25850398 |
| transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of splenic immune mechanisms of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) infected by aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida. | furunculosis caused by aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida is an epidemic disease among salmonids, including rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). however, the immune mechanisms that are elicited in rainbow trout against the invasion of a. salmonicida are not yet fully understood. in this study, we examined the spleen to investigate the immune response of rainbow trout at 3days post-infection by a. salmonicida at the transcriptome and proteome levels by using illumina-seq and itraq methods, ... | 2015 | 25849251 |
| vapa (a-layer) typing differentiates aeromonas salmonicida subspecies and identifies a number of previously undescribed subtypes. | sequence variation in a region of the virulence array protein gene (vapa; a-layer) was assessed in 333 ('typical' and 'atypical') isolates of the fish pathogenic bacterium aeromonas salmonicida. resulting similarity dendrograms revealed extensive heterogeneity, with nearly all isolates belonging to either of 14 distinct clusters or a-layer types. all acknowledged a. salmonicida subspecies (except ssp. pectinolytica, from which no vapa sequence could be obtained) were clearly separated, and notab ... | 2016 | 25846742 |
| molecular characterization of shewanella and aeromonas isolates associated with spoilage of common carp (cyprinus carpio). | storage in ice is a common way of preserving commercial fish species but some microorganisms can still contaminate and participate in the spoilage of the product; therefore, identification of potential harmful microbes is important. thirteen colonies were isolated from common carp (cyprinus carpio) that had been stored in ice, whose phenotypic identification revealed that they belonged to the genera aeromonas (n = 5) and shewanella (n = 8). molecular genotyping with eric-pcr showed clonality onl ... | 2015 | 25790506 |
| comparative evaluation of infection methods and environmental factors on challenge success: aeromonas salmonicida infection in vaccinated rainbow trout. | when testing vaccine-induced protection an effective and reliable challenge method is a basic requirement and we here present a comparative study on different challenge methods used for infection of rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss with aeromonas salmonicida, a bacterial pathogen eliciting furunculosis. fish were vaccinated with three different adjuvanted trivalent vaccines containing formalin killed a. salmonicida, vibrio anguillarum o1 and o2a. these were 1) the commercial vaccine alpha ject ... | 2015 | 25783001 |
| improving survival and storage stability of bacteria recalcitrant to freeze-drying: a coordinated study by european culture collections. | the objective of this study is to improve the viability after freeze-drying and during storage of delicate or recalcitrant strains safeguarded at biological resource centers. to achieve this objective, a joint experimental strategy was established among the different involved partner collections of the embarc project ( www.embarc.eu ). five bacterial strains considered as recalcitrant to freeze-drying were subjected to a standardized freeze-drying protocol and to seven agreed protocol variants. ... | 2015 | 25773973 |
| draft genome sequence of the chilean isolate aeromonas salmonicida strain cba100. | we report the draft genome sequence from aeromonas salmonicida sp. strain cba100, which was characterized as an antibiotic-resistant bacterium isolated from infected rainbow trout. the total size of the genome is 4,788,109 bp, with a g + c content of 60.55%. comparison of its open reading frames shows that the closest homologue to one third of the genes of strain cba100 are found in a. hydrophila. the strain contains several efflux pumps and putative genes that confer resistance to multiclass an ... | 2015 | 25743070 |
| characterization and expression analyses of five interferon regulatory factor transcripts (irf4a, irf4b, irf7, irf8, irf10) in atlantic cod (gadus morhua). | the interferon regulatory factor (irf) family of genes encodes a group of transcription factors that have important roles not only in regulating the expression of type i interferons (ifns) and other genes in the ifn pathway, but also in growth, development and the regulation of oncogenesis. in this study, several irf family members (irf4a, irf4b, irf7, irf8, irf10) in atlantic cod (gadus morhua) were characterized at the cdna and putative amino acid levels, allowing for phylogenetic analysis of ... | 2015 | 25731920 |
| the impact of aeromonas salmonicida infection on innate immune parameters of atlantic salmon (salmo salar l). | enzyme activities and gene expression of a number of innate immune parameters in the serum, mucus and skin of atlantic salmon (salmo salar) were investigated after challenge with a pathogenic strain of aeromonas salmonicida (a. salmonicida). fish were injected in the dorsal muscle with either 100 μl bacterium solution, about 3.05 × 10(7) cfu/ml a. salmonicida, or 100 μl 0.9% nacl (as control group) and tissue samples were collected at days 0, 2, 4 and 6 post-injection. lysozyme (lsz) and alkalin ... | 2015 | 25725402 |
| draft genome sequences of two aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida isolates harboring plasmids conferring antibiotic resistance. | the bacterium aeromonas salmonicida is the etiological agent of furunculosis, a widespread fish disease causing important economic losses to the fish farming industry. antibiotic treatments in fish farms may be challenging given the existence of multidrug-resistant isolates of this bacterium. here, we report the draft genome sequences of the 2004-05mf26 and 2009-144k3 isolates, which harbor plasmids conferring antibiotic resistance. both isolates also carry the large plasmid pasa5, which is know ... | 2015 | 25724776 |
| ulcer disease prophylaxis in koi carp by bath immersion with chicken egg yolk containing anti-aeromonas salmonicida igy. | ulcer disease, caused by atypical aeromonas salmonicida, is a serious concern in ornamental koi carp, because it induces skin ulceration, disfiguring ornamental fish and causing economic loses. the present study aimed to establish a novel prophylaxis with chicken egg yolk immunoglobulin, igy, against ulcer disease and to assess its feasibility in the ornamental fish industry. addition of egg yolk powder containing anti-a. salmonicida igy to rearing water provided significant protection against a ... | 2015 | 25687817 |
| marine lactobacillus pentosus h16 protects artemia franciscana from vibrio alginolyticus pathogenic effects. | vibrio alginolyticus is an opportunistic pathogen which may affect different aquatic organisms. the aim of this study was to assess the probiotic properties and the protective mode of action of lactobacillus pentosus h16 against v. alginolyticus 03/8525, through in vitro and in vivo studies using artemia franciscana (hereafter artemia). this strain showed antimicrobial activity against v. alginolyticus 03/8525 and aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida atcc33658 possibly related to lactobacill ... | 2015 | 25667335 |
| effective qpcr methodology to quantify the expression of virulence genes in aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida. | this study aimed to select and validate different methodological strategies to quantify the expression of the virulence genes ascc and ascv by qpcr in aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida (aer. salmonicida). | 2015 | 25619119 |
| the adjuvant effect of low frequency ultrasound when applied with an inactivated aeromonas salmonicida vaccine to rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | vaccine adjuvants are classified according to their properties of either inducing the persistence of antigens within the animal after immunisation and/or activation of the animal's immune response. the adjuvant effect of low intensity low frequency sonophoresis (lfs) was tested in rainbow trout using an aeromonas salmonicida bacterin vaccine administered by immersion vaccination using lfs at 37 khz. the adjuvant effect obtained with lfs was compared with that of normal immersion or intraperitone ... | 2015 | 25613719 |
| cloning and characterization of the proximal promoter region of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) interleukin-6 gene. | interleukin-6 (il6) is a pleiotropic cytokine with important immunoregulatory functions. its expression is inducible in immune cells and tissues of several fish species. we also found that il6 mrna abundance was significantly increased in spleen, liver, and gill of rainbow trout after experimental infection with aeromonas salmonicida. genomic dna sequences of il6 orthologs from three salmonid species revealed a conserved exon/intron structure and a high overall nucleotide identity of >88%. to un ... | 2015 | 25549935 |
| variants of a genomic island in aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida link isolates with their geographical origins. | aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida is a fish pathogen. analysis of its genomic characteristics is required to determine the worldwide distribution of the various populations of this bacterium. genomic alignments between the 01-b526 pathogenic strain and the a449 reference strain have revealed a 51-kb chromosomal insertion in 01-b526. this insertion (asagei1a) has been identified as a new genomic island (gei) bearing prophage genes. pcr assays were used to detect this gei in a collection of ... | 2015 | 25480167 |
| triclosan resistance in a bacterial fish pathogen, aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, is mediated by an enoyl reductase, fabv. | triclosan, the widely used biocide, specifically targets enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (enr) in the bacterial fatty acid synthesis system. although the fish pathogen aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida exhibits triclosan resistance, the nature of this resistance has not been elucidated. here, we aimed to characterize the triclosan resistance of a. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida causing furunculosis. the fosmid library of triclosan-resistant a. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida was const ... | 2015 | 25370725 |
| altered gene expression patterns of innate and adaptive immunity pathways in transgenic rainbow trout harboring cecropin p1 transgene. | we have recently developed several homozygous families of transgenic rainbow trout harbouring cecropin p1 transgene. these fish exhibit resistance characteristic to infection by aeromonas salmonicida and infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv). in our earlier studies we have reported that treatment of a rainbow trout macrophage cell line (rts11) with a linear cationic α-helical antimicrobial peptide (e.g., cecropin b) resulted in elevated levels of expression of two pro-inflammatory relev ... | 2014 | 25306446 |
| aeromonas salmonicida binds differentially to mucins isolated from skin and intestinal regions of atlantic salmon in an n-acetylneuraminic acid-dependent manner. | aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida infection, also known as furunculosis disease, is associated with high morbidity and mortality in salmonid aquaculture. the first line of defense the pathogen encounters is the mucus layer, which is predominantly comprised of secreted mucins. here we isolated and characterized mucins from the skin and intestinal tract of healthy atlantic salmon and studied how a. salmonicida bound to them. the mucins from the skin, pyloric ceca, and proximal and distal in ... | 2014 | 25287918 |
| adverse and long-term protective effects following oil-adjuvanted vaccination against aeromonas salmonicida in rainbow trout. | prophylactic measures against aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, the causative agent of furunculosis, have been an active field of research for decades, with studies mainly focused on atlantic salmon (salmo salar). in the present study we have examined the protective and adverse effects of mineral oil-adjuvanted injection vaccines on rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). a commercial vaccine and an experimental auto vaccine, as well as their respective adjuvant formulations alone were used ... | 2015 | 25281580 |
| construction of aeromonas salmonicida subsp. achromogenes asap1-toxoid strains and study of their ability to induce immunity in arctic char, salvelinus alpinus l. | the metalloendopeptidase asap1 is one of the major extracellular virulence factors of a. salmonicida subsp. achromogenes, expressed as a 37-kda pre-pro-peptide and processed to a 19-kda active peptide. the aim of this study was to construct mutant strains secreting an asap1-toxoid instead of asap1-wt, to study virulence of these strains and to test the potency of the asap1-toxoid bacterin and the recombinant asap1-toxoids to induce protective immunity in arctic char. two a. salmonicida mutants w ... | 2014 | 25271952 |
| detection of variants of the pras3, pab5s9, and psn254 plasmids in aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida: multidrug resistance, interspecies exchanges, and plasmid reshaping. | the ubiquitous water-borne gram-negative bacterium aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida is the causative agent of furunculosis, a worldwide disease in fish farms. plasmids carrying antibiotic resistance genes have already been described for this bacterium. the aim of the present study was to identify and characterize additional multidrug resistance plasmids in a. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida. we sequenced the plasmids present in two multiple antibiotic-resistant isolates using high-through ... | 2014 | 25267667 |
| functional characterization of receptor-interacting serine/threonine kinase 2 (rip2) of the goldfish (carassius auratus l.). | we report on the functional characterization of rip2 of the goldfish. quantitative expression analysis of goldfish rip2 revealed the greatest mrna levels in the spleen, monocytes and splenocytes. we generated a recombinant form of the molecule (rgrip2) and determined that anti-human rip2 polyclonal antibody specifically recognized recombinant goldfish rip2 (rgrip2). goldfish rip2 activity was inhibited by the p38 mapk pathway inhibitor sb203580. treatment of goldfish macrophages with lps, pgn, m ... | 2015 | 25242011 |
| growth ability of gram negative bacteria in free-living amoebae. | when bacteria and free-living amoebae (flas) live both in natural waters and man-made aquatic systems, they constantly interact with each other. some bacteria can survive and grow within flas. therefore, it has recently been thought that flas play an important role in spreading pathogenic bacteria in aquatic systems. in this study we investigated the intracellular growing ability of 7 different gram-negative bacteria (pseudomonas fluorescens, pseudomonas putida, pasteurella pneumotropica, aeromo ... | 2014 | 24955522 |
| lipopolysaccharides isolated from aeromonas salmonicida and vibrio anguillarum show quantitative but not qualitative differences in inflammatory outcome in sparus aurata (gilthead seabream). | in fish, the defence system recognises pathogenic microorganisms via pathogen recognition receptors (prrs) that sense particular structures of the pathogens; the so-called pathogen associated molecular patterns (pamps) such as bacterial lipopolysaccharides (lpss). the result of the pamp-prr interactions leads to complex and orchestrated immune responses. in this study, sparus aurata (gilthead seabream) were intraperitoneally injected with purified lipopolysaccharide (lps) from aeromonas salmonic ... | 2014 | 24954838 |
| aeromonas phages encode trnas for their overused codons. | the gc-rich bacterial species, aeromonas salmonicida, is parasitised by both gc-rich phages (aeromonas phages - phias7 and vb_asam-56) and gc-poor phages (aeromonas phages - 25, 31, 44rr2.8t, 65, aes508, phias4 and phias5). both the gc-rich aeromonas phage phias7 and aeromonas phage vb_asam-56 have nearly identical codon usage bias as their host. while all the remaining seven gc-poor aeromonas phages differ dramatically in codon usage from their gc-rich host. here, we investigated whether trna e ... | 2014 | 24878728 |
| protein expression and transcription profiles of three strains of aeromonas salmonicida ssp. salmonicida under normal and iron-limited culture conditions. | aeromonas salmonicida is an important fish pathogen that produces a wide and varied array of virulence factors. here we used iron deprivation by addition of the chelator 2'2-dipyridyl to induce the expression of several such virulence factors in three isolates of aeromonas salmonicida (one avirulent and two virulent). by using sds-page followed by mass spectrometry, we identified proteins that appeared differentially expressed under these conditions. the differential transcription of the identif ... | 2014 | 24872729 |
| the warm temperature acclimation protein (wap65) has an important role in the inflammatory response of turbot (scophthalmus maximus). | wap65 is a molecule similar to the mammalian hemopexin that is a serum glycoprotein produced mainly by the liver with high affinity to heme. its primary role is participating in iron metabolism scavenging heme that is released into the plasma and transporting it to the liver. it has been reported an important role of hemopexin in the inflammation as an acute-phase protein and its production is up-regulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines. there are also some evidences suggesting this immune-induct ... | 2014 | 24794581 |
| the proximal promoter of a novel interleukin-8-encoding gene in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) is strongly induced by cebpa, but not nf-κb p65. | interleukin-8 (il8) is an immediate-early chemokine that has been well characterized in several fish species. ten il8 gene variants have already been described in rainbow trout, but none of their promoters has structurally been defined or functionally characterized in teleost fish. to uncover key factors regulating il8 expression, we intended to functionally characterize an il8 promoter from rainbow trout. incidentally, we isolated a novel il8 gene variant (il8-g). it is structurally highly simi ... | 2014 | 24721762 |
| isolation of aeromonas salmonicida from human blood sample: a case report. | aeromonas salmonicida belonging to the genus aeromonas, is a common pathogen that causes furunculosis and septicaemia in variety of fishes. it infects cold blooded vertebrates living at low temperatures mainly salmonid fish hence named salmonicida. untill recently aeromanas salmonicida is considered to be a fish pathogen. a. salmonicida is considered to be non-pathogenic for humans as it cannot grow at 37ºc. "however, in our laboratory culture plates and broths were incubated twice at 37ºc and e ... | 2014 | 24701507 |
| the first characterization of two type i interferons in turbot (scophthalmus maximus) reveals their differential role, expression pattern and gene induction. | type i interferons (ifns) are considered the main cytokines directing the antiviral immune response in vertebrates. these molecules are able to induce the transcription of interferon-stimulated genes (isgs) which, using different blocking mechanisms, reduce the viral proliferation in the host. in addition, a contradictory role of these ifns in the protection against bacterial challenges using murine models has been observed, increasing the survival or having a detrimental effect depending on the ... | 2014 | 24680948 |
| histamine-producing bacteria in blue scad (decapterus maruadsi) and their abilities to produce histamine and other biogenic amines. | using decarboxylation medium and 16s rdna sequence analysis, histamine-producing bacteria (hpb) in blue scad (decapterus maruadsi) were isolated and identified, and the histamine-producing abilities of the isolated hpb were determined. nine mesophilic strains (h1-h9) isolated from the muscle of blue scad were identified as the genera of hpb, including arthrobacter bergeri (h1), pseudomonas sp. (h2, h5 and h6), psychrobacter sp. (h3), shewanella baltica (h4 and h7), and aeromonas salmonicida (h8 ... | 2014 | 24668182 |
| modulation of cellular innate immunity by lepeophtheirus salmonis secretory products. | lepeophtheirus salmonis produces pharmacologically active substances that have been shown to modify genetic expression of inflammatory mediators in shk-1 cells and head kidney macrophages of salmon. differences in genetic expression among genera of oncorhynchus and salmo reflect different susceptibilities to l. salmonis. this study was conducted to determine if the presence of l. salmonis secretory products (seps)(1) alters the cellular innate immune response (specifically macrophage function) a ... | 2014 | 24657318 |
| in vivo study of spoilage bacteria on polyphenoloxidase activity and melanosis of modified atmosphere packaged pacific white shrimp. | this study investigated the effect of the three spoilage bacteria (carnobacterium maltaromaticum, shewanella putrefaciens and aeromonas salmonicida) on the development of melanosis by inoculating the bacteria on modified atmosphere packaged shrimp. the three bacteria, which inoculated at about 5 log cfu/g, proliferated to a maximum level of 7.49, 6.86 and 6.89 log cfu/g, respectively at the end of storage. in regards to the effect of bacteria on melanosis, it was found that c. maltaromaticum did ... | 2014 | 24594164 |
| the impact of temperature stress and pesticide exposure on mortality and disease susceptibility of endangered pacific salmon. | anthropogenic stressors, including chemical contamination and temperature stress, may contribute to increased disease susceptibility in aquatic animals. specifically, the organophosphate pesticide malathion has been detected in surface waters inhabited by threatened and endangered salmon. in the presence of increasing water temperatures, malathion may increase susceptibility to disease and ultimately threaten salmon survival. this work examines the effect of acute and sublethal exposures to mala ... | 2014 | 24559935 |
| evaluation of the spoilage potential of bacteria isolated from spoiled cooked whole tropical shrimp (penaeus vannamei) stored under modified atmosphere packaging. | the spoilage potential of isolates belonging to five bacterial groups/species (shewanella baltica, carnobacterium maltaromaticum, aeromonas salmonicida, vibrio sp., "other gamma-proteobacteria" [containing one strain of pseudoalteromonas sp. and one strain of psychrobacter sp.]) isolated from spoiled cooked and whole tropical shrimp stored under modified atmosphere packaging (map) was evaluated by inoculation into ionized cooked and peeled tropical shrimp followed by storage for 32 days at 8 °c. ... | 2014 | 24549192 |
| infection of sea lamprey with an unusual strain of aeromonas salmonicida. | the invasion of the laurentian great lakes by the fish-parasitic sea lamprey has led to catastrophic consequences, including the potential introduction of fish pathogens. aeromonas salmonicida is a bacterial fish pathogen that causes devastating losses worldwide. currently, there are five accepted subspecies of aeromonas salmonicida: a. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, masoucida, smithia, achromogenes, and pectinolytica. we discuss the discovery of an isolate of a. salmonicida that is pathogenic ... | 2014 | 24484501 |
| identification and functional characterization of the goldfish (carassius auratus l.) high mobility group box 1 (hmgb1) chromatin-binding protein. | we report on the identification and functional characterization of hmgb1 of the goldfish. quantitative analysis indicated the highest expression of goldfish hmgb1 in the brain, with lower mrna levels in spleen, intestine, kidney, gill and heart. hmgb1 was also differentially expressed in goldfish immune cell populations with highest mrna levels present in splenocytes and neutrophils. we generated and functionally characterized the recombinant hmgb1 (rghmgb1). the rghmgb1 primed the respiratory b ... | 2014 | 24406304 |
| identification and modeling of a novel chloramphenicol resistance protein detected by functional metagenomics in a wetland of lerma, mexico. | the exploration of novel antibiotic resistance determinants in a particular environment may be limited because of the presence of uncultured microorganisms. in this work, a culture-independent approach based on functional metagenomics was applied to search for chloramphenicol resistance genes in agro-industrial wastewater in lerma de villada, mexico. to this end, a metagenomic library was generated in escherichia coli dh10b containing dna isolated from environmental samples of the residual arsen ... | 2013 | 24400528 |
| the effects of benzo[a]pyrene on leucocyte distribution and antibody response in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs) are a group of compounds with immunotoxic and carcinogenic potential that may pose a threat to fish populations. this study aims to utilize a newly developed fish immunotoxicology model to determine the immune tissue/cell population level effects of pahs on rainbow trout, using benzo[a]pyrene (bap) as a representative immunotoxic pah. intraperitoneal injection of 25 or 100mg/kg bap resulted in sustained exposure as indicated by biliary fluorescence at bap ... | 2014 | 24398112 |
| optimization of a plasmid electroporation protocol for aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida. | aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida is a major fish pathogen. molecular tools are required to study the virulence and genomic stability of this bacterium. an efficient electroporation-mediated transformation protocol for a. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida would make genetic studies faster and easier. in the present study, we designed the 4.1-kb psdd1 plasmid as a tool for optimizing an electroporation protocol for a. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida. we systematically tested the electroporatio ... | 2014 | 24389038 |
| enhanced aeromonas salmonicida bacterin uptake and side effects caused by low frequency sonophoresis in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | low frequency sonophoresis (lfs) has been recognized as one of the most advanced technologies in transdermal delivery of substances, due to the modification of the stratum corneum lipid bilayer, in focal skin applications in mammals. based on these findings, lfs has been suggested as a potential technology to be used for enhancement in immersion fish vaccination. in contrast to mammals where lfs is applied to discrete regions of the skin, in fish the whole individual needs to be exposed for prac ... | 2014 | 24378683 |
| comparision of a serological potency assay for furunculosis vaccines (aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida) to intraperitoneal challenge in atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.). | batch potency testing of salmonid vaccines is mainly performed by in vivo challenge, which requires a lot of animals and causes severe pain. due to the animal welfare concerns associated with in vivo immunization challenge tests, methods which could refine, reduce or replace (3rs) these tests are needed. the aim of this study was to assess the use of serological assay (immunization & antibody estimation with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for batch potency testing of oil adjuvanted ... | 2014 | 24359994 |
| characterization of the interleukin 1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (irak4)-encoding gene in salmonid fish: the functional copy is rearranged in oncorhynchus mykiss and that factor can impair tlr signaling in mammalian cells. | the interleukin 1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (irak4) is an essential factor for tlr-mediated activation of the host's immune functions subsequent to pathogen contact. we have characterized the respective cdna and gene sequences from three salmonid species, salmon, rainbow trout and maraena whitefish. the gene from salmon is structured into eleven exons, as is the mammalian homologue, while exons have been fused in the genes from the two other salmonid species. rainbow trout expresses also a ps ... | 2014 | 24239597 |
| the impact of a moderate chronic temperature increase on spleen immune-relevant gene transcription depends on whether atlantic cod (gadus morhua) are stimulated with bacterial versus viral antigens. | exposure to elevated temperature is an inherent feature of atlantic cod (gadus morhua) sea-cage culture in some regions (e.g., newfoundland) and may also become an increasingly prevalent challenge for wild fish populations because of accelerated climate change. therefore, understanding how elevated temperatures impacts the immune response of this commercially important species may help to reduce the potential negative impacts of such challenges. previously, we investigated the impacts of moderat ... | 2013 | 24237337 |
| the aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida exoproteome: global analysis, moonlighting proteins and putative antigens for vaccination against furunculosis. | aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, the etiologic agent of furunculosis, is a major pathogen of fisheries worldwide. despite the identification of several virulence factors the pathogenesis is still poorly understood. we have used high-throughput proteomics to display the differences between in vitro secretome of a. salmonicida wild-type (wt, hypervirulent, jf5054) and t3ss-deficient (isogenic δascv, extremely low-virulent, jf2747) strains in exponential (gp) and stationary (sp) phases of ... | 2013 | 24127837 |
| transcriptome profiling reveals insight into distinct immune responses to aeromonas salmonicida in gill of two rainbow trout strains. | the fish gills represent a crucial organ for the communication with the aquatic environment. transcriptional changes in gills of two hatchery rainbow trout strains in response to injection with the potent pathogen aeromonas salmonicida were detected by global gene expression profiling using a 4×44k oligonucleotide microarray. emphasis was placed on "day 3 postinfection" representing a decisive time point for the resolution of inflammation. the comparison of features and pathways differentially r ... | 2014 | 24122123 |
| aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida in the light of its type-three secretion system. | aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida is an important pathogen in salmonid aquaculture and is responsible for the typical furunculosis. the type-three secretion system (t3ss) is a major virulence system. in this work, we review structure and function of this highly sophisticated nanosyringe in a. salmonicida. based on the literature as well as personal experimental observations, we document the genetic (re)organization, expression regulation, anatomy, putative functional origin and roles in t ... | 2014 | 24119189 |
| draft genome sequence of aeromonas salmonicida subsp. achromogenes as03, an atypical strain isolated from crucian carp (carassius carassius) in the republic of korea. | we present the draft genome sequence of aeromonas salmonicida subsp. achromogenes strain as03, an atypical a. salmonicida strain that causes erythrodermatitis in crucian carp (carassius carassius). this is the first genome sequence report of a. salmonicida subsp. achromogenes, one of the four subspecies of atypical a. salmonicida. | 2013 | 24092786 |
| the aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida exoproteome: determination of the complete repertoire of type-three secretion system effectors and identification of other virulence factors. | aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, the etiologic agent of furunculosis, is a major pathogen of fisheries worldwide. several virulence factors have been described, but the type-three secretion system (t3ss) is recognized as having a major effect on virulence by injecting effectors directly into fish cells. in this study we used high-throughput proteomics to display the differences between in vitro secretome of a. salmonicida wild-type (wt, hypervirulent, jf2267) and t3ss-deficient (isogeni ... | 2013 | 24073886 |
| long-lasting protection induced by bath vaccination against aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida in rainbow trout. | for decades aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida (from here referred to as a. salmonicida) has been recognized as the causative agent of typical furunculosis. this disease has had a major impact on aquaculture worldwide, making it a target for international research, particularly within the field of immunoprohylaxis. initial studies attempted vaccination via oral route and immersion. however, these vaccination methods proved insufficient when compared to intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected vac ... | 2013 | 24056280 |
| the immunological effects of oil sands surface waters and naphthenic acids on rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | there is concern surrounding the immunotoxic potential of naphthenic acids (nas), a major organic constituent in waters influenced by oil sands contamination. to assess the immunological response to nas, rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) waterborne exposures were conducted with oil sands-influenced waters, nas extracted and purified from oil sands tailings waters, and benzo[a]pyrene (bap) as a positive control. after a 7d exposure, blood, spleen, head kidney, and gill samples were removed from ... | 2013 | 24036435 |
| genome sequence of the melanin-producing extremophile aeromonas salmonicida subsp. pectinolytica strain 34melt. | the genome of aeromonas salmonicida subsp. pectinolytica strain 34mel(t), isolated from a heavily polluted river, contains several genomic islands and putative virulence genes. the identification of genes involved in resistance to different kinds of stress sheds light on the mechanisms used by this strain to thrive in an extreme environment. | 2013 | 24029754 |
| antigens of the type-three secretion system of aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida prevent protective immunity in rainbow trout. | aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida is the etiologic agent of furunculosis, a frequent and significant disease of fisheries worldwide. the disease is largely controlled by commercial oil adjuvanted vaccines containing bacterins. however, the mechanisms leading to a protective immune response remain poorly understood. the type-three secretion system (t3ss) plays a central role in virulence of a. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida and thus may have an influence on the immune response of the host. ... | 2013 | 24012573 |
| insertion sequence as5 (is as5 ) is involved in the genomic plasticity of aeromonas salmonicida. | the genome of the fish pathogen aeromonas salmonicida subsp salmonicida harbors a large number of insertion sequences (iss), many of which are located on plasmids. in the present study, we analyzed the small plasmid profile of a. salmonicida strains to identify evidences of plasmid alterations. ten out of 78 strains analyzed displayed an unconventional plasmid profile. however the her1104 strain was unique, having a positive pcr signal for pasal1 plasmid despite not carrying this plasmid. instea ... | 2013 | 23956951 |
| novel insights into the peritoneal inflammation of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | the peritoneal cavity has been extensively used as a laboratory model of inflammation in many species, including the teleost fish. although, the peritoneal cavity of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) was previously shown to contain a resident population of leukocytes, closer information about their exact composition and their functional response to pathogens is still missing. in the presented work, flow cytometric analysis using monoclonal antibodies was performed to characterize this cell pop ... | 2013 | 23911871 |
| virulence, genomic features, and plasticity of aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, the causative agent of fish furunculosis. | the bacterium aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida is the causative agent of furunculosis, a systemic disease of fish in the salmonid family. furunculosis is a ubiquitous disease that affects aquaculture operations worldwide and is characterized by high mortality and morbidity. a better understanding of the bacterium is required to find a cure. thereby, this review centers on a. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, its major virulence factors, and its genome. the classification and characteristic ... | 2014 | 23890675 |
| aeromonas salmonicida ati2 is an effector protein of the type three secretion system. | the bacterium aeromonas salmonicida, a fish pathogen, uses the type three secretion system (ttss) to inject effector proteins into host cells to promote the infection. the study of the genome of a. salmonicida has revealed the existence of ati2, a potential ttss effector protein. in the present study, a structure-function analysis of ati2 has been done to determine its role in the virulence of a. salmonicida. biochemical assays revealed that ati2 is secreted into the medium in a ttss-dependent m ... | 2013 | 23832001 |
| innate and adaptive immune responses of arctic charr (salvelinus alpinus, l.) during infection with aeromonas salmonicida subsp. achromogenes and the effect of the asap1 toxin. | aeromonas salmonicida subsp. achromogenes, the causative agent of atypical furunculosis in many fish species, secretes the toxic metalloendopeptidase asap1. this study aimed to analyze innate and adaptive immune parameters induced in arctic charr (salvelinus alpinus, l.) infected with wild type (wt) a. salmonicida subsp. achromogenes and its isogenic asap1 deletion mutant (asap1-deficient). head-kidney, liver and spleen were obtained from i.p. infected charr (wt, asap1-deficient), during a time ... | 2013 | 23811350 |
| development of a sandwich elisa for quantifying hepcidin in rainbow trout. | one of the most widespread antimicrobial peptides (amps) in fish is the hepcidins, which have potent, broad-spectrum activity against viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. moreover, they play the role of central regulation of iron metabolism and their expression is over-regulated by bacterial and viral infections, inflammation and vaccination. quantification of their expression is an important factor in understanding their function. we therefore generated two polyclonal antibodies using synth ... | 2013 | 23791861 |
| is-mediated loss of virulence by aeromonas salmonicida: a tangible piece of an evolutionary puzzle. | insertion sequences (is) are abundant in the bacterial fish pathogen aeromonas salmonicida genome. is are involved in rearrangement events that lead to the loss of virulence. in previous work, we studied a plasmid rearrangement that causes the deletion of the type three secretion system in a. salmonicida, resulting in a loss of virulence. we showed that the rearrangement is caused by the recombination of two is (isas11) on an unstable plasmid (pasa5). however, many rearrangements cannot be expla ... | 2013 | 23734295 |
| non-adjuvanted flagellin elicits a non-specific protective immune response in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss, walbaum) towards bacterial infections. | enteric redmouth disease, caused by yersinia ruckeri, may result in high mortalities in farmed salmonids. prophylaxis has been achieved with an immersion vaccine comprised of inactivated serovar 1 biotype 1 (motile) y. ruckeri cultures. however, there has been a growing number of enteric redmouth outbreaks in vaccinated livestock associated with serovar 1 biotype 2 (non-motile) y. ruckeri strains which do not produce flagellin. it was the aim of this study to evaluate the protective role of flag ... | 2013 | 23707165 |
| biological control of aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida infection in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) using aeromonas phage pas-1. | the potential control efficacy of aeromonas phage pas-1 was evaluated against aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida infection in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) model in this study. the phage was co-cultured with the virulent a. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida strain as05 that possesses the type iii secretion system (ttss) ascv gene, and efficient bacteriolytic activity was observed against the bacteria. the administration of pas-1 in rainbow trout demonstrated that the phage was cleared f ... | 2015 | 23594036 |
| resistance to bacterial infectious diseases in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | individually tagged rainbow trout representing 15 full-sibling families were sequentially challenged twice with aeromonas salmonicida causing furunculosis: first as cohabitation and then as injected intraperitoneally. the bleeding procedure prior to challenges caused the outbreak of cold water disease by flavobacterium psychrophilum. before and after the outbreak and challenges, 11 immunological parameters were measured from blood samples. the immunological responses predicted the fate of the fi ... | 2013 | 23582478 |
| disease resistance and health parameters of growth-hormone transgenic and wild-type coho salmon, oncorhynchus kisutch. | to extend previous findings regarding fish health and disease susceptibility of growth-enhanced fish, hematological and immunological parameters have been compared between growth hormone (gh) transgenic and wild-type non-transgenic coho salmon (oncorhynchus kisutch). compared to non-transgenic coho salmon, transgenic fish had significantly higher hematocrit (hct), hemoglobin (hb), mean cellular hemoglobin (mch), mean cellular volume (mcv), and erythrocyte numbers, and lower white cell numbers. i ... | 2013 | 23545266 |
| sensitivity and specificity of histology for diagnoses of four common pathogens and detection of nontarget pathogens in adult chinook salmon (oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in fresh water. | histology is often underutilized in aquatic animal disease screening and diagnostics. the agreement between histological classifications of infection and results using diagnostic testing from the american fisheries society's blue book was conducted with 4 common salmon pathogens: aeromonas salmonicida, renibacterium salmoninarum, ceratomyxa shasta, and nanophyetus salmincola. adult chinook salmon (oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in oregon were evaluated, and agreement between tests was calculated. liv ... | 2013 | 23536613 |
| vaccination of atlantic salmon, salmo salar l., with aeromonas salmonicida and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv) showed a mixed th1/th2/treg response. | | 2013 | 23521564 |
| immuno-histochemical determination of humoral immune markers within bacterial induced granuloma formation in atlantic cod (gadus morhua l.). | in this study the involvement of several humoral immune parameters of atlantic cod (gadus morhua l.) were studied in granuloma formed as a result of infection by aeromonas salmonicida ssp. achomogenes. the results showed a clear association of immune parameters within the granuloma, in particular the localization of complement component c3, and including evidence for the presence of igm, apolp-a1 (apolipoprotein), crp-pi and crp-pii (pentraxin). | 2013 | 23481211 |
| polyphasic characterization of aeromonas salmonicida isolates recovered from salmonid and non-salmonid fish. | michigan's fisheries rely primarily upon the hatchery propagation of salmonid fish for release in public waters. one limitation on the success of these efforts is the presence of bacterial pathogens, including aeromonas salmonicida, the causative agent of furunculosis. this study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of a. salmonicida in michigan fish, as well as to determine whether biochemical or gene sequence variability exists among michigan isolates. a total of 2202 wild, feral and hat ... | 2013 | 23444966 |
| eomesodermin of atlantic salmon: an important regulator of cytolytic gene and interferon gamma expression in spleen lymphocytes. | eomesodermin (eomes), a t-bet homologue expressed in activated cd8+t cells was recently proposed to act as a master regulator of cytotoxic cd8+ t cell effector function and offers an exciting avenue for future exploration. here, we have identified and characterized the full-length atlantic salmon eomes cdna (2477 bp). promoter analysis of the salmon eomes showed the presence of important putative transcription binding sites like sp1, foxo, oct-1, smad, stat, irf, and ets-1. the basal core region ... | 2013 | 23409078 |
| clustering subspecies of aeromonas salmonicida using is630 typing. | the insertion element is630 found in aeromonas salmonicida belongs to the is630-tc1-mariner superfamily of transposons. it is present in multiple copies and represents approximately half of the is present in the genome of a. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida a449. | 2013 | 23406017 |
| dietary β-glucan stimulate complement and c-reactive protein acute phase responses in common carp (cyprinus carpio) during an aeromonas salmonicida infection. | the effect of β-glucans as feed additive on the profile of c-reactive protein (crp) and complement acute phase responses was studied in common carp cyprinus carpio after exposition to a bacterial infection with aeromonas salmonicida. carp were orally administered with β-glucan (macrogard®) for 14 days with a daily β-glucan intake of 6 mg per kg body weight. fish were then intraperitoneally injected with either pbs or 1 × 10⁸ bacteria per fish and sampled at time 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 ... | 2013 | 23291104 |
| antibody responses correlate with antigen dose and in vivo protection for oil-adjuvanted, experimental furunculosis (aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida) vaccines in atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.) and can be used for batch potency testing of vaccines. | salmon farming has increased dramatically over last thirty years and a key to the success is the introduction of protective vaccines. in norway, almost 100% of all atlantic salmon are vaccinated prior to sea transfer. this extensive use of vaccines demands use of a lot of resources in production and quality control of vaccines, and fish are now one of the most widely used laboratory animal species in norway, since all batch testing today is performed by challenge experiments. with an increasing ... | 2013 | 23219439 |
| a comparison of modelling approaches to assess the transmission of pathogens between scottish fish farms: the role of hydrodynamics and site biomass. | scotland is the largest atlantic salmon (salmo salar) producer in the eu with an output of over 150,000 t, contributing over £500 million annually towards the economy. production continues to increase, predominantly due to the increase in output per farm and reduction in losses due to infectious diseases. farms are grouped within disease management areas whose boundaries are defined by where the closest pair of farms is separated by more than twice the tidal excursion distance (te) tidal excursi ... | 2013 | 23218659 |
| the influence of dietary β-glucan, pamp exposure and aeromonas salmonicida on apoptosis modulation in common carp (cyprinus carpio). | the association between β-glucan (macrogard®) supplemented feed and apoptosis in immune-related organs of common carp (cyprinus carpio) was studied using fluorescence microscopy and real-time pcr. in addition the effect of aeromonas salmonicida, lps and poly(i:c) injections on this relationship was evaluated. whilst acridine orange staining revealed that apoptosis levels were independent of macrogard® and lps/poly(i:c) administration or their combination, it was shown that injection with a. salm ... | 2012 | 23198291 |
| characterization of three nod-like receptors and their role in antimicrobial responses of goldfish (carassius auratus l.) macrophages to aeromonas salmonicida and mycobacterium marinum. | the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain proteins nod1, nod2 and nlrx1 are cytoplasmic pathogen recognition receptors (prrs) of the nod-like receptor (nlr) family. in this report, goldfish nod1 (gfnod1), nod2 (gfnod2) and nlrx1 (gfnlrx1) genes were cloned and characterized. the full length of gfnod1, gfnod2 and gfnlrx1 were 3234bp, 3129bp and 4900bp, encoding 937, 982 and 1008 amino acids, respectively. the three nod-like receptors have a nacht domain and c-terminal leucine rich repeat (lrr ... | 2013 | 23194927 |
| immunotoxic effects of oil sands-derived naphthenic acids to rainbow trout. | naphthenic acids are the major organic constituents in waters impacted by oil sands. to investigate their immunotoxicity, rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) were injected with naphthenic acids extracted from aged oil sands tailings water. in two experiments, rainbow trout were injected intraperitoneally with 0, 10, or 100 mg/kg of naphthenic acids, and sampled after 5 or 21 d. half of the fish from the 21 d exposure were co-exposed to inactivated aeromonas salmonicida (a.s.) to induce an immune ... | 2013 | 23159729 |
| iron-sulfur cluster scaffold (iscu) gene is duplicated in salmonid fish and tissue and temperature dependent expressed in rainbow trout. | the iron-sulfur cluster protein iscu is a scaffold protein tasked with the building and mediation of iron-sulfur [fe-s]-clusters. these are crucial for [fe-s]-enzymes, which are involved in essential biological cell processes like metabolism or ion transport. analysis of iscu in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) and maraena whitefish (coregonus maraena) revealed the existence of two gene variants in each of the two salmonids. this study presents the characterization of the duplicated iscu cdna ... | 2013 | 23137639 |
| [studies of prevalence rate of furunculosis caused by infection by aeromonas salmonicida in salmonids of the southern part of sakhalin island]. | ichthyological studies of spawners of salmonids in the south of sakhalin island were studied. cases of furunculosis disease were revealed. the agent of the disease aeromonas salmonicida was isolated. its morphological, physiological-biochemical, and antagonistic properties were studied, and the virulence of the isolated strains was determined. for supporting the species status of the studied strains of a. salmonicida, a molecular-genetic analysis was performed. | 2016 | 23136736 |
| cloning, characterization and expression of the lect2 gene in grass carp. | an expressed sequence tag of grass carp leukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin 2 (lect2) gene was screened from an established intestinal cdna library. rapid amplification of cdna ends gave rise to a full-length lect2 cdna (gclect2) with a complete open-reading frame of 474 bp, encoding 158 amino acids about 17.9 kda. homology search and sequence alignment showed that this deduced protein sequence shared a high identity with lect2 from other vertebrates. western blotting indicated immunological cross ... | 2013 | 23129417 |
| indigenous and spoilage microbiota of farmed sea bream stored in ice identified by phenotypic and 16s rrna gene analysis. | investigation of the initial and spoilage microbial diversity of iced stored sea bream was carried out. culture dependent methods were used for bacterial enumeration and phenotypic identification of bacterial isolates, while culture independent methods, using bacterial 16s rrna gene amplification, cloning and sequencing of dna extracted directly from the flesh were also employed. the culture dependent approach revealed that the initial microbiota was dominated by acinetobacter, shewanella, pseud ... | 2013 | 23122505 |
| development and validation of a real-time pcr assay for the detection of aeromonas salmonicida. | a real-time pcr assay using a molecular beacon was developed and validated to detect the vapa (surface array protein) gene in the fish pathogen, aeromonas salmonicida. the assay had 100% analytical specificity and analytical sensitivities of 5 ± 0 fg (dna), 2.2 × 10(4) ± 1 × 10(4) cfu g(-1) (without enrichment) and 40 ± 10 cfu g(-1) (with enrichment) in kidney tissue. the assay was highly repeatable and proved to be robust following equivalency testing using a different real-time pcr platform. f ... | 2013 | 23121198 |
| expression of recombinant atlantic salmon serum c-type lectin in drosophila melanogaster schneider 2 cells. | the atlantic salmon (salmo salar) serum lectin (ssl) is a soluble c-type lectin that binds bacteria, including salmon pathogens. this lectin is a cysteine-rich oligomeric protein. consequently, a drosophila melanogaster expression system was evaluated for use in expressing ssl. a cdna encoding ssl was cloned into a vector designed to express it as a fusion protein with a hexahistidine tag, under the control of the drosophila methallothionein promoter. the resulting construct was stably transfect ... | 2013 | 23076800 |
| potential role of specific antibodies as important vaccine induced protective mechanism against aeromonas salmonicida in rainbow trout. | furunculosis caused by infection with aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida has been a known threat to aquaculture for more than a century. efficient prophylactic approaches against this disease are essential for continued growth of salmonid aquaculture. since the introduction of successful oil-adjuvanted vaccines in the early 1990's, a number of studies have been published on the protective as well as adverse effects of these vaccines. most studies focus on vaccination of salmon (salmo salar ... | 2012 | 23056427 |
| ligand and pathogen specificity of the atlantic salmon serum c-type lectin. | an atlantic salmon (salmo salar) c-type lectin (ssl) binds to mannose and related sugars as well as to the surface of aeromonas salmonicida. to characterize this lectin as a pathogen recognition receptor in salmon, aspects of its interaction with molecules and with intact pathogens were investigated. | 2013 | 23032861 |
| toxoid construction of asap1, a lethal toxic aspzincin metalloendopeptidase of aeromonas salmonicida subsp. achromogenes, and studies of its activity and processing. | asap1 is a toxic aspzincin metalloendopeptidase secreted by the fish pathogen aeromonas salmonicida subsp. achromogenes. the protease is highly immunogenic and antibodies against asap1 evoke a passive protection against infection with a. salmonicida subsp. achromogenes. the protease is expressed as 37 kda pre-pro-protein and processed to an active enzyme of 19kda in a. salmonicida subsp. achromogenes. recombinant expression of asap1(rec) in e. coli results in a protease of 22 kda that is not sec ... | 2013 | 23031341 |
| characterization and gene expression analysis of the two main th17 cytokines (il-17a/f and il-22) in turbot, scophthalmus maximus. | this report describes the cloning, characterization and gene expression pattern of two th17 cytokines, interleukin (il)-17a/f and -22, in turbot scophthalmus maximus. the turbot il-17a/f cdna contains a 516 bp open reading frame encoding a deduced il-17a/f protein of 171 amino acid (aa) residues, containing a predicted signal peptide of 31 aa. turbot il-22 had a 564 bp orf coding for a 187 aa protein with a 33 aa signal peptide. the turbot il-22 protein contained a typical il-10 family signature ... | 2012 | 23000268 |
| mulan related gene (mrg): a potential novel ubiquitin ligase activator of nf-kb involved in immune response in atlantic salmon (salmo salar). | nuclear factor-kb (nf-kb) is a transcription factor that plays a central role in the regulation of a variety of genes including many involved in bacterial and viral infections. nf-kb is normally sequestered by inhibitory proteins (ikbs) in the cytoplasm of non-stimulated cells. the degradation of ikbs by the ubiquitin proteasome pathway releases nf-kb allowing its translocation to the nucleus where it regulates gene transcription. the mitochondrial ubiquitin ligase activator of nf-kb, (mulan), i ... | 2012 | 22989998 |
| immunological impacts of oil sands-affected waters on rainbow trout evaluated using an in situ exposure. | rainbow trout were exposed in situ to oil sands-affected waters for 21 d, either with or without an immune stimulation using inactivated aeromonas salmonicida. three aquatic systems were utilized for the experiment: a pond containing oil sands tailings capped with approximately 3 m of natural surface water, a second pond where unextracted oil sands materials were deposited in the watershed, and a reservoir receiving athabasca river water as a reference caging location. the three systems showed a ... | 2012 | 22877820 |
| virulence factors of aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida strains associated with infections in turbot psetta maxima. | virulence factors for aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida (ass) strains isolated from cultured turbot psetta maxima l. are unknown with regard to this host. the presence of virulence genes associated with different stages of ass infection in salmonids (vapa, tapa, fla, ascv, ascc, aext, sata and aspa) was analysed using a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) technique in ass strains isolated from turbot. other ass strains isolated from salmonids and environmental a. salmonicida (as) strains were ... | 2012 | 22691983 |
| recombinant glycoprotein 63 (gp63) of trypanosoma carassii suppresses antimicrobial responses of goldfish (carassius auratus l.) monocytes and macrophages. | we previously reported that proteins secreted by trypanosoma carassii play a role in evasion of fish host immune responses. to further understand how these parasites survive in the host, we cloned and expressed t. carassii glycoprotein 63 (tcagp63), and generated a rabbit polyclonal antibody to the recombinant protein (rtcagp63). tcagp63 was similar to gp63 of other trypanosomes and grouped with trypanosoma cruzi and trypanosoma brucei gp63 in phylogenetic analysis. we showed that rtcagp63 down- ... | 2012 | 22584131 |
| duplicated nell2 genes show different expression patterns in two rainbow trout strains after temperature and pathogen challenge. | mammalian neural epidermal growth factor-like-like 1 and 2 genes (nell1 and nell2) encode multifunctional glycoproteins involved in cell growth regulation and differentiation. we isolated two closely related nell2 transcript sequences from rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). these conceptually translated nell2a and -b sequences share 83% identical residues and the nell-typical structure. phylogenetic analyses suggest that bony fish possess two nell genes, though these are either present as nell ... | 2012 | 22580270 |
| detection of aeromonas salmonicida by reverse transcription-multiplex polymerase chain reaction. | aeromonas salmonicida is one of the major fish pathogens causing economically devastating losses in aquaculture. a. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida is a typical a. salmonicida causing furunculosis, while the other subspecies are atypical strains causing ulcer diseases. pcr-based methods of detecting a. salmonicida suffer from the drawback that they do not distinguish living (pathogenic) from dead cells. in this study, a method of detecting a. salmonicida was developed based on reverse transcripti ... | 2012 | 22484927 |