| two-stage anaerobic digestion process for complete inactivation of enteric bacterial pathogens in human night soil. | anaerobic digestion offers a good alternative for human waste treatment. however, the fate of enteric bacterial pathogens present in human night soil (hns) remains a major concern for hygienic safety of the process. a two-stage anaerobic digestion process, consisting of separate acidogenic and methanogenic digesters, was designed and its efficacy in the inactivation of salmonella typhi was compared to a single-stage digestion process. in a single-stage digestion, complete pathogen inactivation w ... | 2004 | 15536996 |
| trends in shigella outbreaks in the israeli military over 15 years. | | 2005 | 15578249 |
| porin of shigella dysenteriae enhances toll-like receptors 2 and 6 of mouse peritoneal b-2 cells and induces the expression of immunoglobulin m, immunoglobulin g2a and immunoglobulin a. | porin of shigella dysenteriae type 1 increased the mrna levels for toll-like receptors tlr2 and tlr6, by 1.8-fold and twofold, respectively, in peritoneal cavity b-2 cells from c57bl/6 mice, implicating that the co-expression of tlr2 and tlr6 occurs as a combinatorial repertoire in response to porin. among the two key tlrs, tlr2 and tlr4, which are primarily responsible for recognizing the majority of bacterial products, tlr2 alone participates in porin recognition. tlr2 expression was increased ... | 2005 | 15606799 |
| role of 57 kda major antigenic component of shigella dysenteriae outer membrane proteins in induction of major histocompatibility complex ii-restricted t-cell response. | in the past, many shigella surface antigens were used to activate both t and b lymphocytes but failed to induce antigen-specific responses in shigellosis. our objective was to identify in vitro t-cell components using 57 kda major antigenic fraction of shigella dysenteriae 1 (ipc-31) outer membrane proteins (omps) in modulating specific t-cell subset responses against shigellosis. | 2004 | 15610914 |
| release of shiga toxin by membrane vesicles in shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 strains and in vitro effects of antimicrobials on toxin production and release. | effects of various antimicrobials on in vitro shiga toxin production and release by shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 was investigated in this study with particular reference to the role of outer membrane vesicles in toxin release by the organism. five antimicrobials, namely nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, fosfomycin and mitomycin c, were chosen for the study and the toxin titre was measured by the reverse passive latex agglutination (rpla) method using an available kit. only mitomycin ... | 2004 | 15611613 |
| [modulation of immune system cells by lactobacilli]. | the influence of lactobacilli on the proliferative potential of immune system cells after the intragastral administration of viable microbial cells and their native filtrates to mice cba is evaluated. the data have been obtained on the modulating influence of lactobacilli on the formation of t- and b-cell immune response--their role in maintaining homeostatsis and specific features of cell mediated immune reactions after the intragastral administration of virulent shigella dysenteriae for modeli ... | 2004 | 15636142 |
| a novel shigella dysenteriae serovar isolated in canada. | the etiological agent most commonly associated with bacillary dysentery is shigella. as part of its mandate, the bacteriology and enteric disease program of health canada identifies and serotypes unusual isolates of shigella received from provincial laboratories of public health. in this report, six unusual isolates from three provinces were analyzed biochemically and serologically using slide and tube agglutinations and molecularly using standard pulsed-filed gel electrophoresis (pfge), pcr, an ... | 2005 | 15695673 |
| molecular strategies for the detection, identification, and differentiation between enteroinvasive escherichia coli and shigella spp. | a strategy for the detection, identification, and differentiation of enteroinvasive escherichia coli (eiec) and shigella spp. has been developed. the strategy includes (i) a multiplex pcr for the amplification of two virulence genes, i.e., iuc (222 bp) and ipah (629 bp); (ii) amplification of the ial gene (a 1,038-bp amplicon) located within a large plasmid; and (iii) restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) of the ial gene amplicon. the multiplex pcr provided three patterns. pattern 1 (i ... | 2005 | 15726963 |
| comparative evaluation of apoptosis induced by shiga toxin 1 and/or lipopolysaccharides in human monocytic and macrophage-like cells. | the enteric pathogens shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 and shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli share the property of expressing the structurally and functionally related cytotoxins that comprise the shiga toxin (stx) family. stx-producing bacteria are causative agents of bloody diarrheal diseases that may progress to life threatening complications involving the destruction of blood vessels in the kidneys and the central nervous system (cns). the precise mechanisms of toxin transport across the ... | 2005 | 15748808 |
| [infectious etiology of dysenteric syndromes at the principal hospital of dakar in 1999 and 2000]. | dysenteric syndromes are relatively frequent in tropical areas, due essentially to infectious etiologies, constituted by flimsy pathogenic agents outside and possibilities of laboratory investigations little available. the authors evaluated during two years (1990-2000) the results of 399 parasitological examinations and 419 bacteriological examinations concerning dysenteric syndromes admitted to the laboratory of "hopital principal de dakar". the objective of these examination is to contribute t ... | 2002 | 15776602 |
| [place and resistance of epidemic strains of shigella dysenteriae-1 isolated at the fann hospital from 1995 to 1999]. | shigella dysenteriae-1 (s.d-1) takes a more and more important place in intertropical countries, with multiresistant strains to antibiotics. the objectives of the study is to determine the prevalence of s.d-1 among bacterial isolations at fann hospital at dakar, and to identify the resistant profiles of the strains. this retrospective study was conducted on the strains isolated between 1995 and 1999 by examination of faeces for bacterial pathogens. the susceptibility of the strains to antibiotic ... | 2002 | 15776683 |
| [shigella bacteraemia: a report of two cases observed in dakar]. | shigellosis is usually a self-limiting enteric disease, rarely accompanied by extra-intestinal manifestations. in senegal, shigella bacteraemia is poorly documented. the authors report two retrospective cases of shigella dysenteriae 1 bacteraemia in an infant aged 12 months and a 32 years-old adult admitted at the infectious diseases clinic in dakar. in both cases, a fatal outcome was observed, in relation to complications: endotoxic shock in the infant, severe intestinal haemorrhage in the adul ... | 2000 | 15779184 |
| the use of a genetic algorithm search for molecular mechanics (mm3)-based conformational analysis of oligosaccharides. | we have implemented a system called glygal that can perform conformational searches on oligosaccharides using several different genetic algorithm (ga) search methods. the searches are performed in the torsion angle conformational space, considering both the primary glycosidic linkages as well as the pendant groups (c-5-c-6 and hydroxyl groups) where energy calculations are performed using the mm3(96) force field. the system includes a graphical user interface for setting calculation parameters a ... | 2005 | 15780270 |
| alteration in the gyra subunit of dna gyrase and the parc subunit of topoisomerase iv in quinolone-resistant shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 clinical isolates from kolkata, india. | | 2005 | 15793166 |
| isolation and characterization of provisional serovar shigella boydii e16553 from diarrhoeal patients in bangladesh. | in previous studies with strains of the shigella dysenteriae provisional serovars e22383 and e23507 from diarrhoeal stools from patients in bangladesh, two strains of shigella species were identified as shigella boydii provisional serovar e16553 by a reference laboratory. further tests with an antiserum to an international type strain of the provisional serovar e16553 identified an additional 15 isolates. none of the isolates reacted with antisera to the established shigella serovars or any othe ... | 2005 | 15824427 |
| an unusual cluster of dysentery due to shigella dysenteriae type 4 in dhaka, bangladesh. | | 2005 | 15824434 |
| shigellosis. | shigellosis is a global human health problem. four species of shigella i.e. s. dysenteriae, s. flexneri, s. boydii and s. sonnei are able to cause the disease. these species are subdivided into serotypes on the basis of o-specific polysaccharide of the lps. shigella dysenteriae type 1 produces severe disease and may be associated with life-threatening complications. the symptoms of shigellosis include diarrhoea and/or dysentery with frequent mucoid bloody stools, abdominal cramps and tenesmus. s ... | 2005 | 15880088 |
| cytokine release induced by killed bacteria associated with anti-ifn-gamma antibody in shigella infection. | an effort was made to analyze the effect of in vitro stimulation on macrophages using killed shigella dysenteriae type-1 (ksd1) coupled with anti-interferon gamma (anti-ifn-gamma) antibody. the stimulated macrophages were co-cultured with primed or non-primed t-cells from shigella infected patients. t-cell cultures were also established by co-culturing ksd1 coupled with or without pha stimulated macrophages. emulsified ksd1 coupled with anti-ifn-gamma antibody was found to act as a potent immuno ... | 2005 | 15894487 |
| antibacterial activity of the essential oil from cymbopogon nervatus inflorescence. | antibacterial activity of essential oil of dried inflorescence of cymbopogon nervatus was investigated. the essential oil remarkably inhibited the growth of tested bacteria except for salmonella typhi. the maximum activity was against shigella dysenteriae and klebsiella pneumoniae. | 2005 | 15896926 |
| antidiarrhoeal activity of the methanol extract of the barks of xylocarpus moluccensis in castor oil- and magnesium sulphate-induced diarrhoea models in mice. | the methanol (meoh) extract of the barks of xylocarpus moluccensis, and different fractions of this extract were studied for antidiarrhoeal activity using castor oil- and magnesium sulphate-induced diarrhoea models in mice. at the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg, the meoh extract showed significant antidiarrhoeal activity in both models. the etoac fraction (eaf) and the residual meoh fraction (rmf) exhibited similar activity using a dose of 250 mg/kg in both models. no antidiarrhoeal activity was obs ... | 2005 | 15905054 |
| phosphotidylinositol-3 kinase-mediated signals in mice immunized with the 57 kda major antigenic outer-membrane protein of shigella dysenteriae type 1. | antigen-specific t-cell signalling via t-cell antigen receptor stimulation was carried out in balb/c mice immunized with the 57 kda major antigenic component of shigella dysenteriae 1 outer-membrane proteins. in presence of anti-cd3, the 57 kda antigen was found to increase the level of il-2 significantly instead of il-4. il-2 production in t cells was consistent with an increase in intracellular free ca(2+) [(ca(2+))i] concentration. the antigen-specific modulation was observed during t-cell si ... | 2005 | 15947427 |
| epidemic strain shigella dysenteriae type 1 dt66 encodes several drug resistances by chromosome. | multiple antibiotic-resistant strains of shigella dysenteriae type 1 were isolated from an epidemic in west bengal, india (1984). during the past two decades, much attention was given to reevaluation of treatment recommendations. however, there are no useful data on drug resistance encoded by chromosome. | 2005 | 15950082 |
| distribution of genes encoding the microbial non-oxidative reversible hydroxyarylic acid decarboxylases/phenol carboxylases. | bacterial non-oxidative, reversible multi subunit hydroxyarylic acid decarboxylases/phenol carboxylases are encoded by the three clustered genes, b, c, and d, of approximately 0.6, 1.4, and 0.2 kb, respectively. there are more than 160 homologues in the database with significant similarity to gene b (homology to ubix) and c (ubid) distributed in all three microbial domains, however, homologues to gene d, are not numerous ( approximately 15). the occurrence of the entire bcd gene cluster encoding ... | 2005 | 15979273 |
| shigella dysenteriae shus promotes utilization of heme as an iron source and protects against heme toxicity. | shigella dysenteriae serotype 1, a major cause of bacillary dysentery in humans, can use heme as a source of iron. genes for the transport of heme into the bacterial cell have been identified, but little is known about proteins that control the fate of the heme molecule after it has entered the cell. the shus gene is located within the heme transport locus, downstream of the heme receptor gene shua. shus is a heme binding protein, but its role in heme utilization is poorly understood. in this wo ... | 2005 | 16077111 |
| synergistic antimicrobial activity of tea & antibiotics. | tea leaves are known for its antibacterial activity against many microorganisms. in this study we attempted to describe the synergistic antimicrobial activity of tea and antibiotics against enteropathogens. antimicrobial activity of boiled water tea extract and organic solvent extract were studied against salmonella typhimurium 1402/84, s. typhi, s. typhi ty2a, shigella dysenteriae, yersinia enterocolitica c770, and escherichia coli (epec p2 1265) determining minimum inhibitory concentration (mi ... | 2005 | 16106094 |
| metal binding and antibacterial activity of ciprofloxacin complexes. | four novel cobalt(ii), copper(ii), nickel(ii) and zinc(ii) complexes of the fluoroquinolone antibiotic ciprofloxacin have been prepared. the compounds were characterized by ir, uv-visible, molar conductivity and elemental analyses. in all of the complexes, the drug ligand, ciprofloxacin (cfl) was coordinated through two carbonyl oxygen atoms. octahedral and square-planar geometries have been proposed for the cobalt(ii), nickel(ii) and zinc(ii), and copper(ii) complexes, respectively. in vitro te ... | 2005 | 16119203 |
| involvement of prostaglandins in an animal model of shigella-related seizures. | we investigated whether prostaglandins (pgs), proinflammatory mediators implicated in excitatory activity, are involved in shigella-related seizures. pretreatment with s. dysenteriae sonicate (2ld(50)) enhanced mice response to pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures, without increase of brain concentrations of pge(2), pgd(2) or pgf(2alpha). preinjection of ns-398, an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2, before treatment with shigella sonicate, had no effect on seizures. the anticonvulsive pgd(2) increase ... | 2005 | 16139898 |
| haemolytic uraemic syndrome due to ciprofloxacin-resistant shigella dysenteriae serotype 1. | a case of haemolytic uraemic syndrome following dysentery due to ciprofloxacin-resistant shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 is reported for the first time. the increasing resistance of s. dysenteriae serotype 1 to many commonly available antimicrobial agents has implications for the management of dysentery. the choice of antimicrobial treatment for s. dysenteriae serotype 1 infections should take into account widespread drug resistance and the risk of haemolytic uraemic syndrome. | 2005 | 16157557 |
| differences in perception of dysentery and enteric fever and willingness to receive vaccines among rural residents in china. | enteric diseases including dysentery and enteric fever remain significant public health problems in china. while vaccines offer great potential in controlling these diseases, greater understanding of factors influencing acceptance of vaccines is needed to create effective enteric disease control programs in rural china. | 2006 | 16159688 |
| immunogenicity of multivalent shigella-etec candidate vaccine strains in a guinea pig model. | shigella and enterotoxigenic escherichia coli continue to be significant causes of diarrheal disease in infants and young children in developing countries as well as prevalent agents of traveler's diarrhea. a vaccine which provides protection against disease caused by both pathogens would serve common at-risk populations. such a vaccine would require inclusion of multiple shigella strains as well as multiple etec antigens. the use of attenuated strains of shigella as live vectors for the express ... | 2006 | 16169130 |
| characterization of the periplasmic heme-binding protein shut from the heme uptake system of shigella dysenteriae. | the heme uptake systems by which bacterial pathogens acquire and utilize heme have recently been described. such systems may utilize heme directly from the host's hemeproteins or via a hemophore that sequesters and transports heme to an outer membrane receptor and subsequently to the translocating proteins by which heme is further transported into the cell. however, little is known of the heme binding and release mechanisms that facilitate the uptake of heme into the pathogenic organism. as a fi ... | 2005 | 16185086 |
| emergence of quinolone-resistant shigella dysenteriae type 1 in canada. | | 2005 | 16200675 |
| in-vitro antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxic activities of some coumarins and their metal complexes. | a series of new antibacterial and antifungal coumarin-derived compounds and their transition metal complexes [cobalt (ii), copper (ii), nickel (ii) and zinc (ii)] have been synthesized, characterized and screened for their in vitro antibacterial activity against escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, proteus mirabilis, pseudomonas aeruginosa, salmonella typhi, shigella dysenteriae, bacillus cereus, corynebacterium diphtheriae, staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus pyogenes bacterial strains ... | 2005 | 16206827 |
| the epidemiology of travel-associated shigellosis--regional risks, seasonality and serogroups. | to give a detailed risk estimate of contracting travel-associated shigellosis in various regions of the world. | 2005 | 16230220 |
| comparative genomics and phylogenetic analysis of s. dysenteriae subgroup. | genomic compositions of representatives of thirteen s. dysenteriae serotypes were investigated by performing comparative genomic hybridization (cgh) with microarray containing the whole genomic orfs (open reading frames, orfs) of e. coli k12 strain mg1655 and specific orfs of s. dysenteriae a1 strain sd51197. the cgh results indicated the genomes of the serotypes contain 2654 conserved orfs originating from e. coli. however, 219 intrinsic genes of e. coli including those prophage genes, molecula ... | 2005 | 16248434 |
| risk factors for mortality due to shigellosis: a case-control study among severely-malnourished children in bangladesh. | to determine the risk factors for death of severely-malnourished bangladeshi children with shigellosis, a case-control study was conducted at the clinical research and service centre of icddr,b: centre for health and population research in dhaka, bangladesh. one hundred severely-malnourished children (weight-for-age <60% of median of the national center for health statistics), with a positive stool culture for shigella dysenteriae type 1 or s. flexneri, who died during hospitalization, were comp ... | 2005 | 16262023 |
| preparation of monoclonal antibody and development of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay specific for escherichia coli o157 in foods. | to prepare monoclonal antibodies (mab) and antisera specific for escherichia coli (e. coli) o157, and to develop a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) to detect e. coli o157 in foods. | 2005 | 16274107 |
| genome dynamics and diversity of shigella species, the etiologic agents of bacillary dysentery. | the shigella bacteria cause bacillary dysentery, which remains a significant threat to public health. the genus status and species classification appear no longer valid, as compelling evidence indicates that shigella, as well as enteroinvasive escherichia coli, are derived from multiple origins of e.coli and form a single pathovar. nevertheless, shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 causes deadly epidemics but shigella boydii is restricted to the indian subcontinent, while shigella flexneri and shigel ... | 2005 | 16275786 |
| shiga toxin 2 and lipopolysaccharide induce human microvascular endothelial cells to release chemokines and factors that stimulate platelet function. | shiga toxins (stxs) produced by shigella dysenteriae type 1 and enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli are the most common cause of hemolytic-uremic syndrome (hus). it is well established that vascular endothelial cells, mainly those located in the renal microvasculature, are targets for stxs. the aim of the present research was to evaluate whether e. coli-derived shiga toxin 2 (stx2) incubated with human microvascular endothelial cells (hmec-1) induces release of chemokines and other factors that m ... | 2005 | 16299328 |
| use of ramification amplification assay for detection of escherichia coli o157:h7 and other e. coli shiga toxin-producing strains. | escherichia coli o157:h7 and other shiga toxin-producing e. coli (stec) strains are important human pathogens that are mainly transmitted through the food chain. these pathogens have a low infectious dose and may cause life-threatening illnesses. however, detection of this microorganism in contaminated food or a patient's stool specimens presents a diagnostic challenge because of the low copy number in the sample. often, a more sensitive nucleic acid amplification method, such as pcr, is require ... | 2005 | 16333102 |
| evolution of foodborne pathogens via temperate bacteriophage-mediated gene transfer. | temperate bacteriophages have always been central to the evolution of bacteria, although their importance has been consistently underestimated compared to transformation and conjugation. in the last 20 years, as more gene and genome sequences have become available and researchers have more accurately determined bacteriophage populations in the environment, we are gaining a clearer picture of their role in the past and potential role in the future. the transductive and lysogenic capacities of thi ... | 2005 | 16366852 |
| high prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among shigella isolates in the united states tested by the national antimicrobial resistance monitoring system from 1999 to 2002. | shigella spp. infect approximately 450,000 persons annually in the united states, resulting in over 6,000 hospitalizations. since 1999, the national antimicrobial resistance monitoring system (narms) for enteric bacteria has tested every 10th shigella isolate from 16 state or local public health laboratories for susceptibility to 15 antimicrobial agents. from 1999 to 2002, narms tested 1,604 isolates. among 1,598 isolates identified to species level, 1,278 (80%) were shigella sonnei, 295 (18%) w ... | 2006 | 16377666 |
| shigella dysenteriae type 1-induced diarrhea in rats. | with the aim of setting up an animal model of shigella dysenteriae-induced diarrhea, wistar rats received per os increasing densities of s. dysenteriae type 1 (sd1). inoculum of 12 x 10(8) sd1 provoked dysenteric diarrhea within 24 h. feces of healthy rats were molded, brown to black and rough. rats developing diarrhea presented blood at the anal orifice; stools were soft or liquid containing mucus, or molded, smooth and mucus-coated. at times, stools appeared longer, dark and shiny due to the p ... | 2005 | 16377862 |
| low risk of hemolytic uremic syndrome after early effective antimicrobial therapy for shigella dysenteriae type 1 infection in bangladesh. | hemolytic uremic syndrome (hus) may complicate up to 15% of cases of shiga toxin (stx)-expressing enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli (stec) o157:h7 infections in children. administration of antimicrobials has been reported to increase the risk of stec-associated hus by >10-fold, presumably by increasing the expression and release of stx by dying stec bacteria. shigella dysenteriae type 1 also expresses stx. however, the effect of antimicrobial therapy on stx release and the risk of hus in humans ... | 2006 | 16392080 |
| re-emergence of multi-drug resistant shigella dysenteriae with added resistance to ciprofloxacin in north india & their plasmid profiles. | multi drug resistant shigellae pose a major threat in control of shigellosis with. shigella dysenteriae being the most prevalent species at our centre before 1994. a gradual decrease in s. dysenteriae occurred over the years with a corresponding increase in s. flexneri which became the predominant serotype. from may to november 2003, an increase in number of patients admitted with clinical diagnosis of dysentery was noted in comparison to previous years, with a corresponding increase in the isol ... | 2005 | 16394329 |
| sepsis caused by food-borne infection with escherichia coli. | we report a case of sepsis caused by escherichia coli (e. coli) of serotype o-143. a 78-year-old man developed symptoms of gastroenteritis after ingesting raw meat on noodles. he rapidly developed respiratory failure. blood culture grew e. coli. the sepsis seemed to have directly spread from a food-borne infection. the development of primary sepsis after ingesting e. coli is very rare. we suspect that bacterial translocation played a major role. serotype o-143 is recognized in enteroinvasive e. ... | 2005 | 16415557 |
| shiga toxin exposure modulates intestinal brush border membrane functional proteins in rabbit ileum. | the activities of lactase, sucrase and alkaline phosphatase (ap) were studied in intestinal brush border membranes of control and toxin-treated rabbits. purified shiga toxin (stx) exposure to ileal mucosa inhibited activities of brush border enzymes by 50%. kinetic analysis revealed that the observed decrease in bbm enzyme activities was due to reduced v(max) with no change in the affinity constants of the systems. the observed changes in enzyme activities were corroborated by western blot analy ... | 2006 | 16444589 |
| activities of aqueous extracts of mallotus oppositifolium on shigella dysenteriae a1-induced diarrhoea in rats. | 1. mallotus oppositifolium is reported to possess medicinal properties and is traditionally used in cameroon for the treatment of diarrhoea. in the present study, we have evaluated the acute toxicity, in vitro antibacterial and in vivo antidiarrhoeal effects of an aqueous extract of these plant leaves. 2. shigella dysenteriae a(1) (sd1)-induced diarrhoeal rats were obtained by oral administration of increasing densities of the sd1 strain isolated from bloody diarrhoea occurring in east cameroon. ... | 2006 | 16445705 |
| fluoroquinolone resistance linked to both gyra and parc mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining region of shigella dysenteriae type 1. | we examined the quinolone resistance-determining region (qrdr) of gyra, gyrb, and parc of recently isolated fluoroquinolone-resistant s. dysenteriae type 1 strains from south asia and compared data with fluoroquinolone-susceptible strains associated with previous epidemics of 1978, 1984, and 1994. in fluoroquinolone-resistant strains, double mutations (ser83-->leu, asp87-->asn or gly) and a single mutation (ser80-->ile) were detected in the qrdrs of gyra and parc, respectively. | 2006 | 16450072 |
| direct immunofluorescence assay for rapid environmental detection of vibrio cholerae o1. | an immunofluorescence assay for direct detection of v. cholerae o1 was developed using polyclonal antibodies raised against outer membrane proteins (omps) of v. cholerae o1. production of omps varied with growth media used; maximum production was found in tryptic soy broth. the detection system was specific because no cross-reactivity was observed with other bacteria including v. cholerae o139, e. coli, s. dysenteriae and salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhi. the technique was able ... | 2005 | 16475506 |
| development of a hybrid shiga holotoxoid vaccine to elicit heterologous protection against shiga toxins types 1 and 2. | the hemolytic uremic syndrome is a life-threatening sequela that occurs after infection with shiga toxin (stx)-producing escherichia coli (stec) or shigella dysenteriae type 1, and stx is responsible for initiating this syndrome. an stec isolate can express stx1, stx2, or both, but antisera to stx1 and stx2 are not cross-neutralizing. to produce a single vaccine candidate against both toxins, we created a genetic toxoid that contained the enzymatically-inactivated stxa2 subunit and the native st ... | 2006 | 16551486 |
| immunocapture uppcr combined with dgge for rapid detection of shigella species. | to develop an immunocapture universal primer pcr (iuppcr) combined with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (dgge) and evaluate it as a method permitting rapid detection of shigella species and their serotypes. | 2006 | 16553735 |
| the specificity of the agglutinin reaction for shigella dysenteriae: ii. agglutinin absorption relationships between shigella dysenteriae and escherichia coli. | | 1939 | 16560187 |
| study on toxins and antigens of shigella dysenteriae i. : toxicity and antigenicity of whole organisms and various fractions of shigella dysenteriae. | | 1949 | 16561742 |
| study on toxins and antigens of shigella dysenteriae ii. : active protection of rabbits with whole organisms and fractions of shigella dysenteriae. | | 1949 | 16561797 |
| carbohydrates as future anti-adhesion drugs for infectious diseases. | adhesion of pathogenic organisms to host tissues is the prerequisite for the initiation of the majority of infectious diseases. in many systems, it is mediated by lectins present on the surface of the infectious organism that bind to complementary carbohydrates on the surface of the host tissues. lectin-deficient mutants often lack the ability to initiate infection. the bacterial lectins are typically in the form of elongated submicroscopic multi-subunit protein appendages, known as fimbriae (or ... | 2006 | 16564136 |
| [modulation of molecular signaling mechanisms in excitable cells by toxins and bacterial substances]. | the mechanisms of bacterial substances (protein a, peptidoglican staphylococcus aureus), bacterium toxins (st. aureus, corynebacterium diphtheriae, shigella dysenteriae, clostridium botulinum, clostridium tetani, vibrio choleral), transfer factor of immune reactivity to staphylococcus aureus upon the key link (acetylcholine-, atp-, inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate-, ryanodin-sensitive receptors, g-proteins, ca2+, k(+)-transporting systems, second messengers) in the chain of signal conduction of excit ... | 2005 | 16566125 |
| in vitro antibacterial, antifungal & cytotoxic activity of some isonicotinoylhydrazide schiff's bases and their cobalt (ii), copper (ii), nickel (ii) and zinc (ii) complexes. | isonicotinoylhydrazide schiff's bases formed by the reaction of substituted and unsubstituted furyl-2-carboxaldehyde and thiophene-2-carboxaldehyde with isoniazid and, their co (ii), cu (ii), ni (ii) and zn (ii) complexes have been synthesized, characterized and screened for their in vitro antibacterial activity against mycobacterium tuberculosis, escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, proteus mirabilis, pseudomonas aeruginosa, salmonella typhi, shigella dysenteriae, bacillus cereus, corynebac ... | 2006 | 16570512 |
| some factors affecting the toxicity of cultures of shigella dysenteriae. | | 1942 | 16578056 |
| prevalence of shigella species and their antimicrobial resistance patterns in eastern nepal. | the study was conducted to determine the prevalence of shigella species and their antimicrobial resistance patterns in eastern nepal. stool samples submitted to the diagnostic laboratory of b.p. koirala institute of health sciences, nepal, during august 2000-july 2004, were cultured for shigella species and were confirmed by biochemical and serological tests. of 53 shigella species isolated, shigella dysenteriae type 1 was the most predominant isolate (73.7%), followed by s. flexneri (23%) and s ... | 2005 | 16599104 |
| investigating bacillary dysentery: the role of laboratory, technique and people. | | 2006 | 16600682 |
| antienterobacterial activity of hemidesmus indicus r. br. root extract. | the antienterobacterial activity of the chloroform and methanol extracts of hemidesmus indicus root was demonstrated using a variety of methods and different enterobacterial strains. although the constituents were similar in the chloroform extract (chi) and the fatty substance separated (me1) from the methanol extract (mhi), me1 was found to be more effective than chi as evident from the disc diffusion method. me1 was found to be more active than mhi, followed by chi. this may be due to the inef ... | 2006 | 16619372 |
| synthesis of hexa- to tridecasaccharides related to shigella dysenteriae type 1 for incorporation in experimental vaccines. | hexa- to tridecasaccharides corresponding to the o-specific polysaccharide (o-sp) of the gram-negative bacterium shigella dysenteriae type 1 were synthesized in solution phase. the syntheses utilized tetra-, octa-, and dodecasaccharide intermediates that represent one to three contiguous tetrasaccharide repeating units of the o-sp [synlett2003, 743]. these compounds were glycosylated with mono-, di-, and trisaccharide trichloroacetamidates, which were synthesized in this study. the excellent ste ... | 2006 | 16650395 |
| future needs and directions for shigella vaccines. | | 2006 | 16673461 |
| the emerging strains of shigella dysenteriae type 2 in bangladesh are clonal. | a total of 113 strains of shigella dysenteriae type 2 isolated from patients attending the dhaka diarrhoea treatment centre of icddr,b: centre for health and population research during the period 1999-2004 were studied. serotype of the isolates was confirmed using commercially available antisera. except for arabinose fermentation, all the strains had similar biochemical reactions. more than 60% of the strains were sensitive to commonly used antibiotics; only 6% (n=7) of the strains were resistan ... | 2006 | 16684401 |
| molecular epidemiology of multidrug-resistant shigella dysenteriae type 1 causing dysentery outbreaks in central african republic, 2003-2004. | shigella dysenteriae type 1 (sd1) represents a particular threat in developing countries because of the severity of the infection and its epidemic potential. antimicrobial susceptibility testing and molecular subtyping by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) and plasmid profiling (pp) of sd1 isolates collected during two dysentery outbreaks (2013 and 445 cases of bloody diarrhoea) in central african republic (car) during the period 2003-2004 were reported. eleven sd1 comparison strains (cs) a ... | 2006 | 16701761 |
| porin of shigella dysenteriae activates mouse peritoneal macrophage through toll-like receptors 2 and 6 to induce polarized type i response. | porin of shigella dysenteriae type 1 coexpressed toll-like receptor (tlr) 2 and tlr6 on peritoneal cavity (perc) macrophages (mphi) of c57bl/6 mice implicating that both the tlrs are essential as a combinatorial repertoire to recognize the protein. besides tlrs, mrna for myd88 and traf6, and nuclear translocation of nf-kappab were enhanced that indicate their involvement in tandem in the activity of porin. the protein selectively up-regulated cd80 on the activated mphi together with mhc class ii ... | 2007 | 16750567 |
| nutritive value, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of struchium sparganophora leaves. | struchium sparganophora leaf is a green leafy vegetable popularly used in soup preparations in processed and unprocessed forms in nigeria. fresh leaves of s. sparganophora were soaked overnight to remove its bitterness, before determination of the nutrient and antinutrient content, while sun-dried s. sparganophora leaves were extracted with rectified spirit. the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the extracts were subsequently determined. the result of the study revealed that the fresh ... | 2006 | 16822216 |
| [antibacterial action of ether oils of some plants]. | inhibitory effect of clove oil on escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus, salmonella typhimurium, shigella dysenteriae and candida albicans was detected. mint ether oil had the high antibacterial action on s. aureus, however against other microorganisms mint oil had a reliably low effect then clove oil. fennel oil had high antibacterial effect on c. albicans, and bactericidal action on s. typhimurium and s. dysenteriae. | 2006 | 16830599 |
| construction, detection and microarray analysis on shigella dysenteriae a1 iron, shua single, double mutants. | in this study, we constructed single mutants mts-1, mts-2 of iron and shua gene and double mutant mts of them in shigella dysenteriae a1 strain 51197 by insert and absence. the functional detection of every mutant was performed at the level of culture medium and cell experiment. the gene expression profiles of the mutants and the wild-type strains under iron-enriched and iron-limited conditions were analyzed by the sd51197 whole genomic microarray. the results showed that all the mutants grew ob ... | 2006 | 16856494 |
| increasing single and multi-antibiotic resistance in shigella species isolated from shigellosis patients in sana'a, yemen. | the epidemiology and antibiotic susceptibility of shigella species changes over time. updated susceptibility knowledge is necessary for appropriate empirical antibiotic treatment. thus, this research aimed to study these changes in 2 time periods with an interval of 10 years. | 2006 | 16883444 |
| characterization of shigella strains in iran by plasmid profile analysis and pcr amplification of ipa genes. | to characterize shigella clinical strains, we studied 82 shigella strains recovered from 719 stool samples of patients with bloody diarrhea in shiraz, iran, over the period from april to october 2003. serological assay classified the shigella isolates as follows: 61 (74.39%) shigella sonnei isolates, 16 (19.51%) shigella flexneri isolates, 3 (3.65%) shigella boydii isolates, and 2 (2.43%) shigella dysenteriae isolates. in an antibiogram test, all shigella strains were susceptible to ceftazidime, ... | 2006 | 16891506 |
| verotoxin-1 induction of apoptosis in gb3-expressing human glioma cell lines. | the aim of this study was to examine the cytotoxicity and mechanism of apoptosis induction of verotoxin-1 (vt-1) in human glioma cell lines. vt-1 is a member of the shiga-toxin family expressed by some serotypes of escherichia coli and shigella dysenteriae. shiga-toxins have been shown to induce apoptosis by binding to its membrane receptor gb3. the human glioma cell lines sf-767, u-343 mg, and u-251 mg were studied together with bt4c, a rat glioma cell line. cells were first screened for gb3 ex ... | 2006 | 16929170 |
| preliminary pharmacological screening of bixa orellana l. leaves. | preliminary pharmacological studies were performed on the methanol extract of bixa orellana l. (bixaceae) leaves to investigate neuropharmacological, anticonvulsant, analgesic, antidiarrhoeal activity and effect on gastrointestinal motility. all studies were conducted in mice using doses of 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg of body weight. in the pentobarbitone-induced hypnosis test, the extract statistically reduced the time for the onset of sleep at 500 mg/kg dose and (dose-dependently) increased the tot ... | 2006 | 16963211 |
| a multicentre study of shigella diarrhoea in six asian countries: disease burden, clinical manifestations, and microbiology. | the burden of shigellosis is greatest in resource-poor countries. although this diarrheal disease has been thought to cause considerable morbidity and mortality in excess of 1,000,000 deaths globally per year, little recent data are available to guide intervention strategies in asia. we conducted a prospective, population-based study in six asian countries to gain a better understanding of the current disease burden, clinical manifestations, and microbiology of shigellosis in asia. | 2006 | 16968124 |
| development of a serotype-specific dna microarray for identification of some shigella and pathogenic escherichia coli strains. | shigella and pathogenic escherichia coli are major causes of human infectious diseases and are responsible for millions of cases of diarrhea worldwide every year. a convenient and rapid method to identify highly pathogenic serotypes of shigella and e. coli is needed for large-scale epidemiologic study, timely clinical diagnosis, and reliable quarantine of the pathogens. in this study, a dna microarray targeting o-serotype-specific genes was developed to detect 15 serotypes of shigella and e. col ... | 2006 | 17021058 |
| 13c nmr spectroscopy of core heme carbons as a simple tool to elucidate the coordination state of ferric high-spin heme proteins. | evidence is presented demonstrating that the magnitudes of the 13c chemical shifts originating from heme meso carbons provide a straightforward diagnostic tool to elucidate the coordination state of high-spin heme proteins and enzymes. pentacoordinate high-spin heme centers exhibit 13c meso shifts centered at approximately 250 ppm, whereas their hexacoordinate counterparts exhibit 13c shifts centered at approximately -80 ppm. the relatively small spectral window (400 to -100 ppm) covering the me ... | 2006 | 17054345 |
| distribution of shigella enterotoxin genes and secreted autotransporter toxin gene among diverse species and serotypes of shigella isolated from andaman islands, india. | we studied the prevalence and distribution of the newly described genes for shigella enterotoxins (shet1 and shet2, encoded by set and sen genes) and secreted auto-transporter toxin (encoded by sat gene) in clinical isolates from the andaman islands, india. a total of 153 shigella isolates obtained from hospitalized patients during 1994-2004 were analysed. these isolates included all the four species of shigella (s. dyseteriae-29, s. flexneri-75, s. sonnei-38, s. boydii-5) that belonged to diver ... | 2006 | 17054749 |
| determination of the profile of fatty acids of 4 species of shigella spp by chromatography of gases. | shigella boydii, shigella flexneri, shigella dysenteriae and shigella sonnei were identified using gas chromatography instead of the traditional techniques. their acid methyl esters profiles were determined using a gas chromatograph hewlett packard 5890a and a rsl-150 heliflex capillary column. a total of 192 samples were analyzed both reference strains (atcc 8700, indre b2188, b2194 and b2199) and environmental isolates. 12 fatty acids were included in the profiles from which 3-hydroxytetradeca ... | 2002 | 17063774 |
| prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of shigella species in asmara, eritrea, northeast africa. | diarrheal diseases are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in children in developing countries. of the bacterial causes of dysentery, shigella are the major enteropathogens with outbreak potential and common development of antimicrobial resistance. this study determined the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of different spp. of shigella in asmara, eritrea. | 2006 | 17066201 |
| structural studies of the o-antigenic polysaccharides from shigella dysenteriae type 3 and escherichia coli o124, a reinvestigation. | the structures of the o-antigenic part of the lipopolysaccharides from shigella dysenteriae type 3 and escherichia coli o124 have been reinvestigated. (1)h and (13)c nmr spectroscopy in combination with selected 2d nmr techniques were used to determine the o-antigen pentasaccharide repeating units with the following structure: [see text]. from biosynthetic considerations this should also be the biological repeating unit. the structures of the repeating units also explain the previously observed ... | 2006 | 17081507 |
| salmonella and shigella in freshly squeezed orange juice, fresh oranges, and wiping cloths collected from public markets and street booths in guadalajara, mexico: incidence and comparison of analytical routes. | a survey of the presence of salmonella and shigella in freshly squeezed orange juice and related samples was conducted in guadalajara, mexico. one hundred samples of freshly squeezed orange juice were collected from 49 street booths and 51 small food service establishments. in addition, 75 fresh orange samples, each consisting of five orange units, and 75 wiping cloths were collected from the same establishments from which juice had been collected. salmonella was isolated from 14, 20, and 23% of ... | 2006 | 17133801 |
| effects of huoxiangzhengqi liquid on enteric mucosal immune responses in mice with bacillus dysenteriae and salmonella typhimurium induced diarrhea. | to explore effects of huoxiangzhengqi liquid (hxzq) on enteric mucosal immune responses in mice with bacillus dysenteriae and salmonella typhimurium induced diarrhea (bsd). | 2006 | 17143954 |
| serological cross-reactivity of environmental isolates of enterobacter, escherichia, stenotrophomonas, and aerococcus with shigella spp.-specific antisera. | using protocols designed for the isolation of shigella from environmental freshwater samples from different regions of bangladesh, 11 bacterial strains giving rise to shigella-like colonies on selective agar plates and showing serological cross-reaction with shigella-specific antisera were isolated. phylogenetic analyses revealed that three of the isolates were most closely related to escherichia coli, four to enterobacter sp., two to stenotrophomonas, and two isolates belonged to the gram-posit ... | 2007 | 17171463 |
| vaccine potential for inactivated shigellae. | we used human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (dc) and balb/c mice as models to establish the immunogenic and protective potential of formalin-inactivated shigella spp. incubation of dc with inactivated or live bacteria induced dc maturation and cytokine release. mice immunized orally or intranasally with killed s. flexneri, s. sonnei, or s. dysenteriae developed igg and fecal iga titers to the homologous lps. following respiratory challenge with the live homologous organisms, 80-100% survival ... | 2007 | 17178431 |
| structural and genetic evidence that the escherichia coli o148 o antigen is the precursor of the shigella dysenteriae type 1 o antigen and identification of a glucosyltransferase gene. | shigella dysenteriae type 1 is the most virulent serotype of shigella. enterotoxigenic escherichia coli o148 is pathogenic and can cause diarrhoea. the following structure was established for the tetrasaccharide repeating unit of the e. coli o148 o antigen: -->3)-alpha-l-rhap-(1-->3)-alpha-l-rhap-(1-->2)-alpha-d-glcp-(1-->3)-alpha-d-glcpnac-(1-->. this differs from the structure reported earlier for s. dysenteriae type 1 by having a glucose (glc) residue in place of a galactose (gal) residue. th ... | 2007 | 17185542 |
| antibacterial activity and in vitro anti-tumor activity of the extract of the larvae of the housefly (musca domestica). | one of the significant characteristics of traditional chinese medicine is the use of insects, other terrestrial arthropods and their products as drugs. in the present work, the extract of housefly (musca domestica) larvae was studied by an agar well diffusion assay and minimum bactericidal concentration (mbc) determination for detection of antimicrobial activity and by mtt assay method to test its in vitro anti-tumor activity. in our studies, the extract inhibited six tested bacterial pathogens ... | 2007 | 17227700 |
| using european travellers as an early alert to detect emerging pathogens in countries with limited laboratory resources. | the volume, extent and speed of travel have dramatically increased in the past decades, providing the potential for an infectious disease to spread through the transportation network. by collecting information on the suspected place of infection, existing surveillance systems in industrialized countries may provide timely information for areas of the world without adequate surveillance currently in place. we present the results of a case study using reported cases of shigella dysenteriae serotyp ... | 2007 | 17239228 |
| the catalase reaction of shigella species and its use in rapid screening for epidemic shigella dysenteriae type 1. | as epidemic dysentery caused by shigella dysenteriae type 1 is associated with high mortality, early identification of outbreaks is important. since s. dysenteriae type 1 differs from most of the enterobacteriaceae in that it does not produce catalase, a test for catalase may provide a useful screening method. the ability of a catalase test to provide rapid identification of s. dysenteriae type 1 has now been assessed, using isolates of this pathogen from five continents, shigella of other speci ... | 2007 | 17244412 |
| heme inhibits the dna binding properties of the cytoplasmic heme binding protein of shigella dysenteriae (shus). | heme uptake and utilization by pathogenic bacteria are critical for virulence and disease, since heme and heme proteins are a major source of iron within the host. although the role of outer membrane heme receptors in this process has been extensively characterized at the genetic and biochemical level, the role of the cytoplasmic heme binding proteins is not yet clear. the shigella dysenteriae cytoplasmic heme binding protein, shus, has previously been shown to promote utilization of heme as an ... | 2007 | 17323920 |
| antimicrobial activity of bacillus subtilis and bacillus pumilus during the fermentation of african locust bean (parkia biglobosa) for soumbala production. | to examine predominant isolates of bacillus subtilis and b. pumilus isolated from soumbala for their antimicrobial activity against indicator microorganisms as micrococcus luteus, staphyloccocus aureus, bacillus cereus, enterococus facium, listeria monocytogenes, escherichia coli, salmonella typhimurium, shigella dysenteriae, yersinia enterocolitica, aspergillus ochraceus and penicillium roqueforti. | 2007 | 17381739 |
| characterization of the outer membrane receptor shua from the heme uptake system of shigella dysenteriae. substrate specificity and identification of the heme protein ligands. | shigella dysenteriae, like many bacterial pathogens, has evolved outer membrane receptor-mediated pathways for the uptake and utilization of heme as an iron source. as a first step toward understanding the mechanism of heme uptake we have undertaken a site-directed mutagenesis, spectroscopic, and kinetic analysis of the outer membrane receptor shua of s. dysenteriae. purification of the outer membrane receptor gave a single band of molecular mass 73 kda on sds-page. initial spectroscopic analysi ... | 2007 | 17387178 |
| detecting low concentrations of shigella sonnei in environmental water samples by pcr. | outbreaks of shigella sonnei associated with contaminated water have been reported and methods for the simultaneous detection of shigellae and enteroinvasive escherichia coli in water samples have been developed with detection limits of 10(1)-10(2) cfu ml(-1) of water. because 10(1)-10(2)shigellae can cause disease, a more sensitive detection method as an addition to the existing methods for detection of shigella sonnei in water samples is reported here. initially, 33 shigella sonnei and 72 non- ... | 2007 | 17391373 |
| structural relation of the antigenic polysaccharides of escherichia coli o40, shigella dysenteriae type 9, and e. coli k47. | o-polysaccharides were isolated from the lipopolysaccharides of escherichia coli o40 and shigella dysenteriae type 9 and studied by chemical analyses along with (1)h and (13)c nmr spectroscopy. the following new structure of the o-polysaccharide of e. coli o40 was established: -->2)-beta-d-galp-(1-->4)-beta-d-manp-(1-->4)-alpha-d-galp-(1-->3)-beta-d-glcpnac-(1--> theo-polysaccharide structure of s. dysenteriae type 9 established earlier was revised and found to be identical to the reported struc ... | 2007 | 17395169 |
| altered expression of muc2 and muc5ac in response to shigella infection, an in vivo study. | infection of mucosal epithelial cells by shigella species leads to an intense and acute inflammatory bowel disease that is characterized by watery diarrhea and purulent discharge. mucin production is a common defense mechanism to protect the underlying mucosa against pathogens. the molecular mechanism(s) underlying mucin induction is unknown in shigellosis. in this study, we have evaluated the relationship between shigella infection, the expression of muc2 and muc5ac and the participation of sig ... | 2007 | 17395379 |
| ryhb, an iron-responsive small rna molecule, regulates shigella dysenteriae virulence. | regulation of bacterial gene expression by small rna (srna) molecules is an increasingly recognized phenomenon but one that is not yet fully understood. we show that the srna ryhb suppresses several virulence-associated phenotypes of shigella dysenteriae, a causative agent of bacillary dysentery in humans. the virulence genes repressed by s. dysenteriae ryhb include those encoding the type iii secretion apparatus, its secreted effectors, and specific chaperones. suppression of shigella virulence ... | 2007 | 17438026 |
| a novel serovar of shigella dysenteriae from patients with diarrhoea in bangladesh. | every year, around 3 % of isolates from patients with diarrhoea at dhaka hospital, icddr,b, are identified as shigella-like organisms (slos) based on their activity in biochemical tests. these isolates do not react with any of the current shigella antisera including all existing and provisional serotypes. among these slos, a unique cluster of seven isolates with an identical plasmid profile was found and these isolates were further characterized by phenotypic and genotypic techniques. all were n ... | 2007 | 17446289 |
| outbreak of dysentery is kenya due to multi-resistant polyclonal strain of shigella dysenteriae type 1. | sixty-eight strains of multi-drug resistant shigella dysenteriae type 1 were isolated from outbreaks of severe dysentery in three areas of kenya, namely, kisumu, mombassa and nairobi. the strains were tested for their susceptibility to seven antibiotics. plasmids were extracted to study their variety and conjugated with escherichia coli k12 to identify the plasmid coding for the resistance gese. all the strains were resistant to ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (s-t), tetracyciine and c ... | 1996 | 17451306 |
| [current status of multi-drug resistant bacteria in infectious diarrheal diseases and its control]. | | 2007 | 17455674 |
| effects of heating, storage, and ultraviolet exposure on antimicrobial activity of garlic juice. | this study was designed to investigate the effect of heating, storage, and ultraviolet exposure on antimicrobial activity of garlic juice and its bacteriocidal activity against common human pathogens. antimicrobial activity of fresh garlic juice was tested against escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus hemolyticus b, s. hemolyticus a, klebsiella sp., shigella dysenteriae, and candida albicans using the disc method. the dilution method was performed by addition of garlic juice to ... | 2007 | 17472490 |