Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| antibodies to shiga toxin in the serum of children with shigella-associated haemolytic uraemic syndrome. | antibodies to shiga toxin (stx) were measured in the sera of 49 children with shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 infection, of whom 17 had haemolytic uraemic syndrome (hus) and 32 had no complications (uncomplicated shigellosis, ucs). children with hus had lower levels of total igg and igm and lower igm titres to stx than those with ucs. the number of children with neutralising antibodies was similar in the two groups. of the children with hus, 11 had hus on enrolment and six developed hus subseque ... | 1999 | 9920120 |
| shigellosis in children: a clinico-epidemiological comparison between shigella dysenteriae type i and shigella flexneri. | we reviewed the clinical and epidemiological features of 390 children under 5 years of age infected with either shigella dysenteriae type i or shigella flexneri attending a diarrhoea treatment centre from 1993 to 1995 in dhaka, bangladesh. older age (24 months or more), underweight and wasting but not stunting were the host factors significantly more associated with shigella dysenteriae type i infection than in shigella flexneri-infected children. moreover, use of antibiotics at home, use of wat ... | 1998 | 9924557 |
| central nervous system manifestations of childhood shigellosis: prevalence, risk factors, and outcome. | alterations in consciousness, including seizures, delirium, and coma, are known to occur during shigella infection. previous reports have suggested that febrile convulsions and altered consciousness are more common during shigellosis than with other childhood infections. those reports, however, have been from locations where s dysenteriae type 1 was not common, thus making it difficult to assess the specific contribution that s dysenteriae type 1 infection, and shiga toxin, might make to the pat ... | 1999 | 9925864 |
| [resistance of respiratory and enteral bacteria to antibiotics]. | 1998 | 9927887 | |
| [effect of hydroxylamine hydrochloride on the bacterium shigella dysenteriae 1 and antigens isolated from them]. | 1998 | 9949513 | |
| involvement of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-1beta in enhancement of pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures caused by shigella dysenteriae. | neurologic manifestations, mainly convulsions, are the most frequent extraintestinal complications of shigellosis. we used an animal model to study the roles of tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha) and interleukin-1 beta (il-1beta) in shigella-related seizures. administration of shigella dysenteriae 60r sonicate enhanced the sensitivity of mice to the proconvulsant pentylenetetrazole (ptz) within 7 h. this was indicated by a significantly higher mean convulsion score and an increased number o ... | 1999 | 10024595 |
| characterization of shigella dysenteriae type 1 capsular polysaccharide by immunochemical methods. | we have isolated the capsular polysaccharide from the strain of shigella dysenteriae type 1 8337. the product was purified by ultracentrifugation, treated with enzymes (proteinase k, dna-rnaase) and analyzed by immunochemical methods. polyclonal antibodies were obtained from rabbits immunized by whole cell antigens prepared from shigella by ultrasonic treatment and by purified capsular polysaccharide. crossed immunoelectrophoresis, page and western blot analysis showed that this product containi ... | 1998 | 10069017 |
| laboratory surveillance of shigella dysenteriae type 1 in kwazulu-natal. | to collect data on the antimicrobial susceptibility of shigella dysenteriae type 1 in kwazulu-natal, including the testing of newer therapeutic agents, and to evaluate the ability of laboratories to participate in a provincial surveillance programme. | 1999 | 10070415 |
| a study on transferable r-plasmids among shigella species at lucknow. | a total of 500 shigella strains were included in the present study out of which 233 were isolated at national shigella centre of postgraduate department of microbiology, k.g. medical college, lucknow during last 5 years and 267 strains were received from different parts of the country. predominent serotypes were sheigella flexneri 292 (48.4%) followed by shigella dysenteriae 153 (30.6%), shigella boydii 32 (6.4%) and shigella sonnei 23 (4.6%). all the strains were sensitive to nalidix acid, gent ... | 1997 | 10085641 |
| shigella infection in macaque colonies: case report of an eradication and control program. | a primate colony comprising three distinct but interrelated units had long-term history of undiagnosed diarrhea and associated deaths for many years. in 1989, the clinical problem was recognized as a confounding factor for the experimental work, and steps were taken to eradicate the disease. this was done by a combined approach involving improved sample collection techniques and microbiological methods, treatment of all animals in the colony, and improvement in management. these management chang ... | 1998 | 10090037 |
| the rediscovery of shiga toxin and its role in clinical disease. | 1998 | 10211432 | |
| the spread of shigella dysenteriae type i in africa. | 1998 | 10211435 | |
| protein conjugates of synthetic saccharides elicit higher levels of serum igg lipopolysaccharide antibodies in mice than do those of the o-specific polysaccharide from shigella dysenteriae type 1. | our development of vaccines to prevent shigellosis is based on the hypothesis that a critical (protective) level of serum igg to the o-specific polysaccharide (o-sp) domain of shigella lipopolysaccharide (lps) confers immunity. the o-sp is a hapten and must be conjugated to a protein to induce serum antibodies. the o-sp of shigella dysenteriae type 1 (approximately 27 tetrasaccharide repeat units), prepared by acid hydrolysis of the lps, was bound to human serum albumin (hsa) by multiple point a ... | 1999 | 10220442 |
| an epidemic of bloody diarrhea: escherichia coli o157 emerging in cameroon? | between november 1997 and april 20, 1998, bloody diarrhea sickened 298 persons in cameroon. laboratory investigation of the epidemic (case-fatality rate, 16.4%) documented amoebiasis in one of three patients and three types of pathogens: multidrug-resistant shigella dysenteriae type 1, s. boydii, and enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli. we report the first isolation of e. coli o157:h7 in cameroon and the second series of cases in the central african region. | 1999 | 10221885 |
| lethality of a heat- and phosphate-catalyzed glucose by-product to escherichia coli o157:h7 and partial protection conferred by the rpos regulon. | a by-product of glucose produced during sterilization (121 degrees c, 15 lb/in2, 15 min) at neutral ph and in the presence of phosphate (i.e., phosphate-buffered saline) was bactericidal to escherichia coli o157:h7 (atcc 43895). other six-carbon (fructose and galactose) and five-carbon (arabinose, ribose, and xylose) reducing sugars also produced a toxic by-product under the same conditions. fructose and the five-carbon sugars yielded the most bactericidal activity. glucose concentrations of 1% ... | 1999 | 10347019 |
| shiga/verocytotoxins and shiga/verotoxigenic escherichia coli in animals. | vero/shiga toxins (vt/stx) have an a-b structure: the a subunit carries the enzymatic activity and the b subunit binds the toxin to the membrane receptor (gb3 or gb4). the vt/stx inhibit protein synthesis in the target eucaryotic cells, mainly the endothelial cells of blood vessels. the vt/stx are subdivided into two families. vt1/stx1 is a homogeneous family of toxins identical to the stx of shigella dysenteriae. vt2/stx2 is a more heterogeneous family of toxins more distantly related to this s ... | 1999 | 10367357 |
| the so-called chromosomal verotoxin genes are actually carried by defective prophages. | 1999 | 10382973 | |
| the aerobactin iron transport system genes in shigella flexneri are present within a pathogenicity island. | genes encoding the synthesis and transport of aerobactin, a hydroxamate siderophore associated with increased virulence of enteric bacteria, were mapped within a pathogenicity island in shigella flexneri. the island, designated shi-2 for shigella pathogenicity island 2, was located downstream of selc, the site of insertion of pathogenicity islands in several other enteric pathogens. dna sequence analysis revealed the presence of multiple insertion sequences upstream and downstream of the aerobac ... | 1999 | 10411724 |
| molecular characterization of the shv-11 beta-lactamase of shigella dysenteriae. | a beta-lactamase with an m(r) of 29,000 and a pi of 7.6 was partially purified from a clinical isolate of shigella dysenteriae. the bla gene encoded the shv-11 enzyme carrying the substitution leu-->gln at position 35 and was linked to a strong promoter. this variant, unlike the prototype shv-1 enzyme, hydrolyzed oxacillin, cloxacillin, and oxyiminocephalosporins such as cefotaxime. | 1999 | 10428943 |
| severe shigellosis in childhood. | a prospective study was performed on 20 bacteriologically proven pediatric cases of severe shigellosis admitted to the department of pediatrics, chulalongkorn hospital during march 1989 to march 1990. fourteen patients were male and six were female. shigella b was found in 85% and shigella d in 15% of cases. the major indications for admission were convulsions and dehydration. fifteen per cent of cases had underlying malignancies and 42.1% had malnutrition. most patients had a peak of fever betw ... | 1998 | 10437956 |
| risk factors for death in hospitalized dysentery patients in rwanda. | to evaluate the management of severe dysentery cases in in-patient facilities during an epidemic of shigella dysenteriae type 1 (sd1), and to identify the factors associated with the risk of death, we conducted a prospective cohort study in 10 rwandese hospitals between september and december 1994. data were obtained from 849 cases admitted to hospitals with diarrhoea and visible blood in stools. the proportion of patients with persistent bloody diarrhoea was 51.0% at treatment day 3 and 27.9% a ... | 1999 | 10444318 |
| evaluation of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis for typing of shigella dysenteriae type 1. | pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) has been used successfully to discriminate between strains of many different bacterial species. in this study, digestion of bacterial dna with the restriction endonuclease noti and pfge were evaluated for the typing of isolates of shigella dysenteriae type 1, an important cause of epidemic dysentery. there were 27 isolates from four outbreaks of dysentery, and 44 isolates from endemic dysentery cases and a laboratory culture collection. the epidemic isolat ... | 1999 | 10451002 |
| detection of shigellae from stools of dysentery patients by culture and polymerase chain reaction techniques. | in bangladesh, the isolation rates of shigella spp. range from 11% to 12% by the conventional culture technique. since the sensitivity of this technique is low, the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) technique was used for detecting small number of shigellae from patients' stools. sensitivity and specificity of the two techniques were also compared. stool samples were collected from 41 patients with dysentery who attended the clinical research and service centre of the icddr,b: centre for health an ... | 1998 | 10453122 |
| verocytotoxins (shiga-like toxins) produced by escherichia coli: a minireview of their classification, clinical presentations and management of a heterogeneous family of cytotoxins. | bacterial virulence usually requires the interaction of multiple factors in order to cause disease. the enterotoxins produced by certain strains of bacteria are proteins which vary in their mode of action, but do fall into two general groups; the cytotoxic and the cytotonic enterotoxins. while cytotoxic enterotoxins typically kill eucaryotic cells (eg. by inhibiting protein synthesis), cytotonic enterotoxins derange cell metabolism in specific ways (eg. by elevating cyclic nucleotide levels). so ... | 1999 | 10465326 |
| shiga toxin 2 promotes the stem cell differentiation into granulocytes in the bone marrow causing marked granulocytosis in the peripheral blood. | 1999 | 10468138 | |
| emerging and re-emerging diseases--epidemic enterohaemorrhagic infections 100 years after shiga. | 1999 | 10470309 | |
| typing and characterization of mechanisms of resistance of shigella spp. isolated from feces of children under 5 years of age from ifakara, tanzania. | eighty-six strains of shigella spp. were isolated during the dry season from stool samples of children under 5 years of age in ifakara, tanzania. the epidemiological relationship as well as the antimicrobial susceptibility and mechanisms of resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and co-trimoxazole were investigated. four different epidemiological tools, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge), repetitive extragenic palindromic (rep)-pcr, plasmid analysis, and antibiogram, were compared for t ... | 1999 | 10488163 |
| sequence analysis of stx2-converting phage vt2-sa shows a great divergence in early regulation and replication regions. | in enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli, shiga toxin is produced by lysogenic prophages. we have isolated the prophage vt2-sa that is responsible for production of shiga toxin type 2 protein, and determined the complete nucleotide sequence of this phage dna. the entire dna sequence consisted of 60,942 bp, exhibiting marked similarity to the 933w phage genome. however, several differences were observed in the immunity and replication regions, where ci, cii, ciii, n, cro, o, and p genes were present ... | 1999 | 10492170 |
| effect of shiga toxin on nacl transport in rat distal colon. | shiga toxin causes net fluid secretion in rabbit jejunum by selectively targeting, and inhibiting protein synthesis in, absorptive villous cells. the effect of shiga toxin on the colon, where it is presumably produced, is not known. this study was undertaken to investigate the effect of shiga toxin on the rat distal colon. | 1999 | 10499478 |
| global burden of shigella infections: implications for vaccine development and implementation of control strategies. | few studies provide data on the global morbidity and mortality caused by infection with shigella spp.; such estimates are needed, however, to plan strategies of prevention and treatment. here we report the results of a review of the literature published between 1966 and 1997 on shigella infection. the data obtained permit calculation of the number of cases of shigella infection and the associated mortality occurring worldwide each year, by age, and (as a proxy for disease severity) by clinical c ... | 1999 | 10516787 |
| purification and characterization of klebsiella pneumoniae cytotoxins. | isolation, purification and characterization of 3 new cytotoxins of a k. pneumoniae strain isolated from ready to eat pork sausage are reported. purification process involved extraction of cytotoxins with polymyxin b sulphate, salt precipitation, gel filtration and anion exchange chromatography. klebsiella cytotoxin (kct) i, a glycoprotein of about 65 kda was verocytotoxic, enterotoxic and dermonerotic. kct ii was erythemogenic, verocytotoxic and enterotoxic protein of co 55 kda, while kct iii w ... | 1999 | 10522158 |
| prevalence of shigella enterotoxins 1 and 2 among shigella strains isolated from patients with traveler's diarrhea. | shigella spp. are known primarily as a cause of bacillary dysentery. however, in an initial phase, numerous patients exhibit watery diarrhea that may or may not be followed by dysentery. new virulence factors associated with the species of shigella have recently been described. these are enterotoxins 1 and 2 of shigella (shet-1 and shet-2, respectively). the aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of shet-1 and shet-2 in species of shigella isolated from patients with traveler's ... | 1999 | 10523561 |
| dr. kiyoshi shiga: discoverer of the dysentery bacillus. | the clinical manifestations of dysentery have been described for centuries, and the prototypic bacterial agent, shigella dysenteriae, was identified 100 years ago. in the english language there has been remarkably little written about dr. kiyoshi shiga, discoverer of the dysentery bacillus. we submit a brief biography of dr. shiga and the circumstances leading to his discovery, which proved the bacterial etiology of nonamebic dysentery. | 1999 | 10524979 |
| structural studies utilizing 13c-enrichment of the o-antigen polysaccharide from the enterotoxigenic escherichia coli o159 cross-reacting with shigella dysenteriae type 4. | the structure of the o-antigen polysaccharide from escherichia coli o159 has been determined using primarily nmr spectroscopy of the 13c-enriched polysaccharide. the sequence of the sugar residues could be determined by heteronuclear multiple bond connectivity nmr experiments. the polysaccharide is composed of a pentasaccharide repeating unit with the following structure: [sequence: see text] matrix assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry was performed on intact lipopolysaccharide ... | 1999 | 10542072 |
| structural studies of the o-antigen polysaccharide from the enteroinvasive escherichia coli o164 cross-reacting with shigella dysenteriae type 3. | the structure of the o-antigen polysaccharide from escherichia coli o164 has been determined. nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy together with component and methylation analyses of lipid free polysaccharide were the principal methods used. the sequence of the sugar residues could be determined by noesy and heteronuclear multiple bond connectivity nmr experiments. it is concluded that the polysaccharide is composed of a pentasaccharide repeating unit with the following structure: [structure: ... | 1999 | 10561586 |
| role of nitric oxide in the enhancement of pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures caused by shigella dysenteriae. | convulsions and encephalopathy are frequent complications of childhood shigellosis. we studied the role of nitric oxide (no) in shigella-related seizures in an animal model. pretreatment of mice with shigella dysenteriae 60r sonicate elevated serum no levels and enhanced the convulsive response to pentylenetetrazole (ptz), as indicated by a higher mean convulsion score and a higher number of mice responding with seizures. treatment of the mice with s-methylisothiourea sulfate (smt), a potent inh ... | 1999 | 10569751 |
| activation of src family kinase yes induced by shiga toxin binding to globotriaosyl ceramide (gb3/cd77) in low density, detergent-insoluble microdomains. | shiga toxin (stx) is an enterotoxin produced by shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 and enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli, which binds specifically to globotriaosylceramide, gb3, on the cell surface and causes cell death. we previously demonstrated that stx induced apoptosis in human renal tubular cell line achn cells (taguchi, t., uchida, h., kiyokawa, n., mori, t., sato, n., horie, h., takeda, t and fujimoto, j. (1998) kidney int. 53, 1681-1688). to study the early signal transduction after stx a ... | 1999 | 10575015 |
| mechanisms of quinolone resistance in clinical isolates of shigella dysenteriae. | 1999 | 10577351 | |
| spontaneous tandem amplification and deletion of the shiga toxin operon in shigella dysenteriae 1. | only one species of shigella, shigella dysenteriae 1, has been demonstrated to produce shiga toxin (stx). stx is closely related to the toxins produced by shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec). in stec, these toxins are often encoded on lambdoid bacteriophages and are major virulence factors for these organisms. although the bacteriophage-encoded stx genes of stec are highly mobile, the stx genes in s. dysenteriae 1 have been believed to be chromosomally encoded and not transmissible. we ... | 1999 | 10594830 |
| promiscuous origin of a chimeric sequence in the escherichia coli o157:h7 genome. | a novel sequence of 2.9 kb in the intergenic region between the muts and rpos genes of escherichia coli o157:h7 and closely related strains replaces a sequence of 6.1 kb in e. coli k-12 strains. at the same locus in shigella dysenteriae type 1, a sequence identical to that in o157:h7 is bounded by the is1 insertion sequence element. extensive polymorphism in the muts-rpos chromosomal region is indicative of horizontal transfer events. | 1999 | 10601221 |
| i-ceui fragment analysis of the shigella species: evidence for large-scale chromosome rearrangement in s. dysenteriae and s. flexneri. | i-ceui fragments of four shigella species were analyzed to investigate their taxonomic distance from escherichia coli and to collect substantiated evidence of their genetic relatedness because their ribosomal rna sequences and similarity values of their chromosomal dna/dna hybridization had proved their taxonomic identity. i-ceui digestion of genomic dnas yielded seven fragments in every species, indicating that all the shigella species contained seven sets of ribosome rna operons. to determine ... | 2000 | 10612738 |
| production of ifn-gamma and il-10 to shigella invasins by mononuclear cells from volunteers orally inoculated with a shiga toxin-deleted shigella dysenteriae type 1 strain. | volunteers were orally administered invasive, non-shiga toxin-producing shigella dysenteriae 1 to establish a challenge model to assess vaccine efficacy. in stepwise fashion, four separate groups were given 3 x 10(2), 7 x 10(3), 5 x 10(4), or 7 x 10(5) cfu. using pbmc, proliferative responses and cytokine production were measured to s. dysenteriae whole-cell preparations and to purified recombinant invasion plasmid ags (ipa) c and ipad. anti-lps and anti-ipa abs and ab-secreting cells were also ... | 2000 | 10657678 |
| effects of caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid and ferulic acid on growth and arylamine n-acetyltransferase activity in shigella sonnei (group d). | arylamine n-acetyltransferase (nat) activities with 2-aminofluorene (2-af) as substrates were determined in shigella sonnei (group d) collected from patients with diarrhoeal disease. the nat activity was determined using an acetyl coa recycling assay and high pressure liquid chromatography. inhibition of growth studies from s. sonnei (group d) demonstrated that caffeic acid (ca), chlorogenic acid (cga) and ferulic acid (fa) elicited a dose-dependent bactericidal effect in s. sonnei (group d) cul ... | 2000 | 10677842 |
| evaluation of antibacterial activity of asparagus racemosus willd. root. | different concentrations (50, 100, 150 microg/ml) of the methanol extract of the roots of asparagus racemosus willd. showed considerable in vitro antibacterial efficacy against escherichia coli, shigella dysenteriae, shigella sonnei, shigella flexneri, vibrio cholerae, salmonella typhi, salmonella typhimurium, pseudomonas putida, bacillus subtilis and staphylococcus aureus. the effects produced by the methanol extract were compared with chloramphenicol. | 2000 | 10685109 |
| blocking bacterial enterotoxins. | 2000 | 10700222 | |
| a new biological agent for treatment of shiga toxigenic escherichia coli infections and dysentery in humans. | gastrointestinal disease caused by shiga toxin-producing bacteria (such as escherichia coli o157:h7 and shigella dysenteriae) is often complicated by life-threatening toxin-induced systemic sequelae, including hemolytic-uremic syndrome. such infections can now be diagnosed very early in the course of the disease, but at present no effective therapeutic intervention is possible. here, we constructed a recombinant bacterium that displayed a shiga toxin receptor mimic on its surface, and it adsorbe ... | 2000 | 10700227 |
| serogroup prevalence of shigellae in bombay. | prevalence of shigellae serotypes in bombay was studied from june 1988 to may 1991. a total of 2758 faecal specimens were collected from paediatric patients (< 12 yrs) with acute gastroenteritis. a total of 90 shigella were isolated giving the isolation rate of 3.2%. shigella flexneri was the predominant serogroup (73.3%) followed by shigella dysenteriae (16.6%). all the isolates were sensitive to nalidixic acid. eighty percent of the shigellae were multidrug resistant. present data were compare ... | 1995 | 10707731 |
| nmr spectroscopy, molecular dynamics, and conformation of a synthetic octasaccharide fragment of the o-specific polysaccharide of shigella dysenteriae type 1. | a synthetic octasaccharide fragment (2) of the o-specific polysaccharide (1) of shigella dysenteriae type 1 has been studied as its methyl glycoside by one- and two-dimensional homo- and heteronuclear nmr spectroscopy. complete 1h and 13c nmr assignments have been generated, and the 13c spin-lattice relaxation times have been measured for the octasaccharide 2. a congener (6) of this octasaccharide containing one d-galactose residue with a specific 13c label at c-1 has been synthesized and used t ... | 2000 | 10723612 |
| antimicrobial resistance trends in shigella serogroups isolated in israel, 1990-1995. | from a total of 31319 shigella strains isolated in israel between 1990 and 1996, 17574 were sent to the national shigella reference center for typing. of these, 15287 were identified as shigella sonnei, 1833 as shigella flexneri, 327 as shigella boydii and 127 as shigella dysenteriae. in all, 4395 strains were tested for sensitivity to ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid and ofloxacin. all strains tested were sensitive to ofloxacin, and only t ... | 2000 | 10746496 |
| intrafamilial person-to-person spread of bacillary dysentery due to shigella dysenteriae in southwestern saudi arabia. | to identify the factors that influence transmission of bacillary dysentry (bd) within families during a propagated outbreak of bacillary dysentery. | 1999 | 10750504 |
| comparison of six dose-response models for use with food-borne pathogens. | food-related illness in the united states is estimated to affect over six million people per year and cost the economy several billion dollars. these illnesses and costs could be reduced if minimum infectious doses were established and used as the basis of regulations and monitoring. however, standard methodologies for dose-response assessment are not yet formulated for microbial risk assessment. the objective of this study was to compare dose-response models for food-borne pathogens and determi ... | 1999 | 10765449 |
| induction of mrna for tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 beta in mice brain, spleen and liver in an animal model of shigella-related seizures. | the pathogenesis of neurological symptoms, the most common extraintestinal complication of childhood shigellosis, is unclear. to elucidate the mechanisms involved, we developed an animal model and demonstrated that tnf alpha and il-1 beta play a role. | 2000 | 10804924 |
| synthesis of the tetrasaccharide related to the repeating unit of the antigen from shigella dysenteriae type 5. | starting from l-rhamnose, d-mannose and 2-amino-2-deoxy-d-glucose hydrochloride, two disaccharide blocks, namely, ethyl 2,4-di-o-benzyl-3-o-[(r)-1-(methoxycarbonyl)ethyl]-alpha-l-rhamnopyranos yl-(1-->3)-2-o-acetyl-4,6-di-o-benzyl-1-thio-alpha-d-mannopyranoside and 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl 2-o-acetyl-3,6-di-o-benzyl-alpha-d-mannopyranosyl-(1-->3)-4,6-di-o-benzy l-2-deoxy-2-phthalimido-beta-d-glucopyranoside, were synthesised and then allowed to react in the presence of n-iodosuccinimide and trifl ... | 2000 | 10839118 |
| disease-dependent changes in t-cell populations in patients with shigellosis. | in shigellosis, bacterial infection is associated with an extensive inflammation of the rectal mucosa, resulting in bloody dysentery. the role of t-cell-mediated pro-inflammatory mechanisms has been implicated in this process, but the specific role of t-cell subsets is still not well understood. in this study we attempted to identify the changes in t-cell populations in patients with shigellosis during the disease course. the t-cell subset distribution was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in the ... | 2000 | 10843411 |
| antibacterial activity of a chitooligosaccharide mixture prepared by cellulase digestion of shrimp chitosan and its application to milk preservation. | the antibacterial activity of a chitooligosaccharide mixture prepared by digestion of shrimp chitosan with cellulase at 50 degrees c for 14 h was evaluated. sugars with 1 to 8 degrees of polymer (dp) were found in this chitooligosaccharide mixture, and the weight percentage of sugars with dp > or = 6 was 44.3%. minimal lethal concentrations of this mixture against aeromonas hydrophila, escherichia coli, listeria monocytogenes, pseudomonas aeruginosa, salmonella typhimurium, shigella dysenteriae, ... | 2000 | 10852568 |
| pcr detection of giardia lamblia in stool: targeting intergenic spacer region of multicopy rrna gene. | a pcr based detection that amplifies the 552-bp intergenic spacer (igs) region of multicopy rrna gene of giardia lamblia and 320-bp internal sequences to first pcr product has been used in diagnosis of giardiasis in stool sample. the primers were found highly specific to giardia spp. only, because no amplification was observed with dnas from other enteric pathogens like escherichia coli, shigella dysenteriae and entamoeba histolytica. the test could detect even less than 2 pg of genomic dna from ... | 2000 | 10860716 |
| predictors of mortality in children hospitalized with dysentery in harare, zimbabwe. | to document the pattern of complications and identify risk factors for subsequent mortality in a hospitalized paediatric population during a shigella dysenteriae type 1 epidemic. | 1998 | 10910572 |
| structural analysis of phage-borne stx genes and their flanking sequences in shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli and shigella dysenteriae type 1 strains. | the stx-flanking regions of 49 shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli strains and nine shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 strains containing either stx, stx(1), stx(2), or stx(2) variant genes, were examined. we analyzed these regions by pcr using a set of primers with one primer specific for the respective stx gene and a second primer complementary to sequences of stx phages h-19b and 933w. we further characterized the amplification products by restriction endonuclease digestion and nucleotide seq ... | 2000 | 10948097 |
| [acute encephalopathy in children: a serious illness after an inauspicious beginning]. | three young children, 2 girls of 6 and 3.5 years and 1 boy aged 3.5 years, had complaints like vomiting and fever of what initially was thought to be a minor infection. however, their condition deteriorated within two days to such an extent that they died while being treated on the intensive care department. the rapid drop in consciousness, sometimes accompanied by convulsions, is an expression of increased intracranial pressure resulting from diffuse brain oedema, which itself is probably cause ... | 2000 | 10965363 |
| escherichia coli shiga toxin. | the stx family contains two types called stx1 (verotoxin 1: vt1 or shiga-like toxin: slt1) and stx2 (vt2, slt2); both toxins are encoded by bacteriophages. stx1 is identical to shiga toxin produced by shigella dysenteriae type i. stx2 is heterogeneous and immunologically different from stx1. although many variations are found in stx family, all stx has an a-b structure: the a subunit has n-glycosidase activity and the b subunit binds to a membrane glycolipid, globotriaosylceramide (gb3). the a s ... | 2000 | 10994531 |
| characterization and expression of hmur, a tonb-dependent hemoglobin receptor of porphyromonas gingivalis. | the gram-negative pathogen porphyromonas gingivalis requires hemin for growth. hemoglobin bound to haptoglobin and hemin complexed to hemopexin can be used as heme sources, indicating that p. gingivalis must have a means to remove the hemin from these host iron-binding proteins. however, the specific mechanisms utilized by p. gingivalis for the extraction of heme from heme-binding proteins and for iron transport are poorly understood. in this study we have determined that a newly identified tonb ... | 2000 | 11004172 |
| role of porin of shigella dysenteriae type 1 in modulation of lipopolysaccharide mediated nitric oxide and interleukin-1 release by murine peritoneal macrophages. | the ability of shigella dysenteriae type 1 porin to induce the release of nitric oxide (no) and interleukin-1 (il-1) from peritoneal macrophages of mouse and to regulate lipopolysaccharide (lps) and gamma interferon (ifn-gamma) mediated release of the two proinflammatory mediators was investigated. porin released nitrite when added to macrophage cultures. a maximum of 3.2-fold nitrite release by macrophages was observed with 100 ng ml(-1) of porin. the nitrite release of lps was enhanced signifi ... | 2000 | 11024352 |
| tonb is required for intracellular growth and virulence of shigella dysenteriae. | to assess the importance of tonb-dependent iron transport systems to growth of shigella in vivo, a tonb mutant of shigella dysenteriae was isolated and tested in cultured cells. the tonb mutant invaded epithelial cells, but did not form plaques in confluent monolayers of henle cells, indicating an inability of this mutant to spread from cell to cell. the rate of intracellular multiplication of the tonb mutant was reduced significantly compared to that of the wild type. the loss of virulence in t ... | 2000 | 11035742 |
| a novel is-like element frequently inserted in a putative virulence regulator in bovine mastitis isolates of streptococcus dysgalactiae. | streptococcus dysgalactiae, a lancefield group c streptococcus, is commonly isolated from bovine mastitis. we recently identified a putative regulon in two s. dysgalactiae strains, 8215 and epi9, consisting of two consecutive genes, dmg and dem, coding for a possible regulatory protein and an m-like protein with fibrinogen- and igg-binding-properties, respectively. during these studies a short sequence homologous to an is element was found to be inserted in the dmg gene of strain 8215. the prese ... | 2000 | 11078648 |
| rupture, invasion and inflammatory destruction of the intestinal barrier by shigella, making sense of prokaryote-eukaryote cross-talks. | 2001 | 11152938 | |
| molecular and phenotypic characterization of potentially new shigella dysenteriae serotype. | from september 1997 to november 1998, the french national center for salmonella and shigella received 22 shigella isolates recovered from 22 different patients suffering from dysentery. none of these isolates reacted with any of the antisera used to identify established shigella serotypes, but all of them agglutinated in the presence of antisera to a previously described potentially new shigella dysenteriae serotype (represented by strain 96-204) primarily isolated from stool cultures of importe ... | 2001 | 11158117 |
| clonal relationships among shigella serotypes suggested by cryptic flagellin gene polymorphism. | the presence of cryptic flic alleles in the genomes of 120 strains representative of the four shigella species was investigated. one fragment was obtained by pcr amplification of flic, with a size varying from 1.2 to 3.2 kbp, depending on the species or serotype. after digestion with endonuclease hhai, the number of fragments in patterns varied from three to nine, with sizes of between 115 and 1,020 bp. patterns sharing most of their bands were grouped to constitute an f type. a total of 17 diff ... | 2001 | 11158126 |
| phylogenetic evidence for horizontal transfer of muts alleles among naturally occurring escherichia coli strains. | muts mutators accelerate the bacterial mutation rate 100- to 1,000-fold and relax the barriers that normally restrict homeologous recombination. these mutators thus afford the opportunity for horizontal exchange of dna between disparate strains. while much is known regarding the muts phenotype, the evolutionary structure of the muts(+) gene in escherichia coli remains unclear. the physical proximity of muts to an adjacent polymorphic region of the chromosome suggests that this gene itself may be ... | 2001 | 11160094 |
| antimicrobial and phytochemical studies on 45 indian medicinal plants against multi-drug resistant human pathogens. | ethanolic extracts of 45 indian medicinal plants traditionally used in medicine were studied for their antimicrobial activity against certain drug-resistant bacteria and a yeast candida albicans of clinical origin. of these, 40 plant extracts showed varied levels of antimicrobial activity against one or more test bacteria. anticandidal activity was detected in 24 plant extracts. overall, broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity was observed in 12 plants (l. inermis, eucalyptus sp., h. antidysentric ... | 2001 | 11167029 |
| shigellae control the gates of ll. | 2001 | 11175842 | |
| downregulation of bactericidal peptides in enteric infections: a novel immune escape mechanism with bacterial dna as a potential regulator. | antibacterial peptides are active defense components of innate immunity. several studies confirm their importance at epithelial surfaces as immediate barrier effectors in preventing infection. here we report that early in shigella spp. infections, expression of the antibacterial peptides ll-37 and human beta-defensin-1 is reduced or turned off. the downregulation is detected in biopsies from patients with bacillary dysenteries and in shigella- infected cell cultures of epithelial and monocyte or ... | 2001 | 11175848 |
| microbiological survey of retail herbs and spices from mexican markets. | in the present study, 304 samples of herbs and spices (garlic powder, cumin seeds, black pepper, oregano, and bay leaves) widely used in mexico were analyzed for the presence of bacillus cereus, salmonella typhi, shigella dysenteriae, escherichia coli, total and fecal coliforms, total mesophilic aerobic organisms, and fungi. samples were nonpackaged or packaged in polyethylene bags or glass containers. high levels (10(5) to 10(7) cfu/g) of mesophilic aerobic microorganisms were found in most of ... | 2001 | 11198448 |
| [effect of hydroxylamine hydrochloride on lipopolysaccharide fatty acid composition in shigella dysenteriae 1]. | changes in the fatty acid composition of s. dysenteriae 1 lipid a after the treatment of lipopolysaccharide (lps) with hydrosylamine hydrochloride (hh) and 4 degrees c, 37 degrees c and 56 degrees c were studied with the use of gas-liquid chromatographicmass-spectrometry. the treatment with hh led to a decrease in the toxicity of lps, but produced no changes in the content of the main fatty acid components of lipid a (lauric, myristic, oxymyristic and palmitic acids). at the same time the total ... | 2000 | 11210628 |
| an outbreak of dysentery in a rural district of zimbabwe: the role of personal hygiene at public gatherings. | to characterize the nature and extent of the outbreak; to determine the risk factors associated with contracting shigellosis; and to institute disease control and preventive measures. | 2000 | 11235056 |
| impaired imipenem uptake associated with alterations in outer membrane proteins and lipopolysaccharides in imipenem-resistant shigella dysenteriae. | three imipenem-resistant mutants were obtained from a clinical isolate (c152) of shigella dysenteriae by selection with increasing concentrations of imipenem. resistance to imipenem was associated with resistance to several other beta-lactam antibiotics. the penicillin-binding protein (pbp) patterns of the resistant and the wild-type strains were comparable. the permeability of the outer membrane proteins (omps) of the most resistant mutant, im16, was lower than that of the parent strain c152 wh ... | 1999 | 11252324 |
| shigella spp. surveillance in indonesia: the emergence or reemergence of s. dysenteriae. | from june 1998 through november 1999, shigella spp. were isolated in 5% of samples from 3,848 children and adults with severe diarrheal illness in hospitals throughout indonesia. s. dysenteriae has reemerged in bali, kalimantan, and batam and was detected in jakarta after a hiatus of 15 years. | 2001 | 11266305 |
| re-evaluating criteria for peritoneal dialysis in "classical" (d+) hemolytic uremic syndrome. | indications for peritoneal dialysis in children with post-dysenteric hemolytic uremic syndrome (d+ hus) have not been thoroughly evaluated. although early institution of dialysis may reduce mortality, the procedure has attendant complications. | 2001 | 11269677 |
| antimicrobial-resistant bacterial diarrhea in rural western kenya. | bacterial diarrheal diseases cause substantial morbidity and mortality in sub-saharan africa, but data on the epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of enteric bacterial pathogens are limited. between may 1997 and april 1998, a clinic-based surveillance for diarrheal disease was conducted in asembo, a rural area in western kenya. in total, 729 diarrheal specimens were collected, and 244 (33%) yielded >or=1 bacterial pathogen, as determined by standard culture techniques; 107 (44% ... | 2001 | 11343224 |
| epidemiology of postshigellosis persistent diarrhea in young children. | dysentery accounts for 20% of the 4.6 million diarrhea-associated deaths among children in developing countries, with the risk from death in dysenteric persistent diarrhea 10-fold higher than that in acute dysentery. although shigella accounts for the majority of dysenteric episodes, very little is known about the epidemiology of postshigellosis persistent diarrhea. | 2001 | 11368112 |
| the shus protein of shigella dysenteriae is a heme-sequestering protein that also binds dna. | the ability of shigella dysenteriae to utilize heme as an iron source is dependent on the iron-regulated expression of a number of genes including the outermembrane receptor shua and the cytoplasmic protein shus. the shus protein has no sequence homology with any proteins of known function and its role in heme acquisition has not been determined. in this paper we describe the purification and characterization of shus. the soluble oligomeric protein (650 kda) is composed of a single type of subun ... | 2001 | 11368175 |
| etiology of children's diarrhea in montevideo, uruguay: associated pathogens and unusual isolates. | we studied microorganisms associated with infant diarrhea in a group of 256 children admitted to a public pediatric hospital in montevideo, uruguay. diagnostic procedures were updated to optimize detection of potential pathogens, which were found in 63.8% of cases, and to be able to define their characteristics down to molecular or antigenic type. coinfection with two or more agents was detected in more than one-third of positive studies. escherichia coli enteric virotypes, especially enteropath ... | 2001 | 11376047 |
| effect of shiga toxin and shiga-like toxins on eukaryotic cells. | shigella dysenteriae and shiga-toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) elaborate the ab holotoxins, shiga or shiga-like toxins (stx). stx play a major role in the pathogenesis of haemorrhagic colitis and haemolytic uremic syndrome. this review provides an overview of the mechanisms of action of stx and a model of the pathogenesis of stx-induced disease. | 2001 | 11377211 |
| tetracycline antibiotics: mode of action, applications, molecular biology, and epidemiology of bacterial resistance. | tetracyclines were discovered in the 1940s and exhibited activity against a wide range of microorganisms including gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, chlamydiae, mycoplasmas, rickettsiae, and protozoan parasites. they are inexpensive antibiotics, which have been used extensively in the prophlylaxis and therapy of human and animal infections and also at subtherapeutic levels in animal feed as growth promoters. the first tetracycline-resistant bacterium, shigella dysenteriae, was isolated i ... | 2001 | 11381101 |
| adherence of shigella dysenteriae 1 to human colonic mucin. | the pathogenic potential of shigella is correlated with the ability of the organism to invade and multiply within the cells of colonic epithelium. although invasion is the ultimate event, a preceding step is adherence. shigella dysenteriae 1 preferentially adhered to colonic mucin and not to small intestinal mucin. the pathogen showed a very strong adherence pattern to human colonic mucin when compared with guinea pig and rat mucin. the adherence pattern of s. dysenteriae 1 was not altered on pr ... | 2001 | 11381327 |
| lactobacilli in human dental caries and saliva. | samples (98 plaque and 72 saliva) from 93 patients with dental caries were investigated for lactobacillus species which comprised 65 (62.5%) of 104 isolates. yeasts (20.1%), streptococcus spp. (8.7%), staphylococcus spp. (2.9%) and a few unidentified species (5.8%), were also found. the lactobacillus isolates were l. brevis (24.6%) l. fermentum (18.5%) l. casei (16.9%), l. delbrueckii (15.4%), l. plantarum (9.23%), l. acidophilus (7.69%), l. jensenii (4.62%), l. salivarius (1.54%) and l. gasseri ... | 2001 | 11393751 |
| cloning, overexpression, purification, and immunobiology of an 85-kilodalton outer membrane protein from haemophilus ducreyi. | we have identified an 85-kda outer membrane protein that is expressed by all tested strains of haemophilus ducreyi. studies of related proteins from other pathogenic bacteria, including haemophilus influenzae, pasteurella multocida, neisseria gonorrhoeae, neisseria meningitidis, and shigella dysenteriae, suggested a role for these proteins in pathogenesis and immunity. in keeping with the first such described protein from haemophilus influenzae type b, we termed the h. ducreyi protein d15. the g ... | 2001 | 11401984 |
| a weighted composite dose-response model for human salmonellosis. | this article describes the development of a weighted composite dose-response model for human salmonellosis. data from previously reported human challenge studies were categorized into two different groups representing low and moderately virulent/pathogenic salmonella strains based on a disease end point. because epidemiological data indicate that some salmonella strains are particularly pathogenic, and in the absence of human feeding study data for such strains, shigella dysenteriae was used as ... | 2001 | 11414538 |
| antimicrobial agent resistance in bacterial isolates from patients with diarrhea and urinary tract infection in the sudan. | antimicrobial sensitivity tests were performed on four-hundred and ninety-seven bacterial isolates from sudanese patients with diarrhea or urinary tract infections. shigella dysenteriae type i and enteropathogenic escherichia coli showed high resistance rates (percentage of isolates showing antibiotic resistance) against the commonly-used antimicrobial agents: ampicillin, amoxicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, cotrimoxazole, nalidixic acid, sulfonamide, and neomycin, and were completely sen ... | 2000 | 11421374 |
| characterization of cryptic flagellin genes in shigella boydii and shigella dysenteriae. | flagellin (flic) genes of 12 shigella boydii and five shigella dysenteriae strains were characterized. though these strains are nonmotile, the cryptic flicsb gene, cloned from s. boydii strain c3, is functional for expression of flagellin. it consists of 1,704 bp, and encodes 568 amino acid residues (57,918 da). the flicsd gene from s. dysenteriae strain 16 consists of 1,650 bp encoding 549 amino acid residues (57,591 da) and contains an is1 element inserted in its 3' end. the two genes are comp ... | 2001 | 11434456 |
| drug-induced thrombotic microangiopathy: incidence, prevention and management. | the term thrombotic microangiopathy (tma) describes syndromes characterised by microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia and variable signs of organ damage due to platelet thrombi in the microcirculation. in children, infections with shigella dysenteriae type 1 or particular strains of escherichia coli are the most common cause of tma; in adults, a variety of underlying causes have been identified, such as bacterial and viral infections, bone marrow and organ transplantation, pregnan ... | 2001 | 11444722 |
| inverse expression of p(k) and luke blood group antigens on human rbcs. | luke (lke) is a high-frequency rbc antigen, related to the p blood group system. a lke-negative phenotype is found in 1 to 2 percent of donors and may be associated with increased p(k). because p(k) and similar glycolipids are receptors for shiga toxin on cell membranes, a lke-negative phenotype could have implications for infections by shigella dysenteriae and enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli. | 2001 | 11452158 |
| dysentery in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus in zimbabwe: an emerging role for schistosoma mansoni and escherichia coli o157? | information on bloody diarrhoea in hiv-positives is scarce. a prospective study was therefore performed, in zimbabwe, to determine and compare the pathogens associated with bloody diarrhoea in 25 antiretroviral-naïve hiv-infected patients and 15 non-hiv-infected patients. stool cultures and colonic biopsies were performed. shigella was isolated from 18 (45%) of the subjects, schistosoma mansoni from eight (16%), escherichia coli h7:o157 from three (8%) and campylobacter jejunii from two (5%). th ... | 2001 | 11487372 |
| correlation between congo red binding and contact haemolysin production in shigella species. | haemolytic strains of shigella dysenteriae type 1, shigella flexneri, shigella boydii and shigella sonnei cultured on congo red agar produced pigmented colonies (pcr+) whereas nonhaemolytic strains produced white colonies and did not bind congo red (pcr-). s. flexneri-1 haemolysin negative mutant (lacking plasmid) of haemolysin positive prototroph also did not bind congo red and produced nonpigmented colonies. among the twelve strains of shigella included in this study, the characteristics of co ... | 2001 | 11491522 |
| shiga toxins. | shiga toxin and shiga-like toxins belong to the group of protein toxins which have a moiety that binds to the cell surface and another enzymatically active moiety that after entry into the cytosol inhibits protein synthesis enzymatically. the toxins can also cause apoptosis by mechanisms that may be different from the effect on the protein synthesis machinery. shigella dysenteriae, some strains of escherichia coli as well as other bacteria can secrete such toxins which cause serious complication ... | 2001 | 11595626 |
| sequence analysis of four shigella boydii o-antigen loci: implication for escherichia coli and shigella relationships. | shigella strains are in reality clones of escherichia coli and are believed to have emerged relatively recently (g. m. pupo, r. lan, and p. r. reeves, proc. natl. acad. sci. usa 97:10567-10572, 2000). there are 33 o-antigen forms in these shigella clones, of which 12 are identical to o antigens of other e. coli strains. we sequenced o-antigen gene clusters from shigella boydii serotypes 4, 5, 6, and 9 and also studied the o53- and o79-antigen gene clusters of e. coli, encoding o antigens identic ... | 2001 | 11598067 |
| synthesis of glycoconjugate vaccines against shigella dysenteriae type 1. | syntheses of a hexadecasaccharide and smaller fragments corresponding to one-four repeating units of the o-specific polysaccharide of shigella dysenteriae type 1 are reported in a reactive aglycon-linked from. two tetrasaccharide donor/acceptor repeating units were assembled from monosaccharide precursors in a stepwise fashion and used in a linear, iterative manner to construct the higher-membered saccharides using schmidt's glycosylation technique that proved superior to others tested. single-p ... | 1998 | 11672203 |
| gene cloning and characterization of alanine racemases from shigella dysenteriae, shigella boydii, shigella flexneri, and shigella sonnei. | alanine racemase genes (alr) from shigella dysenteriae, shigella boydii, shigella flexneri, and shigella sonnei were cloned and expressed in escherichia coli jm109. all genes encoded a polypeptide of 359 amino acids, and showed more than 99% sequence identities with each other. in particular, the s. dysenteriae alr was identical with the s. flexneri alr. differences in the amino acid sequences between the four shigella enzymes were only two residues: gly138 in s. dysenteriae and s. flexneri (glu ... | 2001 | 11676496 |
| shiga-toxin-converting bacteriophages. | shiga toxins (stx) comprise a family of potent cytotoxins that are involved in severe human disease. stx are mainly produced by escherichia coli isolated from human and nonhuman sources, and by shigella dysenteriae type 1. the genes encoding stx are thought to be generally encoded in the genome of lambdoid prophages (stx-converting bacteriophages; stx phages). they share a unique position in the late region of the phage genome downstream of the late promoter pr'. this location suggests that expr ... | 2001 | 11686382 |
| pathogenesis of infectious diarrhea. | a brief overview of some of the main features involved in normal physiological bi-directional absorption and secretion of fluid in the gut is given, including the nature and cellular location of key enzymes, ion pumps, symports, antiports and diffusion channels; the microanatomy of intestinal villous vasculature and the dynamics of villus blood flow, which together generate hypertonic zones in villus tip regions; and the production, differentiation, escalator movement (from crypt to villus tip) ... | 2001 | 11694903 |
| validation of salmonellosis and shigellosis diagnostic test kits at a provincial hospital in thailand. | rapid diagnosis of salmonellosis and shigellosis was performed using six different diagnostic test kits which recently have been made available commercially. they were salmo-dot, typhi-dot, shigel dot a, b, c, and d test kits for detection of salmonella spp., group d salmonellae, and groups a, b, c, and d shigella spp., respectively. the principle of all test kits is a membrane (dot) elisa using specific monoclonal antibodies to the respective pathogens as the detection reagents. the present stu ... | 2001 | 11699718 |