| mbo goes to work in the public sector. | | 2015 | 4492157 |
| [spinal infarction due to nucleus pulposus emboli (author's transl)]. | | 2015 | 4451034 |
| dermatitis caused by the bat mite, chiroptonyssus robustipes (ewing), in california. | | 2015 | 4472534 |
| [surgical pleural biopsy. its diagnostic value]. | | 2016 | 5042121 |
| utilization of general practitioners for drug evaluation. | | 2016 | 4984271 |
| [development of dermatology in the bialystok province during the 25 years of existence of the polish people's republic]. | | 2016 | 4938586 |
| microcirculation of the perioral regions in the macaca rhesus. i. | | 2016 | 4985601 |
| [position of doctor o'meara at saint helena]. | | 2016 | 4905449 |
| letter: particulate contamination--let's solve the problem. | | 2016 | 4810163 |
| cloning and characterisation of multiple ferritin isoforms in the atlantic salmon (salmo salar). | ferritin is a highly-conserved iron-storage protein that has also been identified as an acute phase protein within the innate immune system. the iron-storage function is mediated through complementary roles played by heavy (h)-chain subunit as well as the light (l) in mammals or middle (m)-chain in teleosts, respectively. in this study, we report the identification of five ferritin subunits (h1, h2, m1, m2, m3) in the atlantic salmon that were supported by the presence of iron-regulatory regions ... | 2014 | 25078784 |
| use of in vivo induced antigen technology to identify genes from aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida that are specifically expressed during infection of the rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss. | aeromonas salmonicida is a major fish pathogen associated with mass mortalities in salmonid fish. in the present study, we applied in vivo induced antigen technology (iviat), a technique that relies on antibodies adsorbed against in vitro cultures of the pathogen, to a clinical isolate of a. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida. | 2014 | 25495705 |
| comparative evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of different antimicrobial peptides against a range of pathogenic bacteria. | the rapid emergence of resistance to classical antibiotics has increased the interest in novel antimicrobial compounds. antimicrobial peptides (amps) represent an attractive alternative to classical antibiotics and a number of different studies have reported antimicrobial activity data of various amps, but there is only limited comparative data available. the mode of action for many amps is largely unknown even though several models have suggested that the lipopolysaccharides (lps) play a crucia ... | 2015 | 26656394 |
| living in an extremely polluted environment: clues from the genome of melanin-producing aeromonas salmonicida subsp. pectinolytica 34melt. | aeromonas salmonicida subsp. pectinolytica 34mel(t) can be considered an extremophile due to the characteristics of the heavily polluted river from which it was isolated. while four subspecies of a. salmonicida are known fish pathogens, 34mel(t) belongs to the only subspecies isolated solely from the environment. genome analysis revealed a high metabolic versatility, the capability to cope with diverse stress agents, and the lack of several virulence factors found in pathogenic aeromonas. the mo ... | 2015 | 26025898 |
| antimicrobial activities of bacteria associated with the brown alga padina pavonica. | macroalgae belonging to the genus padina are known to produce antibacterial compounds that may inhibit growth of human- and animal pathogens. hitherto, it was unclear whether this antibacterial activity is produced by the macroalga itself or by secondary metabolite producing epiphytic bacteria. here we report antibacterial activities of epiphytic bacteria isolated from padina pavonica (peacocks tail) located on northern coast of tunisia. eighteen isolates were obtained in pure culture and tested ... | 2016 | 27462308 |
| bactericidal efficacy of elevated ph on fish pathogenic and environmental bacteria. | ship ballast water is a recognized medium for transfer and introductions of nonindigenous species. there is a need for new ballast water treatment methods that effectively and safely eliminate or greatly minimize movements of these species. the present study employed laboratory methods to evaluate the bactericidal efficacy of increased ph (ph 10.0-12.0) for exposure durations of up to 72 h to kill a variety of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria including fish pathogens (aeromonas spp., yer ... | 2012 | 25685439 |
| production of homozygous transgenic rainbow trout with enhanced disease resistance. | previous studies conducted in our laboratory showed that transgenic medaka expressing cecropin b transgenes exhibited resistant characteristic to fish bacterial pathogens, pseudomonas fluorescens and vibrio anguillarum. to confirm whether antimicrobial peptide gene will also exhibit anti-bacterial and anti-viral characteristics in aquaculture important fish species, we produced transgenic rainbow trout expressing cecropin p1 or a synthetic cecropin b analog, cf-17, transgene by sperm-mediated ge ... | 2013 | 24085608 |
| the occurrence of aeromonas in drinking water, tap water and the porsuk river. | the occurrence of aeromonas spp. in the porsuk river, public drinking water and tap water in the city of eskisehir (turkey) was monitored. fresh water samples were collected from several sampling sites during a period of one year. total 102 typical colonies of aeromonas spp. were submitted to biochemical tests for species differentiation and of 60 isolates were confirmed by biochemical tests. further identifications of isolates were carried out first with the vitek system (biome˜rieux) and then ... | 2011 | 24031613 |
| use of cellulolytic marine bacteria for enzymatic pretreatment in microalgal biogas production. | in this study, we designed and evaluated a microalgal pretreatment method using cellulolytic bacteria that naturally degrades microalgae in their native habitat. bacterial strains were isolated from each of two mollusk species in a medium containing 1% carboxymethyl cellulose agar. we selected nine bacterial strains that had endoglucanase activity: five strains from mytilus chilensis, a chilean mussel, and four strains from mesodesma donacium, a clam found in the southern pacific. these strains ... | 2014 | 24795376 |
| phage morphology recapitulates phylogeny: the comparative genomics of a new group of myoviruses. | among dsdna tailed bacteriophages (caudovirales), members of the myoviridae family have the most sophisticated virion design that includes a complex contractile tail structure. the myoviridae generally have larger genomes than the other phage families. relatively few "dwarf" myoviruses, those with a genome size of less than 50 kb such as those of the mu group, have been analyzed in extenso. here we report on the genome sequencing and morphological characterization of a new group of such phages t ... | 2012 | 22792219 |
| the hydrocarbon-degrading marine bacterium cobetia sp. strain mm1ida2h-1 produces a biosurfactant that interferes with quorum sensing of fish pathogens by signal hijacking. | biosurfactants are produced by hydrocarbon-degrading marine bacteria in response to the presence of water-insoluble hydrocarbons. this is believed to facilitate the uptake of hydrocarbons by bacteria. however, these diffusible amphiphilic surface-active molecules are involved in several other biological functions such as microbial competition and intra- or inter-species communication. we report the isolation and characterization of a marine bacterial strain identified as cobetia sp. mm1ida2h-1, ... | 2013 | 23279885 |
| transcription factor t-bet in atlantic salmon: characterization and gene expression in mucosal tissues during aeromonas salmonicida infection. | the t-box transcription factor t-bet is expressed in a number of hematopoietic cell types in mammals and plays an essential role in the lineage determination of th1 t-helper cells and is considered as an essential feature for both innate and adaptive immune responses in higher vertebrates. in the present study, we have identified and characterized the full-length atlantic salmon t-bet cdna (3502 bp). the putative primary structure of the polypeptide deduced from the cdna sequence contained 612 a ... | 2015 | 26217339 |
| screening for antibacterial activity of some turkish plants against fish pathogens: a possible alternative in the treatment of bacterial infections. | the antibacterial activity of ethanolic and aqueous crude extracts from 36 plants in turkey, including seven endemic species, against fish pathogens was studied using the disc diffusion assay. the extract that was most active against all microbial strains, except aeromonas salmonicida, was that of dorycnium pentaphyllum. some of the extracts also showed a very broad spectrum of potent antimicrobial activity. the extract of anemone nemorosa showed the highest antimicrobial activity against vibrio ... | 2015 | 26019642 |
| identification of the ferric-acinetobactin outer membrane receptor in aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida and structure-activity relationships of synthetic acinetobactin analogues. | aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, the causative agent of furunculosis in several fish species, produces acinetobactin and amonabactin as siderophores. in a previous study, we chemically characterized these siderophores and proposed a biosynthetic pathway based on genetic analysis. however, the internalization mechanisms of ferric-acinetobactin and ferric-amonabactin remain largely unknown. in the present study, we demonstrate that the outer membrane protein fstb is the ferric-acinetobact ... | 2017 | 27936588 |
| two catechol siderophores, acinetobactin and amonabactin, are simultaneously produced by aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida sharing part of the biosynthetic pathway. | the iron uptake mechanisms based on siderophore synthesis used by the fish pathogen aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida are still not completely understood, and the precise structure of the siderophore(s) is unknown. the analysis of genome sequences revealed that this bacterium possesses two gene clusters putatively involved in the synthesis of siderophores. one cluster is a candidate to encode the synthesis of acinetobactin, the siderophore of the human pathogen acinetobacter baumannii, wh ... | 2015 | 26463084 |
| detection and diversity of aeromonads from treated wastewater and fish inhabiting effluent and downstream waters. | a two-season investigation of the wastewater treatment plant (wwtp) effluent, of related waters, sludge and fish across a wide area and 11 stations, with emphasis on aeromonas spp. was conducted. aeromonas veronii was the prevailing aeromonad isolated by maldi tof ms in the summer period. a rise of aeromonas hydrophila was observed in summer in raw sewage, treated wastewater and effluent-carrying canal. the ratio of aeromonad species retrieved from fish tissues did not correspond with the water ... | 2015 | 26092555 |
| phylogenetic analysis of antimicrobial lactic acid bacteria from farmed seabass dicentrarchus labrax. | the use of lactic acid bacteria (lab) in the prevention or reduction of fish diseases is receiving increasing attention. in the present study, 47 lab strains were isolated from farmed seabass ( dicentrarchus labrax ) and were phenotypically and phylogenetically analysed by 16s rdna and randomly amplified polymorphic dna - polymerase chain reaction (rapd-pcr). their antimicrobial effect was tested in vitro against a wide variety of pathogenic and spoilage bacteria. most of the strains isolated we ... | 2012 | 22439634 |
| evaluation of different conditions and culture media for the recovery of aeromonas spp. from water and shellfish samples. | to perform a comparative study for determining the optimum culture method (direct plating or enrichment) and medium (ampicillin dextrin agar (ada), starch ampicillin agar (saa), bile salts irgasan brilliant green modified (bibg-m)) for recovering aeromonas species from water and shellfish samples. | 2016 | 27333573 |
| the improved pcr of the fsta (ferric siderophore receptor) gene differentiates the fish pathogen aeromonas salmonicida from other aeromonas species. | the members of the genus aeromonas are autochthonous of aquatic ecosystems and several species have been associated to septicaemia, ulcerative and haemorrhagic diseases in fish, causing significant mortality in both wild and farmed, freshwater and marine fish species. the species aeromonas salmonicida is generally recognized as the most important fish pathogen responsible for epidemic outbreaks of furunculosis in salmonids, also being able to produce infections in other cultured fish such as tur ... | 2013 | 23890674 |
| antimicrobial resistance and plasmid profile of bacterial strains isolated from the urbanized eltsovka-1 river (russia). | antimicrobial resistance and plasmid profile of gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains isolated from the urbanized eltsovka-1 river (russia) were investigated. sequencing of the 16s rrna of of g+ strains showed 99-100% identity to that of bacillus aerophilus, bacillus altitudinis, bacillus amyloliquefaciens, bacillus anthrancis, bacillus barbaricus, bacillus cereus, bacillus flexus, bacillus indriensis, bacillus stratosphericus, bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis, bacillus thuringiensi ... | 2015 | 25803299 |
| assessment of hemolytic activity, enzyme production and bacteriocin characterization of bacillus subtilis lr1 isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of fish. | in the present investigation, probiotic potential (antagonistic activity, enzyme production, hemolytic activity, biosafety, antibiotic sensitivity and bile tolerance level) of bacillus subtilis lr1 was evaluated. bacteriocin produced by the bacterial strain b. subtilis lr1 isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of labeo rohita was purified and characterized. the molecular weight of the purified bacteriocin was ~50 kda in 12 % native page and showed inhibitory activity against four fish pathoge ... | 2017 | 27590016 |
| probiotic potential of autochthonous bacteria isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of four freshwater teleosts. | in this study, a total of 121 bacterial strains were isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of four teleostean species, namely striped snakehead (channa striatus), striped dwarf catfish (mystus vittatus), orangefin labeo (labeo calbasu) and mrigal carp (cirrhinus mrigala), among which 8 isolates showed promising antibacterial activity against four potential fish pathogens, aeromonas hydrophila, aeromonas salmonicida, aeromonas sobria and pseudomonas fluorescens and were non-hemolytic. the isol ... | 2017 | 27557836 |
| the flgt protein is involved in aeromonas hydrophila polar flagella stability and not affects anchorage of lateral flagella. | aeromonas hydrophila sodium-driven polar flagellum has a complex stator-motor. consist of two sets of redundant and non-exchangeable proteins (poma/pomb and poma2/pomb2), which are homologs to other sodium-conducting polar flagellum stator motors; and also two essential proteins (motx and moty), that they interact with one of those two redundant pairs of proteins and form the t-ring. in this work, we described an essential protein for polar flagellum stability and rotation which is orthologs to ... | 2016 | 27507965 |
| pro-inflammatory caspase-1 activation during the immune response in cells from rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum 1792) challenged with pathogen-associated molecular patterns. | in response to pathogens, the higher vertebrate innate immune system activates pro-inflammatory caspase-1 which is responsible for the processing and secretion of several important cytokines involved in the host's defence against infection. to date, caspase-1 has been described in few teleost fish, and its activity has been demonstrated through substrate cleavage and inhibition by pharmacological agents. in this study, the detection of the active form of caspase-1 during the immune response in s ... | 2015 | 25477241 |
| influence of external bacterial structures on the efficiency of photodynamic inactivation by a cationic porphyrin. | the main targets of photodynamic inactivation (pdi) are the external bacterial structures, cytoplasmic membrane and cell wall. in this work it was evaluated how the external bacterial structures influence the pdi efficiency. to reach this objective 8 bacteria with distinct external structures were selected; 4 gram-negative bacteria (escherichia coli, with typical gram-negative external structures; aeromonas salmonicida, aeromonas hydrophila both with an s-layer and rhodopirellula sp., with a pep ... | 2014 | 24549049 |
| bacteriophage remediation of bacterial pathogens in aquaculture: a review of the technology. | bacteriophages have been proposed as an alternative to antibiotic usage and several studies on their application in aquaculture have been reported. this review highlights progress to date on phage therapies for the following fish and shellfish diseases and associated pathogens: hemorrhagic septicemia (aeromonas hydrophila) in loaches, furunculosis (aeromonas salmonicida) in trout and salmon, edwardsiellosis (edwardsiella tarda) in eel, columnaris disease (flavobacterium columnare) in catfish, ra ... | 2017 | 26713223 |
| il-22 is a key player in the regulation of inflammation in fish and involves innate immune cells and pi3k signaling. | il-22 plays a role in various disorders in mammals, including mucosal-associated infections and inflammatory diseases. no functional il-22 studies have been conducted on non-mammals to date. in this study, recombinant il-22 (ril-22) from turbot was produced to investigate its effects as a bioactive molecule. the expression of several pro-inflammatory cytokines was increased after ril-22 treatment and reduced by pre-treatment with a jak/stat inhibitor. the involvement of the pi3k pathway in il-22 ... | 2013 | 23999050 |
| structural and functional characterization of cath_brale, the defense molecule in the ancient salmonoid, brachymystax lenok. | thick-lipped lenok, brachymystax lenok is one of the ancient fish species in china and northeast asia countries. due to the overfishing, the population of lenok has been declined significantly. cathelicidins are innate immune effectors that possess both bactericidal activities and immunomodulatory functions. this report identifies and characterizes the salmonoid cathelicidin (cath_brale) from this ancient fish. it consists of open reading frame (orf) of 886 bp encoding the putative peptide of 19 ... | 2013 | 23390641 |
| analysis of a ferric uptake regulator (fur) knockout mutant in aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida. | aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida is the etiological agent of furunculosis; a serious infectious disease in aquaculture raised salmonids. iron acquisition has been shown to be critical for the survival of pathogenic bacteria during the course of infection. previous work has demonstrated that a. salmonicida expresses iron-repressible iromp proteins, suggesting the presence of iron acquisition systems that are under the control of a ferric uptake regulator (fur). in this study, the a. salmo ... | 2013 | 23228622 |
| first description of cole-type plasmid in aeromonas spp. carrying quinolone resistance (qnrs2) gene. | isolation and full sequence analysis of cole-type plasmid, which carries the qnrs2 gene. | 2012 | 22862417 |
| recombinant aeromonas hydrophila outer membrane protein 48 (omp48) induces a protective immune response against aeromonas hydrophila and edwardsiella tarda. | the gene coding for an outer membrane protein omp48 of aeromonas hydrophila isolated from an infected fish was cloned and sequenced. analysis of nucleotide sequence showed the omp48 gene to be an adhesin encoding a protein of 426 amino acids with high identity to the omp48 gene of aeromonas veronii, another fish pathogen. the gene belonged to the maltoporin group of porins and had high similarity to lamb porins of a. hydrophila, aeromonas salmonicida and vibrio parahaemolyticus. the expressed pu ... | 2012 | 22564558 |
| denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis for nonlethal detection of aeromonas salmonicida in salmonid mucus and its potential for other bacterial fish pathogens. | denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (dgge) of 16s rdna was used to nonlethally detect aeromonas salmonicida and other bacteria in salmonid skin mucus. mucus samples from wild spawning coho salmon (oncorhynchus kisutch) with endemic a. salmonicida and from cultured lake trout (salvelinus namaycush) were tested by pcr-dgge and were compared with mucus culture on coomassie brilliant blue agar and internal organ culture. pcr-dgge gave a highly reproducible 4-band pattern for 9 strains of typical ... | 2012 | 22506865 |
| the impact of quorum sensing on the virulence of aeromonas hydrophila and aeromonas salmonicida towards burbot (lota lota l.) larvae. | in this study, the link between quorum sensing in aeromonas spp. and its virulence towards burbot (lota lota) was investigated. high mortality occurred in burbot juveniles challenged with aeromonas salmonicida hn-00, but not in juveniles challenged with aeromonas hydrophila ah-1n. meanwhile, both a. hydrophila ah-1n and a. salmonicida hn-00 were virulent towards larvae. the effect of quorum sensing on the virulence of a. hydrophila ah-1n towards burbot larvae was further investigated using quoru ... | 2012 | 22465799 |
| [excretion of extracellular membrane nanovesicles by aeromonas]. | study of extracellular membrane nanovesicles production by aeromonas hydrophila and aeromonas salmonicida bacteria on a subcellular level. | 2012 | 22308735 |
| specific dna probes for the identification of the fish pathogen, renibacterium salmoninarum. | to obtain specific dna probes for the identification of the fish pathogen, renibacterium salmoninarum, a discriminatory recombinant dna library was constructed using selective fragments of the bacterial genome. three renibacterial clones, pmam29, pmam46 and pmam77, containing 149, 73, and 154 bp respectively, were isolated and characterized. the specificity of the probes was confirmed by dot-blot and southern hybridization analyses. bacterial hybridization experiments revealed that pmam29 discri ... | 1994 | 24420936 |
| broad diversity of conjugative plasmids in integron-carrying bacteria from wastewater environments. | in this study we assessed the occurrence, diversity and conjugative potential of plasmids in integron-carrying aeromonas and enterobacteriaceae from wastewaters. sixty-six strains were included as donors in mating assays using rifampicin-resistant escherichia coli and pseudomonas putida recipient strains. the diversity of plasmids from donors and transconjugants (resistant to tetracycline or streptomycin) was evaluated by restriction analysis and replicon typing targeting 19 incompatibility grou ... | 2012 | 22409355 |
| nocardiosis in freshwater reared chinook salmon (oncorhynchus tshawytscha). | an investigation was conducted to identify the cause of mortalities in freshwater reared chinook salmon (oncorhynchus tshawytscha). mortalities occurred in juvenile salmon, at a salmon rearing facility in the south island of new zealand. the affected fish were from a pen inside the facility with no surrounding pens or other year classes affected. | 2017 | 28372487 |
| echinoderm immunology: bacterial clearance by the sea urchin strongylocentrotus purpuratus. | characteristics of bacterial clearance were investigated in the purple sea urchin, strongylocentrotus purpuratus (echinodermata: echinoidea). primary clearance kinetics were determined for three bacteria, a marine gram negative motile rod, a marine gram positive non-motile rod, and a gram negative freshwater fish pathogen, aeromonas salmonicida. clearance kinetics differed for each of the three bacteria. secondary clearance rates were not significantly different from primary clearance rates for ... | 1983 | 28368229 |
| antimicrobial activities of secondary metabolites and phylogenetic study of sponge endosymbiotic bacteria, bacillus sp. at agatti island, lakshadweep archipelago. | twenty-one species of sponges were recorded under the class of demospongiae and calcareous sponges of which 19 species were new to agatti reef. a total of 113 sponge endosymbiotic bacterial strains were isolated from twenty-one species of sponges and screened for antimicrobial activity. five bacterial strains of sponge endosymbiotic bacteria (seb) namely seb32, seb33, seb36, seb43 and seb51 showed antimicrobial activity against virulent marine fish pathogens such as vibrio alginolyticus, vibrio ... | 2016 | 28352539 |
| protection and antibody reactivity following vaccination of lumpfish (cyclopterus lumpus l.) against atypical aeromonas salmonicida. | atypical aeromonas salmonicida is frequently associated with disease and mortality in farmed lumpfish (cyclopterus lumpus l). challenge experiments using different modes of exposure identified both high and low pathogenic isolates. intraperitoneal vaccination induced production of high levels of specific antibodies particularly in fish given multiple injections. the immune sera contained antibodies cross reactive with both high and low pathogenic isolates. sds-page and lc/msms analyses showed th ... | 2017 | 28344167 |
| antimicrobial effect of the biotronic® top3 supplement and efficacy in protecting rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) from infection by aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida. | demand for more environmentally friendly practices have led to the adoption of several feed supplements by the fish farming industry. in the present study, we investigated a commercially available formula that includes a mixture of three compounds: organic acids, a phytochemical and biomin® permeabilizing complex. this mixture demonstrated antimicrobial properties in vitro and was able to inhibit growth of multiple species of aquatic bacterial pathogens, including aeromonas salmonicida. bacteria ... | 2017 | 28343146 |
| phylogeny and expression analysis of c-reactive protein (crp) and serum amyloid-p (sap) like genes reveal two distinct groups in fish. | the acute phase response (apr) is an early innate immune function that is initiated by inflammatory signals, leading to the release of acute phase proteins to the bloodstream to re-establish homeostasis following microbial infection. in this study we analysed the atlantic salmon (salmo salar) whole-genome database and identified five c-reactive protein (crp)/serum amyloid p component (sap) like molecules namely crp/sap-1a, crp/sap-1b, crp/sap-1c, crp/sap-2 and crp/sap-3. these crp/sap genes form ... | 2017 | 28336487 |
| effect of dietary β-glucan on growth, survival and regulation of immune processes in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) infected by aeromonas salmonicida. | the present study evaluated the effects of dietary β-glucan (0, 0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.2%) on growth performance after 42 days of feeding. thereafter, rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) were infected with aeromonas salmonicida, and survival rates as well as the regulating processes of stress- and immune-related factors were analyzed. in general, higher dietary β-glucan levels obviously improved specific growth rate (sgr), weight gain (wg) and feed efficiency (fe) (p ≤ 0.05). survival rates in β-glu ... | 2017 | 28286256 |
| biodegradation of benzo[a]pyrene by bacterial consortium isolated from mangrove sediment. | benzo[a]pyrene is a high-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon highly recalcitrant in nature and thus harms the ecosystem and/or human health. therefore, its removal from the marine environment is crucial. this research focuses on benzo[a]pyrene degradation by using enriched bacterial isolates in consortium under saline conditions. bacterial isolates capable of using benzo[a]pyrene as sole source of carbon and energy were isolated from enriched mangrove sediment. these isolates were i ... | 2017 | 28281885 |
| involvement of luxs in aeromonas salmonicida metabolism, virulence and infection in atlantic salmon (salmo salar l). | quorum sensing is a bacterial density dependent communication system, which regarded to regulate co-operative behaviors of community and mediated by extracellular signal molecules named autoinducers (ai). among various signals, autoinducer-2 (ai-2) is believed to be the messengers inter species and produced by luxs. for aeromonas salmonicida (a. salmonicida), an opportunistic pathogen to many cold-water teleost, little information has been known about the function of ai-2 and luxs. therefore, ou ... | 2017 | 28279794 |
| draft genome sequence of pseudomonas fluorescens ml11a, an endogenous strain from brook charr with antagonistic properties against aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida. | pseudomonas fluorescens ml11a, isolated from brook charr, showed a strong in vitro inhibitory effect against aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, a bacterial fish pathogen. its genome harbors gene clusters for siderophore and bacteriocin biosynthesis and shares 99% whole-genome identity with p. fluorescens a506, a biological control strain used in agriculture. | 2017 | 28254983 |
| proteomic analysis in kidneys of atlantic salmon infected with aeromonas salmonicida by itraq. | aeromonas salmonicida is a major etiologic agent which induces furunculosis and is globally harmful in salmonid and turbot cultures, especially in atlantic salmon (salmo salar) farming. in order to improve knowledge of its poorly understood pathogenesis, we utilized high-throughput proteomics to display differentially expressed proteins in the kidney of atlantic salmon challenged with high and low infection dose of a. salmonicida at 7 and 14 days. in quantitative proteomic assays, isobaric tags ... | 2017 | 28235584 |
| subunit vaccine candidates against aeromonas salmonicida in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss. | aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida is the etiological agent of furunculosis and a major fish health problem in salmonid aquaculture worldwide. injection vaccination with commercial mineral oil-adjuvanted bacterin vaccines has been partly successful in preventing the disease but in danish rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss, walbaum) aquaculture furunculosis outbreaks still occur. in this study we tested the efficacy of experimental subunit vaccines against a. salmonicida infection in rainbo ... | 2017 | 28182704 |
| phylogenetic analysis of the fish pathogen aeromonas salmonicida underlines the dichotomy between european and canadian strains for the salmonicida subspecies. | | 2017 | 28105757 |
| characterization and mechanism of anti-aeromonas salmonicida activity of a marine probiotic strain, bacillus velezensis v4. | the bacterium aeromonas salmonicida is the causative agent of furunculosis, a systemic, ubiquitous disease of fish in the salmon family, characterized by high mortality and morbidity. probiotics are a promising approach for prevention of furunculosis in aquaculture. a bacterial strain with anti-a. salmonicida properties, bacillus velezensis v4, was isolated and the mechanisms underlying these properties were investigated. anti-a. salmonicida compounds present in cell-free supernatant of v4 were ... | 2017 | 28074223 |
| use of common carp (cyprinus carpio) and aeromonas salmonicida for detection of immunomodulatory effects of chemicals on fish. | to develop a test for assessing the immunomodulatory effects of chemical pollutants on fish, we evaluated the effects of dexamethasone on the natural host-pathogen interaction between common carp (cyprinus carpio) and aeromonas salmonicida. carp were exposed to 1mgl(-1) dexamethasone for the entire experimental period. one week after the exposure test started, the exposed fish, as well as unexposed fish, were bath-infected with a. salmonicida. one hundred percent mortality was observed in bacter ... | 2017 | 28063699 |
| evaluation of the spoilage potential of bacteria isolated from chilled chicken in vitro and in situ. | microorganisms play an important role in the spoilage of chilled chicken. in this study, a total of 53 isolates, belonging to 7 species of 3 genera, were isolated using a selective medium based on the capacity to spoil chicken juice. four isolates, namely aeromonas salmonicida 35, pseudomonas fluorescens h5, pseudomonas fragi h8 and serratia liquefaciens 17, were further characterized to assess their proteolytic activities in vitro using meat protein extracts and to evaluate their spoilage poten ... | 2017 | 28040161 |
| aeromonas salmonicida type iii secretion system-effectors-mediated immune suppression in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, the etiologic agent of furunculosis, is a major pathogen in aquaculture. together with other pathogens, it is characterized by the presence of a type 3 secretion system (t3ss). the t3ss is the main virulence mechanism of a. salmonicida. it is used by the bacterium to secrete and translocate several toxins and effector proteins into the host cell. some of these factors have a detrimental impact on the integrity of the cell cytoskeleton, likely contributin ... | 2017 | 27923746 |
| development of a sybr green i real-time pcr assay for specific identification of the fish pathogen aeromonas salmonicida subspecies salmonicida. | a sybr green i real-time polymerase chain reaction protocol for specific detection of the fish pathogen aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida was developed and validated for rapid diagnosis of typical furunculosis. the sequence of the aopo gene of a. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, which encodes for a serine/threonine protein kinase linked to virulence, was chosen for primer design. the selected primers amplified a 119-bp internal fragment of the aopo gene. the specificity test proved that 10 ... | 2016 | 27838837 |
| multiple gene and transcript variants encoding trout c-polysaccharide binding proteins are differentially but strongly induced after infection with aeromonas salmonicida. | two 'trout c-polysaccharide-binding proteins,' tcbp1 and -2, with relevance to early inflammatory events have been discovered in the last century. the present study characterises the respective cdna sequences from rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), including multiple tcbp1 transcript variants. these variants are generated either by the use of alternative splice sites or the exclusion of exons. the longest mrna isoform, tcbp1-1, encodes a 245-aa protein with a large signal peptide and a complem ... | 2017 | 27836722 |
| preliminary study on the in vitro and in vivo effects of asparagopsis taxiformis bioactive phycoderivates on teleosts. | several compounds from marine organisms have been studied for their potential use in aquaculture. among the red algae, asparagopsis taxiformis is considered one of the most promising species for the production of bioactive metabolites with numerous proposed applications. here, the in vitro antibacterial activity, the easy handling and the absence of adverse effects on marine fish species are reported. depending on the seasonal period of sampling, ethanol extracts of a. taxiformis exhibited signi ... | 2016 | 27826246 |
| the mosaic architecture of aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida pasa4 plasmid and its consequences on antibiotic resistance. | aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, the causative agent of furunculosis in salmonids, is an issue especially because many isolates of this bacterium display antibiotic resistances, which limit treatments against the disease. recent results suggested the possible existence of alternative forms of pasa4, a large plasmid found in a. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida and bearing multiple antibiotic resistance genes. the present study reveals the existence of two newly detected pasa4 variants, pas ... | 2016 | 27812409 |
| the effects of increasing dietary levels of soy protein concentrate (spc) on the immune responses and disease resistance (furunculosis) of vaccinated and non-vaccinated atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.) parr. | juvenile salmon, with an initial weight of 9 g, were fed three experimental diets, formulated to replace 35 (spc35), 58 (spc58) and 80 (spc80) of high quality fishmeal (fm) with soy protein concentrate (spc) in quadruplicate tanks. higher dietary spc inclusion was combined with increased supplementation of methionine, lysine, threonine and phosphorus. the experiment was carried out for 177 days. on day 92 salmon in each tank were bulk weighed. post weighing eighty salmon from each tank were redi ... | 2016 | 27742588 |
| pathogen-dependent role of turbot (scophthalmus maximus) interferon-gamma. | interferon-gamma has been typically described as a pro-inflammatory cytokine playing an important role in the resolution of both viral and bacterial diseases. nevertheless, some anti-inflammatory functions are also attributed to this molecule. in this work we have characterized for the first time the turbot (scophthalmus maximus) interferon-gamma gene (ifng) and its expression pattern under basal conditions, after type i ifns administration, and viral and bacterial infection. the intramuscular i ... | 2016 | 27742586 |
| st2 from rainbow trout quenches tlr signalling, localises at the nuclear membrane and allows the nuclear translocation of myd88. | the mammalian interleukin 1 receptor-like 1 receptor (il1rl1), commonly known as st2, is thought to downregulate tlr signalling by sequestering the signalling adapter myd88 (myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88). st2 sequences are known in several fish species, but none of them have functionally been examined. we characterised st2 from rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) and the structure of its encoding gene. the primary sequence of st2 is only weakly conserved from fish to human ... | 2017 | 27776995 |
| metabolic profiling in kidneys of atlantic salmon infected with aeromonas salmonicida based on (1)h nmr. | aeromonas salmonicida, an important pathogenic bacterium which induces furunculosis, is globally causing increased risks in atlantic salmon (salmo salar) farming. although the kidney is the main target organ of a. salmonicida, the metabolic profiling of kidney in response to a. salmonicida in vivo remains unknown. here, we used (1)h nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) to comprehensively analyze the metabolic changes in the kidney of atlantic salmon. through the noesypr1d spectrum combined with mult ... | 2016 | 27577538 |
| diversity of antibiotic-resistance genes in canadian isolates of aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida: dominance of psn254b and discovery of pasa8. | the bacterium aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida is a common pathogen in fish farms worldwide. since the antibiotic resistance of this bacterial species is on the increase, it is important to have a broader view on this issue. in the present study, we tested the presence of known plasmids conferring multi-drug resistance as well as antibiotic resistance genes by a pcr approach in 100 canadian a. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida isolates. our study highlighted the dominance of the conjugative ... | 2016 | 27752114 |
| positive correlation between aeromonas salmonicida vaccine antigen concentration and protection in vaccinated rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss evaluated by a tail fin infection model. | rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), are able to raise a protective immune response against aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida (as) following injection vaccination with commercial vaccines containing formalin-killed bacteria, but the protection is often suboptimal under danish mariculture conditions. we elucidated whether protection can be improved by increasing the concentration of antigen (formalin-killed bacteria) in the vaccine. rainbow trout juveniles were vaccinated by intra ... | 2017 | 27593619 |
| a comparison of the response of diploid and triploid atlantic salmon (salmo salar) siblings to a commercial furunculosis vaccine and subsequent experimental infection with aeromonas salmonicida. | sterile triploid fish represent a solution to the problems associated with sexual maturation and escapees in aquaculture. however, as disease outbreaks continue to cause significant economic losses to the industry, it is essential that the response of triploids to disease and disease treatments be characterised. the aim of this study was to compare the response of triploid atlantic salmon to a commercial furunculosis vaccine with that of diploid fish, and to assess the vaccine efficacy in the tw ... | 2016 | 27569980 |
| structural evidence of intramolecular propeptide inhibition of the aspzincin metalloendopeptidase asap1. | the gram-negative bacterium aeromonas salmonicida is a fish pathogen for various fish species worldwide. aeromonas salmonicida subsp. achromogenes produces the extracellular, toxic zinc endopeptidase asap1. crystal structure analyses at 2.0 å resolution of two proteolytically inactive asap1 variants show the polypeptide folding of the protease domain and the propeptide domain. these first crystal structure analyses of a precursor of a deuterolysin-like aspzincin protease provide insights into pr ... | 2016 | 27528449 |
| pharmacokinetic model of florfenicol in turbot (scophthalmus maximus): establishment of optimal dosage and administration in medicated feed. | the pharmacokinetics of florfenicol (ff) in turbot (scophthalmus maximus) was studied after single intravenous (10 mg kg(-1) ) and oral (100 mg kg(-1) ) administration. the plasma concentration-time data of florfenicol were described by an open one-compartment model. the elimination half-life (t1/2 ) was estimated to be 21.0 h, and the total body clearance, cl, was determined as 0.028 l kg h(-1) . the apparent volume distribution (vd ) was calculated to be 0.86 l kg(-1) and the mean residence ti ... | 2017 | 27502011 |
| aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida strains isolated from chinese freshwater fish contain a novel genomic island and possible regional-specific mobile genetic elements profiles. | two strains of aeromonas salmonicida, yk and bg, were isolated from largemouth bronze gudgeon and northern whitefish in china, and identified as a. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida based on phylogenetic analysis of vapa and 16s rrna gene sequences. yk and bg originated from freshwater fish, one of which belonged to the cyprinid family, and the strains showed a difference in virulence. subsequently, we performed whole genome sequencing of the strains, and comparison of their genomic sequences to th ... | 2016 | 27493011 |
| alterations of the gut microbiome of largemouth bronze gudgeon (coreius guichenoti) suffering from furunculosis. | high-throughput sequencing was applied to compare the intestinal microbiota in largemouth bronze gudgeon either healthy or affected by furunculosis. proteobacteria, actinobacteria, tenericutes, firmicutes and bacteroidetes were detected as the predominant bacterial phyla in the gut of both diseased and healthy fish. the abundance of proteobacteria differed significantly between the two groups of fish, mainly due to the overwhelming prevalence of aeromonas in the diseased fish (81% ± 17%), while ... | 2016 | 27465687 |
| immunohistochemical study of inducible nitric oxide synthase and tumour necrosis factor alpha response in turbot (scophthalmus maximus) experimentally infected with aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida. | aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida represents one of the major threats in aquaculture, especially in salmonid fish and turbot farming. in order to fight bacterial infections, fish have an immune system composed by innate and specific cellular and humoral elements analogous to those present in mammals. however, innate immunity plays a primordial role against bacterial infections in teleost fish. among these non-specific mechanisms, the production of nitric oxide (no) by inducible nitric oxi ... | 2016 | 27431586 |
| infection routes of aeromonas salmonicida in rainbow trout monitored in vivo by real-time bioluminescence imaging. | recent development of imaging tools has facilitated studies of pathogen infections in vivo in real time. this trend can be exemplified by advances in bioluminescence imaging (bli), an approach that helps to visualize dissemination of pathogens within the same animal over several time points. here, we employ bacterial bli for examining routes of entry and spread of aeromonas salmonicida susbp. salmonicida in rainbow trout. a virulent danish a. salmonicida strain was tagged with pakgfplux1, a dual ... | 2017 | 27307098 |
| aeromonas salmonicida: updates on an old acquaintance. | aeromonas salmonicida is the oldest known infectious agent to be linked to fish disease and constitutes a major bacterial pathogen of fish, in particular of salmonids. this bacterium can be found almost worldwide in both marine and freshwater environments and has been divided into several sub-species. in this review, we present the most recent developments concerning our understanding of this pathogen, including how the characterization of new isolates from non-salmonid hosts suggests a more nua ... | 2016 | 27304870 |
| the effect of reducing agents on challenge of rainbow trout with aeromonas salmonicida. | | 2017 | 27291986 |
| expression and antimicrobial activity of c-type lysozyme in taimen (hucho taimen, pallas). | lysozymes are important defense proteins of the innate immune system and possess high antibacterial activities. in the present study, a full-length c-type lysozyme cdna (htlysc) was cloned and characterized from taimen (hucho taimen, pallas). the cdna contains an open reading frame (orf) of 432 bp encoding 143 amino acid (aa), with 97% identity to lysc of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). the amino acid sequence possessed a lyz1 domain (16-140 aa) which contained two conserved residues (glu 5 ... | 2016 | 27267655 |
| detection and quantification of aeromonas salmonicida in fish tissue by real-time pcr. | furunculosis, a septicaemic infection caused by the bacterium aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, currently causes problems in danish seawater rainbow trout production. detection has mainly been achieved by bacterial culture, but more rapid and sensitive methods are needed. a previously developed real-time pcr assay targeting the plasmid encoded aopp gene of a. salmonicida was, in parallel with culturing, used for the examination of five organs of 40 fish from danish freshwater and seawate ... | 2017 | 27193829 |
| toll-like receptors in maraena whitefish: evolutionary relationship among salmonid fishes and patterns of response to aeromonas salmonicida. | toll-like receptors (tlrs) interact directly with particular pathogenic structures and are thus highly important to innate immunity. the present manuscript characterises a suite of 14 tlrs in maraena whitefish (coregonus maraena), a salmonid species with increasing importance for aquaculture. whitefish tlrs were structurally and evolutionary analysed. the results revealed a close relationship with tlrs from salmonid fish species rainbow trout and atlantic salmon. profiling the baseline expressio ... | 2016 | 27131902 |
| cold-water vibriosis. the current status of knowledge. | the current review for the first time summarizes the findings of the 30 years of research on cold-water vibriosis (cwv). the diseased caused by aliivibrio salmonicida (earlier known as vibrio salmonicida) was for the first time described in 1986 and became one of the most important bacterial diseases in salmon aquaculture. the lack of appropriate vaccine hampered development of atlantic salmon aquaculture until the late 1980s when a novel vaccine allowed dramatic increase in the atlantic salmon ... | 2017 | 27072873 |
| cross talk between growth and immunity: coupling of the igf axis to conserved cytokine pathways in rainbow trout. | although disease and infection is associated with attenuated growth, the molecular pathways involved are poorly characterized. we postulated that the igf axis, a central governor of vertebrate growth, is repressed during infection to promote resource reallocation towards immunity. this hypothesis was tested in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) challenged by aeromonas salmonicida (as), a gram-negative bacterial pathogen, or viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv) at hatch, first feeding, and ... | 2016 | 27035654 |
| antibiotic resistance due to an unusual cole1-type replicon plasmid in aeromonas salmonicida. | aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida is a fish pathogen known to have a rich plasmidome. in the present study, we discovered an isolate of this bacterium bearing an additional unidentified small plasmid. after having sequenced the dna of that isolate by next-generation sequencing, it appeared that the new small plasmid is a cole1-type replicon plasmid, named here pasa7. this plasmid bears a functional chloramphenicol-acetyltransferase-encoding gene (cat-pasa7) previously unknown in a. salmon ... | 2016 | 27028891 |
| facile recoding of selenocysteine in nature. | selenocysteine (sec or u) is encoded by uga, a stop codon reassigned by a sec-specific elongation factor and a distinctive rna structure. to discover possible code variations in extant organisms we analyzed 6.4 trillion base pairs of metagenomic sequences and 24 903 microbial genomes for trna(sec) species. as expected, uga is the predominant sec codon in use. we also found trna(sec) species that recognize the stop codons uag and uaa, and ten sense codons. selenoprotein synthesis programmed by ua ... | 2016 | 26991476 |
| development of similar broth microdilution methods to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of flavobacterium columnare and f. psychrophilum. | flavobacterium columnare and f. psychrophilum are major fish pathogens that cause diseases that may require antimicrobial therapy. choice of appropriate treatment is dependent upon determining the antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates. therefore we optimized methods for broth microdilution testing of f. columnare and f. psychrophilum to facilitate standardizing an antimicrobial susceptibility test. we developed adaptations to make reproducible broth inoculums and confirmed the proper incubati ... | 2016 | 26949840 |
| the aeromonas salmonicida lipopolysaccharide core from different subspecies: the unusual subsp. pectinolytica. | initial hydridization tests using aeromonas salmonicida typical and atypical strains showed the possibility of different lipopolysaccharide (lps) outer cores among these strains. by chemical structural analysis, lps-core sds-page gel migration, and functional and comparative genomics we demonstrated that typical a. salmonicida (subsp. salmonicida) strains and atypical subsp. masoucida and probably smithia strains showed the same lps outer core. a. salmonicida subsp. achromogenes strains show a s ... | 2016 | 26904002 |
| investigations on the role of the salmon louse, lepeophtheirus salmonis (caligidae), as a vector in the transmission of aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida. | a bacteria-parasite challenge model was used to study the role of sea lice, lepeophtheirus salmonis (copepoda), as a vector of aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida. three hypotheses were tested: (i) l. salmonis can acquire a. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida via water bath exposure; (ii) l. salmonis can acquire the bacteria via parasitizing infected atlantic salmon, salmo salar; and (iii) l. salmonis can transmit the bacteria to naïve atlantic salmon via parasitism. adult l. salmonis exposed t ... | 2016 | 26851068 |
| challenge models for atypical aeromonas salmonicida and vibrio anguillarum in farmed ballan wrasse (labrus bergylta) and preliminary testing of a trial vaccine against atypical aeromonas salmonicida. | | 2016 | 26849912 |
| increasing genomic diversity and evidence of constrained lifestyle evolution due to insertion sequences in aeromonas salmonicida. | aeromonads make up a group of gram-negative bacteria that includes human and fish pathogens. the aeromonas salmonicida species has the peculiarity of including five known subspecies. however, few studies of the genomes of a. salmonicida subspecies have been reported to date. | 2016 | 26753691 |
| effect of nanophyetus salmincola and bacterial co-infection on mortality of juvenile chinook salmon. | the freshwater trematode nanophyetus salmincola has been demonstrated to impair salmonid immune function and resistance to the marine pathogen vibrio anguillarum, potentially resulting in ocean mortality. we examined whether infection by the parasite n. salmincola similarly increases mortality of juvenile chinook salmon oncorhynchus tshawytscha when they are exposed to the freshwater pathogens flavobacterium columnare or aeromonas salmonicida, two bacteria that juvenile salmonids might encounter ... | 2015 | 26671546 |
| antigens of aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida specifically induced in vivo in oncorhynchus mykiss. | | 2016 | 26661507 |
| diversity and homogeneity among small plasmids of aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida linked with geographical origin. | furunculosis, which is caused by aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, is a major salmonid disease in fish farms worldwide. several plasmids found in this bacterium confer phenotypes such drug resistance and virulence. small plasmids (pasa1, pasa2, pasa3, and pasal1) related to cole1- and cole2-type replicons are usually present in its normal plasmidome. in the present study, with the objective to investigate if these plasmids display particularities related to the origin of the isolates bea ... | 2015 | 26635745 |
| high concentration of red clay as an alternative for antibiotics in aquaculture. | the use of antibiotics in aquaculture raises environmental and food safety concerns because chronic exposure of an aquatic ecosystem to antibiotics can result in the spread of antibiotic resistance, bioaccumulation of antibiotics in the organisms, and transfer of antibiotics to humans. in an attempt to overcome these problems, high-concentration red clay was applied as an alternative antibiotic against the following common fish pathogens: aeromonas salmonicida, vibrio alginolyticus, and streptoc ... | 2016 | 26528535 |
| molecular and functional characterization of goldfish (carassius auratus l.) serum amyloid a. | quantitative expression analysis of goldfish saa revealed the highest mrna levels in the kidney, spleen and intestine with lower mrna levels in muscle and liver. goldfish saa was differentially expressed in goldfish immune cells with highest mrna levels observed in neutrophils. to functionally assess goldfish saa, recombinant protein (rgsaa) was generated by prokaryotic expression and functionally characterized. monocytes and macrophages treated with rgsaa exhibited differential gene expression ... | 2015 | 26523984 |
| aeromonas salmonicida infection levels in pre- and post-stocked cleaner fish assessed by culture and an amended qpcr assay. | due to increasing resistance to chemical therapeutants, the use of 'cleaner fish' (primarily wrasse, labridae, species) has become popular in european salmon farming for biocontrol of the salmon louse, lepeophtheirus salmonis (krøyer). while being efficient de-licers, cleaner fish mortality levels in salmon cages are commonly high, and systemic bacterial infections constitute a major problem. atypical furunculosis, caused by aeromonas salmonicida a-layer types v and vi, is among the most common ... | 2016 | 26514414 |
| effects of dietary linseed oil on innate immune system of eurasian perch and disease resistance after exposure to aeromonas salmonicida achromogen. | this study was designated to investigate the effects of dietary fish oil (fo diet) replacement by linseed oil (lo diet) on regulation of immune response and disease resistance in eurasian perch (perca fluviatilis). a control diet containing fish oil (fo = cod liver oil) and characterized by high levels of n-3 high lc-pufa (6% epa, 7.5% of total fatty acids (fas)) was compared to linseed oil diet (lo diet) composed of low lc-pufa contents (1% epa, 2.3% dha of total fas) but high c18 fatty acids l ... | 2015 | 26497094 |