Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| shiga toxin 2 promotes the stem cell differentiation into granulocytes in the bone marrow causing marked granulocytosis in the peripheral blood. | 1999 | 10468138 | |
| verocytotoxins (shiga-like toxins) produced by escherichia coli: a minireview of their classification, clinical presentations and management of a heterogeneous family of cytotoxins. | bacterial virulence usually requires the interaction of multiple factors in order to cause disease. the enterotoxins produced by certain strains of bacteria are proteins which vary in their mode of action, but do fall into two general groups; the cytotoxic and the cytotonic enterotoxins. while cytotoxic enterotoxins typically kill eucaryotic cells (eg. by inhibiting protein synthesis), cytotonic enterotoxins derange cell metabolism in specific ways (eg. by elevating cyclic nucleotide levels). so ... | 1999 | 10465326 |
| detection of shigellae from stools of dysentery patients by culture and polymerase chain reaction techniques. | in bangladesh, the isolation rates of shigella spp. range from 11% to 12% by the conventional culture technique. since the sensitivity of this technique is low, the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) technique was used for detecting small number of shigellae from patients' stools. sensitivity and specificity of the two techniques were also compared. stool samples were collected from 41 patients with dysentery who attended the clinical research and service centre of the icddr,b: centre for health an ... | 1998 | 10453122 |
| evaluation of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis for typing of shigella dysenteriae type 1. | pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) has been used successfully to discriminate between strains of many different bacterial species. in this study, digestion of bacterial dna with the restriction endonuclease noti and pfge were evaluated for the typing of isolates of shigella dysenteriae type 1, an important cause of epidemic dysentery. there were 27 isolates from four outbreaks of dysentery, and 44 isolates from endemic dysentery cases and a laboratory culture collection. the epidemic isolat ... | 1999 | 10451002 |
| risk factors for death in hospitalized dysentery patients in rwanda. | to evaluate the management of severe dysentery cases in in-patient facilities during an epidemic of shigella dysenteriae type 1 (sd1), and to identify the factors associated with the risk of death, we conducted a prospective cohort study in 10 rwandese hospitals between september and december 1994. data were obtained from 849 cases admitted to hospitals with diarrhoea and visible blood in stools. the proportion of patients with persistent bloody diarrhoea was 51.0% at treatment day 3 and 27.9% a ... | 1999 | 10444318 |
| severe shigellosis in childhood. | a prospective study was performed on 20 bacteriologically proven pediatric cases of severe shigellosis admitted to the department of pediatrics, chulalongkorn hospital during march 1989 to march 1990. fourteen patients were male and six were female. shigella b was found in 85% and shigella d in 15% of cases. the major indications for admission were convulsions and dehydration. fifteen per cent of cases had underlying malignancies and 42.1% had malnutrition. most patients had a peak of fever betw ... | 1998 | 10437956 |
| molecular characterization of the shv-11 beta-lactamase of shigella dysenteriae. | a beta-lactamase with an m(r) of 29,000 and a pi of 7.6 was partially purified from a clinical isolate of shigella dysenteriae. the bla gene encoded the shv-11 enzyme carrying the substitution leu-->gln at position 35 and was linked to a strong promoter. this variant, unlike the prototype shv-1 enzyme, hydrolyzed oxacillin, cloxacillin, and oxyiminocephalosporins such as cefotaxime. | 1999 | 10428943 |
| the aerobactin iron transport system genes in shigella flexneri are present within a pathogenicity island. | genes encoding the synthesis and transport of aerobactin, a hydroxamate siderophore associated with increased virulence of enteric bacteria, were mapped within a pathogenicity island in shigella flexneri. the island, designated shi-2 for shigella pathogenicity island 2, was located downstream of selc, the site of insertion of pathogenicity islands in several other enteric pathogens. dna sequence analysis revealed the presence of multiple insertion sequences upstream and downstream of the aerobac ... | 1999 | 10411724 |
| the so-called chromosomal verotoxin genes are actually carried by defective prophages. | 1999 | 10382973 | |
| shiga/verocytotoxins and shiga/verotoxigenic escherichia coli in animals. | vero/shiga toxins (vt/stx) have an a-b structure: the a subunit carries the enzymatic activity and the b subunit binds the toxin to the membrane receptor (gb3 or gb4). the vt/stx inhibit protein synthesis in the target eucaryotic cells, mainly the endothelial cells of blood vessels. the vt/stx are subdivided into two families. vt1/stx1 is a homogeneous family of toxins identical to the stx of shigella dysenteriae. vt2/stx2 is a more heterogeneous family of toxins more distantly related to this s ... | 1999 | 10367357 |
| lethality of a heat- and phosphate-catalyzed glucose by-product to escherichia coli o157:h7 and partial protection conferred by the rpos regulon. | a by-product of glucose produced during sterilization (121 degrees c, 15 lb/in2, 15 min) at neutral ph and in the presence of phosphate (i.e., phosphate-buffered saline) was bactericidal to escherichia coli o157:h7 (atcc 43895). other six-carbon (fructose and galactose) and five-carbon (arabinose, ribose, and xylose) reducing sugars also produced a toxic by-product under the same conditions. fructose and the five-carbon sugars yielded the most bactericidal activity. glucose concentrations of 1% ... | 1999 | 10347019 |
| an epidemic of bloody diarrhea: escherichia coli o157 emerging in cameroon? | between november 1997 and april 20, 1998, bloody diarrhea sickened 298 persons in cameroon. laboratory investigation of the epidemic (case-fatality rate, 16.4%) documented amoebiasis in one of three patients and three types of pathogens: multidrug-resistant shigella dysenteriae type 1, s. boydii, and enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli. we report the first isolation of e. coli o157:h7 in cameroon and the second series of cases in the central african region. | 1999 | 10221885 |
| protein conjugates of synthetic saccharides elicit higher levels of serum igg lipopolysaccharide antibodies in mice than do those of the o-specific polysaccharide from shigella dysenteriae type 1. | our development of vaccines to prevent shigellosis is based on the hypothesis that a critical (protective) level of serum igg to the o-specific polysaccharide (o-sp) domain of shigella lipopolysaccharide (lps) confers immunity. the o-sp is a hapten and must be conjugated to a protein to induce serum antibodies. the o-sp of shigella dysenteriae type 1 (approximately 27 tetrasaccharide repeat units), prepared by acid hydrolysis of the lps, was bound to human serum albumin (hsa) by multiple point a ... | 1999 | 10220442 |
| the spread of shigella dysenteriae type i in africa. | 1998 | 10211435 | |
| the rediscovery of shiga toxin and its role in clinical disease. | 1998 | 10211432 | |
| shigella infection in macaque colonies: case report of an eradication and control program. | a primate colony comprising three distinct but interrelated units had long-term history of undiagnosed diarrhea and associated deaths for many years. in 1989, the clinical problem was recognized as a confounding factor for the experimental work, and steps were taken to eradicate the disease. this was done by a combined approach involving improved sample collection techniques and microbiological methods, treatment of all animals in the colony, and improvement in management. these management chang ... | 1998 | 10090037 |
| a study on transferable r-plasmids among shigella species at lucknow. | a total of 500 shigella strains were included in the present study out of which 233 were isolated at national shigella centre of postgraduate department of microbiology, k.g. medical college, lucknow during last 5 years and 267 strains were received from different parts of the country. predominent serotypes were sheigella flexneri 292 (48.4%) followed by shigella dysenteriae 153 (30.6%), shigella boydii 32 (6.4%) and shigella sonnei 23 (4.6%). all the strains were sensitive to nalidix acid, gent ... | 1997 | 10085641 |
| laboratory surveillance of shigella dysenteriae type 1 in kwazulu-natal. | to collect data on the antimicrobial susceptibility of shigella dysenteriae type 1 in kwazulu-natal, including the testing of newer therapeutic agents, and to evaluate the ability of laboratories to participate in a provincial surveillance programme. | 1999 | 10070415 |
| characterization of shigella dysenteriae type 1 capsular polysaccharide by immunochemical methods. | we have isolated the capsular polysaccharide from the strain of shigella dysenteriae type 1 8337. the product was purified by ultracentrifugation, treated with enzymes (proteinase k, dna-rnaase) and analyzed by immunochemical methods. polyclonal antibodies were obtained from rabbits immunized by whole cell antigens prepared from shigella by ultrasonic treatment and by purified capsular polysaccharide. crossed immunoelectrophoresis, page and western blot analysis showed that this product containi ... | 1998 | 10069017 |
| involvement of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-1beta in enhancement of pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures caused by shigella dysenteriae. | neurologic manifestations, mainly convulsions, are the most frequent extraintestinal complications of shigellosis. we used an animal model to study the roles of tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha) and interleukin-1 beta (il-1beta) in shigella-related seizures. administration of shigella dysenteriae 60r sonicate enhanced the sensitivity of mice to the proconvulsant pentylenetetrazole (ptz) within 7 h. this was indicated by a significantly higher mean convulsion score and an increased number o ... | 1999 | 10024595 |
| [effect of hydroxylamine hydrochloride on the bacterium shigella dysenteriae 1 and antigens isolated from them]. | 1998 | 9949513 | |
| [resistance of respiratory and enteral bacteria to antibiotics]. | 1998 | 9927887 | |
| central nervous system manifestations of childhood shigellosis: prevalence, risk factors, and outcome. | alterations in consciousness, including seizures, delirium, and coma, are known to occur during shigella infection. previous reports have suggested that febrile convulsions and altered consciousness are more common during shigellosis than with other childhood infections. those reports, however, have been from locations where s dysenteriae type 1 was not common, thus making it difficult to assess the specific contribution that s dysenteriae type 1 infection, and shiga toxin, might make to the pat ... | 1999 | 9925864 |
| shigellosis in children: a clinico-epidemiological comparison between shigella dysenteriae type i and shigella flexneri. | we reviewed the clinical and epidemiological features of 390 children under 5 years of age infected with either shigella dysenteriae type i or shigella flexneri attending a diarrhoea treatment centre from 1993 to 1995 in dhaka, bangladesh. older age (24 months or more), underweight and wasting but not stunting were the host factors significantly more associated with shigella dysenteriae type i infection than in shigella flexneri-infected children. moreover, use of antibiotics at home, use of wat ... | 1998 | 9924557 |
| antibodies to shiga toxin in the serum of children with shigella-associated haemolytic uraemic syndrome. | antibodies to shiga toxin (stx) were measured in the sera of 49 children with shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 infection, of whom 17 had haemolytic uraemic syndrome (hus) and 32 had no complications (uncomplicated shigellosis, ucs). children with hus had lower levels of total igg and igm and lower igm titres to stx than those with ucs. the number of children with neutralising antibodies was similar in the two groups. of the children with hus, 11 had hus on enrolment and six developed hus subseque ... | 1999 | 9920120 |
| shigella at a wake in adelaide, june 1998. | 1998 | 9893341 | |
| synthesis of tri- and tetrasaccharide fragments of the shigella dysenteriae type 1 o-antigen deoxygenated and fluorinated at position 3 of the methyl alpha-d-galactopyranoside terminus. | the blockwise synthesis of methyl alpha tri- and tetrasaccharide analogs of the biochemical repeating unit of the shigella dysenteriae type 1 o-polysaccharide is described. modifications include deoxygenation and deoxyfluorination at position 3 of the galactopyranoside residue. methyl 4,6-o-benzylidene-3-deoxy-alpha-d-xylo-hexopyranoside (8) and methyl 4,6-o-benzylidene-3-deoxy-3-fluoro-alpha-d-galactopyranoside (9) were condensed with (2,3,4-tri-o-benzoyl-alpha-l-rhamnopyranosyl)-(1-->3) -2,4-d ... | 1998 | 9825517 |
| shigella infection as observed in the experimentally inoculated domestic pig, sus scrofa domestica. | the domestic pig, sus scrofa domestica, was investigated as a potential animal model for shigellosis. we examined the effects of pig age, pig breed and antibiotic pretreatment upon shigella infection. shigella dysenteriae, and shigella flexneri (both virulent and avirulent strains) were utilized. our results indicated that young (4-week-old), conventionally re ared, domestic pigs were routinely, but briefly, colonized (average=3.5+/-2.5 days) following oral or gavage administration ofs. flexneri ... | 1998 | 9817822 |
| predictors of serum retinol in children with shigellosis. | low serum retinol can be useful as an indicator of depleted liver vitamin a stores, particularly in population-based studies. however, serum retinol concentrations decrease transiently during infection, independent of any changes in liver stores. the magnitude of the decrease in serum retinol is often proportional to indicators of disease severity. | 1998 | 9808227 |
| [ciprofloxacin in the treatment of dysentery caused by type 1 shigella dysenteriae during an epidemic in rwandan refugees in goma in 1994]. | there was an outbreak of dysentery caused by type i shigella dysenteriae among rwandan refugees at goma, in what was then zaire, in 1994. the causal organism was resistant to all antibiotics available from the public health authorities. the only effective antimicrobial agent available was ciprofloxacin. it was given to 326 inpatients at the médecins sans frontières (msf) center, mostly children under the age of 5, pregnant women and immunocompromised patients. a standard dose schedule was used: ... | 1998 | 9794043 |
| human microvascular endothelial cells are strongly sensitive to shiga toxins. | we show here that the susceptibility of endothelial cells to shiga toxin (stx)s differs remarkably depending on their cellular origins. the concentration of stx-1 required to reduce cell viability by 50% as measured by mtt assay was 30 and 300 fm for neonatal and adult human microvascular endothelial cells (hmvec), respectively, and 30 pm for human coronary artery endothelial cells (hcaec). human umbilical venous endothelial cells (huvec) and bovine aortic endothelial cells (baec) showed no sens ... | 1998 | 9790920 |
| disruption of an internal membrane-spanning region in shiga toxin 1 reduces cytotoxicity. | shiga toxin type 1 (stx1) belongs to the shiga family of bipartite ab toxins that inactivate eukaryotic 60s ribosomes. the a subunit of stxs are n-glycosidases that share structural and functional features in their catalytic center and in an internal hydrophobic region that shows strong transmembrane propensity. both features are conserved in ricin and other ribosomal inactivating proteins. during eukaryotic cell intoxication, holotoxin likely moves retrograde from the golgi apparatus to the end ... | 1998 | 9784530 |
| shigella and enteroinvasive escherichia coli strains are derived from distinct ancestral strains of e. coli. | the differentiation between shigella subspecies, and the phylogenetic position of shigella clones within escherichia coli clones was determined by analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphisms of rdna (ribotyping). seventy-five shigella strains belonging to the four subspecies and 13 enteroinvasive e. coli (eiec) strains were compared with the 72 e. coli strains of the ecor collection, which have been classified into four phylogenetic groups (a, b1, b2 and d). seventeen shigella dysenter ... | 1998 | 9782516 |
| antibacterial effects of n-sulfonated and n-sulfobenzoyl chitosan and application to oyster preservation. | the antibacterial effects of sulfonated and sulfobenzoyl chitosans were evaluated and compared with that of 69% deacetylated chitosan (dd69 chitosan). minimal inhibitory concentrations of sulfonated chitosan (sc1, 0.63% sulfur content) against shigella dysenteriae, aeromonas hydrophila, salmonella typhimurium, and bacillus cereus were found to be lower than those of dd69 chitosan. a high sulfur content in sulfonated chitosan adversely influenced its antibacterial effect. sulfobenzoyl chitosan (s ... | 1998 | 9766062 |
| major histocompatibility complex class i presentation of exogenous soluble tumor antigen fused to the b-fragment of shiga toxin. | targeting exogenous antigen into the mhc class i-restricted presentation pathway is a prerequisite for the induction of cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl) which have been shown to represent an important component of the protective and therapeutic immune response to viral infections and tumors. in this study, we produced recombinant proteins composed of the receptor-binding non-toxic b-fragment of bacterial shiga toxin derived from shigella dysenteriae associated with an epitope from a model tumor ant ... | 1998 | 9754560 |
| shigella infections among children in andaman--an archipelago of tropical islands in bay of bengal. | shigellosis is common among children in the andaman and nicobar islands. our experience showed two distinct features of shigellosis within a span of 3 years in 1994-6: (i) changing patterns of serotype or subtype specific shigellosis and (ii) emergence of multidrug resistant isolates with changing r-patterns. the rate of isolation was 10.4-27.9% with the rate of isolation of shigella flexneri interchanging with s. dysenteriae alternately. in 1994, s. flexneri superseded s. dysenteriae (48.6% vs. ... | 1998 | 9747754 |
| binding of modified fragments of the shigella dysenteriae type 1 o-specific polysaccharide to monoclonal igm 3707 e9 and docking of the immunodeterminant to its modeled fv. | the o-specific polysaccharide (o-sp) of shigella dysenteriae type 1 has been shown by others to have the structure-->3)-alpha-l-rhap-(1-->3)-alpha-l-rhap-(1-->2)-alp ha-d- galp-(1-->3)-alpha-d-glcpnac-(1-->. we have shown in the past that igm 3707 e9, an anti s. dysenteriae type 1 o-sp monoclonal antibody, binds specifically to the -alpha-l-rhap-(1-->2)-alpha-d-galp-determinant of the polysaccharide. in this report we show that determinant to have hydrogen bonds, necessary for binding to the ant ... | 1998 | 9742688 |
| age-related prevalence of shigella and salmonella antibodies and their association with diarrhoeal diseases in peruvian children. | shigella and salmonella antibodies in relation to diarrhoea were studied in a cohort of 413 children between 2 and 27 months of age in peri-urban lima, peru. blood samples were obtained at 2, 3 and 12 months of age. antibody titres against lipopolysaccharide from shigella flexneri serotype y, shigella dysenteriae serotype 1, shigella sonnei, salmonella serogroups ao, bo, do, and shigella ipa and salmonella typhi vi antigens were measured by enzyme immunoassay. igg titres against s. flexneri and ... | 1998 | 9730303 |
| shiga toxin binds human platelets via globotriaosylceramide (pk antigen) and a novel platelet glycosphingolipid. | hemolytic-uremic syndrome is a clinical syndrome characterized by acute renal failure, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, and thrombocytopenia that often follows infection by shiga toxin- or verotoxin-producing strains of escherichia coli. because thrombocytopenia and platelet activation are hallmark features of hemolytic-uremic syndrome, we examined the ability of shiga toxin to bind platelets by flow cytometry and high-performance thin-layer chromatography (hptlc) of isolated platelet glycosph ... | 1998 | 9712788 |
| alterations in high molecular mass penicillin-binding protein 1 associated with beta-lactam resistance in shigella dysenteriae. | beta-lactam resistance poses a major problem in the chemotherapy of shigellosis caused by shigella dysenteriae. such resistance may arise from alterations in the affinities or amounts of the penicillin-binding proteins (pbps) for beta-lactams, elaboration of beta-lactamases and reduced permeability across the outer membrane. the mechanisms of resistance in s. dysenteriae have not been studied in depth. this report describes a laboratory mutant, m19 which was characterized by the appearance of tw ... | 1998 | 9703984 |
| epidemic shigella dysenteriae in mumias, western kenya. | 1998 | 9692143 | |
| structure of the shigella dysenteriae haem transport locus and its phylogenetic distribution in enteric bacteria. | the ability to transport and use haemin as an iron source is frequently observed in clinical isolates of shigella spp. and pathogenic escherichia coli. we found that many of these haem-utilizing e. coli strains contain a gene that hybridizes at high stringency to the s. dysenteriae type 1 haem receptor gene, shua. these shua-positive strains belong to multiple phylogenetic groups and include clinical isolates from enteric, urinary tract and systemic infections. the distribution of shua in these ... | 1998 | 9680204 |
| measurement of interglycosidic 3jch coupling constants of selectively 13c labeled oligosaccharides by 2d j-resolved 1h nmr spectroscopy. | tri-, tetra-, and penta-saccharide fragments of the o-specific polysaccharide of shigella dysenteriae type 1 have been prepared in which a d-galactose residue of each oligosaccharide methyl glycoside derivative contains a 13c label at c-1. the interglycosidic coupling constants (3jch) of these 13c nuclei with the h-3 nuclei of the adjacent 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-glucose residues have been measured by two-dimensional, j-resolved 1h nmr spectroscopy. the magnitudes of these coupling constants indic ... | 1998 | 9675362 |
| shiga toxin type 1 activates tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene transcription and nuclear translocation of the transcriptional activators nuclear factor-kappab and activator protein-1. | shiga toxins (stxs) produced by shigella dysenteriae 1 and escherichia coli have been implicated in the pathogenesis of bloody diarrhea, acute renal failure, and neurologic abnormalities. the pathologic hallmark of stx-mediated tissue damage is the development of vascular lesions in which endothelial cells are swollen and detached from underlying basement membranes. however, in vitro studies using human vascular endothelial cells demonstrated minimal stx-induced cytopathic effects, unless the ta ... | 1998 | 9657756 |
| surgical lessons learned from the shigella dysenteriae type i epidemic. | an epidemic of shigella dysenteriae type i is spreading through africa. it is a particularly infectious and virulent form of dysentery which can cause clinical confusion with other endemic diseases and may present to the surgeon as a result of its complications. a total of 140 children with shigella dysenteriae type i presented to the paediatricians at king edward viii hospital in 1995; 35 were referred to the surgeons because of abdominal tenderness, distension, peritonitis or perforation. ten ... | 1998 | 9654875 |
| shiga toxin attacks bacterial ribosomes as effectively as eucaryotic ribosomes. | several pathogenic bacteria, including shigelladysenteriae and certain strains of escherichia coli, produce potent class 2 ribosome inhibiting proteins (rips) termed shiga toxins (stx). the toxins are bipartite molecules composed of a single a chain (stxa) noncovalently associated with a pentamer of receptor-binding b subunits (stxb). stxa and stx1a from e. coli are protoxins. proteolysis generates an a1 enzyme (28 kda) and an a2 fragment (3 kda), which remain bound, inactivating the enzyme, unt ... | 1998 | 9649321 |
| [shigella dysenteriae strains possessing a new serovar (204/96) isolated from imported diarrheal cases in japan]. | five shigella strains isolated from stool cultures of imported diarrheal cases in japan, did not react to any antisera of the established shigella serovars. these strains had the typical biochemical characteristics of shigella dysenteriae, and were biochemically identical. all strains were positive in the sereny test and other tests for invasivness; these indicate that they can cause shigellosis in humans. the results of antigenic analysis revealed that they did not belong to any of the recogniz ... | 1998 | 9642939 |
| [the adaptation of therapeutic standards as a function of antibiotic sensitivity of strains of shigella spp. isolated in rwanda in 1997]. | 1997 | 9612786 | |
| [infectious etiology of diarrheal morbidity in a senegalese region of high exposure to schistosoma mansoni]. | endemic schistosomiasis due to schistosoma mansoni has been observed in richard-toll (the senegal river basin) in senegal since 1990. because of its high prevalence, schistosomiasis is assumed to be the cause of most cases of diarrhea observed in the region. the purpose of the present study carried out within the framework of the espoir program for control of bilharziasis in the senegal river region was to confirm the exact etiology of diarrhea in the region. a total of 109 subjects presenting d ... | 1997 | 9612777 |
| release of interleukin-2 induced by a major antigenic outer membrane protein of shigella dysenteriae type 1 in natural infection. | an antigen specific modulation of peripheral blood lymphocyte function was examined in a patient-based study of shigella dysenteriae type 1 infection. interleukin-2 (il-2) production by the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) from shigella-infected patients was correlated with the expression of host cellular immune responses. to evaluate the role of a 57 kd major antigenic outer membrane protein of s. dysenteriae 1 in the proliferation of pbmc and the production of il-2, the in vitro blast ... | 1997 | 9589610 |
| molecular mechanisms of bacterial pathogenicity. | cautious optimism has arisen over recent decades with respect to the long struggle against bacteria, viruses, and parasites. this has been offset, however, by a fatal complacency stemming from previous successes such as the development of antimicrobial drugs, the eradication of smallpox, and global immunization programs. infectious diseases nevertheless remain the world's leading cause of death, killing at least 17 million persons annually [61]. diarrheal diseases caused by vibrio cholerae or sh ... | 1998 | 9562989 |
| using epidemiologic tools to control an outbreak of diarrhoea in a textile factory, bulawayo, zimbabwe. | dysentery is endemic in zimbabwe. more than 260,000 cases and a case fatality of four per thousand were reported in 1993. in late july 1994, the health services department in bulawayo was informed of two cases of shigella dysenteriae type i at a textile factory that employs 138 workers. workers were interviewed at the factory regarding the date of the onset of illness, symptoms, food consumed, and treatment received. factory water supply, cooking, and sanitary facilities were inspected. stool an ... | 1997 | 9557445 |
| shigella dysenteriae type 1 toxin induced lipid peroxidation in enterocytes isolated from rabbit ileum. | to evaluate the role of reactive oxygen species (ros) in shigella dysenteriae 1 toxin (stx) mediated intestinal infection, the ligated rabbit small intestinal loops were injected with stx. the enterocytes isolated from stx treated rabbit ileal loops had a significantly higher level of lipid peroxidation as compared to enterocytes isolated from control rabbit ileum. to study the role of second messengers in stx mediated intestinal damage, the in vivo and in vitro effects of modulators of lipid pe ... | 1998 | 9546597 |
| pcr for detection of shigella spp. in mayonnaise. | the use of pcr to amplify a specific vira gene fragment serves as a highly specific and sensitive method to detect virulent bacteria of the genus shigella and enteroinvasive escherichia coli. amplification of a 215-bp dna band was obtained by using isolated genomic dna of shigella, individual cells of shigella dysenteriae, and mayonnaise contaminated with s. dysenteriae. moreover, a multiplex pcr with specific (vira) and bacterium-restricted (16s ribosomal dna) primers generated an amplification ... | 1998 | 9546158 |
| effect of subinhibitory concentrations of some quinolones on a strain of shigella dysenteriae type 1. | sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) revealed that the outer membrane proteins of a strain of shigella dysenteriae exposed to four quinolone compounds (ciprofloxacin--cas 85721-33-1, ofloxacin--cas 83380-47-6, pefloxacin--cas 70458-95-6, and enoxacin--cas 74011-58-8) at subinhibitory concentrations of 1/4 or 1/8 of the minimal inhibitory concentration (mic) showed no alterations as compared to the control. also the hydrophobicity of the cell surface of the test st ... | 1998 | 9541731 |
| increasing incidence of antibiotic resistance in shigellas from humans in england and wales: recommendations for therapy. | since 1983 the incidence of resistance to ampicillin in shigella dysenteriae, sh. flexneri, and sh. boydii infections in england and wales has increased from 42% to 65% and the incidence of resistance to trimethoprim, from 6% to 64%. furthermore, of 1524 strains received in 1995-1996, 46% were resistant to both of these antimicrobials. for sh. sonnei almost 50% of isolates were resistant to ampicillin or trimethoprim and 15% were resistant to both of these antimicrobials. these results demonstra ... | 1998 | 9533726 |
| antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plants extracts on escherichia coli, salmonella paratyphi and shigella dysenteriae. | the antimicrobial activity of three plants extracts--momordica charantia, alstonia boonei, and ocimum bacilicum on pure and viable cultures of escherichia coli, salmonella paratyphi and shigella dysenterae was examined. cold maceration method of extraction using 95% ethanol was used for the extraction of the active constituents of the leaves. filter paper disks which were 6 mm in diameter were used for sensitivity testing. results showed that the extracts from the leaves of the three plants have ... | 1996 | 9532310 |
| diarrhoea in children in papua new guinea. | national data for diarrhoeal disease in children can only be used as a very rough guide to morbidity and mortality, since they are based on incomplete reporting. furthermore, when only one diagnosis per attendance, admission or cause of death is recorded, the true importance of diarrhoea as a cause of morbidity and mortality may be obscured. this may in part explain discrepancies between figures recorded in national and hospital statistics and those recorded in detailed studies of diarrhoeal adm ... | 1995 | 9522866 |
| trends in antibiotic resistance among diarrheal pathogens isolated in thailand over 15 years. | antibiotic resistance trends were examined for shigella species, nontyphoidal salmonella species, enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec), and campylobacter species isolates from indigenous persons and travelers in thailand for up to 15 years. resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was found in >90% of shigella and 40% of etec and nontyphoidal salmonella isolates. resistance to nalidixic acid was found in 97%-100% of shigella dysenteriae 1 strains isolated between 1992 and 1995. ciprofloxac ... | 1998 | 9502453 |
| probiotic fermented food mixtures: possible applications in clinical anti-diarrhoea usage. | a probiotic fermented pcmt food mixture was developed by fermentation of an autoclaved and cooled slurry of pearl millet flour, chickpea flour, skim milk powder and fresh tomato pulp (pcmt 2:1:1:1, w/w) with lactobacillus acidophilus (10(5) cells/ml), a probiotic organism at 37 degrees c for 24 h. such a fermented mixture inhibited the growth of pathogenic organisms, namely shigella dysenteriae, salmonella typhosa and e. coli. a significant decline in ph with a corresponding increase in titratab ... | 1998 | 9502235 |
| inhibition of prokaryotic translation by the shiga toxin enzymatic subunit. | shiga toxin, produced by shigella dysenteriae serotype 1, is a member of the large family of ribosome-inactivating proteins (rips) which are primarily produced by plants. all rips are rrna n-glycosidases which inactivate ribosomes through the removal of a specific adenine residue from the well-conserved aminoacyl-trna-accepting loop of rrna. as a type ii rip, stx is believed to have little effect on prokaryotic ribosomes. however, we have demonstrated that over-expression of the stx enzymatic (a ... | 1998 | 9480794 |
| epidemic dysentery in western kenya. | this paper describes the epidemiology of a probable shigella dysenteriae type 1 dysentery epidemic in western kenya. a retrospective record review over 2 years of all cases of dysentery, amoebiasis and diarrhoea was carried out in 13 healthcare facilities in the rarieda division of nyanza province. of the 3301 cases recorded, 2191 were dysentery, giving a cumulative 2 years incidence rate for dysentery of 4%. the epidemic began in december 1994 and peaked in february 1995, coinciding with the ve ... | 1997 | 9463662 |
| evaluation of enzyme-labeled oligonucleotide probes to identify enterohaemorrhagic escherichia coli. | alkaline phosphatase-conjugated oligonucleotide probes were developed to detect the gene coding for vero toxin 1 (vt1) and vero toxin 2 (vt2). using these probes, 3 hr was enough to detect vt genes when suspicious colonies of enterohaemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec) were obtained on an agar plate. the results of a hybridization test with 144 isolates of ehec o157 and one isolate of shigella dysenteriae type 1 agreed exactly with the immunological detection, reversed passive latex agglutination ... | 1997 | 9444330 |
| involvement of a 70-kb plasmid of the epidemic shigella dysenteriae type 1 (dt66) strain in drug-resistance, lipopolysaccharide synthesis, and virulence. | the present work characterizes a 70 kb plasmid of the indian epidemic isolate shigella dysenteriae type 1 strain dt66 in relation to virulence and drug-resistance characters. curing of the plasmids of dt66 strain by acriflavine (af) yielded seven groups of af-cured derivatives. one group of derivatives containing 5 plasmids (70-2.5 kb) as against 6 (120-2.5 kb) in the wild type showed resistance to chloramphenicol, pivmecillinam, streptomycin, and tetracycline (cmrpivrsmrtcr) but sensitivity for ... | 1997 | 9442487 |
| involvement of an efflux system in high-level fluoroquinolone resistance of shigella dysenteriae. | shigella dysenteriae represent one of the growing list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. quinolones are widely employed to treat shigellosis. however, quinolone resistance has already been reported, necessitating an understanding of the mechanisms of development of resistance. we demonstrate that high-level fluoroquinolone resistance of s. dysenteriae exposed to these antibiotics may occur in the absence of gyra mutations and involve a proton motive force(pmf)-dependent efflux system. | 1998 | 9439608 |
| isolation of a fluoroquinolone resistant shigella dysenteriae 1 strain from calcutta. | fourteen strains of shigella spp. were isolated from patients aged 5-12 yr, hospitalized with dysentery during 1995-1996. the strains isolated were shigella dysenteriae 1, s. flexneri and s.sonnei. all but one of the 14 strains were sensitive to ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin. the mic of both the fluoroquinolones was 15 micrograms/ml for the resistant s.dysenteriae 1 strain (nrm4). therefore, the careful use of antimicrobials is required for therapy of shigellosis. | 1997 | 9439093 |
| hydrophobicity and outer membrane proteins of shigella dysenteriae type 1 after treatment with subinhibitory concentrations of aminoglycosides. | hydrophobicity and profiles of outer membrane proteins of shigella dysenteriae type 1 after treatment with subinhibitory concentrations (1/2 or 1/4 of the mic) of aminoglycosides were studied. the antimicrobial activity of the antibiotics tested was 3.12 mg/l (amikacin, tobramycin) and 6.25 mg/l (gentamicin). the hydrophobicity of the cell surface of s. dysenteriae type 1 was decreased after exposure to all aminoglycosides at a concentration of 1/2 of the mics; 1/4 of the mics of the antibiotics ... | 1997 | 9438357 |
| occurrence in sudan of shigella dysenteriae type 1 with transferable antimicrobial resistance. | 1997 | 9425371 | |
| nosocomial transmission of shigella dysenteriae type 1. | an outbreak of dysentery due to shigella dysenteriae type 1 occurred in a chronic care psychiatric institution in durban, south africa. of the 10 patients who developed dysentery, 4 (40%) died. s. dysenteriae type 1 was isolated from stool samples from two of the four patients tested and ribotyping showed that these isolates were identical but differed from other community acquired strains. the isolates were resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline and co-trimoxazole. infection con ... | 1997 | 9421771 |
| epidemic shigella dysentery in south africa. | 1997 | 9411815 | |
| cloning and characterisation of the aroa and arod genes of shigella dysenteriae type 1. | the aroa and arod genes from shigella dysenteriae type 1, encoding 5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate synthase and 3-dehydroquinase, respectively, were cloned by polymerase chain reaction (pcr). their nucleotide sequences were determined and predicted to code for 46 kda and 27.5 kda proteins, respectively. protein expressed from these genes using the minicell system, corresponded to the size of the predicted protein products. the cloned genes were shown to be functional by complementation of esc ... | 1997 | 9403507 |
| identification of shua, the gene encoding the heme receptor of shigella dysenteriae, and analysis of invasion and intracellular multiplication of a shua mutant. | shua encodes a 70-kda outer membrane heme receptor in shigella dysenteriae. analysis of the shua dna sequence indicates that this gene encodes a protein with homology to tonb-dependent receptors of gram-negative bacteria. transport of heme by the shua protein requires tonb and its accessory proteins exbb and exbd. the shua dna sequence contains a putative fur box overlapping the -10 region of a potential shua promoter, and the expression of shua is repressed by exogenous iron or hemin in a fur-d ... | 1997 | 9393841 |
| [studies on bacillary dysentery cases of overseas travellers--during 1979 to 1995]. | a total of 36,780,440 overseas travellers during 1979-1995 (17 years) were quarantined at osaka and kansai airport quarantine station, 84,777 travellers reported themselves suffer from diarrhoea. stools from 29,587 persons were bacteriologically examined. various enteropathogenic bacteria were isolated from 9,766 (33.0%) patients of the stools examined. isolated species were as follows: plesiomonas shigelloides (3,234 cases); salmonella spp. (2,236 cases); enterotoxgenic escherichia coli (1,621 ... | 1997 | 9391324 |
| [etiological investigation on diarrhoeal diseases in the rural area of suixian county, yu dong plain in china]. | to study the etiology of diarrhoeal diseases in the rural area, we carried out a study on diarrhoeal diseases in two natural villages. 15 kinds of diarrhoeal pathogens including 172 strains were isolated from 318 patients with diarrhoea making the isolation rate 49.37%; 12 kinds of diarrhoeal pathogens and 69 strains were isolated from 310 healthy controls and the isolation rate was 22.26%; 6 kinds of diarrhoeal pathogens and 44 strains were isolated in 405 samples obtained from the envronmenfal ... | 1996 | 9387573 |
| quantitative assessment of igg and iga subclass producing cells in rectal mucosa during shigellosis. | to assess quantitatively both the morphological changes in the rectal mucosa and the changes in the relative frequency of iga and igg subclass producing cells found in the rectal mucosa during the acute phase of shigellosis and at convalescence. | 1997 | 9378821 |
| structural studies on the shigella-like escherichia coli o121 o-specific polysaccharide. | the o-specific polysaccharide isolated from the lipopolysaccharide (lps) of escherichia coli o121 by mild acid hydrolysis has been studied using mainly nmr spectroscopy. the polysaccharide was treated with mild base to yield a o-deacetylated polysaccharide which contained d-glcnac, d-galnaca, d-galnacan (2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-galacturonamide) and d-qui4nacgly (where d-qui4n is 4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-d-glucose) in equimolar proportions. the presence of the amide was confirmed by recording the 1h nmr ... | 1997 | 9373937 |
| evaluation of teknaf enteric agar (tea): a modified macconkey's agar for the isolation of shigella dysenteriae type 1 and shigella flexneri. | to develop a better and selective medium for the isolation of shigella spp., macconkey's agar (mac) was modified by adding potassium tellurite (k2teo3) at a concentration of 1 microgram/ml. the formulation designated teknaf enteric agar (tea) was studied for the inhibitory effect of potassium tellurite on the growth of different enteric bacteria, and as a medium for isolating shigella spp. from clinical stool samples (n = 3125). we observed that the growth of e. coli was effectively inhibited on ... | 1997 | 9364131 |
| detection of non-culturable shigella dysenteriae 1 from artificially contaminated volunteers' fingers using fluorescent antibody and pcr techniques. | epidemiological studies have demonstrated that hands may be an important vehicle for transmission of shigellosis. the present study was carried out to find out the survival potential of shigella dysenteriae 1 on fingers of volunteers. finger surface was inoculated with 10(5) cfu of s. dysenteriae 1 and then the bacteria were detected using conventional culture, pcr and fluorescent antibody (fa) techniques after different time intervals. it was found that s. dysenteriae 1 survived for up to one h ... | 1997 | 9360343 |
| [how is hemolytic-uremic syndrome in childhood acquired in switzerland?]. | intestinal infections with shigatoxin-producing escherichia coli or shigella dysenteriae type i play a major role in the pathogenesis of the hemolytic-uremic syndrome in childhood. escherichia coli has been repeatedly detected in the intestines of healthy cattle. twenty-seven children with hemolytic-uremic syndrome were treated at our hospital between june 1990 and march 1997. factors indicating a possible previous contact with bovine intestinal content were found in 18 out of the 27 patients: p ... | 1997 | 9333932 |
| [bacterial dysentery in 1995]. | 1997 | 9333867 | |
| involvement of a 43-kilodalton outer membrane protein in beta-lactam resistance of shigella dysenteriae. | a beta-lactam-sensitive strain (c152) of shigella dysenteriae showed two major outer membrane proteins (omps) with m(r)s of 43,000 and 38,000, while the clinical isolate m2 lacked the 43,000-mr omp, which acted as a channel for beta-lactam antibiotics. permeability of beta-lactams across the outer membrane (om) of m2 was lower than that across the om of c152. mutants deficient in the 43-kda omp could be selected in vitro from strain c152 in the presence of cefoxitin. all beta-lactam-resistant st ... | 1997 | 9333070 |
| antimicrobial resistance and serotypes of shigella isolates in kigali, rwanda (1983 to 1993): increasing frequency of multiple resistance. | the serotype distribution and susceptibility to nine antibiotics was determined for 2491 shigella isolates cultured in the medical laboratory of the centre hospitalier de kigali, rwanda, during 1983 to 1993. overall, shigella flexneri was the most frequent species, ranking before shigella sonnei, shigella boydii, and shigella dysenteriae. however, the relative frequency of the different shigella spp. showed an important variability over time. s flexneri increased from 40% in 1983 to 68% of the i ... | 1997 | 9327243 |
| post-dysenteric hemolytic uremic syndrome in children during an epidemic of shigella dysentery in kwazulu/natal. | we report 81 of 107 cases of hemolytic uremic syndrome (hus), admitted between july 1994 and february 1996, following an outbreak of shigella dysenteriae type 1 dysentery in kwazulu/natal. all patients, excluding 1, were black with a mean age of 38 months (range 1-121); 50 (61.7%) were males. the mean duration of dysentery was 11.3 days (range 1-41) and hus 15 days (range 1-91). most patients had acute oliguric renal failure (90.1%), 42 (51.6%) required peritoneal dialysis. complications include ... | 1997 | 9323280 |
| reactive arthritis associated with shigella dysenteriae type 1 infection. | shigella dysenteriae type 1 causes the most severe form of bacillary dysentery. the spectrum of illness ranges from mild watery diarrhoea to severe bloody diarrhoea. shigellosis is often associated with intestinal complications, including intestinal perforation, intestinal obstruction, toxic dilatation of the colon, and prolapse of the rectum; systemic complications include septicaemia, hyponatraemia, hypoglycaemia, seizure, encephalopathy, haemolytic-uraemic syndrome, and malnutrition. arthriti ... | 1997 | 9308297 |
| multiple drug-resistant shigella dysenteriae type 1 in rajbari district, bangladesh. | twenty-one shigellae isolates were obtained from bloody faecal specimens of diarrhoeal patients at rajbari district hospital from january 1994 to june 1995, and serogrouped. fourteen (67%) isolates belonged to the shigella dysenteriae serogroup and 7 (33%) to shigella flexneri serogroup. shigella dysenteriae strains were further serotyped; all were shigella dysenteriae 1. each strain was tested for resistance to 6 common antimicrobial agents. the two strains had different antibiotic susceptibili ... | 1997 | 9308296 |
| antimicrobial activity of terminalia macroptera root. | terminalia macroptera guill et perr. (combretaceae) is a medicinal plant used in guinea-bissau and other west african countries to treat infectious diseases. the ethanol extract from t. macroptera decorticated root and their liquid-liquid partition fractions, were screened for antimicrobial activity, by the twofold serial microdilution assay against seven reference bacterial strains and against candida albicans. the extract and fractions showed some activity against at least one of the test micr ... | 1997 | 9292414 |
| nonserotypeable shigella dysenteriae isolated from a dutch patient returning from india. | 1997 | 9272399 | |
| renal problems in black south african children. | black south african children have an increased prevalence of acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, focal glomerulosclerosis, hepatitis b-associated membranous nephropathy, congenital syphilis, congenital nephrotic syndrome with alport-like basement membrane changes and takayasu's arteritis, but a paucity of reflux nephropathy, polycystic kidney disease and non-shigella-induced haemolytic uraemic syndrome. however, in recent years, the haemolytic uraemic syndrome has become more prevalent ... | 1997 | 9260259 |
| bacterial diarrhea in laos, a region where cholera was endemic. | there were cholera outbreaks in lao pdr since 1993. two provinces were epidemic areas of cholera in 1993. however the area of cholera occurrence increased to 7 provinces through 1994. then a bacterial survey had done for the purpose of public health improvement. epec was markedly isolated from the hospital in vientiane. in apparent infection of salmonella and non-01 vibrio cholerae with soldiers stationed in the island in mekong river belong to vientiane were pointed out. the outbreak of diarrhe ... | 1996 | 9253874 |
| [the role of shigella dysenteriae toxin formation at different stages in the forming of the cellular immune response in experimental animals]. | the immunomodulating action of genetically related pairs of strains of s. dysenteriae 1, differing by the presence of high molecular plasmid with a mol. wt. of 140 md and transposon-mediated mutation in the tox-gene chromosome (4 phenotypes: inv+ tox+; inv+ tox-; inv- tox+; inv- tox-), was studied. the study was carried out with the use of the experimental intraperitoneal infection of cba mice with live shigella cells in a dose of 5x10(7) microbial cells. for the first time the role of shiga tox ... | 1997 | 9245145 |
| an outbreak of shigella dysenteriae type 2 among laboratory workers due to intentional food contamination. | shigella dysenteriae type 2 is rare in the united states, and outbreaks associated with this pathogen are uncommon. | 1997 | 9244331 |
| sensitization of human umbilical vein endothelial cells to shiga toxin: involvement of protein kinase c and nf-kappab. | infection of humans with shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli o157:h7 and shigella dysenteriae 1 is strongly associated with vascular endothelial cell damage and the development of hemolytic-uremic syndrome. the cytotoxic effect of shiga toxins on vascular endothelial cells in vitro is enhanced by prior exposure to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (lps) or either of the host cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf) and interleukin-1beta (il-1). the purpose of this study was to examine individua ... | 1997 | 9234795 |
| to sting or be stung: bacteria-induced apoptosis. | 1997 | 9234503 | |
| a new cytolethal distending toxin (cdt) from escherichia coli producing cnf2 blocks hela cell division in g2/m phase. | escherichia coli strain 1404, isolated from a septicaemic calf, carries a transferable plasmid called pvir which codes for the cytotoxic necrotizing factor type 2 (cnf2). a 4h interaction between strain 1404 and hela cells induced the formation of giant mononucleated cells blocked in g2/m phase. mating experiments between strain 1404 and a non-pathogenic recipient strain demonstrated that the factor(s) encoded by pvir mediated the cell-cycle arrest. a 3.3 kb dna fragment isolated from a dna bank ... | 1997 | 9220015 |
| shiga toxin induces medullary tubular injury in isolated perfused rat kidneys. | to investigate the potential direct nephrotoxicity of shiga toxin, a putative mediator for hemolytic uremic syndrome, purified toxin (10(-11) m) was added to isolated rat kidneys perfused for 160 min with a krebs-henseleit acellular medium enriched with albumin and amino acids. kidney function and morphology were examined after perfusion with the shiga toxin vs controls. shiga toxin did not significantly alter renal perfusion flow, glomerular filtration rate, or tubular sodium reabsorption, but ... | 1997 | 9215587 |
| assembly of a strong promoter following is911 circularization and the role of circles in transposition. | when supplied with high levels of the is911-encoded transposase, is911-based transposons can excise as circles in which the right and left terminal inverted repeats are abutted. formation of the circle junction is shown here to create a promoter, p(junc), which is significantly stronger than the indigenous promoter, pirl, and is also capable of driving expression of the is911 transposition proteins. high transposase expression from the circular transposon may promote use of the circle as an inte ... | 1997 | 9214651 |
| a monoclonal antibody reacts with maltose-binding protein of escherichia coli and related enteric bacteria. | maltose-binding protein (mbp) encoded by male is essential for the energy-dependent translocation of maltose through the cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria. its property of specific binding to maltose has been used in constructing fusion proteins for easy affinity purification. a monoclonal antibody named mab sc1d7 was produced against escherichia coli mbp. this mab also bound to mbp-containing recombinant proteins in both western blotting and immunoprecipitation analysis. as a result, this mab ca ... | 1997 | 9212834 |
| [shigella dysenteriae strains possessing a new serovar isolated from imported diarrheal cases in japan]. | two shigella strains (93-119 and 95-619) isolated from stool cultures of imported diarrheal cases in japan, did not react to any antisera of the established shigella serovars. these strains had the typical biochemical characteristics of shigella dysenteriae, and were biochemically identical to each other. both strains were positive in the serény test and other tests for invasiveness; these indicate that they can cause shigellosis in humans. the results of antigenic analysis showed that they did ... | 1997 | 9209121 |
| antidiarrhoeal activities of ocimum gratissimum (lamiaceae). | the antidiarrhoeal activities of leaf extracts of ocimum gratissimum were investigated by disc diffusion and tube dilution methods. the extracts were active against aeromonas sobria, escherichia coli, plesiomonas shigelloides, salmonella typhi, and shigella dysenteriae. the leaf extracts were most active against s. dysenteriae and least active against s. typhi. the sensitivity of the organisms measured in terms of zone of inhibition ranged from 8.00 to 19.50 mm. the minimum inhibitory concentrat ... | 1996 | 9203793 |
| the site-specific recombinase encoded by pind in shigella dysenteriae is due to the presence of a defective mu prophage. | the dna inversion systems are made up of an invertible dna segment and a site-specific recombinase gene. five systems are known in prokaryotes: the salmonella typhimurium h segment and hin gene (h-hin), phage mu g-gin, phage p1 c-cin, escherichia coli e14 p-pin, and shigella sonnei b-pinb systems. in this report a site-specific recombinase (pind) gene of shigella dysenteriae was cloned and sequenced. pind mediated inversion of five known segments at the same extent in e. coli. although one inv s ... | 1997 | 9202481 |