Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| evolution of multi-gene segments in the muts-rpos intergenic region of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium lt2. | the nucleotide sequence of the 12.6 kb region between the muts and rpos genes of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium lt2 (s. typhimurium) was compared to other enteric bacterial muts-rpos intergenic regions. the muts-rpos region is composed of three distinct segments, designated hk, o and s, as defined by sequence similarities to contiguous orfs in other bacteria. inverted chromosomal orientations of each of these segments are found between the muts and rpos genes in related enterobacteriace ... | 2002 | 12177346 |
| isolation of shigella dysenteriae type 1 and s. flexneri strains from surface waters in bangladesh: comparative molecular analysis of environmental shigella isolates versus clinical strains. | bacillary dysentery caused by shigella species is a public health problem in developing countries including bangladesh. although, shigellae-contaminated food and drinks are often the source of the epidemic's spread, the possible presence of the pathogen and transmission of it through environmental waters have not been adequately examined. we analyzed surface waters collected in dhaka, bangladesh, for the presence of shigellae by a combination of pcr assays followed by concentration and culturing ... | 2002 | 12147489 |
| [effect of cytokines on the expression of shiga toxin toxicity]. | shiga toxins(stxs), which are produced by enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli and shigella dysenteriae serotype i, induce proinflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin(il)-1 beta, il-6, interferon-gamma, and chemokines such as il-8 in intestinal epithelial cells, vascular endothelial cells, and monocytes/macrophages in vitro and in kidneys and spleen in vivo. cytokines induced by stxs and lipopolysaccharide enhance the toxicity of stxs via up-regulation of the expre ... | 2002 | 12078078 |
| purification of lactoperoxidase from creek-water buffalo milk and investigation of kinetic and antibacterial properties. | water buffalo lactoperoxidase (wblp) was purified with amberlite cg 50 h+ resin, cm sephadex c-50 ion-exchange chromatography, and sephadex g-100 gel filtration chromatography from skim milk. all purification steps of the wblp were shown with sds-page and rz (a412/a280) controlled the purification degree of the enzyme. rz value for the purified wblp was 0.8. to determine purification steps and kinetic properties, the activity of enzyme was measured by using 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6 ... | 2002 | 12071645 |
| shiga toxin genes in avian escherichia coli. | the purpose of this study was to determine the presence of stx genes in avian pathogenic escherichia coli (apec). we examined 97 apec isolates: 34 from lesions of avian cellulitis, 31 from avian septicemia, 13 from swollen head syndrome (shs) in chickens, and 19 from diseased turkeys. we also examined five isolates from the feces of healthy chickens. all 102 e. coli isolates were tested for the presence of stx genes by pcr amplification and by colony blots using probes specific for stx1 and stx2 ... | 2002 | 12069771 |
| bacillus dysentericus (sic) 1897 was the first taxonomic rather than bacillus dysenteriae 1898. | the basonym of shigella dysenteriae (shiga 1898) castellani and chalmers 1919 was first and officially proposed in 1897 as bacillus dysentericus (sic) in saikingaku zasshi, published in japan. in accordance with section 6 (citation of authors and names) of the bacteriological code (1990 revision), the year of the first proposal of shigella dysenteriae has to be corrected from bacillus dysenteriae 1898 to bacillus dysentericus (sic) 1897. | 2002 | 12054222 |
| survivability of shigella dysenteriae type 1 & s. flexneri 2a in laboratory conditions simulating aquatic environment. | information about the duration of survival of shigellae in water is speculative. the present study was undertaken to assess the duration of survival of shigella dysenteriae type 1 and s. flexneri type 2a in the laboratory conditions simulating the aquatic environment, their invasive property and the association of different physico-chemical parameters in the survival process. | 2001 | 12040763 |
| apoptosis in acute shigellosis is associated with increased production of fas/fas ligand, perforin, caspase-1, and caspase-3 but reduced production of bcl-2 and interleukin-2. | shigella dysenteriae type 1-induced apoptotic cell death in rectal tissues from patients infected with shigella dysenteriae type 1 was studied by the terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dutp-biotin nick end labeling (tunel) technique and annexin v staining. expression of proteins and cytokines participating in the apoptotic process (caspase-1, caspase-3, fas [cd95], fas ligand [fas-l], perforin, granzyme a, bax, waf-1, bcl-2, interleukin-2 [il-2], il-18, and granulocyte-macrophage colo ... | 2002 | 12011015 |
| construction, characterization, and animal testing of wrsd1, a shigella dysenteriae 1 vaccine. | wrsd1 is a shigella dysenteriae 1 vaccine containing deletions of the virg(icsa) gene required for intercellular spreading and a 20-kb chromosomal region encompassing the shiga toxin genes (stxab). wrsd1 was constructed from s. dysenteriae 1 strain 1617 that was originally isolated during the 1968 to 1969 epidemic of shiga dysentery in guatemala. the virg(icsa) deletion was constructed from a streptomycin-resistant (str(r)) mutant of 1617 by a filter mating procedures using a virg(icsa) deletion ... | 2002 | 12010984 |
| enhancement of pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures by shigella dysenteriae in lps-resistant c3h/hej mice: role of the host response. | convulsions and encephalopathy are common complications of shiga toxin (stx)-producing shigella and enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli infections. in previous studies, we demonstrated that stx and lipopolysaccharide (lps) act in concert to enhance mice sensitivity to pentylenetetrazole (ptz)-induced seizures via mechanisms involving tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnfalpha), interleukinl beta and nitric oxide. to further elucidate the role of the host response in shigella-related seizures, we studi ... | 2002 | 12005330 |
| development of a p1 phagemid system for the delivery of dna into gram-negative bacteria. | the inability to transform many clinically important gram-negative bacteria has hampered genetic studies addressing the mechanism of bacterial pathogenesis. this report describes the development and construction of a delivery system utilizing the broad-host-range transducing bacteriophage p1. the phagemids used in this system contain a p1 pac initiation site to package the vector, a p1 lytic replicon to generate concatemeric dna, a broad-host-range origin of replication and an antibiotic-resista ... | 2002 | 11932441 |
| rapid detection of shiga toxin-producing bacteria in feces by multiplex pcr with molecular beacons on the smart cycler. | we have developed a rapid (1-h) real-time fluorescence-based pcr assay with the smart cycler thermal cycler (cepheid, sunnyvale, calif.) for the detection of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec), as well as other shiga toxin-producing bacteria. based on multiple-sequence alignments, we have designed two pairs of pcr primers that efficiently amplify all variants of the shiga toxin genes stx(1) and stx(2), respectively. these primer pairs were combined for use in a multiplex assay. two mo ... | 2002 | 11923369 |
| [investigation of a shigellosis outbreak in a rural zone of senegal]. | the investigation of this outbreak took place in niakhar (ird project study area), a rural area located 150 km east of dakar. covering 30 villages, with a population of about 30,000 inhabitants, the area has been under demographic and epidemiological surveillance. in 1999, the surveillance allowed 973 cases of shigellosis to be recorded out of 1,751 cases of dysenteric diarrhoeas. the outbreak reached a peak during the raining season (73% of the cases in september and october). all the villages ... | 2001 | 11861195 |
| shigellocidal properties of three nigerian medicinal plants: ocimum gratissimum, terminalia avicennoides, and momordica balsamina. | the prevalence of multidrug-resistant shigellae is an important concern in the treatment of shigellosis in many developing countries, and other therapies, including herbal agents, may provide an important alternative to antimicrobial agents. in this study, three nigerian medicinal plants: ocimum gratissimum, terminalia avicennoides, and momordica balsamina were investigated for their activities against multidrug-resistant shigella species isolated from patients with bacilliary dysentery in lagos ... | 2001 | 11855356 |
| cloned shiga toxin 2 b subunit induces apoptosis in ramos burkitt's lymphoma b cells. | the shiga toxins (stx1 and stx2), produced by shigella dysenteriae type 1 and enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli, consist of one a subunit and five b subunits. the stx1 and stx2 b subunits form a pentameric structure that binds to globotriaosylceramide (gb3-cer) receptors on eukaryotic cells and promotes endocytosis. the a subunit then inhibits protein biosynthesis, which triggers apoptosis in the affected cell. in addition to its gb3-cer binding activity, the data in the following report demons ... | 2002 | 11854211 |
| sodium and water homeostasis in children with shigellosis. | studies in bangladesh have shown that the mortality in shigellosis is significantly higher in hyponatraemic (hn) than in normo- (nn) or hypernatraemic children. the aim of this study was to describe the effect of shigellosis on renal haemodynamics and sodium and water homeostasis before treatment was started. twenty-one moderately ill children infected with shigella dysenteriae type i were studied. eight of them had a serum sodium concentration below 130 mmol/l. renal function was determined by ... | 2001 | 11853332 |
| hyperimmune bovine colostrum in the treatment of shigellosis in children: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. | immunological approaches have been considered as an alternative therapeutic option for the treatment of enteric infections over the past few years. hyperimmune bovine colostrum (hbc) is a potentially innovative immunological option in the management of shigellosis together with traditional antibiotic therapy. children aged 1-12 y with a history of bloody mucoid diarrhoea of less than 5 d duration were enrolled after their stool specimen was found to be positive for shigella dysenteriae type i an ... | 2001 | 11853331 |
| activation of shiga toxin type 2d (stx2d) by elastase involves cleavage of the c-terminal two amino acids of the a2 peptide in the context of the appropriate b pentamer. | shiga toxins (stx) are potent ribosome-inactivating toxins that are produced by shigella dysenteriae type 1 or certain strains of escherichia coli. these toxins are composed of one a subunit that can be nicked and reduced to an enzymatically active a1(approximately 27 kda) and an a2 peptide (approximately 4 kda) as well as a pentamer of b subunits (approximately 7 kda/monomer) that binds the eukaryotic cell. purified shiga toxin type 2d is activated 10- to 1000-fold for vero cell toxicity by pre ... | 2002 | 11849548 |
| [priming-phenomenon of neutrophils in patients with flexner infection]. | to study reproducibility of priming phenomenon of neutrophils in patients with acute flexner's dysentery and its realization manifestation. | 2001 | 11806212 |
| [isolation of provisional serovars of shigella in diarrheal cases of tourists]. | twenty-four shigella strains of provisional serovars were isolated from travellers with diarrhea during 1993-2000 at osaka airport- and kansai airport-quarantine station. the outline of these cases were as follows. 1) the provisional serovars of these strains (number of cases) were s. dysenteriae 93-119 (2), s. dysenteriae 204/96 (4), s. dysenteriae i9809-73 (4), s. flexneri 88-893 (9), and s. boydii e16553 (5). 2) symptoms of these cases were diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, and vomiting. the r ... | 2001 | 11806136 |
| [the serum bactericidal activity of domestic fleroxacin and lomefloxacin]. | to evaluate antibacterial activities in vivo and in vitro of fleroxacin and lomefloxacin. | 1999 | 11798634 |
| post-dysenteric hemolytic uremic syndrome in bulawayo, zimbabwe. | an outbreak of dysentery in zimbabwe was associated with a high mortality, especially in children who developed hemolytic uremic syndrome (hus). to examine the causes of high mortality from hus and to suggest measures that could reduce the case fatality rate, clinical and laboratory features of 91 children with dysentery were reviewed. of these, 14 developed hus; their findings were compared with age-matched controls with dysentery only. persistent alteration of consciousness after rehydration, ... | 2001 | 11793118 |
| survival of shigella dysenteriae type 1 on fomites. | studies have shown that various objects, such as utensils, toys, and clothes, can serve as vehicles for transmission of shigella spp. shigellae can become viable but non-culturable (vbnc) when exposed to various environmental conditions as shown in earlier studies. the present study was carried out to detect vbnc shigella dysenteriae type 1 on various fomites by direct viable counting, polymerase chain reaction (pcr), and fluorescent antibody methods. s. dysenteriae type 1 was inoculated onto cl ... | 2001 | 11761771 |
| conformation of the o-specific polysaccharide of shigella dysenteriae type 1: molecular modeling shows a helical structure with efficient exposure of the antigenic determinant alpha-l-rhap-(1-->2)-alpha-d-galp. | the o-specific polysaccharide of shigella dysenteriae type 1, which has the repeating tetrasaccharide unit -->3)-alpha-l-rhap-(1-->3)-alpha-l-rhap-(1-->2)-alpha-d-galp-(1-->3)-alpha-d-glcnacp-(1--> (a-b-c-d), is a major virulence factor, and it is believed that antibodies against this polysaccharide confer protection to the host. the conformational properties of fragments of this o-antigen were explored using systematic search with a modified hsea method (glycan) and with molecular mechanics mm3 ... | 2001 | 11744629 |
| characterization of a shiga toxin-encoding temperate bacteriophage of shigella sonnei. | a shiga toxin (stx)-encoding temperate bacteriophage of shigella sonnei strain cb7888 was investigated for its morphology, dna similarity, host range, and lysogenization in shigella and escherichia coli strains. phage 7888 formed plaques on a broad spectrum of shigella strains belonging to different species and serotypes, including stx-producing shigella dysenteriae type 1. with e. coli, only strains with rough lipopolysaccharide were sensitive to this phage. the phage integrated into the genome ... | 2001 | 11705937 |
| validation of salmonellosis and shigellosis diagnostic test kits at a provincial hospital in thailand. | rapid diagnosis of salmonellosis and shigellosis was performed using six different diagnostic test kits which recently have been made available commercially. they were salmo-dot, typhi-dot, shigel dot a, b, c, and d test kits for detection of salmonella spp., group d salmonellae, and groups a, b, c, and d shigella spp., respectively. the principle of all test kits is a membrane (dot) elisa using specific monoclonal antibodies to the respective pathogens as the detection reagents. the present stu ... | 2001 | 11699718 |
| pathogenesis of infectious diarrhea. | a brief overview of some of the main features involved in normal physiological bi-directional absorption and secretion of fluid in the gut is given, including the nature and cellular location of key enzymes, ion pumps, symports, antiports and diffusion channels; the microanatomy of intestinal villous vasculature and the dynamics of villus blood flow, which together generate hypertonic zones in villus tip regions; and the production, differentiation, escalator movement (from crypt to villus tip) ... | 2001 | 11694903 |
| shiga-toxin-converting bacteriophages. | shiga toxins (stx) comprise a family of potent cytotoxins that are involved in severe human disease. stx are mainly produced by escherichia coli isolated from human and nonhuman sources, and by shigella dysenteriae type 1. the genes encoding stx are thought to be generally encoded in the genome of lambdoid prophages (stx-converting bacteriophages; stx phages). they share a unique position in the late region of the phage genome downstream of the late promoter pr'. this location suggests that expr ... | 2001 | 11686382 |
| gene cloning and characterization of alanine racemases from shigella dysenteriae, shigella boydii, shigella flexneri, and shigella sonnei. | alanine racemase genes (alr) from shigella dysenteriae, shigella boydii, shigella flexneri, and shigella sonnei were cloned and expressed in escherichia coli jm109. all genes encoded a polypeptide of 359 amino acids, and showed more than 99% sequence identities with each other. in particular, the s. dysenteriae alr was identical with the s. flexneri alr. differences in the amino acid sequences between the four shigella enzymes were only two residues: gly138 in s. dysenteriae and s. flexneri (glu ... | 2001 | 11676496 |
| synthesis of glycoconjugate vaccines against shigella dysenteriae type 1. | syntheses of a hexadecasaccharide and smaller fragments corresponding to one-four repeating units of the o-specific polysaccharide of shigella dysenteriae type 1 are reported in a reactive aglycon-linked from. two tetrasaccharide donor/acceptor repeating units were assembled from monosaccharide precursors in a stepwise fashion and used in a linear, iterative manner to construct the higher-membered saccharides using schmidt's glycosylation technique that proved superior to others tested. single-p ... | 1998 | 11672203 |
| sequence analysis of four shigella boydii o-antigen loci: implication for escherichia coli and shigella relationships. | shigella strains are in reality clones of escherichia coli and are believed to have emerged relatively recently (g. m. pupo, r. lan, and p. r. reeves, proc. natl. acad. sci. usa 97:10567-10572, 2000). there are 33 o-antigen forms in these shigella clones, of which 12 are identical to o antigens of other e. coli strains. we sequenced o-antigen gene clusters from shigella boydii serotypes 4, 5, 6, and 9 and also studied the o53- and o79-antigen gene clusters of e. coli, encoding o antigens identic ... | 2001 | 11598067 |
| shiga toxins. | shiga toxin and shiga-like toxins belong to the group of protein toxins which have a moiety that binds to the cell surface and another enzymatically active moiety that after entry into the cytosol inhibits protein synthesis enzymatically. the toxins can also cause apoptosis by mechanisms that may be different from the effect on the protein synthesis machinery. shigella dysenteriae, some strains of escherichia coli as well as other bacteria can secrete such toxins which cause serious complication ... | 2001 | 11595626 |
| correlation between congo red binding and contact haemolysin production in shigella species. | haemolytic strains of shigella dysenteriae type 1, shigella flexneri, shigella boydii and shigella sonnei cultured on congo red agar produced pigmented colonies (pcr+) whereas nonhaemolytic strains produced white colonies and did not bind congo red (pcr-). s. flexneri-1 haemolysin negative mutant (lacking plasmid) of haemolysin positive prototroph also did not bind congo red and produced nonpigmented colonies. among the twelve strains of shigella included in this study, the characteristics of co ... | 2001 | 11491522 |
| dysentery in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus in zimbabwe: an emerging role for schistosoma mansoni and escherichia coli o157? | information on bloody diarrhoea in hiv-positives is scarce. a prospective study was therefore performed, in zimbabwe, to determine and compare the pathogens associated with bloody diarrhoea in 25 antiretroviral-naïve hiv-infected patients and 15 non-hiv-infected patients. stool cultures and colonic biopsies were performed. shigella was isolated from 18 (45%) of the subjects, schistosoma mansoni from eight (16%), escherichia coli h7:o157 from three (8%) and campylobacter jejunii from two (5%). th ... | 2001 | 11487372 |
| inverse expression of p(k) and luke blood group antigens on human rbcs. | luke (lke) is a high-frequency rbc antigen, related to the p blood group system. a lke-negative phenotype is found in 1 to 2 percent of donors and may be associated with increased p(k). because p(k) and similar glycolipids are receptors for shiga toxin on cell membranes, a lke-negative phenotype could have implications for infections by shigella dysenteriae and enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli. | 2001 | 11452158 |
| drug-induced thrombotic microangiopathy: incidence, prevention and management. | the term thrombotic microangiopathy (tma) describes syndromes characterised by microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia and variable signs of organ damage due to platelet thrombi in the microcirculation. in children, infections with shigella dysenteriae type 1 or particular strains of escherichia coli are the most common cause of tma; in adults, a variety of underlying causes have been identified, such as bacterial and viral infections, bone marrow and organ transplantation, pregnan ... | 2001 | 11444722 |
| characterization of cryptic flagellin genes in shigella boydii and shigella dysenteriae. | flagellin (flic) genes of 12 shigella boydii and five shigella dysenteriae strains were characterized. though these strains are nonmotile, the cryptic flicsb gene, cloned from s. boydii strain c3, is functional for expression of flagellin. it consists of 1,704 bp, and encodes 568 amino acid residues (57,918 da). the flicsd gene from s. dysenteriae strain 16 consists of 1,650 bp encoding 549 amino acid residues (57,591 da) and contains an is1 element inserted in its 3' end. the two genes are comp ... | 2001 | 11434456 |
| antimicrobial agent resistance in bacterial isolates from patients with diarrhea and urinary tract infection in the sudan. | antimicrobial sensitivity tests were performed on four-hundred and ninety-seven bacterial isolates from sudanese patients with diarrhea or urinary tract infections. shigella dysenteriae type i and enteropathogenic escherichia coli showed high resistance rates (percentage of isolates showing antibiotic resistance) against the commonly-used antimicrobial agents: ampicillin, amoxicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, cotrimoxazole, nalidixic acid, sulfonamide, and neomycin, and were completely sen ... | 2000 | 11421374 |
| a weighted composite dose-response model for human salmonellosis. | this article describes the development of a weighted composite dose-response model for human salmonellosis. data from previously reported human challenge studies were categorized into two different groups representing low and moderately virulent/pathogenic salmonella strains based on a disease end point. because epidemiological data indicate that some salmonella strains are particularly pathogenic, and in the absence of human feeding study data for such strains, shigella dysenteriae was used as ... | 2001 | 11414538 |
| cloning, overexpression, purification, and immunobiology of an 85-kilodalton outer membrane protein from haemophilus ducreyi. | we have identified an 85-kda outer membrane protein that is expressed by all tested strains of haemophilus ducreyi. studies of related proteins from other pathogenic bacteria, including haemophilus influenzae, pasteurella multocida, neisseria gonorrhoeae, neisseria meningitidis, and shigella dysenteriae, suggested a role for these proteins in pathogenesis and immunity. in keeping with the first such described protein from haemophilus influenzae type b, we termed the h. ducreyi protein d15. the g ... | 2001 | 11401984 |
| lactobacilli in human dental caries and saliva. | samples (98 plaque and 72 saliva) from 93 patients with dental caries were investigated for lactobacillus species which comprised 65 (62.5%) of 104 isolates. yeasts (20.1%), streptococcus spp. (8.7%), staphylococcus spp. (2.9%) and a few unidentified species (5.8%), were also found. the lactobacillus isolates were l. brevis (24.6%) l. fermentum (18.5%) l. casei (16.9%), l. delbrueckii (15.4%), l. plantarum (9.23%), l. acidophilus (7.69%), l. jensenii (4.62%), l. salivarius (1.54%) and l. gasseri ... | 2001 | 11393751 |
| adherence of shigella dysenteriae 1 to human colonic mucin. | the pathogenic potential of shigella is correlated with the ability of the organism to invade and multiply within the cells of colonic epithelium. although invasion is the ultimate event, a preceding step is adherence. shigella dysenteriae 1 preferentially adhered to colonic mucin and not to small intestinal mucin. the pathogen showed a very strong adherence pattern to human colonic mucin when compared with guinea pig and rat mucin. the adherence pattern of s. dysenteriae 1 was not altered on pr ... | 2001 | 11381327 |
| tetracycline antibiotics: mode of action, applications, molecular biology, and epidemiology of bacterial resistance. | tetracyclines were discovered in the 1940s and exhibited activity against a wide range of microorganisms including gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, chlamydiae, mycoplasmas, rickettsiae, and protozoan parasites. they are inexpensive antibiotics, which have been used extensively in the prophlylaxis and therapy of human and animal infections and also at subtherapeutic levels in animal feed as growth promoters. the first tetracycline-resistant bacterium, shigella dysenteriae, was isolated i ... | 2001 | 11381101 |
| effect of shiga toxin and shiga-like toxins on eukaryotic cells. | shigella dysenteriae and shiga-toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) elaborate the ab holotoxins, shiga or shiga-like toxins (stx). stx play a major role in the pathogenesis of haemorrhagic colitis and haemolytic uremic syndrome. this review provides an overview of the mechanisms of action of stx and a model of the pathogenesis of stx-induced disease. | 2001 | 11377211 |
| etiology of children's diarrhea in montevideo, uruguay: associated pathogens and unusual isolates. | we studied microorganisms associated with infant diarrhea in a group of 256 children admitted to a public pediatric hospital in montevideo, uruguay. diagnostic procedures were updated to optimize detection of potential pathogens, which were found in 63.8% of cases, and to be able to define their characteristics down to molecular or antigenic type. coinfection with two or more agents was detected in more than one-third of positive studies. escherichia coli enteric virotypes, especially enteropath ... | 2001 | 11376047 |
| the shus protein of shigella dysenteriae is a heme-sequestering protein that also binds dna. | the ability of shigella dysenteriae to utilize heme as an iron source is dependent on the iron-regulated expression of a number of genes including the outermembrane receptor shua and the cytoplasmic protein shus. the shus protein has no sequence homology with any proteins of known function and its role in heme acquisition has not been determined. in this paper we describe the purification and characterization of shus. the soluble oligomeric protein (650 kda) is composed of a single type of subun ... | 2001 | 11368175 |
| epidemiology of postshigellosis persistent diarrhea in young children. | dysentery accounts for 20% of the 4.6 million diarrhea-associated deaths among children in developing countries, with the risk from death in dysenteric persistent diarrhea 10-fold higher than that in acute dysentery. although shigella accounts for the majority of dysenteric episodes, very little is known about the epidemiology of postshigellosis persistent diarrhea. | 2001 | 11368112 |
| antimicrobial-resistant bacterial diarrhea in rural western kenya. | bacterial diarrheal diseases cause substantial morbidity and mortality in sub-saharan africa, but data on the epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of enteric bacterial pathogens are limited. between may 1997 and april 1998, a clinic-based surveillance for diarrheal disease was conducted in asembo, a rural area in western kenya. in total, 729 diarrheal specimens were collected, and 244 (33%) yielded >or=1 bacterial pathogen, as determined by standard culture techniques; 107 (44% ... | 2001 | 11343224 |
| re-evaluating criteria for peritoneal dialysis in "classical" (d+) hemolytic uremic syndrome. | indications for peritoneal dialysis in children with post-dysenteric hemolytic uremic syndrome (d+ hus) have not been thoroughly evaluated. although early institution of dialysis may reduce mortality, the procedure has attendant complications. | 2001 | 11269677 |
| shigella spp. surveillance in indonesia: the emergence or reemergence of s. dysenteriae. | from june 1998 through november 1999, shigella spp. were isolated in 5% of samples from 3,848 children and adults with severe diarrheal illness in hospitals throughout indonesia. s. dysenteriae has reemerged in bali, kalimantan, and batam and was detected in jakarta after a hiatus of 15 years. | 2001 | 11266305 |
| impaired imipenem uptake associated with alterations in outer membrane proteins and lipopolysaccharides in imipenem-resistant shigella dysenteriae. | three imipenem-resistant mutants were obtained from a clinical isolate (c152) of shigella dysenteriae by selection with increasing concentrations of imipenem. resistance to imipenem was associated with resistance to several other beta-lactam antibiotics. the penicillin-binding protein (pbp) patterns of the resistant and the wild-type strains were comparable. the permeability of the outer membrane proteins (omps) of the most resistant mutant, im16, was lower than that of the parent strain c152 wh ... | 1999 | 11252324 |
| an outbreak of dysentery in a rural district of zimbabwe: the role of personal hygiene at public gatherings. | to characterize the nature and extent of the outbreak; to determine the risk factors associated with contracting shigellosis; and to institute disease control and preventive measures. | 2000 | 11235056 |
| [effect of hydroxylamine hydrochloride on lipopolysaccharide fatty acid composition in shigella dysenteriae 1]. | changes in the fatty acid composition of s. dysenteriae 1 lipid a after the treatment of lipopolysaccharide (lps) with hydrosylamine hydrochloride (hh) and 4 degrees c, 37 degrees c and 56 degrees c were studied with the use of gas-liquid chromatographicmass-spectrometry. the treatment with hh led to a decrease in the toxicity of lps, but produced no changes in the content of the main fatty acid components of lipid a (lauric, myristic, oxymyristic and palmitic acids). at the same time the total ... | 2000 | 11210628 |
| microbiological survey of retail herbs and spices from mexican markets. | in the present study, 304 samples of herbs and spices (garlic powder, cumin seeds, black pepper, oregano, and bay leaves) widely used in mexico were analyzed for the presence of bacillus cereus, salmonella typhi, shigella dysenteriae, escherichia coli, total and fecal coliforms, total mesophilic aerobic organisms, and fungi. samples were nonpackaged or packaged in polyethylene bags or glass containers. high levels (10(5) to 10(7) cfu/g) of mesophilic aerobic microorganisms were found in most of ... | 2001 | 11198448 |
| downregulation of bactericidal peptides in enteric infections: a novel immune escape mechanism with bacterial dna as a potential regulator. | antibacterial peptides are active defense components of innate immunity. several studies confirm their importance at epithelial surfaces as immediate barrier effectors in preventing infection. here we report that early in shigella spp. infections, expression of the antibacterial peptides ll-37 and human beta-defensin-1 is reduced or turned off. the downregulation is detected in biopsies from patients with bacillary dysenteries and in shigella- infected cell cultures of epithelial and monocyte or ... | 2001 | 11175848 |
| shigellae control the gates of ll. | 2001 | 11175842 | |
| antimicrobial and phytochemical studies on 45 indian medicinal plants against multi-drug resistant human pathogens. | ethanolic extracts of 45 indian medicinal plants traditionally used in medicine were studied for their antimicrobial activity against certain drug-resistant bacteria and a yeast candida albicans of clinical origin. of these, 40 plant extracts showed varied levels of antimicrobial activity against one or more test bacteria. anticandidal activity was detected in 24 plant extracts. overall, broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity was observed in 12 plants (l. inermis, eucalyptus sp., h. antidysentric ... | 2001 | 11167029 |
| phylogenetic evidence for horizontal transfer of muts alleles among naturally occurring escherichia coli strains. | muts mutators accelerate the bacterial mutation rate 100- to 1,000-fold and relax the barriers that normally restrict homeologous recombination. these mutators thus afford the opportunity for horizontal exchange of dna between disparate strains. while much is known regarding the muts phenotype, the evolutionary structure of the muts(+) gene in escherichia coli remains unclear. the physical proximity of muts to an adjacent polymorphic region of the chromosome suggests that this gene itself may be ... | 2001 | 11160094 |
| clonal relationships among shigella serotypes suggested by cryptic flagellin gene polymorphism. | the presence of cryptic flic alleles in the genomes of 120 strains representative of the four shigella species was investigated. one fragment was obtained by pcr amplification of flic, with a size varying from 1.2 to 3.2 kbp, depending on the species or serotype. after digestion with endonuclease hhai, the number of fragments in patterns varied from three to nine, with sizes of between 115 and 1,020 bp. patterns sharing most of their bands were grouped to constitute an f type. a total of 17 diff ... | 2001 | 11158126 |
| molecular and phenotypic characterization of potentially new shigella dysenteriae serotype. | from september 1997 to november 1998, the french national center for salmonella and shigella received 22 shigella isolates recovered from 22 different patients suffering from dysentery. none of these isolates reacted with any of the antisera used to identify established shigella serotypes, but all of them agglutinated in the presence of antisera to a previously described potentially new shigella dysenteriae serotype (represented by strain 96-204) primarily isolated from stool cultures of importe ... | 2001 | 11158117 |
| rupture, invasion and inflammatory destruction of the intestinal barrier by shigella, making sense of prokaryote-eukaryote cross-talks. | 2001 | 11152938 | |
| a novel is-like element frequently inserted in a putative virulence regulator in bovine mastitis isolates of streptococcus dysgalactiae. | streptococcus dysgalactiae, a lancefield group c streptococcus, is commonly isolated from bovine mastitis. we recently identified a putative regulon in two s. dysgalactiae strains, 8215 and epi9, consisting of two consecutive genes, dmg and dem, coding for a possible regulatory protein and an m-like protein with fibrinogen- and igg-binding-properties, respectively. during these studies a short sequence homologous to an is element was found to be inserted in the dmg gene of strain 8215. the prese ... | 2000 | 11078648 |
| tonb is required for intracellular growth and virulence of shigella dysenteriae. | to assess the importance of tonb-dependent iron transport systems to growth of shigella in vivo, a tonb mutant of shigella dysenteriae was isolated and tested in cultured cells. the tonb mutant invaded epithelial cells, but did not form plaques in confluent monolayers of henle cells, indicating an inability of this mutant to spread from cell to cell. the rate of intracellular multiplication of the tonb mutant was reduced significantly compared to that of the wild type. the loss of virulence in t ... | 2000 | 11035742 |
| role of porin of shigella dysenteriae type 1 in modulation of lipopolysaccharide mediated nitric oxide and interleukin-1 release by murine peritoneal macrophages. | the ability of shigella dysenteriae type 1 porin to induce the release of nitric oxide (no) and interleukin-1 (il-1) from peritoneal macrophages of mouse and to regulate lipopolysaccharide (lps) and gamma interferon (ifn-gamma) mediated release of the two proinflammatory mediators was investigated. porin released nitrite when added to macrophage cultures. a maximum of 3.2-fold nitrite release by macrophages was observed with 100 ng ml(-1) of porin. the nitrite release of lps was enhanced signifi ... | 2000 | 11024352 |
| characterization and expression of hmur, a tonb-dependent hemoglobin receptor of porphyromonas gingivalis. | the gram-negative pathogen porphyromonas gingivalis requires hemin for growth. hemoglobin bound to haptoglobin and hemin complexed to hemopexin can be used as heme sources, indicating that p. gingivalis must have a means to remove the hemin from these host iron-binding proteins. however, the specific mechanisms utilized by p. gingivalis for the extraction of heme from heme-binding proteins and for iron transport are poorly understood. in this study we have determined that a newly identified tonb ... | 2000 | 11004172 |
| escherichia coli shiga toxin. | the stx family contains two types called stx1 (verotoxin 1: vt1 or shiga-like toxin: slt1) and stx2 (vt2, slt2); both toxins are encoded by bacteriophages. stx1 is identical to shiga toxin produced by shigella dysenteriae type i. stx2 is heterogeneous and immunologically different from stx1. although many variations are found in stx family, all stx has an a-b structure: the a subunit has n-glycosidase activity and the b subunit binds to a membrane glycolipid, globotriaosylceramide (gb3). the a s ... | 2000 | 10994531 |
| [acute encephalopathy in children: a serious illness after an inauspicious beginning]. | three young children, 2 girls of 6 and 3.5 years and 1 boy aged 3.5 years, had complaints like vomiting and fever of what initially was thought to be a minor infection. however, their condition deteriorated within two days to such an extent that they died while being treated on the intensive care department. the rapid drop in consciousness, sometimes accompanied by convulsions, is an expression of increased intracranial pressure resulting from diffuse brain oedema, which itself is probably cause ... | 2000 | 10965363 |
| structural analysis of phage-borne stx genes and their flanking sequences in shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli and shigella dysenteriae type 1 strains. | the stx-flanking regions of 49 shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli strains and nine shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 strains containing either stx, stx(1), stx(2), or stx(2) variant genes, were examined. we analyzed these regions by pcr using a set of primers with one primer specific for the respective stx gene and a second primer complementary to sequences of stx phages h-19b and 933w. we further characterized the amplification products by restriction endonuclease digestion and nucleotide seq ... | 2000 | 10948097 |
| predictors of mortality in children hospitalized with dysentery in harare, zimbabwe. | to document the pattern of complications and identify risk factors for subsequent mortality in a hospitalized paediatric population during a shigella dysenteriae type 1 epidemic. | 1998 | 10910572 |
| pcr detection of giardia lamblia in stool: targeting intergenic spacer region of multicopy rrna gene. | a pcr based detection that amplifies the 552-bp intergenic spacer (igs) region of multicopy rrna gene of giardia lamblia and 320-bp internal sequences to first pcr product has been used in diagnosis of giardiasis in stool sample. the primers were found highly specific to giardia spp. only, because no amplification was observed with dnas from other enteric pathogens like escherichia coli, shigella dysenteriae and entamoeba histolytica. the test could detect even less than 2 pg of genomic dna from ... | 2000 | 10860716 |
| antibacterial activity of a chitooligosaccharide mixture prepared by cellulase digestion of shrimp chitosan and its application to milk preservation. | the antibacterial activity of a chitooligosaccharide mixture prepared by digestion of shrimp chitosan with cellulase at 50 degrees c for 14 h was evaluated. sugars with 1 to 8 degrees of polymer (dp) were found in this chitooligosaccharide mixture, and the weight percentage of sugars with dp > or = 6 was 44.3%. minimal lethal concentrations of this mixture against aeromonas hydrophila, escherichia coli, listeria monocytogenes, pseudomonas aeruginosa, salmonella typhimurium, shigella dysenteriae, ... | 2000 | 10852568 |
| disease-dependent changes in t-cell populations in patients with shigellosis. | in shigellosis, bacterial infection is associated with an extensive inflammation of the rectal mucosa, resulting in bloody dysentery. the role of t-cell-mediated pro-inflammatory mechanisms has been implicated in this process, but the specific role of t-cell subsets is still not well understood. in this study we attempted to identify the changes in t-cell populations in patients with shigellosis during the disease course. the t-cell subset distribution was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in the ... | 2000 | 10843411 |
| synthesis of the tetrasaccharide related to the repeating unit of the antigen from shigella dysenteriae type 5. | starting from l-rhamnose, d-mannose and 2-amino-2-deoxy-d-glucose hydrochloride, two disaccharide blocks, namely, ethyl 2,4-di-o-benzyl-3-o-[(r)-1-(methoxycarbonyl)ethyl]-alpha-l-rhamnopyranos yl-(1-->3)-2-o-acetyl-4,6-di-o-benzyl-1-thio-alpha-d-mannopyranoside and 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl 2-o-acetyl-3,6-di-o-benzyl-alpha-d-mannopyranosyl-(1-->3)-4,6-di-o-benzy l-2-deoxy-2-phthalimido-beta-d-glucopyranoside, were synthesised and then allowed to react in the presence of n-iodosuccinimide and trifl ... | 2000 | 10839118 |
| induction of mrna for tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 beta in mice brain, spleen and liver in an animal model of shigella-related seizures. | the pathogenesis of neurological symptoms, the most common extraintestinal complication of childhood shigellosis, is unclear. to elucidate the mechanisms involved, we developed an animal model and demonstrated that tnf alpha and il-1 beta play a role. | 2000 | 10804924 |
| comparison of six dose-response models for use with food-borne pathogens. | food-related illness in the united states is estimated to affect over six million people per year and cost the economy several billion dollars. these illnesses and costs could be reduced if minimum infectious doses were established and used as the basis of regulations and monitoring. however, standard methodologies for dose-response assessment are not yet formulated for microbial risk assessment. the objective of this study was to compare dose-response models for food-borne pathogens and determi ... | 1999 | 10765449 |
| intrafamilial person-to-person spread of bacillary dysentery due to shigella dysenteriae in southwestern saudi arabia. | to identify the factors that influence transmission of bacillary dysentry (bd) within families during a propagated outbreak of bacillary dysentery. | 1999 | 10750504 |
| antimicrobial resistance trends in shigella serogroups isolated in israel, 1990-1995. | from a total of 31319 shigella strains isolated in israel between 1990 and 1996, 17574 were sent to the national shigella reference center for typing. of these, 15287 were identified as shigella sonnei, 1833 as shigella flexneri, 327 as shigella boydii and 127 as shigella dysenteriae. in all, 4395 strains were tested for sensitivity to ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid and ofloxacin. all strains tested were sensitive to ofloxacin, and only t ... | 2000 | 10746496 |
| nmr spectroscopy, molecular dynamics, and conformation of a synthetic octasaccharide fragment of the o-specific polysaccharide of shigella dysenteriae type 1. | a synthetic octasaccharide fragment (2) of the o-specific polysaccharide (1) of shigella dysenteriae type 1 has been studied as its methyl glycoside by one- and two-dimensional homo- and heteronuclear nmr spectroscopy. complete 1h and 13c nmr assignments have been generated, and the 13c spin-lattice relaxation times have been measured for the octasaccharide 2. a congener (6) of this octasaccharide containing one d-galactose residue with a specific 13c label at c-1 has been synthesized and used t ... | 2000 | 10723612 |
| serogroup prevalence of shigellae in bombay. | prevalence of shigellae serotypes in bombay was studied from june 1988 to may 1991. a total of 2758 faecal specimens were collected from paediatric patients (< 12 yrs) with acute gastroenteritis. a total of 90 shigella were isolated giving the isolation rate of 3.2%. shigella flexneri was the predominant serogroup (73.3%) followed by shigella dysenteriae (16.6%). all the isolates were sensitive to nalidixic acid. eighty percent of the shigellae were multidrug resistant. present data were compare ... | 1995 | 10707731 |
| a new biological agent for treatment of shiga toxigenic escherichia coli infections and dysentery in humans. | gastrointestinal disease caused by shiga toxin-producing bacteria (such as escherichia coli o157:h7 and shigella dysenteriae) is often complicated by life-threatening toxin-induced systemic sequelae, including hemolytic-uremic syndrome. such infections can now be diagnosed very early in the course of the disease, but at present no effective therapeutic intervention is possible. here, we constructed a recombinant bacterium that displayed a shiga toxin receptor mimic on its surface, and it adsorbe ... | 2000 | 10700227 |
| blocking bacterial enterotoxins. | 2000 | 10700222 | |
| evaluation of antibacterial activity of asparagus racemosus willd. root. | different concentrations (50, 100, 150 microg/ml) of the methanol extract of the roots of asparagus racemosus willd. showed considerable in vitro antibacterial efficacy against escherichia coli, shigella dysenteriae, shigella sonnei, shigella flexneri, vibrio cholerae, salmonella typhi, salmonella typhimurium, pseudomonas putida, bacillus subtilis and staphylococcus aureus. the effects produced by the methanol extract were compared with chloramphenicol. | 2000 | 10685109 |
| effects of caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid and ferulic acid on growth and arylamine n-acetyltransferase activity in shigella sonnei (group d). | arylamine n-acetyltransferase (nat) activities with 2-aminofluorene (2-af) as substrates were determined in shigella sonnei (group d) collected from patients with diarrhoeal disease. the nat activity was determined using an acetyl coa recycling assay and high pressure liquid chromatography. inhibition of growth studies from s. sonnei (group d) demonstrated that caffeic acid (ca), chlorogenic acid (cga) and ferulic acid (fa) elicited a dose-dependent bactericidal effect in s. sonnei (group d) cul ... | 2000 | 10677842 |
| production of ifn-gamma and il-10 to shigella invasins by mononuclear cells from volunteers orally inoculated with a shiga toxin-deleted shigella dysenteriae type 1 strain. | volunteers were orally administered invasive, non-shiga toxin-producing shigella dysenteriae 1 to establish a challenge model to assess vaccine efficacy. in stepwise fashion, four separate groups were given 3 x 10(2), 7 x 10(3), 5 x 10(4), or 7 x 10(5) cfu. using pbmc, proliferative responses and cytokine production were measured to s. dysenteriae whole-cell preparations and to purified recombinant invasion plasmid ags (ipa) c and ipad. anti-lps and anti-ipa abs and ab-secreting cells were also ... | 2000 | 10657678 |
| i-ceui fragment analysis of the shigella species: evidence for large-scale chromosome rearrangement in s. dysenteriae and s. flexneri. | i-ceui fragments of four shigella species were analyzed to investigate their taxonomic distance from escherichia coli and to collect substantiated evidence of their genetic relatedness because their ribosomal rna sequences and similarity values of their chromosomal dna/dna hybridization had proved their taxonomic identity. i-ceui digestion of genomic dnas yielded seven fragments in every species, indicating that all the shigella species contained seven sets of ribosome rna operons. to determine ... | 2000 | 10612738 |
| promiscuous origin of a chimeric sequence in the escherichia coli o157:h7 genome. | a novel sequence of 2.9 kb in the intergenic region between the muts and rpos genes of escherichia coli o157:h7 and closely related strains replaces a sequence of 6.1 kb in e. coli k-12 strains. at the same locus in shigella dysenteriae type 1, a sequence identical to that in o157:h7 is bounded by the is1 insertion sequence element. extensive polymorphism in the muts-rpos chromosomal region is indicative of horizontal transfer events. | 1999 | 10601221 |
| spontaneous tandem amplification and deletion of the shiga toxin operon in shigella dysenteriae 1. | only one species of shigella, shigella dysenteriae 1, has been demonstrated to produce shiga toxin (stx). stx is closely related to the toxins produced by shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec). in stec, these toxins are often encoded on lambdoid bacteriophages and are major virulence factors for these organisms. although the bacteriophage-encoded stx genes of stec are highly mobile, the stx genes in s. dysenteriae 1 have been believed to be chromosomally encoded and not transmissible. we ... | 1999 | 10594830 |
| mechanisms of quinolone resistance in clinical isolates of shigella dysenteriae. | 1999 | 10577351 | |
| activation of src family kinase yes induced by shiga toxin binding to globotriaosyl ceramide (gb3/cd77) in low density, detergent-insoluble microdomains. | shiga toxin (stx) is an enterotoxin produced by shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 and enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli, which binds specifically to globotriaosylceramide, gb3, on the cell surface and causes cell death. we previously demonstrated that stx induced apoptosis in human renal tubular cell line achn cells (taguchi, t., uchida, h., kiyokawa, n., mori, t., sato, n., horie, h., takeda, t and fujimoto, j. (1998) kidney int. 53, 1681-1688). to study the early signal transduction after stx a ... | 1999 | 10575015 |
| role of nitric oxide in the enhancement of pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures caused by shigella dysenteriae. | convulsions and encephalopathy are frequent complications of childhood shigellosis. we studied the role of nitric oxide (no) in shigella-related seizures in an animal model. pretreatment of mice with shigella dysenteriae 60r sonicate elevated serum no levels and enhanced the convulsive response to pentylenetetrazole (ptz), as indicated by a higher mean convulsion score and a higher number of mice responding with seizures. treatment of the mice with s-methylisothiourea sulfate (smt), a potent inh ... | 1999 | 10569751 |
| structural studies of the o-antigen polysaccharide from the enteroinvasive escherichia coli o164 cross-reacting with shigella dysenteriae type 3. | the structure of the o-antigen polysaccharide from escherichia coli o164 has been determined. nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy together with component and methylation analyses of lipid free polysaccharide were the principal methods used. the sequence of the sugar residues could be determined by noesy and heteronuclear multiple bond connectivity nmr experiments. it is concluded that the polysaccharide is composed of a pentasaccharide repeating unit with the following structure: [structure: ... | 1999 | 10561586 |
| structural studies utilizing 13c-enrichment of the o-antigen polysaccharide from the enterotoxigenic escherichia coli o159 cross-reacting with shigella dysenteriae type 4. | the structure of the o-antigen polysaccharide from escherichia coli o159 has been determined using primarily nmr spectroscopy of the 13c-enriched polysaccharide. the sequence of the sugar residues could be determined by heteronuclear multiple bond connectivity nmr experiments. the polysaccharide is composed of a pentasaccharide repeating unit with the following structure: [sequence: see text] matrix assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry was performed on intact lipopolysaccharide ... | 1999 | 10542072 |
| dr. kiyoshi shiga: discoverer of the dysentery bacillus. | the clinical manifestations of dysentery have been described for centuries, and the prototypic bacterial agent, shigella dysenteriae, was identified 100 years ago. in the english language there has been remarkably little written about dr. kiyoshi shiga, discoverer of the dysentery bacillus. we submit a brief biography of dr. shiga and the circumstances leading to his discovery, which proved the bacterial etiology of nonamebic dysentery. | 1999 | 10524979 |
| prevalence of shigella enterotoxins 1 and 2 among shigella strains isolated from patients with traveler's diarrhea. | shigella spp. are known primarily as a cause of bacillary dysentery. however, in an initial phase, numerous patients exhibit watery diarrhea that may or may not be followed by dysentery. new virulence factors associated with the species of shigella have recently been described. these are enterotoxins 1 and 2 of shigella (shet-1 and shet-2, respectively). the aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of shet-1 and shet-2 in species of shigella isolated from patients with traveler's ... | 1999 | 10523561 |
| purification and characterization of klebsiella pneumoniae cytotoxins. | isolation, purification and characterization of 3 new cytotoxins of a k. pneumoniae strain isolated from ready to eat pork sausage are reported. purification process involved extraction of cytotoxins with polymyxin b sulphate, salt precipitation, gel filtration and anion exchange chromatography. klebsiella cytotoxin (kct) i, a glycoprotein of about 65 kda was verocytotoxic, enterotoxic and dermonerotic. kct ii was erythemogenic, verocytotoxic and enterotoxic protein of co 55 kda, while kct iii w ... | 1999 | 10522158 |
| global burden of shigella infections: implications for vaccine development and implementation of control strategies. | few studies provide data on the global morbidity and mortality caused by infection with shigella spp.; such estimates are needed, however, to plan strategies of prevention and treatment. here we report the results of a review of the literature published between 1966 and 1997 on shigella infection. the data obtained permit calculation of the number of cases of shigella infection and the associated mortality occurring worldwide each year, by age, and (as a proxy for disease severity) by clinical c ... | 1999 | 10516787 |
| effect of shiga toxin on nacl transport in rat distal colon. | shiga toxin causes net fluid secretion in rabbit jejunum by selectively targeting, and inhibiting protein synthesis in, absorptive villous cells. the effect of shiga toxin on the colon, where it is presumably produced, is not known. this study was undertaken to investigate the effect of shiga toxin on the rat distal colon. | 1999 | 10499478 |
| sequence analysis of stx2-converting phage vt2-sa shows a great divergence in early regulation and replication regions. | in enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli, shiga toxin is produced by lysogenic prophages. we have isolated the prophage vt2-sa that is responsible for production of shiga toxin type 2 protein, and determined the complete nucleotide sequence of this phage dna. the entire dna sequence consisted of 60,942 bp, exhibiting marked similarity to the 933w phage genome. however, several differences were observed in the immunity and replication regions, where ci, cii, ciii, n, cro, o, and p genes were present ... | 1999 | 10492170 |
| typing and characterization of mechanisms of resistance of shigella spp. isolated from feces of children under 5 years of age from ifakara, tanzania. | eighty-six strains of shigella spp. were isolated during the dry season from stool samples of children under 5 years of age in ifakara, tanzania. the epidemiological relationship as well as the antimicrobial susceptibility and mechanisms of resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and co-trimoxazole were investigated. four different epidemiological tools, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge), repetitive extragenic palindromic (rep)-pcr, plasmid analysis, and antibiogram, were compared for t ... | 1999 | 10488163 |
| emerging and re-emerging diseases--epidemic enterohaemorrhagic infections 100 years after shiga. | 1999 | 10470309 |