Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| [transferable resistance factors in aeromonas salmonicida]. | 1971 | 5129958 | |
| [on the taxonomy of aeromonas salmonicida subsp. achromogenes (smith 1963) schubert 1967 and aeromonas salmonicida subsp. masoucida kimura 1969]. | 1969 | 5386249 | |
| the pathogenicity of aeromonas salmonicida (griffin) in sea and brackish waters. | 1968 | 5640232 | |
| serological studies on proteinases produced by aeromonas salmonicida and other aeromonads. | 1968 | 5653618 | |
| [serologic studies on aeromonas salmonicida]. | 1964 | 5833568 | |
| isolation of an anaerogenic bacterium resembling aeromonas salmonicida in spawning lake trouts. | 1966 | 6007060 | |
| the effect of primary and secondary immunization on the lymphoid tissues of the carp, cyprinus carpio l. | mirror carp immunized with human gamma globulin (hgg) in freund's complete adjuvant (fca) show a proliferative response involving cells whose cytoplasm stains deep red with methyl green-pyronin (pyroninophilic cells). this response occurs particularly in the haemopoietic parenchyma of the pronephros and mesonephros. it peaks at week 3, with the formation of clusters of pyroninophilic cells in the pronephros. immunization with aeromonas salmonicida elicited a less intense pyroninophilic response ... | 1982 | 6177828 |
| structural studies on the o-antigen of aeromonas salmonicida. | lipopolysaccharide from a strain of aeromonas salmonicida salmonicida was isolated from cells by the aqueous phenol method in 2.3% yield (based on dry weight of bacteria). hydrolysis of the lipopolysaccharide in 1% acetic acid afforded o-polysaccharide (19% by weight), core-oligosaccharide (12.2%) and lipid a (44.6%). analysis indicated that 3-deoxy-d-manno-2-octulosonic acid was absent from the lipopolysaccharide and that no low-molecular-weight compounds were released by the mild hydrolysis. t ... | 1983 | 6188611 |
| induction of nonspecific immunosuppression in a primitive teleost, rainbow trout (salmo gairdneri). | induction of immunological non-reactivity to goldfish red blood cells (gfrbc), sheep red blood cells (srbc) and to formalin-killed aeromonas salmonicida cells was obtained in yearling rainbow trout raised under laboratory aquarium conditions (at 10 degrees c). haemolysin and agglutinin titres were measured 1 to 4 weeks after immunization. while trout immunized with low and high doses of antigen by intramuscular (im) and intraperitoneal (ip) injections produced high antibody titres, administratio ... | 1984 | 6238855 |
| purification and reconstitution in lipid bilayer membranes of an outer membrane, pore-forming protein of aeromonas salmonicida. | we have purified a major outer membrane protein from aeromonas salmonicida. this 42-kilodalton protein shared several physical characteristics with enterobacterial porins in that it was noncovalently associated with the peptidoglycan, it was released from the peptidoglycan in the presence of 0.1 m nacl and sodium dodecyl sulfate, and its mobility on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels was dependent on the solubilization temperature before electrophoresis. when added to the aqueous solutio ... | 1983 | 6315674 |
| purification and characterization of a new proteolytic enzyme produced by aeromonas salmonicida. | a proteolytic enzyme produced by the fish pathogen aeromonas salmonicida was isolated and purified. it showed the following characteristics: temperature optimum at 48 degrees c, ph optimum at ph 9 and a molecular weight of 87500. the enzyme was inhibited by phenylmethanesulphonylfluoride (pmsf) indicating it to be a serine protease. | 1983 | 6343335 |
| [study of various application methods for active immunization of fishes with aeromonas salmonicida, aeromonas punctata and vibrio anguillarum. 1. immunization with aeromonas salmonicida strain 314]. | 1983 | 6352234 | |
| structural and immunochemical homogeneity of aeromonas salmonicida lipopolysaccharide. | sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to analyze the lipopolysaccharides of typical and atypical strains of the fish pathogen aeromonas salmonicida. 32p intrinsically radiolabeled lipopolysaccharide in sarcosinate-extracted outer membrane preparations, lipopolysaccharide stained by silver in proteinase k-digested outer membrane preparations and whole cell lysates, as well as purified lipopolysaccharide, displayed o-polysaccharide chains which were unusually homogeneo ... | 1984 | 6370955 |
| furunculosis in rainbow trout (salmo gairdneri) raised in sea water. | ulcerative skin lesions were encountered in rainbow trout raised in sea water by a commercial concern in the western cape, south africa. grossly, the lesions resembled furunculosis but, histopathologically, they differed from typical furunculosis in that bacterial colonies were rarely found in the organs, and also the kidneys and spleens were minimally involved. the causative organism was identified as an achromogenic aeromonas salmonicida that shared characteristics with all 3 subspecies, salmo ... | 1984 | 6493730 |
| surface layer virulence a-proteins from aeromonas salmonicida strains. | superficial surface layer proteins (a-proteins) were present on diverse isolates of aeromonas salmonicida which differed both physiologically and in pathogenesis. three of these proteins were purified directly from the surface of whole cells or from outer membrane preparations. these a-proteins were unusually hydrophobic (45-47%) and of similar but not identical molecular mass (49, 50, and 51 kdaltons). they were nearly identical in amino acid composition and were highly conserved, but not ident ... | 1984 | 6525563 |
| phylogenetic relationships among vibrio anguillarum plasmids. | results of restriction endonuclease analysis and southern blot hybridization suggest that the r-plasmids from vibrio anguillarum strains isolated in japan can be divided into at least four groups of homology depending on the time of their isolation and geographical source. molecular cloning experiments allowed identification of specific restriction endonuclease fragments carrying the genes for either cmr or tcr as the common sequences between some of these groups of r-plasmids. the cmr region fr ... | 1984 | 6528000 |
| acquisition of iron by aeromonas salmonicida. | the ability of six typical and three atypical strains of aeromonas salmonicida to sequester fe3+ from the high-affinity iron chelators ethylenediaminedihydroxy-phenylacetic acid, lactoferrin, and transferrin was determined. typical strains were readily able to sequester fe3+ and used two different mechanisms. one mechanism was inducible and appeared to involve production of a low-molecular-weight soluble siderophore(s). iron uptake by this mechanism was strongly inhibited by ferricyanide. one vi ... | 1983 | 6630151 |
| a lipopolysaccharide-specific bacteriophage for aeromonas salmonicida. | cell wall lipopolysaccharide (lps) was identified as the receptor for the aeromonas salmonicida bacteriophage strain 55r-1. mutants of a. salmonicida resistant to phage 55r-1 were unable to adsorb phage 55r-1 and were shown to be defective in lps structure. purified a. salmonicida lps inactivated phage 55r-1, but the o-polysaccharide and the core oligosaccharide portions of the lps were ineffective. these results suggest that lipid a was required for receptor activity. antibodies directed agains ... | 1983 | 6661705 |
| enhancement of bacterial adhesion by shear forces: characterization of the haemagglutination induced by aeromonas salmonicida strain 438. | application of a viscometric assay to the haemagglutination induced by aeromonas salmonicida strain 438 showed that shear forces can enhance the strength of bacterial adhesion. the d-mannose/l-fucose-sensitive reaction proceeded in two phases, an initial phase in which the degree of aggregation remained constant during shearing and a second stage, induced by shear, in which agglutination was enhanced as shear was maintained. the results strongly paralleled those found in studies of concanavalin ... | 1983 | 6668467 |
| characterization of plasmids in bacterial fish pathogen. | plasmid profiles of representative fish pathogens, aeromonas salmonicida, aeromonas hydrophila, vibrio anguillarum, pasteurella piscicida, yersinia ruckeri, edwardsiella tarda, and renibacterium salmoninarum, were determined by agarose gel electrophoresis with four different plasmid detection methods. a combination of two methods was required to detect the plasmids present in these strains and to calculate precisely the molecular weights of the plasmids. of 38 strains, 28 harbored one or more pl ... | 1983 | 6822413 |
| purification and characterization of the cell surface virulent a protein from aeromonas salmonicida. | the predominant cell surface protein (a protein) of aeromonas salmonicida has been purified in high yield from outer membranes by using a combination of detergent and chaotropic extraction methods as well as exclusion and ion-exchange chromatography. the a protein was primarily monomeric, mr 50 000, but readily formed oligomers at high protein or low salt concentrations. several isoelectric forms were distinguishable with purified protein as well as in situ on the cell surface. neither phosphate ... | 1983 | 6871174 |
| fish biologics: vaccine standards for sport fisheries and commercial aquaculture. | biologics for serodiagnostic identification of fish diesease agents and for determination of efficacy and potency of fish bacterins are now being offered on a limited basis to governmental hatchery biologists and commercial aquaculture farms by the national fish health research laboratory - leetown. difficulties arise when biologics are used for determining standard parameters for fish bacterins because there may be variations in the fishes' immune response due to population differences or effec ... | 1980 | 6995216 |
| [direct immunofluorescence in the diagnosis of aeromonas salmonicida infections in fresh water fishes]. | 1981 | 7018491 | |
| cell surface of the fish pathogenic bacterium aeromonas salmonicida. i. relationship between autoagglutination and the presence of a major cell envelope protein. | a comparison was made of membrane protein patterns of various aeromonas salmonicida strains, initially isolated from different habitats with respect to fish species affected, pathological entity, and geographic location of the outbreak of the disease. a major protein with a molecular weight of 54 000 was found in all autoagglutinating strains, whereas this protein is present in low amounts, or not at all, in non-autoagglutinating strains. evidence for a causal relationship between the presence o ... | 1982 | 7055565 |
| cell surface of the fish pathogenic bacterium aeromonas salmonicida. ii. purification and characterization of a major cell envelope protein related to autoagglutination, adhesion and virulence. | the purification of the major protein of the membrane fraction of an autoagglutinating strain of aeromonas salmonicida is described. this protein, designated as additional cell envelope protein, is water-insoluble, has a molecular weight of about 54 000 and its amino terminal sequence is h2n-asp-val-leu-leu. neither sulphur-containing amino acids nor sugar residues were detected. its amino acid composition, which shows that the additional cell envelope protein is hydrophobic in nature, is remark ... | 1982 | 7055566 |
| purification and partial characterization of a bacterial phospholipid: cholesterol acyltransferase. | a glycerophospholipid:cholesterol acyltransferase has been purified to near homogeneity from cell-free culture supernatants of aeromonas salmonicida. the characteristics of the enzyme distinguish it from bacterial phospholipases; however, it shares several properties with the lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase of mammalian plasma. thus, the enzyme inhibits 2-positional specificity as an acyltransferase and it will act as a phospholipase a2 in the absence of cholesterol. furthermore, it has no ... | 1982 | 7061477 |
| role of surface components in serum resistance of virulent aeromonas salmonicida. | the ability of virulent strains of aeromonas salmonicida to resist the bactericidal activity of serum was quantitated. the a. salmonicida strains tested included virulent strains, mutants lacking the major surface a-protein, and mutants lacking a-protein and having a modified lipopolysaccharide structure. the sera evaluated included normal human, rabbit, and trout sera, immune trout serum, and immune rabbit serum containing antibodies to a-protein and lipopolysaccharide. virulent strains of a. s ... | 1982 | 7095843 |
| purification and disposition of a surface protein associated with virulence of aeromonas salmonicida. | virulent strains of aeromonas salmonicida observed by electron microscopy were characterized by an outer layer exhibiting a tetragonal repeat pattern. attenuated strains had a 2.5 x 10(3)- to 5 x 10(3)-fold reduction in virulence and lost the outer layer, autoaggregating properties, and a 49-kilodalton protein (a protein) simultaneously. the a protein is the major protein component of outer membrane fractions of virulent strains. a variety of radiolabeling studies showed that this protein was su ... | 1981 | 7275932 |
| loss of virulence during culture of aeromonas salmonicida at high temperature. | the effect of growth temperature on the loss of virulence of the fish pathogen aeromonas salmonicida was investigated. three virulent strains were grown in trypticase soy broth at temperatures ranging from 22 to 30 degrees c. growth at a higher-than-optimal temperature (26 to 27 degrees c for the three strains studied) resulted in the selection of spontaneous attenuated derivatives in the initial bacterial population. for example, virulent bacteria represented less than 10% of the population of ... | 1981 | 7287625 |
| persistence of the virulence of aeromonas salmonicida strains kept in river sediments. | the persistence of pathogenicity in two strains of aeromonas salmonicida maintained in river sediments was studied at different times. cultures were kept about nine months, and the virulence was compared to its initial value exhibited by the same strain, subcultivated in rainbow trout fingerlings. trials involved intramuscular injection of comparable doses of bacteria to batches of 30 fish held at 15 degrees c, and recording of subsequent mortalities. no difference was found during the first six ... | 1980 | 7337394 |
| relationships between selected strains of typical and atypical aeromonas salmonicida, aeromonas hydrophila, and haemophilus piscium. | serological analyses of typical and atypical aeromonas salmonicida divided the representative strains into two distinguishable groups based on their antigenic composition. however, the serological groupings do not coincide with divisions constructed on the basis of physiological reactions. all of the a. salmonicida strains and the two a. hydrophila strains examined share at least one antigen and are sensitive to a. salmonicida bacteriophage 40 rr2.8t. these data reinforce the reasons for placing ... | 1980 | 7397604 |
| enterotoxigenicity of aeromonas strains in suckling mice. | the enterotoxigenicity of 170 aeromonas strains isolated from different sources (food poisoning, random food sampling, water, faeces) was examined by the suckling mouse test. the strains were grown on syncaye culture medium covered with sterilized membrane for kiil-kidney. the culture supernatants were inoculated orally. ileal loop dilatation was compared to that produced by the international standard enterotoxic escherichia coli b7a (o148 : h28) and b2c (o6 : h16) strains. of the 87 aeromonas h ... | 1980 | 7415872 |
| identification and characterization of outer membrane fragments released by aeromonas sp. | aeromonas hydrophila and aeromonas salmonicida were shown to release "blebs" or fragments averaging 20-30 nm in diameter. the protein composition of the fragments was very similar to that of the corresponding outer membrane by sodium dodecyl sulphate--polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the fragments were shown to contain phospholipid and lipopolysaccharide. the results therefore indicate that the blebs are derived from the outer membrane of these organisms. fragments isolated directly by dif ... | 1980 | 7459670 |
| recombinant infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus and viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus glycoprotein epitopes expressed in aeromonas salmonicida induce protective immunity in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | fragments of the glycoprotein genes of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv) and infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) were cloned into a bacterial broad-host-range expression vector under the control of the plac promoter. western blot (immunoblot) analysis with monoclonal antibodies specific to the glycoproteins demonstrated the inducible expression of the fusion proteins in escherichia coli. aeromonas salmonicida is the causative agent of furunculosis in salmonid fish. it was conf ... | 1995 | 7486994 |
| the leucine zipper of aeromonas salmonicida abca is required for the transcriptional activation of the p2 promoter of the surface-layer structural gene, vapa, in escherichia coli. | the aeromonas salmonicida abca protein is involved in the synthesis of the o-polysaccharide side-chains on the lipopolysaccharide and is also capable of enhancing the expression of the structural gene for the a-layer, vapa, when cloned into escherichia coli. the p2 promoter of the vapa gene of a. salmonicida was cloned into a promoter probe vector and expression in e. coli was monitored. the expression of p2::lacz was shown to be increased when abca was provided in trans. abca contains an n-term ... | 1995 | 7494486 |
| transcriptional analysis of the aeromonas salmonicida s-layer protein gene vapa. | the vapa gene of aeromonas salmonicida encodes the subunit of the surface protein array known as a-layer. nucleotide sequence analysis of the 374 bp of dna immediately upstream of vapa revealed two potential promoter sequences and other possible regulatory sequences. sequencing and polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that the region was conserved in wild-type a. salmonicida. primer extension and northern (rna) blot analysis showed that vapa transcription in a. salmonicida was directed pred ... | 1993 | 7504668 |
| assessing glycosidic linkage flexibility: conformational analysis of the repeating trisaccharide unit of aeromonas salmonicida. | a detailed conformational analysis was performed for the synthetic branched trisaccharide beta-d-mannac-(1-->4)-[alpha-d-glc-(1-->3)]-l-rha 1 which represents the repeating unit of the o-antigenic polysaccharide of aeromonas salmonicida. the study was based on 26 experimental noe curves from 1d transient noe experiments, employing gaussian-shaped inversion pulses at 600 mhz. eight of the noe curves were interglycosidic and thus useful for an analysis of glycosidic linkage orientations. metropoli ... | 1994 | 7510557 |
| immunoregulation in fish. i: intramolecular-induced suppression of antibody responses to haptenated protein antigens studied in atlantic salmon (salmo salar l). | we report here evidence for intramolecular-induced suppression of the in vivo antibody response in fish, using a panel of t-dependent hapten-carrier antigens. atlantic salmon were immunized intraperitoneally with protein antigens (limulus polyphemus hemocyanin, chicken gamma globulin, and aeromonas salmonicida a-layer protein) given in their native form or haptenated with either 4-hydroxy-3-iodo-5-nitrophenyl-acetic acid (nip), 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl-acetic acid (tnp), or fluorescein-5-iso-thiocya ... | 1994 | 7521853 |
| aeromonas spp. can secrete escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase into the culture supernatant, and its release requires a functional general secretion pathway. | aerolysin is a channel-forming protein secreted by aeromonas hydrophila. to determine if regions of aerolysin could direct the secretion of another protein, portions of aera were fused to phoa, the escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase gene and cloned into e. coli, aeromonas salmonicida, and a. hydrophila. we were surprised to find that secretion of the enzyme by both aeromonas spp. was independent of the aerolysin segments fused to it. the smallest fusion product contained only the signal seque ... | 1993 | 7523832 |
| aeromonas salmonicida resistance to complement-mediated killing. | the resistance of aeromonas salmonicida to complement-mediated killing was investigated by using different strains and their isogenic mutants that had been previously characterized for their surface components. we found that the classical complement pathway is involved in serum killing of susceptible a. salmonicida strains, while the alternative complement pathway seems not to be involved. all of the a. salmonicida strains are able to activate complement, but the smooth strains (with or without ... | 1994 | 7525485 |
| detection of aeromonas salmonicida, causal agent of furunculosis in salmonid fish, from the tank effluent of hatchery-reared atlantic salmon smolts. | the fish pathogen, aeromonas salmonicida, could be detected only by bacteriological culture from the kidney of dead or moribund fish in one tank in a hatchery rearing atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.) smolts. however, by using a dna probe specific for this species, allied to a pcr assay, the pathogen could be detected in water, feces and effluent samples taken from this fish tank. also, the presence of the pathogen was found in effluent samples from two fish tanks containing apparently healthy fi ... | 1994 | 7527205 |
| immunoregulatory activities of eicosanoids in the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | eicosanoids such as prostaglandins (pg), leukotrienes (lt) and lipoxins (lx) have been shown to be potent immunoregulatory molecules in mammals. to determine if they have similar roles in 'lower' animals, rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) were immunized with either sheep erythrocytes or aeromonas salmonicida in the presence or absence of the stable analogue of pge2, 16,16-dimethyl-pge2, and the number of plaque-forming cells (pfc) or specific antibody levels determined. the higher dose of 16,1 ... | 1995 | 7558126 |
| the interaction of trimethoprim and quinolones against gram-negative fish pathogens. | the effect of combination of trimethoprim with other non-sulphonamide antibacterial agents, in particular oxolinic acid and nalidixic acid, was evaluated against gram-negative fish pathogens. the species included aeromonas salmonicida, yersinia ruckeri, some vibrio spp. and escherichia coli as a reference. the extent of synergy found by other workers with these substances against human gram-negative bacteria was not apparent here. some positive interaction between trimethoprim and oxolinic acid ... | 1995 | 7592108 |
| rapd analysis of aeromonas salmonicida and aeromonas hydrophila. | the randomly amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) technique was used to analyse the genetic differentiation of 13 strains of aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, and seven strains of aer. hydrophila. reproducible profiles of genomic dna fingerprints were generated by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) using a single randomly designed primer. the rapd profiles of all the non-motile aeromonads, aer. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida were identical. however, profiles of the motile aeromonads, aer. hydro ... | 1995 | 7592114 |
| yeast beta-glucan stimulates respiratory burst activity of atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.) macrophages. | previous studies have shown that head kidney macrophages isolated from glucan injected rainbow trout (oncorhychus mykiss) and atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.) have increased ability to kill aeromonas salmonicida. the present work was aimed at investigating the in vitro effects of glucan on the respiratory burst and bactericidal potential of atlantic salmon head kidney macrophages. salmon macrophages were incubated for 1-7 days with various concentrations of yeast beta-glucan (macrogard) and test ... | 1995 | 7615137 |
| a conserved aeromonas salmonicida porin provides protective immunity to rainbow trout. | a protein with an apparent m(r) of 28,000 was isolated from outer membrane preparations of aeromonas salmonicida a440. the protein was tested for the ability to form pores, using a planar lipid bilayer model membrane system. the protein appeared to be a monomer with a single-channel conductance in 1.0 m kcl of 1.96 ns and a cation/anion permeability ratio of 2.91 +/- 0.68. these data show that the porin channel is comparable in size to ompc and ompf of escherichia coli and is relatively nonselec ... | 1995 | 7622241 |
| surface phenotypic characteristics and virulence of spanish isolates of aeromonas salmonicida after passage through fish. | eleven strains of aeromonas salmonicida were passaged twice by intraperitoneal injection through rainbow trout and reisolated from the kidney of moribund fish. the surface characteristics and virulence of the strains changed following passage through fish. none of the in vitro tests used could effectively predict the in vivo virulence. | 1995 | 7646039 |
| evaluation of the suitability of bis-(1,3-dibutylbarbituric acid) trimethine oxonol, (diba-c4(3)-), for the flow cytometric assessment of bacterial viability. | the usefulness of oxonol (bis-(1,3-dibutylbarbituric acid)trimethine oxonol) as a generally applicable indicator of bacterial viability was investigated using untreated and killed cultures of a variety of bacterial genera. killing methods involved either heat or bactericidal antibiotics. for all strains tested, the fluorescent dye showed significantly more intense staining of killed than untreated cells. the sensitivity of aeromonas salmonicida to gentamicin was assessed using oxonol. although t ... | 1995 | 7649437 |
| phenotypic and molecular characteristics of aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida isolated in southern and northern finland. | aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida causes outbreaks of furunculosis in salmonid fish. furunculosis was first detected in finland in 1986 on fish farms located on the finnish coast of the bothnian bay. molecular methods, sds-page, ribotyping, randomly amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) and plasmid profile analysis as well as phenotypic characteristics (biochemical characteristics, maximum growth temperature, pigment and elastase production) were used both for typing the strains and to study t ... | 1995 | 7665387 |
| distribution of surface-exposed and non-accessible amino acid sequences among the two major structural domains of the s-layer protein of aeromonas salmonicida. | the tetragonally arranged crystalline surface protein array (a-layer) of the fish pathogenic bacterium aeromonas salmonicida is a virulence factor. circular dichroism studies in the presence or absence of 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate showed that the secondary structure of a-protein, and its 39,439 molecular weight amino-terminal trypsin-resistant peptide, were altered. in both cases alpha-helix was increased significantly at the expense of beta-structure when sds was added. western and dot immuno ... | 1993 | 7692070 |
| identification and characterization of the insertion element is1070 from leuconostoc lactis nz6009. | a novel insertion sequence, designated is1070, was identified on the lactose plasmid of leuconostoc lactis nz6009 by nucleotide sequence analysis. the 1027-bp sequence contains partially matched (24 of 28 bp) inverted repeats and has one long open reading frame. the deduced 305-amino-acid sequence demonstrated homology to transposases of is30 from escherichia coli, is4351 from bacteroides fragilis, is1086 from alcaligenes eutrophus, is1161 from streptococcus salivarius, isas2 from aeromonas salm ... | 1995 | 7698675 |
| ecopathology in aquaculture: risk factors in infectious disease outbreak. | this paper describes a study of the risk factors associated with disease outbreaks in fish species of fish farms and rivers of north-east spain. we focused our work on the isolation of fish pathogens (bacteria, virus), the water quality (physicochemical and microbiological quality) and management characteristics. we have observed 2 important viral diseases, infectious pancreatic necrosis and spring viraemia of carp, and 2 important bacterial ones, furunculosis (aeromonas salmonicida) and bacteri ... | 1995 | 7711777 |
| genetic variation in the humoral immune response against vibrio salmonicida and in antibody titre against vibrio anguillarum and total igm in atlantic salmon (salmo salar). | total igm level and antibody titre to vibrio anguillarum o-antigen after bath-vaccination, and specific antibody response to v. salmonicida o-antigen at three different samplings were analysed in family material of atlantic salmon (salmo salar), consisting of 791 fish belonging to 34 maternal full-sib groups within 12 paternal half-sib groups. the fish were immunized twice, and blood samples collected three times. after the third blood sampling, the fish were challenged with v. anguillarum. medi ... | 1994 | 7725631 |
| vaccination in european salmonid aquaculture: a review of practices and prospects. | disease control by vaccination is widely used in european salmonid aquaculture against vibriosis (vibrio anguillarum), cold-water vibriosis (vibrio salmonicida), yersiniosis or enteric redmouth disease (yersinia ruckeri) and furunculosis (aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida). the vaccines against the vibrio spp. and y. ruckeri have proven effective especially when administered by injection. furunculosis vaccines have been less successful and have relied on combination with potent adjuvants ... | 1995 | 7735870 |
| the plasmid profiles of fish pathogenic isolates of aeromonas salmonicida, vibrio anguillarum, and vibrio ordalii from the atlantic and pacific coasts of canada. | the plasmid profiles of oxytetracycline- and streptomycin-resistant isolates of aeromonas salmonicida, vibrio anguillarum, and vibrio ordalii were examined by agarose gel electrophoresis. bacterial isolates were from disease outbreaks in fish on the atlantic and pacific coasts. resistant isolates were examined when grown in the presence and absence of antibiotic. alkaline lysis methods were used for plasmid isolation. vibrio spp. were predominantly plasmidless, except for a 47-kilobase (kb) plas ... | 1995 | 7736353 |
| molecular analysis of an a-protein secretion mutant of aeromonas salmonicida reveals a surface layer-specific protein secretion pathway. | the aeromonas salmonicida tn5 mutant, a449-tm1, is unable to secrete the surface layer protein (a-protein) through the outer membrane. immunogold labeling of thin sections of a449-tm1, with polyclonal antisera against the a-protein, showed the accumulation of large quantities of a-protein in an enlarged periplasm. the majority of the labeled a-protein could be seen at the poles of the cells. the ability of a449-tm1 to secrete other extracellular proteins such as hemolysin and protease was not im ... | 1995 | 7739043 |
| physical and functional s-layer reconstitution in aeromonas salmonicida. | the various functions attributed to the s-layer of aeromonas salmonicida have been previously identified by their conspicuous absence in s-layer-defective mutants. as a different approach to establish the multifunctional nature of this s-layer, we established methods for reconstitution of the s-layer of a. salmonicida. then we investigated the functional competence of the reconstituted s-layer. s-layers were reconstituted in different systems: on inert membranes or immobilized lipopolysaccharide ... | 1995 | 7751277 |
| molecular characterization of an aeromonas salmonicida mutant with altered surface morphology and increased systemic virulence. | the asoa gene of aeromonas salmonicida is located approximately 7 kb downstream of the a-layer structural gene, vapa. a 6 kb bamhi fragment containing asoa was cloned and marker-exchange mutagenesis using a kanamycin-resistance cassette was performed to generate an asoa mutation in the low-virulence strain a449l. when analysed by electron microscopy, the mutant a449l-mb exhibited an altered surface morphology. strands and blebs of membranous material were observed protruding from the disorganize ... | 1995 | 7752897 |
| relationship between resistance of salmonids to furunculosis and recovery of aeromonas salmonicida from external mucus. | fish were sampled at the ed weed state fish hatchery (south hero, vermont, usa) in september 1992. aeromonas salmonicida was common, with concentrations as high as 10(5) to 10(7) colony-forming units per gram of mucus, and readily recovered from most mucus samples obtained from furunculosis-sensitive populations of brook trout (salvelinus fontinalis), lake trout (salvelinus namaycush), and atlantic salmon (salmo salar). the pathogen was the predominant microorganism and accounted for greater tha ... | 1994 | 7760494 |
| endogenous mutagenesis by an insertion sequence element identifies aeromonas salmonicida abca as an atp-binding cassette transport protein required for biogenesis of smooth lipopolysaccharide. | analysis of an aeromonas salmonicida a layer-deficient/o polysaccharide-deficient mutant carrying a tn5 insertion in the structural gene for a protein (vapa) showed that the abca gene immediately downstream of vapa had been interrupted by the endogenous insertion sequence element isas1. immunoelectron microscopy showed that o polysaccharides did not accumulate at the inner membrane-cytoplasm interface of this mutant. abca encodes an unusual protein; it carries both an amino-terminal atp-binding ... | 1995 | 7777581 |
| fatty acid profiles of "pasteurella" piscicida: comparison with other fish pathogenic gram-negative bacteria. | the fatty acid methyl ester (fame) profiles of "pasteurella" piscicida were determined by gas chromatography and subjected to numerical analysis in comparison with those obtained for vibrio anguillarum, aeromonas salmonicida and pasteurella species of clinical origin. the bacterial species studied shared important characteristics with respect to their fame content: in all of them the saturated and unsaturated fatty acids of 16 carbon atoms were the predominant fatty acids. however, distinguishin ... | 1995 | 7778977 |
| cloning and study of the genetic organization of the exe gene cluster of aeromonas salmonicida. | the aeromonas salmonicida (as) exe gene cluster, an additional member of the pul-related operon family required for general signal-sequence-dependent secretion of proteins from gram- bacteria, was cloned in the broad-host-range cosmid plafr3. twelve genes, exec-n, were identified by partial nucleotide (nt) sequence analyses (exee-n) or determination of the complete sequence (exec and exed). the organisation of the exec-n genes is similar to that of several other operons of this family. these gen ... | 1995 | 7789814 |
| gyra mutations in quinolone-resistant isolates of the fish pathogen aeromonas salmonicida. | gyra mutations in quinolone-resistant isolates of aeromonas salmonicida have been detected by using pcr to amplify the quinolone resistance-determining region of gyra and subsequent cloning and sequencing of pcr products. comparison of nucleotide and derived amino acid sequences of pcr products from quinolone-susceptible and -resistant bacteria revealed a serine 83-to-isoleucine substitution in the gyrase a protein of resistant isolates. one of the resistant isolates differed from the other by a ... | 1994 | 7840589 |
| degradation of propanil by bacterial isolates and mixed populations from a pristine lake. | the microbial transformation rates of propanil, a commonly used herbicide, were investigated using water from a pristine lake in northeast georgia. microbial degradation rates were measured using natural water microflora, the natural water microflora amended with five bacterial species (aerobacter aerogenes, aeromonas hydrophila, acinetobacter calcoaceticus, proteus mirabilis, and aeromonas salmonicida) isolated from the same lake, and the five isolates individually. transformation rate constant ... | 1995 | 7874462 |
| phagocytic defence mechanism in sea bass (dicentrarchus labrax l.): an ultrastructural study. | the ultrastructure of the phagocytic process in fish has not been established in spite of the significant morphofunctional differences detected in the fish immune system with respect to the basic immunological pattern in vertebrates. we report the ultrastructure of the bacterial phagocytic defence mechanism in sea bass (dicentrarchus labrax l.). | 1994 | 7879910 |
| three beta-lactamases isolated from aeromonas salmonicida, including a carbapenemase not detectable by conventional methods. | the beta-lactamases of seven strains of aeromonas salmonicida subsp. achromogenes resistant to amoxicillin (mic > 1024 mg/l) and responsible for furunculosis in farmed atlantic salmon in scotland were examined to establish the mechanisms of beta-lactam resistance. separation of a cell-free extract on an isoelectric focusing gel stained with the chromogenic cephalosporin nitrocefin showed the presence of two beta-lactamases, one with a pi of 7.9 and the other with a pi of 6.0. hydrolysis assays o ... | 1994 | 7889949 |
| physiological consequences of the s-layer of aeromonas salmonicida in relation to growth, temperature, and outer membrane permeation. | s-layers are paracrystalline protein multimers that cover the entire cell surface of many bacterial species. the presence of an s-layer in aeromonas salmonicida (also known as a-layer) predisposed this bacterium to apparently unrelated physiological consequences: inhibition of growth at 30 degrees c, enhanced cell filamentation at 37 degrees c, and enhanced uptake of the hydrophobic antibiotics streptonigrin and chloramphenicol. growth inhibition or enhanced filamentation was not observed when t ... | 1994 | 7922885 |
| characterization of aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida: a comparative study of strains of different geographic origin. | a total of 130 strains of the fish pathogen aeromonas salmonicida isolated in denmark, norway, scotland, canada and the usa were examined. the strains originated from farmed salmonid fish. the biochemical, physiological and serological characteristics, antibiotic resistance patterns and cell surface-related properties were compared. aeromonas salmonicida was found to be remarkably consistent in general cultural and biochemical characteristics. it is noteworthy that the strains were positive in t ... | 1994 | 7928780 |
| isolation of aeromonas salmonicida from paddlefish, polyodon spathula. | aeromonas salmonicida was isolated from paddlefish (polyodon spathula) mortalities collected during an epizootic of furunculosis at the spring river state hatchery, arkansas (usa), in 1992. isolates of the bacterium were obtained from culture of gill and kidney tissue. this is the first epizootic of bacterial etiology to be reported in paddlefish. | 1994 | 7933294 |
| genetic variation in the humoral immune response in atlantic salmon (salmo salar) against aeromonas salmonicida a-layer. | antibody responses to aeromonas salmonicida a-layer were analysed in family material of atlantic salmon (salmo salar), consisting of 791 fish belonging to 34 full-sib groups within 12 paternal half-sib groups. the fish were immunized twice and blood samples were collected three times. significant increase in antibody titre from first to second, and from second to third sampling, was observed. genetic variation in antibody titres was observed at the three samplings with estimated heritabilities r ... | 1994 | 7941312 |
| modulation of the bacterial clearance activity of haemocytes from the freshwater mollusc, lymnaea stagnalis, by the avian schistosome, trichobilharzia ocellata. | the ability of haemocytes, from the haemolymph of the gastropod mollusc lymnaea stagnalis, to recognize and eliminate the bacterium aeromonas salmonicida was shown using an in vitro bacterial clearance assay. the assay employs a dye which is reduced by a. salmonicida in direct proportion to the number of viable bacteria resulting in a colour change which can be determined spectrophotometrically. addition of cytochalasin b resulted in a marked decrease in bacterial clearance, implicating both int ... | 1994 | 7970887 |
| antigen-induced release of macrophage activating factor from rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss leucocytes. | the production of macrophage-activating factor (maf) by rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, head kidney leucocytes at varying times post-immunisation, with the fish bacterial pathogen, aeromonas salmonicida, was investigated and correlated with head kidney lymphocyte proliferation and serum antibody production. maf production was preceded by lymphocyte proliferation and both responses were highest using whole bacterial cells as the in vitro stimulant. maf production and antibody production incre ... | 1994 | 7975191 |
| atypical aeromonas salmonicida isolated from ulcerated chub leuciscus cephalis. | 1994 | 7992477 | |
| characteristics of 'atypical', cytochrome oxidase-negative aeromonas salmonicida isolated from ulcerated flounders (platichthys flesus (l.)). | 'atypical', cytochrome oxidase-negative variants of the fish pathogen aeromonas salmonicida, isolated from ulcerated flounder (platichthys flesus), were studied using different methods. two of the strains possessed a protein that corresponded to the a-layer protein of aer. salmonicida. the strains reacted with antibodies against the a-layer and monoclonal antibodies against the o-antigen of typical aer. salmonicida. these tests confirm that the isolates from flounder should be classified as aer. ... | 1994 | 8005836 |
| dietary intake of immunostimulants by rainbow trout affects non-specific immunity and protection against furunculosis. | immunostimulant preparations macrogard, candida utilis, saccharomyces cerevisiae, evetsel, chitosan, or finnstim were mixed into semipurified diets and fed to groups of rainbow trout for 1 week. fish were bled by non-lethal caudal puncture and blood samples assayed for changes in non-specific cellular immunity and humoral protein levels. in the immunostimulated fish, hematocrit levels and lymphocyte counts remained relatively stable; however, elevations were observed in oxidative radical release ... | 1994 | 8066989 |
| [the comparative characteristics of the antibiotic sensitivity of psychrophilic and mesophilic aeromonads]. | the general regularities of the antibiotic susceptibility of psychrophilic and mesophilic aeromonads were determined. the antibioticograms were in general similar. still, there was observed a higher susceptibility of aeromonas salmonicida to tetracycline, chloramphenicol and rifampicin, as well as a larger number of strains susceptible to semisynthetic broad spectrum penicillins (ampicillin and carbenicillin) and cephazoline. the susceptibility to aminoglycosides was lower. | 1993 | 8085887 |
| spread of the bacterial fish pathogen aeromonas salmonicida after importation of infected goldfish, carassius auratus, into australia. | 1993 | 8117214 | |
| amoxicillin concentrations in the serum of atlantic salmon (salmo salar l) during furunculosis therapy. | the effectiveness of the delivery of amoxicillin to atlantic salmon, undergoing chemotherapy in natural outbreaks of furunculosis in sea-cages, was investigated by measuring the concentration of the drug in serum samples. five groups of 50 sera from three outbreaks were collected two hours after oral treatment with doses of 80 or 120 mg/kg bodyweight. amoxicillin was detected in 82, 82, 92, 100 and 90 per cent of the sera in the five groups (limit of detection 0.16 microgram/ml). many sera conta ... | 1993 | 8128552 |
| antigenicity of the aeromonas salmonicida maltose-inducible outer membrane porin (maltoporin) and a hybrid protein derived from it. | 1993 | 8131922 | |
| mutagenesis of the paracrystalline surface protein array of aeromonas salmonicida by endogenous insertion elements. | the tetragonal paracrystalline surface protein array (a-layer) of the fish pathogenic bacterium aeromonas salmonicida is a virulence factor and bacteria which are unable to produce a-layer are attenuated in their ability to kill fish. ten independent mutants of aeromonas salmonicida which were unable to produce a-layer were isolated by growth at 30 degrees c. these mutants displayed either reduced synthesis of the a-layer subunit, synthesis of a truncated subunit, or complete loss of the ability ... | 1994 | 8151705 |
| biological markers of macrophage activation: applications for fish phagocytes. | the immune defence mechanisms of fish seem to be related and similarly competent to those of mammals. because of this, there is an increased interest in the immune responses of fish as models for higher vertebrates in immunological/immunotoxicological studies. macrophages (m phi), phagocytic cells of the mammalian and teleost immune system which reside in tissues, represent a quiescent population of cells. however, upon stimulation, alterations in the physiology of these resident m phi occur whi ... | 1993 | 8244466 |
| fate of the fish pathogen aeromonas salmonicida in the peritoneal cavity of rainbow trout. | a model was developed to study the fate of the fish pathogen aeromonas salmonicida in vivo, inside a specialized intraperitoneal chamber implanted in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss. although normally recalcitrant to lytic agents in vitro, owing to the presence of its regular surface array (s layer), a. salmonicida was rapidly killed in the peritoneal cavity by a host-derived, soluble lytic activity present in peritoneal fluid. peritoneal fluid was also found to kill other bacteria and lyse v ... | 1993 | 8306206 |
| cloning and characterization of three hemolysin genes from aeromonas salmonicida. | two hemolysin genes (ash3 and ash4) of aeromonas salmonicida strain 17-2 and one (ash1) of a. salmonicida atcc14174 were cloned into the cosmid vector charomid 9-36 in escherichia coli dh1. the overall amino acid sequence of the ash3 was similar to that of the aerolysins of aeromonas hydrophila and aeromonas sobria, and hemolysins ahh3, ahh4, and ahh5 of a. hydrophila, and hemolysin asa1 of a. sobria. the sequence of ash4 was similar to that of the ahh1 hemolysin of a. hydrophila. the ash4 hemol ... | 1993 | 8309354 |
| assessment of the antimicrobial sensitivity of aeromonas salmonicida isolates from farmed atlantic salmon in scotland. | sixty-five isolates of aeromonas salmonicida were assessed for antimicrobial sensitivity by disc diffusion tests and the results compared with the minimum inhibitory concentration for each isolate. the results demonstrated that disc diffusion, using a standard technique, may be used to categorize isolates as sensitive or resistant provided that the corresponding minimum inhibitory concentrations are known. | 1993 | 8310605 |
| the effect of iron limitation on the growth of aeromonas salmonicida. | the effects of the iron-chelating agents ethylenediamine dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (edda), 2,2'-dipyridyl (dipy) and 8-hydroxyquinoline (8hq) on the growth of aeromonas salmonicida were examined. in these studies, edda caused a small decrease in growth, whereas dipy and 8hq reduced cell growth by 50 and 90%, respectively. the extracellular products contained a greater proportion of the major protease (70 kd) when cells were grown in the presence of the chelating agents. analysis of the outer me ... | 1993 | 8336555 |
| host range and transfer efficiency of incompatibility group hi plasmids. | hi plasmids are distinguished by their thermosensitive mode of conjugation (transfer efficiency is optimal at 22-30 degrees c) and their capacity to encode multiple antibiotic resistance. these traits have implicated hi plasmids as potential vectors in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance among pathogenic and indigenous bacterial species in water and soil environments. we compared the transfer efficiency of hi plasmids with that of plasmids from 13 other incompatibility groups at 37, 24, a ... | 1993 | 8358670 |
| aeromonas salmonicida grown in vivo. | the virulent fish pathogen aeromonas salmonicida was rapidly killed in vivo when restricted inside a diffusion chamber implanted intraperitoneally in rainbow trout. after a period of regrowth, the survivors had acquired resistance to host-mediated bacteriolysis, phagocytosis, and oxidative killing, properties which were subsequently lost by growth in vitro. resistance to bacteriolysis and phagocytosis was associated with a newly acquired capsular layer revealed by acidic polysaccharide staining ... | 1993 | 8359906 |
| effects of nutrients on exopolysaccharide production and surface properties of aeromonas salmonicida. | extracellular polysaccharide (eps) and capsular polysaccharide (cps) production by aeromonas salmonicida a450 and the influence of the capsule on cell surface properties were studied. a. salmonicida did not produce cps or eps when glucose, phosphate, magnesium chloride, or trace mineral components were absent from the medium. the addition of yeast extract improved capsule production. neither eps nor cps formation depended on the c/n ratio, although it appeared to be influenced by the level of ca ... | 1993 | 8368833 |
| activation of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) phagocytes by muramyl dipeptide. | immunoenhancing activity of synthetic muramyl dipeptide (mdp) was investigated in relation to the activation of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) phagocytes and to nonspecific protection against challenge with the fish pathogen aeromonas salmonicida. head kidney phagocytes collected from mdp-injected fish showed significant chemotactic activity against zymosan-activated normal rainbow trout serum, and phagocytic activities against both a. salmonicida and plastic beads. the mdp-activated phagoc ... | 1993 | 8388812 |
| molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence analysis of the maltose-inducible porin gene of aeromonas salmonicida. | the gene for the aeromonas salmonicida maltose-inducible porin (maltoporin) was cloned into phagemid ptz18r in two restriction fragments, 0.6-kb psti/kpni and 1.7-kb sphi, of genomic dna and their nucleotide sequences were determined. open reading frames of 1329 and 1335 bp translated into sequences of 443 and 445 amino acids, with a 23 or 25 amino acid signal sequence and a 420 amino acid mature protein of molecular mass 46424 da. putative ribosome binding sites, agga and gggaa, occurred 9 bp u ... | 1993 | 8405961 |
| novel antigens expressed by aeromonas salmonicida grown in vivo. | virulent and avirulent aeromonas salmonicida strains grown inside intraperitoneal implants in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) were examined for unique antigen expression. western blots (immunoblots), performed with immune rabbit serum raised against in vivo-grown cells, revealed several unique antigens. with the exception of lipopolysaccharide (lps), these novel antigens were destroyed after proteinase k treatment. the majority of these antigens were not induced in vitro in response to eithe ... | 1993 | 8406855 |
| a comparison of the amino acid sequence of the serine protease of the fish pathogen aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida with those of other subtilisin-type enzymes relative to their substrate-binding sites. | the amino acid sequence of the so-called 70 kda (actually 64 kda) serine protease secreted by the gram-negative fish pathogen aeromonas salmonicida has been determined. it shows a high degree of homology with the complete sequence of other bacterial serine proteases which, with molecular masses of approximately 30 kda, are less than half its size. this homology is particularly marked in regions adjacent to the catalytic triad asp32, his64 and ser221 of subtilisin bpn'. significant features of th ... | 1993 | 8436946 |
| a 70 kda aeromonas salmonicida serine protease - beta-galactosidase hybrid protein as an antigen and its protective effect on atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.) against a virulent a. salmonicida challenge. | 1993 | 8449332 | |
| high-affinity binding of the basement membrane protein collagen type iv to the crystalline virulence surface protein array of aeromonas salmonicida. | the surface of the fish pathogen aeromonas salmonicida is covered by a paracrystalline array (the a-layer) which is a virulence factor for the organism. quantification of the ability of a. salmonicida cells to bind collagen types i and iv in a 125i-radiolabelled liquid-phase assay showed that a-layer-positive cells bound high levels of collagen type iv, but significantly lower levels of collagen type i. collagen type iv binding was confirmed using non-radiolabelled enzyme-linked immunosorbent as ... | 1993 | 8459775 |
| an aromatic-dependent mutant of the fish pathogen aeromonas salmonicida is attenuated in fish and is effective as a live vaccine against the salmonid disease furunculosis. | aeromonas salmonicida is the etiological agent of furunculosis in salmonid fish. the disease is responsible for severe economic losses in intensively cultured salmon and trout. bacterin vaccines provide inadequate protection against infection. we have constructed an aromatic-dependent mutant of a. salmonicida in order to investigate the possibility of an effective live-attenuated vaccine. the aroa gene of a. salmonicida was cloned in escherichia coli, and the nucleotide sequence was determined. ... | 1993 | 8478107 |
| survival of nonculturable aeromonas salmonicida in lake water. | the survival of aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida was investigated in sterile and untreated lake water. in sterile lake water (filtered and autoclaved), it was found that cells of a. salmonicida entered a nonculturable but viable condition. viability was determined by flow cytometry with the dye rhodamine 123, which is taken up and maintained within cells with a membrane potential. for survival studies in untreated lake water, a. salmonicida was marked with the xyle gene by using the plas ... | 1993 | 8481011 |
| an aeromonas salmonicida gene which influences a-protein expression in escherichia coli encodes a protein containing an atp-binding cassette and maps beside the surface array protein gene. | a conserved aeromonas salmonicida gene (abca) affecting expression of the surface array protein gene (vapa) in escherichia coli was identified. the 924-bp gene starts 205 bp after vapa and codes for a protein with a deduced molecular weight (m(r)) of 34,015 containing an n-terminal p-loop and significant homology to the atp-binding cassette transport protein superfamily. abca was identified by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) by using t7 polymerase expression ... | 1993 | 8491726 |
| development of a specific biotinylated dna probe for the detection of renibacterium salmoninarum. | a specific dna probe for the identification of renibacterium salmoninarum, the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease (bkd), was developed from one of 3 clones prs47, prs49, and prs26 of 5.1 kb, 5.3 kb, and 11.3 kb, respectively. the biotinylated prs47/bamhi insert probe was tested on 3 dilutions of dna extracted from 3 strains of r. salmoninarum and from 1 strain each of arthrobacter protophormiae, aeromonas salmonicida, corynebacterium aquaticum, carnobacterium piscicola, listonella angui ... | 1995 | 8548693 |
| study of the humoral response of atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.), naturally infected with aeromonas salmonicida ssp. achromogenes. | the humoral antibody response of healthy atlantic salmon and of two groups of salmon, naturally infected with aeromonas salmonicida ssp. achromogenes, was examined in some detail. one diseased group was chronically infected and the other recently infected. it was found that the humoral response of these two infected groups was quite different. the chronically infected fish showed poor specific response to the causative agent whereas the recently infected salmon produced strong specific antibody ... | 1995 | 8588335 |
| capsulated cells of aeromonas salmonicida grown in vitro have different functional properties than capsulated cells grown in vivo. | when grown in vivo in the peritoneal cavity of rainbow trout, aeromonas salmonicida produces a clearly defined capsule with virulence-related functions. aeromonas salmonicida grown in vitro in a glucose-rich medium (grm) has also been reported to reproduce capsular material. because in vitro mimicry of in vivo induced traits is highly desirable in vaccine design, the extent to which growth in grm mimicked in vivo growth was examined. antibodies specific to in vivo grown cells partially labeled t ... | 1995 | 8590408 |