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development of a multiplex polymerase chain reaction to detect five common gram-negative bacteria of aquatic animals.a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (m-pcr) technique was developed as a rapid and accurate diagnostic tool for identifying five major gram-negative bacilli -vibrio vulnificus, v. parahaemolyticus, aeromonas hydrophila, chryseobacterium meningosepticum and edwardsiella tarda- that cause major diseases in cultured aquatic animals in taiwan. the expected amplicons for v. vulnificus, v. parahaemolyticus, a. hydrophila, c. meningosepticum and e. tarda were 410, 368, 685, 180 and 230bp, respectivel ...201222571515
structures of a unique o-polysaccharide of edwardsiella tarda pcm 1153 containing an amide of galacturonic acid with 2-aminopropane-1,3-diol and an abequose-containing o-polysaccharide shared by e. tarda pcm 1145, pcm 1151 and pcm 1158.lipopolysaccharides of four strains of edwardsiella tarda were degraded by mild acid hydrolysis, and the released o-polysaccharides were isolated by gpc and studied by sugar and methylation analyses along with (1)h and (13)c nmr spectroscopy, including 2d (1)h, (1)h cosy, tocsy, roesy, (1)h, (13)c hmbc, hsqc and hsqc-tocsy experiments. the o-polysaccharide from e. tarda pcm 1153 was found to contain d-gala, d-glcnac, d-gal and 2-amino-1,3-propanediol (gron). in the tetrasaccharide repeating unit ...201222578768
edwardsiella tarda eta1, an in vivo-induced antigen that is involved in host infection.edwardsiella tarda, a gram-negative bacterium, is a severe fish pathogen that can also infect humans. in this study, we identified, via in vivo-induced antigen technology, an e. tarda antigen, eta1, and analyzed its function in a japanese flounder (paralichthys olivaceus) model. eta1 is composed of 226 residues and shares homology with putative bacterial adhesins. quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase (rt)-pcr analysis indicated that when cultured in vitro, eta1 expression was growth phas ...201222585967
recombinant interferon-γ activates immune responses against edwardsiella tarda infection in the olive flounder, paralichthys olivaceus.interferon gamma (ifn-γ) is a cytokine that plays a very important role in defining th1 immune response in all vertebrates. in this study, recombinant ifn-γ (rifn-γ) from the olive flounder (paralichthys olivaceus) was produced in an escherichia coli system using a pet expression vector. stimulation of whole kidney leukocytes (immune-related cells) in vitro with the resulting rifn-γ significantly induced the gene expression of interleukin-1β (il-1β), signal transducer and activator of transcript ...201222609730
cystatin b homolog from rock bream oplegnathus fasciatus: genomic characterization, transcriptional profiling and protease-inhibitory activity of recombinant protein.cysteine proteases are present in all living organisms and, in animals, function in a vast array of physiological and pathological processes. cysteine protease inhibitors act upon the cysteine proteases to regulate their activity. the cystatin superfamily of cysteine protease inhibitors has members represented in all living organisms studied to date. here, we report the identification of a new member of the family 1 cystatin in oplegnathus fasciatus rock bream (denoted as rbcyt b) and the charac ...201222626887
antigen adsorbed surface modified poly-ɛ-caprolactone microspheres stimulates both adaptive and innate immune response in fish.surface modified poly-ɛ-caprolactone microspheres as an antigen carrier was explored in a fish model. outer membrane vesicles of edwardsiella tarda adsorbed on to surface modified poly-ɛ-caprolactone microspheres with chitosan and alginate induces both innate and adaptive immune responses which persist up to 63 days of post immunization through parenteral immunization unlike that of free and fia adjuvented antigens. these results highlight the role of these microspheres as an adjuvant/antigen ca ...201222633870
identification of qseegf genetic locus and its roles in controlling hemolytic activity and invasion in fish pathogen edwardsiella tarda.the aims of this study were to reveal the roles of the gene locus qseegf in the pathogenesis of edwardsiella tarda.201222694092
edwardsiella tarda sialidase: pathogenicity involvement and vaccine potential.bacterial sialidases are a group of glycohydrolases that are known to play an important role in invasion of host cells and tissues. in this study, we examined in a model of japanese flounder (paralichthys olivaceus) the potential function of nana, a sialidase from the fish pathogen edwardsiella tarda. nana is composed of 670 residues and shares low sequence identities with known bacterial sialidases. in silico analysis indicated that nana possesses a sialidase domain and an autotransporter domai ...201222705341
expression pattern, promoter activity and bactericidal property of β-defensin from the mandarin fish siniperca chuatsi.β-defensin (bd) are cysteine-rich, cationic antimicrobial peptides which play an important role in innate immune system against invading microbes. in the present study, the cdna cloning, expression analysis, transcriptional regulation and antimicrobial activity of β-defensin (scbd) from mandarin fish (siniperca chuatsi) were characterized. the cdna sequence of scbd is 596 bp which encodes a protein of 63 amino acids (aa). the scbd gene comprises three exons and two introns. the signal peptide is ...201222705342
different approaches to expressing edwardsiella tarda antigen gapdh in attenuated vibrio anguillarum for multivalent fish vaccines.with the development of gene technology, expressing heterologous antigens in attenuated bacteria has become an important strategy to design multivalent vaccines. in our previous work, an attenuated vibrio anguillarum named mvav6203 was developed and proven to be an efficient live vaccine candidate. in this research, we aimed to express protective antigen glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh) of edwardsiella tarda in attenuated vibrio anguillarum to establish a multivalent v. anguillar ...201222724428
simultaneous detection of multiple fish pathogens using a naked-eye readable dna microarray.we coupled 16s rdna pcr and dna hybridization technology to construct a microarray for simultaneous detection and discrimination of eight fish pathogens (aeromonas hydrophila, edwardsiella tarda, flavobacterium columnare, lactococcus garvieae, photobacterium damselae, pseudomonas anguilliseptica, streptococcus iniae and vibrio anguillarum) commonly encountered in aquaculture. the array comprised short oligonucleotide probes (30 mer) complementary to the polymorphic regions of 16s rrna genes for ...201222736973
an edwardsiella tarda mutant lacking udp-glucose dehydrogenase shows pleiotropic phenotypes, attenuated virulence, and potential as a vaccine candidate.edwarsiella tarda is highly resistant to the action of cationic antimicrobial peptides (camps). however, the mechanism underlying camp resistance is not clear. the enzyme udp-glucose dehydrogenase (ugd) that converts udp-glucose into udp-glucuronic acid may be important for this resistance. in this study, a ugd gene was identified in e. tarda and its functional role was analyzed using an in-frame deletion mutant δugd and the complemented strain ugd+. the lipopolysaccharide (lps) produced by δugd ...201222748630
immunization of olive flounder (paralichthys olivaceus) with an auxotrophic edwardsiella tarda mutant harboring the vhsv dna vaccine.the aims of the present study were to find more powerful promoter for dna vaccines in olive flounder (paralichthys olivaceus) and to evaluate the availability of the auxotrophic edwardsiella tarda mutant (δalr δasd e. tarda) as a delivery vehicle for dna vaccine against vhsv in olive flounder. the marine medaka (oryzias dancena) β-actin promoter was clearly stronger than cytomegalovirus (cmv) promoter when the vectors were transfected to epithelioma papulosum cyprini (epc) cells or injected into ...201222750026
fighting fish (betta splendens) bubble nests do not inhibit microbial growth.some organisms produce antimicrobial substances in nesting foam to favorably manipulate the environment to which their developing offspring are exposed. we tested if fighting fish betta splendens foamy nest material, which is comprised of bubbles produced in the oral cavity of nesting males, has antimicrobial properties against a pathogenic bacteria (edwardsiella tarda), a nonpathogenic bacteria (escherichia coli), or a pathogenic oomycete (saprolegnia parasitica). we also tested if exposure to ...201222753365
withdrawn: dietary supplementation of artemisia capillaris on immunity in paralichthys olivaceus against edwardsiella tarda.this article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. the publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. the full elsevier policy on article withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.201222771963
the in vivo extracellular life of facultative intracellular bacterial parasites: role in pathogenesis.classically labeled facultative intracellular pathogens are characterized by the ability to have an intracellular phase in the host, which is required for pathogenicity, while capable of extracellular growth in vitro. the ability of these bacteria to replicate in cell-free conditions is usually assessed by culture in artificial bacteriological media. however, the extracellular growth ability of these pathogens may also be expressed by a phase of extracellular infection in the natural setting of ...201322795971
genomic characterization and expression analysis of complement component 9 in rock bream (oplegnathus fasciatus).the complement component 9 (c9) is a single-chain glycoprotein that mediates formation of the membrane attack complex (mac) on the surface of target cells. full-length c9 sequence was identified from a cdna library of rock bream (oplegnathus fasciatus), and its genomic sequence was obtained by screening and sequencing of a bacterial artificial chromosome (bac) genomic dna library of rock bream. the rock bream complement component 9 (rb-c9) gene contains 11 exons and 10 introns and is composed of ...201222796422
expression profiles of nods in channel catfish (ictalurus punctatus) after infection with edwardsiella tarda, aeromonas hydrophila, streptococcus iniae and channel catfish hemorrhage reovirus.nlrs are a large family of intracellular pathogen recognition receptors (prrs) that recognize pathogen associated molecular patterns (pamps). in the previous study, the identification of nlrs subfamily a (nods) and gene expression was carried out in channel catfish (ictalurus punctatus). however, the gene expression profiles of channel catfish nods (nod1, nod2, nlrc3, nlrc5 and nlrx1) after infection with various bacteria and virus are still unclear. in this study, expression of five nods genes ...201222796486
rna-seq liver transcriptome analysis reveals an activated mhc-i pathway and an inhibited mhc-ii pathway at the early stage of vaccine immunization in zebrafish.zebrafish (danio rerio) is a prominent vertebrate model of human development and pathogenic disease and has recently been utilized to study teleost immune responses to infectious agents threatening the aquaculture industry. in this work, to clarify the host immune mechanisms underlying the protective effects of a putative vaccine and improve its immunogenicity in the future efforts, high-throughput rna sequencing technology was used to investigate the immunization-related gene expression pattern ...201222805612
interferon regulatory factors 4 and 8 in rock bream, oplegnathus fasciatus: structural and expressional evidence for their antimicrobial role in teleosts.the interferon regulatory factor (irf) members irf4 and irf8 contribute to b-lymphocyte development and can act as regulators of immunoglobulin (ig) light chain gene transcription. these two irfs are closely interrelated and are expressed at high levels in the lymphoid and myeloid cells of the immune system. in this study, the complete cdna and genomic sequences of rock bream irf4 (rbirf4) and irf8 (rbirf8) were identified by homology screening of a multi-tissue normalized cdna library and a bac ...201222885028
edwardsiella tarda sepsis with multiple liver abscesses in a patient with cushing's syndrome.edwardsiella tarda is very seldom a cause for gastroenteritis in humans. this organism can also cause extraintestinal infections, such as soft tissue infections, meningitis, peritonitis, osteomyelitis, endocarditis and hepatobiliary tract disease, particularly in the setting of compromised immunity. we describe, for the first time a case of e. tarda sepsis with multiple liver abscesses associated with cushing's syndrome as a result of recreational aquatic exposure.201222885207
molecular cloning and functional characterization of two duplicated two-cysteine containing type i interferon genes in rock bream oplegnathus fasciatus.two type i interferon (ifn) genes, designated as rbifn1 and rbifn2, have been cloned and characterized in rock bream. they are both comprised of 5 exons and 4 introns, and are closely linked on the rock bream chromosome in a unique head-to-head configuration. both genes encode 183 amino acid (aa) precursor with a putative 17 aa signal peptide in the n-terminal. only one amino acid divergence is present between two ifns. compared with the type i ifns in higher vertebrates, two rock bream ifns pos ...201222889848
cardiac tamponade in largemouth bass (micropterus salmoides).a public aquarium with a 4-mo history of occasional fish mortalities submitted for necropsy an adult female largemouth bass (micropterus salmoides) that died unexpectedly. gross necropsy revealed that the pericardial cavity was markedly distended with partially coagulated blood. examination of the heart revealed multiple nodular masses in the area of the atrium and two small perforations on the surface of one of the nodular masses. histopathologic exam of the atrium revealed severe fibrinonecrot ...201122946421
isolation and characterization of a novel antibacterial peptide derived from hemoglobin alpha in the liver of japanese eel, anguilla japonica.we isolated and characterized a novel antibacterial peptide, ajhbα, derived from hemoglobin alpha in the liver of japanese eel, anguilla japonica. it with concentration of 11.30 μm exhibited stronger antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacterium 1 × 10(6) cell ml(-1)edwardsiella tarda than other two bacteria. the extraction procedure for ajhbα included extraction with acetate acid, ultrafiltration, cation-exchange chromatography on hitrap™ cm ff, reverse-phase liquid chromatography on sour ...201322951230
a streptococcus iniae dna vaccine delivered by a live attenuated edwardsiella tarda via natural infection induces cross-genus protection.edwardsiella tarda and streptococcus iniae are important fish pathogens. we have reported previously a live e. tarda vaccine based on the attenuated strain tx5rm and a s. iniae dna vaccine based on the antigen sia10. in this study, we examined the possibility of constructing a cross-genus vaccine by taking advantage of the residual infectivity of tx5rm and using it as a carrier host for the natural delivery of a s. iniae dna vaccine. for this purpose, the recombinant tx5rm, tx5rms10, was created ...201222967257
monoclonal antibody to serum immunoglobulins of clarias batrachus and its application in immunoassays.serum immunoglobulins of clarias batrachus (cb-ig) were purified by affinity chromatography using bovine serum albumin as capture ligand. under reducing conditions in sds-page, cb-ig was composed of a heavy (h) chain (68.7 kda) and two light (l) chains (27.4 and 26.3 kda). purified cb-ig was used to produce a monoclonal antibody (mab) designated e4 mab that belonged to igg1 subclass. in western blotting, this mab showed binding to h chain of purified cb-ig and putative h chains in reduced sera o ...201223000018
a manganese superoxide dismutase with potent antioxidant activity identified from oplegnathus fasciatus: genomic structure and transcriptional characterization.in this study, we describe the identification and characterization of manganese superoxide dismutase, an important antioxidant enzyme acting as the chief reactive oxygen species (ros) scavenger, from rock bream oplegnathus fasciatus (of-mmnsod) at genomic- and transcriptional-levels as well as the biological activity of recombinant protein. the of-mmnsod protein portrayed distinct mnsod family features including signature motifs, metal association sites and the typical active site topology. it w ...201323022055
flic, a flagellin protein, is essential for the growth and virulence of fish pathogen edwardsiella tarda.edwardsiella tarda is a flagellated gram-negative bacterium which causes edwardsiellosis in fish. flic, as a flagellar filament structural protein, is hypothesized to be involved in the pathogenesis of infection. in this study, a flic in-frame deletion mutant of a virulent isolate of e. tarda was constructed through double crossover allelic exchange by means of the suicide vector pre112, and its virulence-associated phenotypes and pathogenicity were tested. it was found that the deletion of flic ...201223024793
identification of bacillus strains for biological control of catfish pathogens.bacillus strains isolated from soil or channel catfish intestine were screened for their antagonism against edwardsiella ictaluri and aeromonas hydrophila, the causative agents of enteric septicemia of catfish (esc) and motile aeromonad septicaemia (mas), respectively. twenty one strains were selected and their antagonistic activity against other aquatic pathogens was also tested. each of the top 21 strains expressed antagonistic activity against multiple aquatic bacterial pathogens including ed ...201223029244
pathogenesis of and strategies for preventing edwardsiella tarda infection in fish.edwardsiella tarda is one of the serious fish pathogens, infecting both cultured and wild fish species. research on edwardsiellosis has revealed that e. tarda has a broad host range and geographic distribution, and contains important virulence factors that enhance bacterial survival and pathogenesis in hosts. although recent progress in edwardsiellosis research has enabled the development of numerous, highly effective vaccine candidates, these efforts have not been translated into a commercializ ...201223035843
successful treatment of a patient with sepsis and liver abscess caused by edwardsiella tarda.edwardsiella tarda is a bacterium that is associated with both an asymptomatic oral carrier state and self-limiting diarrhoeal illness in humans. we herein report a case of sepsis and liver abscess caused by e. tarda and review the patients with e. tarda sepsis who presented at our hospital. an 85-year-old woman developed enterocolitis and sepsis caused by e. tarda. she was administered intensive care and thus was able to soon show a good recovery, however, she subsequently developed a liver abs ...201223037482
functional characterization of edwardsiella tarda twin-arginine translocation system and its potential use as biological containment in live attenuated vaccine of marine fish.bacterial twin-arginine translocation (tat) system contributes to translocate folded proteins to the periplasm and plays pleiotropic roles in physiological fitness. here, we showed that the fish pathogen edwardsiella tarda tat pathway was functional and was essential for h2s production and hemolytic activity. e. tarda tat mutant was more susceptible to diverse stresses such as high temperature, sds, ethanol, and high-salt conditions. however, e. tarda tat mutant displayed marginal in vivo virule ...201323053108
genomic characterization and expression analysis of complement component 8α and 8β in rock bream (oplegnathus fasciatus).the complement component 8α and 8β are glycoproteins that mediate formation of the membrane attack complex (mac) on the surface of target cells. full-length complement c8α (rb-c8α) and c8β (rb-c8β) sequences were identified from a cdna library of rock bream (oplegnathus fasciatus), and their genomic sequences were obtained by screening and sequencing of a bacterial artificial chromosome (bac) genomic dna library of rock bream. the rb-c8α gene contains 64bp of 5'-utr, open reading frame (orf) of ...201323059376
identification of novel interleukin 1 beta family genes in japanese flounder paralichthys olivaceus.gene in the interleukin 1 family plays a central role in the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. here, we describe two novel il-1-like gene in japanese flounder paralichthys olivaceus (jfil1-l1 and jfil1-l2). jfil1β-l1 was homologous to nile tilapia il-1β-like gene and arctic char il-1, and jfil1β-l2 showed homology to hypothetical protein loc100699119 of nile tilapia and rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss il-1 receptor agonist (ra). the deduced amino acids sequences of these il-1β-l ...201323069785
class ii, major histocompatibility complex, transactivator (ciita) in channel catfish: identification and expression patterns responding to different pathogens.nlrs are a large family belonging to pattern recognition receptors which could recognize pathogen associated molecular patterns. class ii, major histocompatibility complex, transactivator (ciita) is a member of nlr family. it is a critical transcription factor which could regulate the expression of mhc class ii. in this study, a full-length cdna of ciita was cloned from channel catfish according to ten sequenced ests. this cdna contains a 5'-utr of 71 bp, a 3'-utr of 238 bp and an orf of 3,210 b ...201223073771
immune response of turbot (scophthalmus maximus l.) to a broad spectrum vaccine candidate, recombinant glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase of edwardsiella tarda.edwardsiella tarda is a gram-negative pathogen which causes systemic infection in turbot. the increasing frequency of edwardsiellosis in turbot farming has stressed the need to understand the immune responses of fish, for the further development of prevention and control strategies. as a broad spectrum protective antigen, a recombinant glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh) of e. tarda eib202 has been proven to present remarkable protection against e. tarda, aeromonas hydrophila, vibri ...201223084627
cd4 and cd8 homologues in japanese flounder, paralichthys olivaceus: differences in the expressions and localizations of cd4-1, cd4-2, cd8α and cd8β.cd4 and cd8 molecules are co-receptors of t cell receptors which interact specifically with mhc class ii and i, respectively, during antigen presentation. here we investigated cd4 and cd8 expression patterns in a fish, japanese flounder, paralichthys olivaceus in response to infection and tuberculin injection. the cd4-1 mrna level was gradually and weakly increased in trunk kidney after infection with streptococcus iniae, edwardsiella tarda and viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv), while th ...201323089138
direct antibacterial activity of cd8+/cd4+ t-cells in ginbuna crucian carp, carassius auratus langsdorfii.cytotoxic t cells (ctls) constitute an important component of the specific effector mechanism in killing against microbial-infected or transformed cells. in addition to these activities, recent studies in mammals have suggested that ctls can exhibit direct antimicrobial activity. therefore, the present investigation was conducted to find out the microbicidal activity of cd8α(+) t cells of ginbuna crucian carp, carassius auratus langsdorfii. the cd8α(+) t cells from immunised ginbuna exhibited th ...201323089524
development of a multiplex pcr for the identification of pathogenic edwardsiella tarda and application to edwardsiellosis diagnostics. 201323126448
first molecular cloning and gene expression analysis of a teleost cd200 (ox-2) glycoprotein from rock bream, oplegnathus fasciatus.cd200 plays an important role in delivering an immunoregulatory signal to the immune system through interaction with its receptor. however, cd200 has not been characterized and its function in teleosts is unknown. in this study, the rock bream (oplegnathus fasciatus) cd200 gene (rbcd200) was cloned and its expression profile was analyzed after infection with edwardsiella tarda, streptococcus iniae or red seabream iridovirus (rsiv). the coding region of rbcd200 cdna was 855 bp, encoding 284 amino ...201323128045
upper extremity myonecrosis caused by edwardsiella tarda resulting in transhumeral amputation: case report.necrotizing soft tissue infections are rapidly progressive infections with a high rate of mortality. one type of necrotizing soft tissue infection is caused by marine gram-negative bacteria and commonly occurs in immunocompromised hosts. these types of infections are more common in patients with chronic liver disease, possibly because of impaired iron metabolism. we present the case of a rapidly progressive necrotizing soft tissue infection caused by edwardsiella tarda, a marine gram-negative pa ...201323200948
identification of antigenic edwardsiella tarda surface proteins and their role in pathogenesis.edwardsiella tarda causes an infectious fish disease called edwardsiellosis. several outer membrane proteins (omps) are associated with virulence factors and are attractive as vaccine candidates. in this study, 4 immuno-reactive omps of e. tarda were detected using anti-sera from flounder infected with e. tarda. using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry analyses, 2 of the 4 omps were identified as ompa and murein lipoprotein (lpp), which are highly conserved surface pro ...201323231854
effects of dietary supplementation of lactobacillus pentosus pl11 on the growth performance, immune and antioxidant systems of japanese eel anguilla japonica challenged with edwardsiella tarda.the aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of dietary administration of lactobacillus pentosus pl11 on growth performance and the immune and antioxidant systems in japanese eel anguilla japonica challenged with edwardsiella tarda. a total of 75 japanese eels (24.63±0.83 g) were grouped into 5 treatment diets which were a control diet (c) without e. tarda and 4 treatment diets with e. tarda challenge, including c for e. tarda challenge (nc), c plus l. pentosus pl11 supplemented diet (10⁸ ...201323261510
effects of dietary supplementation of citrus by-products fermented with a probiotic microbe on growth performance, innate immunity and disease resistance against edwardsiella tarda in juvenile olive flounder, paralichthys olivaceus (temminck & schlegel).two consecutive studies were conducted to evaluate the dietary supplementation of citrus by-products (cb) fermented with probiotic bacteria on growth performance, feed utilization, innate immune responses and disease resistance of juvenile olive flounder. in experiment i, five diets were formulated to contain 0% (control) or 3% four different cb fermented with bacillus subtilis (bs), enterococcus faecium (ef), lactobacillus rhamnosus (lr) and l. plantarum (lp) (designated as con, cbf-bs, cbf-ef, ...201323311661
structure of the o-polysaccharide of edwardsiella tarda pcm 1150 containing an amide of d-glucuronic acid with l-alanine.mild acid degradation of the lipopolysaccharide of edwardsiella tarda pcm 1150 afforded an o-polysaccharide, which was isolated by gpc on sephadex g-50 and studied by sugar and methylation analyses along with 1d and 2d 1h and 13c nmr spectroscopies, including experiments performed in a 9:1 h2o/d2o mixture to detect nh protons and their correlations with ch protons. the o-polysaccharide was found to contain an amide of d-glucuronic acid with l-alanine (d-glca6ala) and the following structure of t ...201223348241
bacterial pathogens and flora isolated from farm-cultured eels (anguilla japonica) and their environmental waters in korean eel farms.the purpose of this study was to investigate bacterial pathogens and flora in both sick and clinically healthy eels, anguilla japonica, and the environmental rearing waters of korean eel farms. between 2003 and 2010, a total of 621 sick eels were submitted for diagnosis, while 216 healthy eels and 87 environmental water samples were collected during a survey of 26 eel farms in korea. seven different bacterial species were obtained from 183 isolates, which were recovered from the internal organs ...201223357049
molecular characterisation and biological activity of a novel cxc chemokine gene in rock bream (oplegnathus fasciatus).chemokines are chemoattractant cytokines defined by the presence of four conserved cysteine residues. in mammals, these cytokines can be divided into four subfamilies depending on the arrangement of the first two conserved cysteines in the sequence, and include the cxc(α), cc(β), c(γ), and cx3c(δ) classes. we identified cxc chemokine cdna, designated rbcxc, isolated using expressed sequence tag analysis of a lipopolysaccharide (lps)-stimulated rock bream liver cdna library. the full-length rbcxc ...201323376472
edwardsiella tarda invasion of fish cell lines and the activation of divergent cell death pathways.edwardsiella tarda is an important gram-negative intracellular pathogen of fish. however, the invasive features of e. tarda to fish cells and the pathogenesis of host cell death have not been thoroughly investigated. in this study, two fish cell models were used to investigate the interactions between e. tarda and its cellular hosts. e. tarda invaded and replicated in both cell lines. epithelioma papulosum cyprini (epc) cells were more sensitive to e. tarda infection than the flounder gill cell ...201323380458
characterization of the edwardsiella tarda proteome in response to different environmental stresses.to date, our understanding of protein species is still limited. in the present study, 2-de based proteomics was used to investigate characteristics of protein species in edwardsiella tarda, a prokaryocyte cell model. in the e. tarda proteome that was analyzed by 2-de and mass spectrometry, 661 unique proteins representing 1320 protein spots were identified, accounting for 19.0% of gene-coding proteins of the bacterium. 256 out of the 661 identified proteins have different forms of single protein ...201323385355
complete genome sequences of edwardsiella tarda-lytic bacteriophages kf-1 and iw-1.we report the complete genome sequences of two edwardsiella tarda-lytic bacteriophages isolated from flounder kidney (kf-1) and seawater (iw-1). these newly sequenced phage genomes provide a novel resource for future studies on phage-host interaction mechanisms and various applications of the phages for control of edwardsiellosis in aquaculture.201323405297
gene expression profiling in live attenuated edwardsiella tarda vaccine immunized and challenged zebrafish: insights into the basic mechanisms of protection seen in immunized fish.despite the importance and success of vaccine immunization against bacterial diseases in fish, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of vaccine-induced immune protection in teleost fish. in this study, the live attenuated edwardsiella tarda vaccine strain wed, which has been shown to evoke efficacious protection against edwardsiellosis and ascites diseases in fish, was extensively evaluated for multiple parameters in a 5-week immunization and challenge experiment in zebrafish. the param ...201323434462
asd-based balanced-lethal system in attenuated edwardsiella tarda to express a heterologous antigen for a multivalent bacterial vaccine.edwardsiella tarda is an enteric gram-negative invasive intracellular pathogen, which causes enteric septicemia in fish. it could be potentially used to develop a recombinant attenuated e. tarda vaccine for the aquaculture industry. because live vaccine strains can potentially be released into the environment upon vaccination, medical and environmental safety issues must be considered. deletion of the asdb gene in e. tarda resulted in a diaminopimelic acid (dap)-dependent mutant. the wild type a ...201323454428
complete genome sequence of a novel myovirus which infects atypical strains of edwardsiella tarda.we present the genome sequence of a novel edwardsiella tarda-lytic bacteriophage, msw-3, which specifically infects atypical e. tarda strains. the morphological and genomic features of msw-3 suggest that this phage is a new member of the dwarf myoviruses, which have been much less studied than other groups of myoviruses.201323469359
functional analysis of a zebrafish myd88 mutant identifies key transcriptional components of the innate immune system.toll-like receptors (tlrs) are an important class of pattern recognition receptors (prrs) that recognize microbial and danger signals. their downstream signaling upon ligand binding is vital for initiation of the innate immune response. in human and mammalian models, myeloid differentiation factor 88 (myd88) is known for its central role as an adaptor molecule in interleukin 1 receptor (il-1r) and tlr signaling. the zebrafish is increasingly used as a complementary model system for disease resea ...201323471913
environmental isolates p1sw and v3sw as a bivalent vaccine induce effective cross-protection against edwardsiella tarda and vibrio anguillarum .edwardsiella tarda and vibrio anguillarum are severe fish pathogens. in this study, we aimed at selecting avirulent environmental isolates with application potential in the prevention of e. tarda- and v. anguillarum-associated diseases. for this purpose, we selected and analyzed 2 seawater isolates, p1sw and v3sw, belonging to the genera pseudomonas and vibrio, respectively. when administered to turbot scophthalmus maximus via immersion and oral feeding, p1sw and v3sw at a dose of 2 × 108 colony ...201323482384
adaptive immune response to edwardsiella tarda infection in ginbuna crucian carp, carassius auratus langsdorfii.edwardsiella tarda is an intracellular pathogen that causes edwardsiellosis in fish. although cell-mediated immunity and innate immunity play a major role in protection against intracellular bacterial infection in mammals, their importance in protecting fish against e. tarda infection remain unclear. in this study, we examined cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in ginbuna crucian carp (carassius auratus langsdorfii) after e. tarda infection. innate immunity was observed to be the princip ...201323489657
attempt to develop live attenuated bacterial vaccines by selecting resistance to gossypol, proflavine hemisulfate, novobiocin, or ciprofloxacin.in an attempt to develop attenuated bacteria as potential live vaccines, four chemicals (gossypol, proflavine hemisulfate, novobiocin, and ciprofloxacin) were used to modify the following four genera of bacteria through chemical-resistance strategy: (1) aeromonas hydrophila (9 isolates); (2) edwardsiella tarda (9 isolates); (3) streptococcus iniae (9 isolates); and (4) s. agalactiae (11 isolates). all bacteria used in this study were able to develop high resistance to gossypol. however, only som ...201323499519
phenotypic characterization, virulence, and immunogenicity of edwardsiella tarda lse40 aroa mutant.bacterial aro mutants are frequently used as live attenuated vaccines for domestic animals. in this study, we characterized edwardsiella tarda strain lse40 with a deletion in the aroa gene. in addition to autotrophy, the aroa mutant appeared to have delayed cell division and reductions in its swarming motility, biofilm formation, and production of translocator proteins in the type iii secretory system. the mutant exhibited high virulence attenuation in turbot fish, scophthalmus maximus (l.), whe ...201323504078
proteomic analysis of a twin-arginine translocation-deficient mutant unravel its functions involved in stress adaptation and virulence in fish pathogen edwardsiella tarda.edwardsiella tarda is a gram-negative, facultative aerobic pathogen which infects multifarious hosts including fish, amphibians and human beings. a twin-arginine translocation (tat) gene cluster important for high-salt tolerance in e. tarda was identified previously. here the genetic structure and pleiotropic roles of the tat system in physiological adaptation of the bacterium were further characterized. functional analysis indicated that tatd was not required for tat export process and tate mig ...201323551118
in vitro immunopathogenesis of edwardsiella tarda in catla catla catla (hamilton).immunopathogenesis of edwardsiella tarda in catla (catla catla) was evaluated by in vitro interaction of catla head kidney (hk) phagocytes with the bacterium. interactions of e. tarda with catla hk phagocytes were studied by light microscopy as well as by phagocytosis, intracellular replication, superoxide anion and nitric oxide production assays. both opsonised and non-opsonized bacteria could adhere to, survive and replicate within phagocytes. furthermore, there was no significant alteration i ...201323587681
invasin of edwardsiella tarda is essential for its haemolytic activity, biofilm formation and virulence towards fish.the aim of this study was to investigate the role of invasin in a bacterial fish pathogen edwardsiella tarda.201323600645
genomic characterization and transcriptional evidence for the involvement of complement component 7 in immune response of rock bream (oplegnathus fasciatus).the complement component 7 (c7) is the central mediator of pathogenic attack at the membrane surface and its binding to the c5b-7 complex triggers cytolytic signaling. in this study, c7 of rock bream (oplegnathus fasciatus) was identified (rb-c7) and characterized at the genomic level. the rb-c7 gene contains 18 exons and 17 introns and is composed of a 2490 bp complete open reading frame (orf). the encoded polypeptide (830 amino acids) contains a number of well-conserved c7 signature domains. i ...201323603298
comparative analysis of edwardsiella isolates from fish in the eastern united states identifies two distinct genetic taxa amongst organisms phenotypically classified as e. tarda.edwardsiella tarda, a gram-negative member of the family enterobacteriaceae, has been implicated in significant losses in aquaculture facilities worldwide. here, we assessed the intra-specific variability of e. tarda isolates from 4 different fish species in the eastern united states. repetitive sequence mediated pcr (rep-pcr) using 4 different primer sets (eric i & ii, eric ii, box, and gtg5) and multi-locus sequence analysis of 16s ssu rdna, groel, gyra, gyrb, pho, pgi, pgm, and rpoa gene frag ...201323623688
structure of the o-polysaccharide of edwardsiella tarda pcm 1156.mild acid degradation of the lipopolysaccharide of edwardsiella tarda pcm 1156 afforded an o-polysaccharide, which was isolated by gel-permeation chromatography on sephadex g-50 and studied by sugar and methylation analyses along with (1)h nmr and (13)c nmr spectroscopy, including 2d (1)h,(1)h cosy, tocsy, roesy, (1)h,(13)c hsqc, and hmbc experiments. the following structure of the linear tetrasaccharide repeating unit of the o-polysaccharide was established: [structure: see text].201323623959
molecular characterisation and expression analysis of the cathepsin h gene from rock bream (oplegnathus fasciatus).cathepsins are lysosomal cysteine proteases belonging to the papain family, whose members play important roles in normal metabolism for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. rock bream (oplegnathus fasciatus) cathepsin h (rbctsh) cdnas were identified by expressed sequence tag analysis of a lipopolysaccharide-stimulated rock bream liver cdna library. the full-length rbctsh cdna (1326 bp) contained an open reading frame of 978 bp encoding 325 amino acids. the presence of an erfnin-like motif w ...201323629026
specific and rapid diagnosis of edwardsiella tarda by a novel loop-mediated isothermal amplification targeting the upstream region of hlyb gene.edwardsiella tarda has become one of the most severe pathogens in aquaculture industries throughout the world; therefore, a specific and rapid identification method for this bacterium is urgently needed. in the present study, a novel loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) was developed by targeting the upstream region of the hlyb gene of e. tarda, which was then named as uh-lamp. the mg(2+) concentrations, the reaction temperature, and the reaction time of uh-lamp were optimized to 10 mm, ...201323639057
immune effects of a bivalent expressed outer membrane protein to american eels (anguilla rostrota).the specific and non-specific immune parameters and protection of american eels (anguilla rostrata) were evaluated after immunized eels with a bivalent expressed out membrane protein (omp) of porin ⅱ of aeromonas hydrophila and omps2 of edwardsiella tarda. one hundred eighty eels were distributed into 3 equal groups and intraperitoneal (i.p) injection with phosphate-buffered saline (pbs group), formalin-killed-whole-cell (fkc) of a. hydrophila and e. tarda (fkc group) or the bivalent omp (omp gr ...201323643876
electrochemical disinfection of fish pathogens in seawater without the production of a lethal concentration of chlorine using a flow reactor.an electrochemical disinfection system employing a honeycombed platinum coated titanium electrode was developed for the disinfection of seawater. cell suspensions (2 l, 10³ cells/ml) of the fish pathogens, vibrio alginolyticus, edwardsiella tarda, lactococcus garvieae and vibrio anguillarum were circulated in a reactor equipped with 10 sets of these electrodes at a flow rate of 200 ml/min with an applied potential of 1.0 v vs. ag/agcl reference electrode. the circulated cells were completely dis ...201323648105
comparative proteomic analysis reveals new components of the phop regulon and highlights a role for phop in the regulation of genes encoding the f1f0 atp synthase in edwardsiella tarda.edwardsiella tarda is an important cause of haemorrhagic septicaemia in fish and also of gastro- and extra-intestinal infections in humans. we have recently demonstrated that the phop-phoq two-component regulatory system plays important roles in both virulence and stress tolerance in e. tarda. in this study, the proteomes of the wt and phop mutant strains were compared to define components of the phop regulon in e. tarda eib202. overall, 18 proteins whose expression levels exhibited a twofold or ...201323657683
sialic acid utilization by cronobacter sakazakii.the cronobacter genus is composed of seven species, and can cause infections in all age groups. of particular concern is c. sakazakii, as this species is strongly associated with severe and often fatal cases of necrotizing enterocolitis and meningitis in neonates and infants. whole genome sequencing has revealed that the nanakt gene cluster required for the utilisation of exogenous sialic acid is unique to the c. sakazakii species (esa_03609-13).sialic acid is found in breast milk, infant formul ...201323706082
edwardsiella tarda mutant disrupted in type iii secretion system and chorismic acid synthesis and cured of a plasmid as a live attenuated vaccine in turbot.edwardsiella tarda is an intractable gram-negative pathogen in many fish species to cause edwardsiellosis. its infection leads to extensive losses in a diverse array of commercially important fish. the type iii secretion system (t3ss) has been considered as one of the major virulence factors and plays important roles in its intracellular lifestyle. in this study, an e. tarda eib202 mutant wed with deletions in the t3ss genes for eseb, esec, esed and esca, along with the aroc gene for the biosynt ...201323732848
mutation of tryptophanase gene tnaa in edwardsiella tarda reduces lipopolysaccharide production, antibiotic resistance and virulence.a fish pathogen edwardsiella tarda ltb-4 produced various indole alkaloids, including indole, 2-(1h-indol-3-yl)ethanol, 4-di(1h-indol-3-yl)methylphenol, tri(1h-indol-3-yl)methane and 2-[2,2-bis(1h-indol-3-yl)]ethylphenylamine. indole was the most abundant among these indole alkaloids. e. tarda ltb-4 produced indoles during its whole growth phase and maintained a high level (around 35.5 µm) during the stationary phase. the relevant tryptophanase (tnaa) gene tnaa was cloned from ltb-4 and conditio ...201123761341
akirin2 homologues from rock bream, oplegnathus fasciatus: genomic and molecular characterization and transcriptional expression analysis.akirins are conserved nuclear resident nf-κb signaling pathway molecules. isoforms of akirins found in various organisms are known to play diverse roles. in this study, we have characterized two akirin2 homologues from rock bream, ofak2(1) and ofak2(2). the proteins derived from ofak2(1) and ofak2(2) revealed the presence of nuclear localization signal. multiple sequence alignment and pairwise alignment of ofak2(1) and ofak2(2) with the akirin homologues, revealed high conservation and identity. ...201323770624
the major fimbrial subunit protein of edwardsiella tarda: vaccine potential, adjuvant effect, and involvement in host infection.edwardsiella tarda is a gram-negative bacterium that is reckoned one of the most severe fish pathogens. in this study, we analyzed the biological properties of the e. tarda major fimbrial subunit protein, fima. we found that mutation of fima resulted in defective biofilm growth, attenuated infectivity against host cells, and impaired ability to disseminate into and colonize host tissues following experimental infection. when used as a subunit vaccine, recombinant fima (rfima) elicited a high lev ...201323811351
edwardsiella tarda ivy, a lysozyme inhibitor that blocks the lytic effect of lysozyme and facilitates host infection in a manner that is dependent on the conserved cysteine residue.edwardsiella tarda is a gram-negative bacterial pathogen with a broad host range that includes fish and humans. in this study, we examined the activity and function of the lysozyme inhibitor ivy (named ivyet) identified in the pathogenic e. tarda strain tx01. ivyet possesses the ivy signature motif ckphdc in the form of (82)cqphnc(87) and contains several highly conserved residues, including a tryptophan (w55). for the purpose of virulence analysis, an isogenic tx01 mutant, txivy, was created. t ...201323817616
edwardsiella tarda sepsis in a live-stranded sperm whale (physeter macrocephalus).whale strandings remain poorly understood, although bacterial infections have been suggested to contribute. we isolated edwardsiella tarda from the blood of a stranded sperm whale. the pathogen was identified with maldi-tof ms, confirmed by 16s rrna gene sequencing and quantified in blood by qpcr. we report the first case of sepsis in a sperm whale. the zoonotic potential of e. tarda and the possible role of bacterial infections in the enigmatic strandings of cetaceans are discussed.201323827352
marine teleost ortholog of catalase from rock bream (oplegnathus fasciatus): molecular perspectives from genomic organization to enzymatic behavior with respect to its potent antioxidant properties.catalases are well known antioxidant enzymes that can mainly dismutate hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen in order to prevent oxidative stress. the complete genomic dna (gdna) sequence of the catalase gene from rock bream (oplegnathus fasciatus) was identified from our custom-constructed bac genomic dna library and designated as rbcat. rbcat consists of 13 exons, separated by 12 introns, within a 13,722-bp gdna sequence. the complete cdna sequence (3303 bp) of rbcat is comprised of a 1581-b ...201323872475
potential application of extracts from indian almond (terminalia catappa linn.) leaves in siamese fighting fish (betta splendens regan) culture.indian almond (terminalia catappa linn.) leaves with green and red coloration were tested for bactericidal activity with pathogenic bacteria and their acute toxicity to siamese fighting fish (betta splendens regan). powder of indian almond leaves was extracted with water at the ratio of 1:10 (w/v) and then freeze-dried to a dry powder. bactericidal efficacy was tested against 28 isolates of pathogenic bacteria (aeromonas hydrophila, edwardsiella tarda, enterobacter spp., plesiomonas shigelloides ...201223885412
prevalence of community acquired urinary tract infections in silchar medical college, assam, india and its antimicrobial susceptibility profile.background: this study was conducted to know the rate of prevalence of community acquired uti infections in both males and females, assam, north-east india. materials and methods: a 50 μl of urine sample from each of the subjects was streaked on cystine lactose electrolyte-deficient agar medium. the plates were incubated overnight at 37°c. pure, isolated colonies of each type was separately cultured and characterized. the susceptibility of the clinical isolates to routinely prescribed antibiotic ...201223897522
molecular cloning and expression analysis of interleukin (il)-15 and il-15 receptor α from rock bream, oplegnathus fasciatus.mammalian interleukin (il)-15 plays an important role in the activation of cd8(+) t cells and natural killer (nk) cells along with its receptor α (il-15rα). to understand the potential roles of il-15 and il-15rα in fish, we identified il-15 and il-15rα cdna from rock bream (oplegnathus fasciatus) and investigated their gene expression profiles after bacterial and viral infection. coding regions of rock bream (rb) il-15 and rbil-15rα cdnas were 534 and 402 bp encoding 177 and 133 amino acid resid ...201323911652
genomic characterization, expression analysis, and antimicrobial function of a glyrichin homologue from rock bream, oplegnathus fasciatus.antimicrobial peptides are important innate effector molecules, playing a vital role in antimicrobial immunity in all species. glyrichin is a transmembrane protein and an antibacterial peptide, exerting its functions against a wide range of pathogenic bacteria. in this study, cdna and a bac clone harboring the glyrichin gene were identified from rock bream and characterized. genomic characterization showed that the ofglyrichin gene exhibited a 3 exon-2 intron structure. ofglyrichin is a 79-amino ...201323968692
a teleostean counterpart of ferritin m subunit from rock bream (oplegnathus fasciatus): an active constituent in iron chelation and dna protection against oxidative damage, with a modulated expression upon pathogen stress.ferritins are biological iron chelators that can sequestrate excess iron to maintain iron homeostasis in the body. ferritins basically consist of 2 types of subunits, designated as h and l. however, another new subunit, ferritin "m" which possesses characteristic features of both the h and l subunits, was recently identified in lower vertebrates, mostly in fish. in this study, a ferritin m-like subunit from rock bream (oplegnathus fasciatus) (rbferm) was characterized at the molecular level, and ...201323978565
three complement component 1q genes from rock bream, oplegnathus fasciatus: genome characterization and potential role in immune response against bacterial and viral infections.complement component 1q (c1q) is a subcomponent of the c1 complex and the key protein that recognizes and binds to a broad range of immune and non-immune ligands to initiate the classical complement pathway. in the present study, we identified and characterized three novel c1q family members from rock bream, oplegnathus fasciatus. the full-length cdnas of c1q a-like (rbc1qal), c1q b-like (rbc1qbl), and c1q c-like (rbc1qcl) consist of 780, 720 and 726 bp of nucleotide sequence encoding polypeptid ...201323994081
presenting a foreign antigen on live attenuated edwardsiella tarda using twin-arginine translocation signal peptide as a multivalent vaccine.the twin-arginine translocation (tat) system is a major pathway for transmembrane translocation of fully folded proteins. in this study, a multivalent vaccine to present foreign antigens on live attenuated vaccine edwardsiella tarda wed using screened tat signal peptide was constructed. because the tat system increases the yields of folded antigens in periplasmic space or extracellular milieu, it is expected to contribute to the production of conformational epitope-derived specific antibodies. e ...201323994481
antimicrobial agents produced by marine aspergillus terreus var. africanus against some virulent fish pathogens.screening of fungal isolates collected from different locations of alexandria coast, egypt, was carried out to obtain new biologically active metabolites against some virulent fish pathogens (edwardsiella tarda, aeromonas hydrophila, vibrio ordalli and vibrio angularuim). among 26 fungal isolates, aspergillus terreus var. africanus was identified as the most potent isolate. production of the bioactive material was optimized using response surface methodology including fermentation media, incubat ...201223997326
effects of potential probiotic bacillus amyloliquefaciens [corrected] fptb16 on systemic and cutaneous mucosal immune responses and disease resistance of catla (catla catla).effects of dietary administration of bacillus amyloliquefaciens fptb16 on systemic and mucosal immunity and disease resistance of catla (catla catla) against edwardsiella tarda infection were evaluated in the present study. the laboratory maintained b. amyloliquefaciens was used to study antagonistic activity against fish pathogenic bacteria by agar well diffusion assay. healthy catla were challenged by this bacterium for determination of its safety. for preparation of probiotic supplemented die ...201324012512
comparative genomics reveals that a fish pathogenic bacterium edwardsiella tarda has acquired the locus of enterocyte effacement (lee) through horizontal gene transfer.edwardsiella tarda is an enterobacterium which causes edwardsiellosis, a fatal disease of cultured fishes such as red sea bream, eel, and flounder. preventing the occurrence of e. tarda infection has thus been an important issue in aquaculture. e. tarda has been isolated from other animals and from many environments; however, the relationship between the genotype and evolutionary process of this pathogen is not fully understood. to clarify this relationship, we sequenced and compared the genomes ...201324053667
genomic structure and immunological response of an stat4 family member from rock bream (oplegnathus fasciatus).the janus tyrosine kinase (jak)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (stat) signaling pathway plays a critical role in host defense against viral and bacterial infections. stat proteins are a group of transcription factors that translocate into the nucleus and are critical for the induction of many genes crucial for the allergic cascade and immune defense. in the present study, a member of the stat4 family was identified from rock bream (rbstat4) at the genomic level, and its transcr ...201324055510
rainbow trout peptidoglycan recognition protein has an anti-inflammatory function in liver cells.peptidoglycan recognition proteins (pgrps) are innate immune molecules that are structurally conserved through evolution in both invertebrate and vertebrate animals. pgrps exert diverse host-defense functions both through direct antibacterial activity and through indirect effects, including the induction of antimicrobial peptides and the modulation of inflammation and immune responses. in this study, we identified the gene encoding a long form of pgrp (ompgrp-l1) from the rainbow trout, oncorhyn ...201324056276
genetic organization of two types of flounder warm-temperature acclimation-associated 65-kda protein and their gene expression profiles.we isolated and characterized two cdna clone encoding warm-temperature acclimation-associated 65-kda proteins (powap65-1 and powap65-2) from the olive flounder, paralichthys olivaceus. the deduced amino acid sequences of powap65s showed overall identities of 33-73% with other fish wap65 and mammalian hemopexin-like proteins. the 5'-flanking regions of both powap65-encoding genes contained various putative transcriptional elements. while powap65-1 and powap65-2 were structurally similar, they exh ...201324096660
identification of protective immunogens from extracellular secretome of edwardsiella tarda.edwardsiella tarda is an opportunistic pathogen that causes a great loss in aquaculture. identification of immune protective immunogens is a key step for development of subunit vaccines and control of the infectious diseases caused by the bacterium. this study aims to identify the protective antigens from extracellular secretory proteome of e. tarda. out of 38 extracellular secretory proteins predicted by psortb, 20 genes were randomly cloned and their recombinant proteins were expressed in esch ...201324099803
melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 in zebrafish provoking higher interferon-promoter activity through signalling enhancing of its shorter splicing variant.melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (mda5) is one of the three members in the retinoic acid-inducible gene i-like receptor (rlr) family, which are cytoplasmic pathogen recognition receptors recognizing intracellular viruses. in the present study, mda5 and its spliced shorter forms, named as mda5a and mda5b, were identified in zebrafish. mda5a and mda5b can be up-regulated in cell lines following the infection of a negative ssrna virus, the spring viraemia of carp virus (svcv), and an intr ...024116956
phenotypic traits, virulence-associated gene profile and genetic relatedness of edwardsiella tarda isolates from japanese eel anguilla japonica in korea.edwardsiella tarda is the predominant bacterium in farm-cultured eel in korea. here, we evaluated the heterogeneity of 37 e. tarda isolates derived from japanese eel with various origins (olive flounder, common carp and ornamental fish) between 2003 and 2010. regardless of origins, the biochemical characteristics of e. tarda isolates were homogenous except hydrogen sulfide production, citrate utilization and mannitol fermentation. based on the phylogenetic analysis of 16s rrna, e. tarda isolates ...201424117973
mutations of flagellar genes flic12, flia and flhdc of edwardsiella tarda attenuated bacterial motility, biofilm formation and virulence to fish.the aim of this study was to investigate functions of flagellar genes flic2, flic12, flia and flhdc in a bacterial fish pathogen edwardsiella tarda.201424118854
adjuvant and immunostimulatory effects of lps and β-glucan on immune response in japanese flounder, paralichthys olivaceus.in order to investigate the adjuvant and immunostimulatory effects of lps and β-glucan, a highly effective vaccine candidate for edwardsiella tarda known as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh) was recombinantly expressed in escherichia coli, which was intramuscularly injected into japanese flounder alone or containing lps or β-glucan. elisa analysis of sera showed that the fish immunized with rgapdh containing lps or β-glucan had significant higher antibody titers than rgapdh immuni ...201324172018
antimicrobial and herbal drug resistance in enteric bacteria isolated from faecal droppings of common house lizard/gecko (hemidactylus frenatus).from 194 faecal dropping samples of common house geckos collected from offices (60), houses (88), integrated farm units (ifs,18) and hostels, guest houses, and dining rooms of different canteen/mess (hgm, 28), 326 bacterial isolates of enteric bacteria belonging to 17 genera and 34 species were detected. escherichia coli were the most frequently (39) isolated followed by citrobacter freundii (33), klebsiella pneumonia (27), salmonella indica (12), enterobacter gergoviae (12), and ent. agglomeran ...201324223595
complete genome sequence of channel catfish gastrointestinal septicemia isolate edwardsiella tarda c07-087.edwardsiella tarda is a gram-negative facultative anaerobe causing disease in animals and humans. here, we announce the complete genome sequence of the channel catfish isolate e. tarda strain c07-87, which was isolated from an outbreak of gastrointestinal septicemia on a commercial catfish farm.201324265493
role of cd4(+) and cd8α(+) t cells in protective immunity against edwardsiella tarda infection of ginbuna crucian carp, carassius auratus langsdorfii.edwardsiella tarda is an intracellular pathogen that causes edwardsiellosis in fish. our previous study suggests that cell-mediated immunity (cmi) plays an essential role in protection against e. tarda infection. in the present study, we adoptively transferred t-cell subsets sensitized with e. tarda to isogenic naïve ginbuna crucian carp to determination the t-cell subsets involved in protecting fish from e. tarda infection. recipients of cd4(+) and cd8α(+) cells acquired significant resistance ...201424316500
outer membrane protein assembly factor yaet (omp85) and groel proteins of edwardsiella tarda are immunogenic antigens for labeo rohita (hamilton). 201424320972
edwardsiella tarda superinfection in relapse of ulcerative colitis. 201424326755
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