| intracellular spread of shigella flexneri associated with the kcpa locus and a 140-kilodalton protein. | escherichia coli k-12 hybrids carrying both the 220-kilobase plasmid and the pure-linked kcpa locus from shigella flexneri expressed a 140-kilodalton (kda) protein which was recognized by convalescent sera from monkeys infected with s. flexneri. these hybrids were tested for the ability to produce plaques in hela cell monolayers. hybrid strains which carried both the 220-kilobase plasmid and the kcpa locus had a plaque-forming efficiency of at least 10(-4) pfu/cfu, whereas the plaque-forming eff ... | 1989 | 2643571 |
| invasion of vero cells by salmonella species. | the invasiveness of salmonella strains for vero cells was studied by quantitative bacteriology; the technique was more sensitive than phase contrast microscopy. all of 59 salmonella strains, of 19 different serotypes, were more invasive than escherichia coli k12. three strains of shigella were as invasive as most of the salmonella strains whereas 29 strains of e. coli, two of proteus, three of klebsiella and one of serratia were much less invasive. two citrobacter strains exhibited intermediate ... | 1989 | 2643706 |
| virg, a plasmid-coded virulence gene of shigella flexneri: identification of the virg protein and determination of the complete coding sequence. | on the 230-kilobase-pair (kb) virulence plasmid of shigella flexneri 2a strain ysh6000, at least seven separate genetic determinants have been identified. one of them, an approximately 4-kb region, virg, that is required for the sereny reaction, was extensively studied to examine the role of the virg region. the phenotype of a virg- mutant (m94) of ysh6000 in the cytoplasm of cultured mk cells was characterized by a kinetic study of the invading shigellae. the observed phenotype of m94 in the cy ... | 1989 | 2644195 |
| detection of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli after polymerase chain reaction amplification with a thermostable dna polymerase. | the direct identification of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli from clinical specimens was examined by using the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for amplifying the heat-labile toxin (lt) gene. two synthetic primers, each of which was 20 bases in length, were used with the thermostable dna polymerase from thermus aquaticus to amplify the lt gene. the amplified pcr products were detected by either gel electrophoresis or hybridization to a 24-base synthetic oligonucleotide probe conjugated to alkali ... | 1989 | 2644292 |
| chronic shigella flexneri infection preceding development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. | shigella sp. is known to be an important cause of diarrhea in homosexual men, although chronic infection is infrequently recognized. we describe recurrent and relapsing symptomatic infection due to shigella flexneri in a human immunodeficiency virus-infected homosexual man subsequently developed acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome may be prone to developing chronic shigellosis because of impaired intestinal cell-mediated immunity. | 1989 | 2644299 |
| case-control study of endemic diarrheal disease in thai children. | in a year-long, case-control study of endemic diarrheal disease among 1230 thai children less than five years of age, rotavirus was detected in 20%, campylobacter in 13%, shigella in 13%, salmonella in 12%, and enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) in 9%. the differences in detection of enteric pathogens between patients and controls was significant for rotavirus (p less than .001), shigella (p less than .001), etec that produced heat-labile and heat-stable toxins (lt and st; p = .005), and st ... | 1989 | 2644383 |
| shigellosis and aids. report of a case and brief review of the literature. | this report describes the fatal outcome of an infection with shigella flexneri in a 39-yr-old man with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). the pertinent literature is reviewed. | 1989 | 2644558 |
| symptoms associated with diarrhoeal illness at san lazaro hospital, manila in 1983 and 1984. | the clinical features associated with various agents of diarrhoeal disease were studied using 2,836 patients admitted to san lazaro hospital, manila. three general patient groups were considered including single pathogen isolations, "multiple pathogen" isolations, and "no pathogen" isolations. in general, symptoms of diarrhoeal illness were found to be non-specific. however, shigella flexneri. vibrio parahemolyticus, and rotavirus were significantly associated with a number of prominent symptoms ... | 1989 | 2609210 |
| hallucinations as an initial manifestation of childhood shigellosis. | | 1989 | 2642551 |
| plasmid dna analysis by agarose gel electrophoresis on an epidemic-associated strain of trimethoprim resistant shiga's bacillus from gimira wereda (keffa administrative region, southwest ethiopia). | a combination of genetic mating experiments and plasmid dna analysis by gel electrophoresis was carried out on an epidemic-associated shiga's bacillus with resistance type acssuttp, isolated in 1983 from gimira wereda, keffa administrative region, south west ethiopia. the donor strain contained 9 plasmid species. their sizes in megadaltons (mdal) were: 120, 40, 35, 12.5, 6.0, 5.1, 4.3, 2.5 and 1.7. analysis of escherichia coli k12 transconjugants revealed that the 40, 35, and 4.3 mdal plasmids c ... | 1989 | 2646117 |
| evaluation of two rapid methods to screen pathogens from stool specimens. | two rapid methods, the enteric pathogen screen (eps) cards of the automicrobic system (vitek systems, inc., hazelwood, mo) and the bactigen salmonella-shigella latex agglutination (lpa) method (wampole laboratories, cranbury, nj) were compared with conventional biochemical tests to screen stool cultures having suspicious colonial morphologic characteristics for the presence of salmonella and shigella in a study of 481 isolates from stool specimens and 104 stock cultures. compared with convention ... | 1989 | 2646912 |
| incidence and etiology of infantile diarrhea and major routes of transmission in huascar, peru. | community-based studies of diarrhea etiology and epidemiology were carried out from july 1982-june 1984 in 153 infants residing in a poor peri-urban community near lima, peru. study infants had nearly 10 episodes of diarrhea in their first year of life. diarrhea episodes were associated with organisms such as campylobacter jejuni, enterotoxigenic and enteropathogenic escherichia coli, shigella, rotavirus, and cryptosporidium. these organisms appeared to be transmitted to infants in the home thro ... | 1989 | 2646919 |
| recurrent shigellosis complicating human immunodeficiency virus infection: failure of pre-existing antibodies to confer protection. | | 1989 | 2642653 |
| introduction and spread of multi-resistant shigella dysenteriae i in thailand. | outbreaks of shigella dysenteriae i occurred in northeastern thailand in the fall of 1986 and again in the spring and fall of 1987 for the first time in over 20 years. the epidemic strain of s. dysenteriae i was resistant to tetracycline, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, but susceptible to ampicillin. trimethoprim resistance was chromosomally encoded by type i dihydrofolate reductase. in ubon province, where 10,000 cases of dysentery were reported, there were 3-5 ... | 1989 | 2644859 |
| [childhood shigellosis: clinical and microbiological characteristics]. | authors present a retrospective study on 89 cases of pediatric shigellosis detected between 1983-1987. most frequent isolated strain was s. sonnei with 67.4% and s. flexneri with 31.4% cases. 73.9% of all isolements were marked between the months october-december. mean age of patients was 4.4 years and 44.9% of them need not to be hospitalized. only 3.3% of patients presented a clinical syndrome of bacillar disentery with blood and mucus. strains were resistent to ampicilin in 84.2% and to thrim ... | 1989 | 2648914 |
| role of m cells in initial antigen uptake and in ulcer formation in the rabbit intestinal loop model of shigellosis. | strains of shigella flexneri with different invasive and pathogenic potentials were inoculated into the intestinal lumen of acutely ligated loops in nonimmune rabbits. after 90 min, tissues processed for ultrastructural as well as light microscopy showed that the bacilli were phagocytosed by m cells over lymphoid follicles of peyer's patches and carried in vacuoles into the epithelium. nonpathogenic as well as pathogenic strains were readily taken up regardless of the presence of the 140-megadal ... | 1989 | 2645214 |
| dissemination of trimethoprim-resistant clones of shigella sonnei in bulgaria. | bacterial dysentery due to shigella sonnei remains a serious public health problem in developed countries, including bulgaria. at the national shigella reference laboratory in sofia, 17,126 strains of s. sonnei from epidemics and sporadic cases collected from 1973 to 1987 were studied. antibiotic susceptibility testing, phage typing, colicin typing, and biotyping were performed for all strains to allow intraspecies differentiation and to track any clonal distribution. of all strains, 84.3% were ... | 1989 | 2647861 |
| [a 3-year evaluation of systematic research on salmonella, shigella, campylobacter and yersinia at a montpellier hospital]. | this work aims at assessing the prevalence of four bacterial genus that are the most frequently involved in infectious diarrhoea, among patients usually kept apart from this type of pathology (there is not a department of digestive tract diseases, of infectious diseases, of pediatry). among 3.626 stools received in our laboratory from 1.163 patients, 12 strains of campylobacter, 11 strains of salmonella and only one strain of yersinia were isolated. no strain of shigella was found. of the 12 str ... | 1989 | 2648269 |
| possible infection by escherichia coli or shigella sp in a surviving case of hemolytic uremic syndrome after bone marrow transplantation. | | 1989 | 2651283 |
| cloning of regions required for contact hemolysis and entry into llc-mk2 cells from shigella sonnei form i plasmid: virf is a positive regulator gene for these phenotypes. | two distinct regions required for both contact hemolysis and entry into llc-mk2 cells were cloned into escherichia coli from the shigella sonnei form i plasmid, pss120. the first region was cloned into an e. coli hb101 strain containing noninvasive tn1 insertion mutants of the form i plasmid, and expression of ipa (invasion plasmid antigen) gene products was restored. the plasmid carrying the first region was then transformed into e. coli lacking the form i plasmid, and additional dna fragments ... | 1989 | 2651305 |
| identification of an escherichia coli gene homologous to virr, a regulator of shigella virulence. | virulence in shigella spp., as well as in strains of enteroinvasive escherichia coli, is regulated by growth temperature. previously, virr had been identified as the gene controlling the temperature-regulated expression of shigella virulence. since shigella spp. and e. coli are also known to share greater than 90% dna sequence homology, we sought to determine if nonpathogenic e. coli k-12 c600 contains a gene homologous to the shigella flexneri 2a gene virr. through the use of transduction and m ... | 1989 | 2651420 |
| emergence of highly trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole-resistant shigella in a native american population: an epidemiologic study. | resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smx) emerged among shigella isolates from the navajo reservation in the southwestern united states in 1985, years after this antimicrobial agent came into common use. in the study area, tmp-smx resistance increased dramatically from 3 per cent in 1983 to 21 per cent in 1985. resistance was polyclonal and occurred in both s. sonnei and s. flexneri. no single plasmid was common to all resistant strains. however, all 28 tmp-smx resistant isolates exa ... | 1989 | 2650535 |
| bacterial hydrophobicity, an overall parameter for the measurement of adhesion potential to soil particles. | the adhesion of salmonella typhimurium to the mineral particles quartz, albite, feldspar, and magnetite was shown to correlate with the hydrophobicity of the cell surface as measured by hydrophobic interaction chromatography. the same effects were also seen for seven other selected test strains, including streptococcus faecalis, streptococcus faecium, escherichia coli, citrobacter freundii, shigella sonnei, and shigella boydii. when the test strain of salmonella typhimurium, was repeatedly culti ... | 1989 | 2650618 |
| enzyme-capture assay for rapid detection of escherichia coli in oysters. | enzyme-capture assays (ecas) for escherichia coli beta-d-glucuronidase (gud) were performed directly from 24-h gas-positive lauryl tryptose broth (ltb) fermentation tubes that had been inoculated with oyster homogenate seeded with e. coli. the ltb-eca method yielded results in 1 day that were equivalent to those obtained in 2 days by an ltb and ec-4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-d-glucuronide (ec-mug) method. overall, 62 of 64 (97%) positive ec-mug broths from which e. coli was isolated were correctly ... | 1989 | 2650619 |
| interaction of shigella toxin with globotriaosyl ceramide receptor-containing membranes: a fluorescence study. | the interaction of the b-subunit of shigella toxin with a globotriaosyl ceramide receptor incorporated into phosphatidylcholine vesicles was studied by fluorescence spectroscopy. from the position of the maximum in the emission spectrum and the accessibility to acrylamide quenching, it is concluded that a single tryptophan of a free b-chain is located in a highly polar environment, most likely on the surface of the folded polypeptide chain. binding of b-subunits to the membrane-associated globot ... | 1989 | 2653314 |
| t-lymphocyte clones responsive to shigella flexneri. | t lymphocytes from a patient with shigella flexneri dysentery and postdysenteric reactive arthritis were cloned by limiting dilution with recombinant interleukin-2 and a strain of s. flexneri different from that which had infected her. five of eight clones produced proliferated in response to the shigellae used to generate the clones. the response required irradiated syngeneic blood mononuclear cells as antigen-presenting cells. one such clone, mc12, proliferated in response to both the shigella ... | 1989 | 2654177 |
| characterization of virulence marker antigen of shigella spp. and enteroinvasive escherichia coli. | antisera produced in rabbits immunized with an enteroinvasive o143 strain of escherichia coli were absorbed with an avirulent derivative of the same strain. the resulting sera have been previously shown to recognize enteroinvasive pathogens when used in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. in the current study, western blots (immunoblots) showed that such an absorbed rabbit antiserum recognized two proteins (ipab and ipac) which are encoded by a large, virulence-associated plasmid. these protei ... | 1989 | 2654184 |
| shigellosis occurring in newborn nursery staff. | shigellosis is uncommon in the newborn nursery. we describe a case of shigella sonnei gastroenteritis occurring in a newborn. three of 32 health care providers caring for the infant acquired shigellosis. the neonate probably acquired the infection from its mother via vertical transmission. all six members of the infant's family had gastroenteritis and two siblings had stool cultures positive for shigella. transmission of shigella in the newborn nursery is potentially great. emphasis on handwashi ... | 1989 | 2654287 |
| control of diarrheal diseases. | the tremendous advances made in the control of diarrheal diseases in the past few years indicate what more can be achieved. even though the lives of an estimated three quarters of a million children are being saved each year, over three million children are still dying from readily preventable diarrheal disease. the challenge is to build on the successes thus far, to learn from experience, to promote changes in health habits that will prevent diarrhea, and to make all of these activities sustain ... | 1989 | 2655632 |
| the human gastric bactericidal barrier: mechanisms of action, relative antibacterial activity, and dietary influences. | | 1989 | 2651535 |
| tropical infections after renal transplantation. | | 1989 | 2652678 |
| pathogenesis of shigella diarrhea. xiv. analysis of shiga toxin receptors on cloned hela cells. | binding kinetics of shiga toxin to hela ccl-2 cells and to cell lines cloned by limiting dilutions were determined. lines with a wide range of sensitivity to shiga toxin were obtained. binding data, analyzed by a computer-based scatchard model program, revealed two classes of binding sites, one of low affinity and high capacity and one of high affinity and low capacity. the number of high affinity, but not low affinity, sites present on the clones correlated with their sensitivity to toxin. tuni ... | 1989 | 2651533 |
| inoculum size in shigellosis and implications for expected mode of transmission. | | 1989 | 2656880 |
| unusual nucleotide arrangement with repeated sequences in the escherichia coli k-12 chromosome. | between 59 and 60 min on the escherichia coli genetic map, there is a highly conserved sequence of 29 base pairs, containing an inverted repeat of seven base pairs that appears 14 times, 32 or 33 base pairs apart, downstream of the iap gene coding region. about 24 kilobase pairs downstream of the 14 repeats, a similar 29-base-pair sequence with a spacing of 32 base pairs appears seven times. nucleotide sequences hybridizing with the 29-base-pair fragment were also detected in shigella dysenteria ... | 1989 | 2656660 |
| [localization of ssoii restriction endonuclease and methylase genes on the map of the p4 plasmid]. | the restrictional mapping of naturally occurring plasmid p4 from shigella sonnei 47 strain coding for the ssoii restriction endonuclease and methylase genes has been made. using the genetic engineering approach the locations of the ssoii host cell specificity system enzymes genes have been determined. | 1989 | 2657413 |
| [survey on overseas traveller's diarrhea at narita airport quarantine station--the species of bacteria isolated and the suspected countries for infection]. | | 1989 | 2657132 |
| oral shigella vaccines. | | 1989 | 2659269 |
| the enteric immune response to shigella antigens. | mucosal immunity to some enteropathogens occurs naturally following infection. by learning how to optimize initiation of the mucosal immune response it will be possible to develop vaccines against a wide variety of enteropathogens and their toxic products. in the past few years, we have examined stimulation of the mucosal response to shigella antigens. we have found that the mucosal memory response to shigella lps can be stimulated by oral immunization with live, but not with killed shigella. th ... | 1989 | 2659270 |
| secretory immunoglobulin a response to shiga toxin in rabbits: kinetics of the initial mucosal immune response and inhibition of toxicity in vitro and in vivo. | although the role of shiga toxin in dysentery is unknown, the toxin is cytotoxic to hela cells, causes fluid secretion in rabbit intestine, and is lethal to rabbits and mice when injected parenterally. in the present study, rabbits received three weekly doses of shiga toxin directly into chronically isolated ileal loops. within a week, secretions from these loops contained immunoglobulin a (iga) anti-shiga toxin. the titer of iga anti-shiga toxin increased after weekly doses 2 and 3. little igg ... | 1989 | 2659525 |
| effect of streptomycin administration on association of enteric pathogens with cecal tissue of mice. | the effect of streptomycin on the ability of shigella sonnei 3sr and enterotoxigenic escherichia coli 2sr to associate with cecal tissue of mice in vivo and in vitro was examined. after orogastric challenge, both pathogens associated in significantly greater numbers (p less than or equal to 0.05) with the cecal tissue of streptomycin-treated mice than with the tissue of untreated mice. the population levels of the pathogens were also significantly greater (p less than or equal to 0.05) in the ce ... | 1989 | 2659535 |
| electropherotyping of plasmid dna of different serotypes of shigella flexneri isolated in bangladesh. | one hundred and twenty-five shigella flexneri strains, isolated during january-december 1984, at the dhaka treatment centre of the international centre for diarrhoeal disease research, bangladesh, were serotyped using absorbed rabbit antisera specific for all type- and group-factor antigens, as well as a group of ten mouse and rat monoclonal antibodies. electropherotypes of the plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid (dna) were also determined. s. flexneri 2a was the predominant serotype followed by 3b, 1 ... | 1989 | 2661251 |
| microbiologic and clinical study of acute diarrhea in children in aswan, egypt. | children with diarrhea presenting to a government rehydration center in aswan, egypt, were investigated to determine the etiology and clinical presentation of acute childhood diarrhea in southern egypt. among 126 outpatients and 25 inpatients with diarrhea (mean age 18 months), enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) (17% of cases), cryptosporidium (9%), salmonella spp. (7%), campylobacter jejuni/coli (7%), and shigella spp. (5%) were the most common enteropathogens identified during the high in ... | 1989 | 2658018 |
| [isolation of shigella boydii serotype 14 with altered biochemical characteristics in a water-borne epidemic of dysentery]. | two water-borne epidemics of bacillary dysentery have been described in a garrison in which the leading causative agent has been shigella boydii, serotype of 14 altered biochemical characteristics isolated for the first time in yugoslavia. all the isolated strains of this shigella were mannitol negative and they degradated gylocose to acidity and gas already after 24 hours, and arabinose and sorbitol to acidity and gas after 48 hours. the clinical picture of the diseased was characteristic of ba ... | 1989 | 2662591 |
| [biological properties of bacteria of the species shigella flexneri]. | some biological properties of s. flexneri have been studied. the strains of this bacterial species have been shown to produce dnaase in 98.8 +/- 0.77% of cases and rnaase in 97.4 +/- 1.5% of cases. the capacity for the positive reaction with congo red as early as after 24-hour incubation in the thermostat has proved to be characteristic of s. flexneri (91.1 +/- 3.6%). if stored at 4 degrees c in semiliquid agar, s. flexneri cultures have been found to retain their capacity for producing the abov ... | 1989 | 2662686 |
| quantitation of the rabbit intestinal glycolipid receptor for shiga toxin. further evidence for the developmental regulation of globotriaosylceramide in microvillus membranes. | shiga toxin, produced by shigella dysenteriae 1, causes enterotoxic, cytotoxic, and neurotoxic effects, which may be mediated by a glycolipid receptor, globotriaosylceramide, gb3. to study the relationship of this receptor and toxin effects, globotriaosylceramide was quantitated and further characterized in rabbit small intestinal microvillus membranes at various ages. glycolipids were extracted from rabbit microvillus membranes, purified on unisil columns, and quantitated by high-performance li ... | 1989 | 2663611 |
| congo red-mediated regulation of levels of shigella flexneri 2a membrane proteins. | the ability of shigella spp. to bind congo red from agar medium is generally correlated with their virulence properties. we used a metabolically active culture of shigella flexneri 2a to determine the effect of congo red on its membrane protein profiles. virulent s. flexneri grown in the presence of congo red at 37 degrees c showed increased levels of three proteins with mrs of 43,000, 58,000, and 63,000 (43k, 58k, and 63k proteins) in the sarkosyl-soluble membrane fractions. the observed phenom ... | 1989 | 2663721 |
| plasmid-associated adherence of shigella flexneri in a hela cell model. | the initial interaction of shigella flexneri with hela cells was studied at 4 degrees c, a temperature that inhibits parasite-directed endocytosis. it was found that invasive strains were 10-fold more adherent to hela cells than were isogenic, noninvasive strains which had lost a 140-megadalton plasmid. adherent strains were also more hydrophobic than were nonadherent strains. | 1989 | 2663729 |
| trimethoprim resistance in enterobacteria isolated in chile. | four hundred strains of enterobacteria, isolated before the introduction of trimethoprim as a single agent in chile, were studied. one hundred and thirty six strains (34%) were resistant to greater than or equal to 8 mg/l of trimethoprim and 118 of these (87%) were also resistant to sulphamethoxazole (156 mg/l). plasmids were detected in 79% of the trimethoprim-resistant strains; 56% of the strains carried two or more plasmids. trimethoprim resistance could be transferred by conjugation in 66% o ... | 1989 | 2663804 |
| [clinical features of overseas travellers' infectious enteritis admitted in the hospitals for infectious diseases]. | | 1989 | 2657133 |
| [determination of shigella antigens in the feces of people, immunized with enteral vaccine prepared from s. flexneri antigen]. | the dynamic determination of the presence of the specific antigen and its activity in the excreta of humans subjected to enteral immunization with vaccine prepared from s. flexneri antigen was made in the agglutination test and neutralization test with the use of, respectively, antibody and antigenic erythrocyte diagnosticums. in the feces and urine of the vaccinees antibodies occurred less commonly and, as a rule, they were less active than those detected in dysentery patients at the correspond ... | 1989 | 2658436 |
| [evaluation of a new semi-automatic method of identifying enterobacteriaceae, m.i.s.-enterobacteriaceae]. | m.i.s.-enterobacteriaceae is a new kit for identifying enterobacteriaceae using a microplate consisting of 21 biochemical characters with automated reading and interpretation. the validity of this method was studied by the identification of 350 strains of enterobacteria belonging to 44 species and comparison with the classical method of identification in test-tubes. results showed a diagnosis accuracy of 96 p. cent at the species level and 97.7 p. cent at the genus level. diagnosis accuracy reac ... | 1989 | 2665580 |
| rapid method to detect shiga toxin and shiga-like toxin i based on binding to globotriosyl ceramide (gb3), their natural receptor. | shiga toxin and the closely related shiga-like toxins produced by escherichia coli represent a group of very similar cytotoxins that may play an important role in diarrheal disease and hemolytic uremic syndrome. these toxins have the same biologic activities and according to recent studies also share the same binding receptor, globotriosyl ceramide (gb3). they are currently detected, on the basis of their ability to damage several cell lines, by using expensive and tedious assays that require fa ... | 1989 | 2666433 |
| use of monoclonal antibodies to type shigella flexneri in bangladesh. | a panel of 10 mouse and rat monoclonal antibodies specific for different type- and group-specific o-antigenic determinants of shigella flexneri lipopolysaccharide was used to serotype 240 isolates of s. flexneri from bangladesh. three immunoglobulin m antibodies were used in a direct slide agglutination test; seven immunoglobulin g antibodies were absorbed to staphylococcus aureus and used in a coagglutination assay. all but 13 of the isolates could be serotyped by using the monclonal antibodies ... | 1989 | 2666435 |
| etiology of childhood diarrhea in korea. | to assess the role of recently recognized enteropathogens in childhood diarrhea in korea, 231 children with diarrhea admitted to and 104 children without diarrhea seen at the well-baby clinic or the outpatient department of hanyang university hospital in seoul, korea, were evaluated during a 14-month period. stools were cultured for bacterial pathogens, including enterotoxigenic (heat-labile and heat-stable enterotoxin-producing) and enteroadherent organisms. only those stools obtained from pati ... | 1989 | 2666437 |
| epidemic shigellosis due to shigella dysenteriae type 1 in south asia. | | 1989 | 2661420 |
| an outbreak of shigellosis associated with the consumption of raw oysters. | we describe an outbreak of shigella sonnei infection among 24 persons who had eaten raw oysters in restaurants in southeastern texas within five days before the onset of symptoms. the oysters in all eight restaurants were supplied by the same dealer, but examination of a routine water sample collected six days before the probable time of contamination showed the waters where the oysters were harvested to be free of fecal contamination, making widespread sewage contamination unlikely. the suspect ... | 1989 | 2664513 |
| acute diarrhea in children. | acute diarrhea is a common problem in children. understanding the different pathologic processes that cause diarrhea, and the agents that are associated with those processes, can aid the clinician in predicting the etiology of the diarrhea in an individual patient. small bowel involvement, most commonly caused by rotavirus, produces a high incidence of vomiting, often before the onset of diarrhea, and large, watery, and relatively infrequent stools. large bowel involvement, usually due to campyl ... | 1989 | 2664748 |
| internalization of shigella flexneri into hela cells occurs without an increase in cytosolic ca2+ concentration. | pathogenic shigella flexneri invades epithelial cells through directed phagocytosis. the role of intracellular free calcium ([ca2+]i) as a signal for this process was tested. no variation in the [ca2+]i could be detected by using the fluorescent indicator fura 2 to measure the [ca2+]i in hela cells during the invasion process. in addition, neither clamping nor maximal decreasing or increasing of the [ca2+]i of hela cells had any effect on their susceptibility to invasion. these data demonstrate ... | 1989 | 2668195 |
| hemolytic uremic syndrome and diarrhea in argentine children: the role of shiga-like toxins. | shiga-like toxin-producing escherichia coli have been associated with hemorrhagic colitis and the hemolytic uremic syndrome (hus). because argentina has the highest reported frequency of hus in the world, argentine children were prospectively studied during the hus seasons for evidence of shiga-like toxin-related diseases. on the basis of serology, fecal cytotoxin neutralization, stool cultures, and dna hybridization of colony lysates, most children with hus had evidence of infection with shiga- ... | 1989 | 2668430 |
| shigella vaccines. | shigellosis remains a major public health problem in developing countries. in these nations, the disease affects young children for the most part. the infecting organism causes illness by invading the colonic mucosa. it is closely related to nonpathogenic escherichia coli, and genetic material can be transferred from one organism to the other, a process increasing the pathogenic potential of the e. coli or reducing the virulence of the strain of shigella. knowledge of the genetics of virulence o ... | 1989 | 2669098 |
| descriptive epidemiology of persistent diarrhoea among young children in rural northern india. | in order to determine the descriptive epidemiology of persistent diarrhoea in rural northern india, a cohort of 963 children aged 0-71 months was followed prospectively for 12 months through weekly household visits. the incidence of persistent diarrhoea was 6.3 per 100 child-years among those aged 0-71 months, and was highest (31 per 100 child-years) among those aged 0-11 months. there were no significant sex-related differences in the incidence of the disease, and the overall seasonal distribut ... | 1989 | 2670297 |
| molecular cloning and characterization of chromosomal virulence region kcpa of shigella flexneri. | in shigella flexneri, in addition to several well-recognized plasmid-borne virulence loci, at least three genetic loci implicated in pathogenesis have been recognized on the chromosome. to understand more about the pathogenesis of bacillary dysentery at a molecular level, the genetically recognized but previously unidentified kcpa region (one of the chromosomal regions near pure) was cloned and sequenced. a single translatable open reading frame encoding a 12310 dalton protein corresponding to t ... | 1989 | 2668687 |
| [bacillary dysentery--1987]. | | 1989 | 2669032 |
| antibiotics in the management of shigellosis in children: what role for the quinolones? | in the last 20 years, epidemic bacillary dysentery due to shigella dysenteriae type 1 has become an important cause of serious morbidity and death in children less than 5 years of age in a number of developing countries; in many instances the infecting strains have been resistant to many or all of the usually recommended antibiotics. moreover, an increasing proportion of shigella strains of other serotypes isolated in all parts of the world are now resistant to the most commonly used antibiotics ... | 1989 | 2672246 |
| computer-assisted structural analysis of polysaccharides with an extended version of casper using 1h- and 13c-n.m.r. data. | the computer program casper, used in the structural analysis of polysaccharides composed of repeating units, has been extended. the extended version uses either unassigned 1h- or 13c-n.m.r. chemical shifts or the complete unassigned c,h-correlation spectrum, and can predict the structure of linear and branched oligo- and poly-saccharides. the number of possible structures, consistent with sugar and methylation analysis, can be decreased by the use of 1jc,h and 3jh,h values. the database, which c ... | 1989 | 2673508 |
| clinical & bacteriological profiles of shigellosis in calcutta before & after an epidemic (1984-87). | patients below 5 yr of age, hospitalised for shigellosis over a period of four years (1984-87), were studied. during the epidemic of bacillary dysentery (1984) isolation of different shigella spp. as well as shigella dysenteriae type 1 was high. decreased isolation of sh. dysenteriae type 1 and increased isolation of sh. flexneri was observed during post-epidemic years (1985-87). isolation of different shigella spp. was always above 25 per cent from patients with dysentery and greater than 7 per ... | 1989 | 2674001 |
| identification of shigella invasion genes by isolation of temperature-regulated inv::lacz operon fusions. | penetration and multiplication within cells of the human colonic epithelium are hallmarks of shigella spp. pathogenicity. shigella spp. virulence is regulated by growth temperature. strains phenotypically virulent when grown at 37 degrees c are phenotypically avirulent when grown at 30 degrees c. the number of genes involved in shigella spp. pathogenicity and how many virulence genes are temperature regulated are unknown. to facilitate the study of temperature-regulated virulence in shigella spp ... | 1989 | 2674014 |
| putative start codon ttg for the regulatory protein virg of the hairy-root-inducing plasmid pria4. | the nucleotide sequence of the virg gene for a transcriptional activator on the agropine-type hairy-root-inducing plasmid pria4 was determined. the sequence contained one possible open reading frame. the gene product with a molecular size of 26.5 kda was identified by an escherichia coli coupled-transcription-translation system using cloned virg plasmids as templates. however, neither an atg nor a gtg start codon which could give rise to such a protein was identified in the nucleotide sequence. ... | 1989 | 2670679 |
| quantitation and properties of fecal and upper small intestinal aerobic microflora in infants and young children with persistent diarrhea. | the duodenal juice and fecal aerobic microflora was investigated in 54 patients with persistent diarrhea (age less than or equal to 2 years). the duodenal aspirates yielded increased aerobic bacteria (greater than 10(5) organisms/ml) in 28 (51.9%) of the patients. established enteric pathogens were isolated from the duodenal aspirates of 12 (22.2%) of the 54 patients, viz., enteroadherent escherichia coli (eaec) (5), enterotoxigenic e. coli (etec) (3), enteropathogenic e. coli (epec) (1), nontyp ... | 1989 | 2674383 |
| comparison of single-dose treatment with norfloxacin and standard 5-day treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for acute shigellosis in adults. | shigellae have been shown to be highly susceptible to new quinolone agents, with average mics for 90% of isolates of less than 0.1 microgram/ml. because these agents also reach high concentrations in the stool after a single dose, the effectiveness of a single 800-mg dose of norfloxacin and of 5-day treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smx) were compared in a randomized trial. patients with clinical dysentery received one of these treatment regimens, and clinical data and follow-up ... | 1989 | 2675757 |
| [antibacterial and bactericidal activities of japanese green tea]. | we found that extracts of japanese green tea leaves inhibited the growth of various bacteria causing diarrheal diseases. all tea samples tested showed antibacterial activity against staphylococcus aureus, s. epidermidis, vibrio cholerae o1, v. cholerae non o1. v. parahaemolyticus, v. mimicus, campylobacter jejuni and plesiomonas shigelloides. none of the tea samples had any effect on the growth of v. fluvialis, aeromonas sobria, a. hydrophila, pseudomonas aeruginosa, salmonella enteritidis, ente ... | 1989 | 2677434 |
| isolation and characterization of functional shiga toxin subunits and renatured holotoxin. | shiga toxin is a protein toxin produced by shigella dysenteriae type i strains. in this report we present a procedure for the separation of functionally intact toxin a and b chains and for their reconstitution to form biologically active molecules. in agreement with the findings of others, the isolated a chain was shown to be a potent in vitro inhibitor of eukaryotic protein synthesis. the isolated b chain bound to hela cells and competitively inhibited the binding and cytotoxic activity of holo ... | 1989 | 2677606 |
| iron and virulence in shigella. | iron limitation, a condition encountered within mammalian hosts, induces the synthesis of a number of proteins in pathogenic shigella species. these include several outer membrane proteins, shiga toxin, and proteins involved in the biosynthesis and transport of high-affinity iron-binding compounds or siderophores. although siderophores have been shown to play a major role in the virulence of some bacterial pathogens, these compounds do not appear to be essential for the virulence of shigella spe ... | 1989 | 2677608 |
| yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection as a cause of reactive arthritis as seen in a genitourinary clinic: case report. | patients are often referred to the genitourinary clinic for screening for urethral infections after a clinical diagnosis of reiter's syndrome or reactive arthritis. we report a case of reactive polyarthritis in which serological evidence of yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection was found in the absence of the other common precipitating organisms, such as chlamydia spp, klebsiella spp, shigella spp, campylobacter spp, or yersinia enterocolitica. | 1989 | 2680895 |
| a 101-kilodalton heme-binding protein associated with congo red binding and virulence of shigella flexneri and enteroinvasive escherichia coli strains. | the ability of shigella flexneri to bind congo red or hemin is associated with virulence. a 101-kilodalton (kda) protein responsible for this phenotype (crb+) in s. flexneri was identified by a tetramethylbenzidine staining procedure which detects heme-protein complexes in polyacrylamide gels. labeling of cell-surface polypeptides with 125i revealed that the 101-kda heme-binding protein is expressed on the cell surface. expression of the protein was regulated by growth temperature and was found ... | 1989 | 2680975 |
| pathogenesis of shigella diarrhea. xvi. selective targetting of shiga toxin to villus cells of rabbit jejunum explains the effect of the toxin on intestinal electrolyte transport. | to examine the mechanism by which shiga toxin alters intestinal water and electrolyte transport, ligated loops of rabbit jejunum were incubated in vivo with purified toxin and then studied in vivo by single pass perfusion and in vitro by the ussing chamber voltage-clamp technique. toxin exposure led to accumulation of water in the jejunal lumen, associated with decreased active basal nacl absorption. glucose- and alanine-stimulated na absorption were also reduced, while toxin had no effect on ei ... | 1989 | 2681267 |
| epidemiology of the enteroinvasive escherichia coli. observations in hungary. | the hungarian experiences on the epidemiology of enteroinvasive escherichia coli (eiec) concerning the dominant serogroup 0124 are summarized. one of the basic differences between shigella and eiec infections may be attributed to the higher environmental resistance of eiec, therefore first of all water-borne outbreaks may be frequent. the other essential difference is in te age incidence: the infection rate of infants is low, the rise of incidence rate begins at the 3rd year and its peak is in t ... | 1989 | 2681401 |
| indicators of spontaneous and stimulated nitroblue tetrazole test of polymorphous-nuclear leucocytes in acute dysentery patients. | 140 healthy individuals and 93 sick with acute dysentery were subjected to an examination by spontaneous and by bacterial preparations stimulated reaction with nitroblue tetrazole (nbt test). indicators in healthy persons were normal in the spontaneous, and increased in the nbt test, stimulated by bacterial preparations. indicators of the spontaneous nbt test in patients with acute dysentery were raised with a maximum in the period of early convalescence. stimulation by a live shigella culture-- ... | 1989 | 2681402 |
| [acute sonnei's dysentery complicated by perforation of the sigmoid colon and development of peritonitis]. | | 1989 | 2681972 |
| construction and evaluation of a double mutant of shigella flexneri as a candidate for oral vaccination against shigellosis. | based on studies on the genetic and molecular basis of shigella flexneri invasive properties, we have constructed and evaluated a double mutant of s. flexneri serotype 5 for utilization as a live attenuated oral vaccine against shigellosis. the first mutation, icsa, blocks intracellular spread of bacteria as well as cell-to-cell infection. it affects the capacity of the invasive pathogen to form large abscesses in epithelia. the second mutation, iuc, eliminates production of the siderophore aero ... | 1989 | 2683460 |
| [dissociation and ultrastructure of the cells of shigella sonnei isolated from gnotobiotes and obtained in vitro]. | the dissociation variants of s. sonnei in phase i, isolated from germ-free rats and obtained in vitro, have been studied. such dissociation variants have been found to form colonies with classical and atypical morphology. the electronmicroscopic study has revealed that different dissociation variants include small dense cells with the markedly thickened cell wall and pronounced microcapsule and spheroplasts with the damaged cell wall and less pronounced microcapsule. the formation of these cells ... | 1989 | 2683521 |
| [immunity indices during the vaccinal therapy of protracted forms of dysentery in children]. | the results obtained in the study of the dynamics of systemic and local immunity characteristics in children with prolonged and chronic dysentery under the influence of vaccinal therapy are presented. the vaccine, containing soluble antigenic complexes isolated from shigella sonnei cells by disintegration with hydroxylamine, was introduced intrarectally in doses of 2-4 mg. the course of treatment consisted of 5-6 administrations. the vaccinal therapy resulted in an increase in the level of immun ... | 1989 | 2683527 |
| aggregative escherichia coli, salmonella, and shigella are associated with increasing duration of diarrhea. | in order to relate etiology of diarrhea to the duration of the episode, a cohort of 452 children up to 36 months of age was visited once weekly at their households for 18 consecutive months to record diarrheal morbidity. fecal specimens were obtained in 453 diarrheal episodes occurring in 354 children during this period. the common putative agents as single isolations associated with diarrhea were ea-aggec (17.2%), etec (14.1%), epec (6.0%) and rotavirus (4.0%). the pathogens with higher median ... | 1989 | 2684853 |
| interspecies gene transfer in vivo producing an outbreak of multiply resistant shigellosis. | in 1983, a small outbreak of infections caused by a previously unrecognized multiply-drug-resistant shigella flexneri 3a strain occurred on the hopi indian reservation. the index patient, a diabetic woman with recurrent escherichia coli bacteriuria on prophylactic trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (tmp/smz) therapy, was hospitalized with concurrent e. coli urinary tract infection and shigellosis. both e. coli isolated from her urine and s. flexneri isolated from her stool were resistant to ampicilli ... | 1989 | 2685126 |
| detection of giardia antigen in stool samples by a semi-quantitative enzyme immunoassay (eia) test. | a semi-quantitative enzyme immunoassay (eia) test for the detection of giardia intestinalis antigen in faeces was developed. in order to avoid unspecific reactions due to anticalf serum activity, igg fractions of anti-giardia rabbit and sheep sera were purified from antibovine antibodies by immunoadsorption. faecal specimens tested in the assay were mixed with normal horse serum to avoid unspecific and proteolytic effects of stool components. out of a range of bacterial and parasitic antigens te ... | 1989 | 2685985 |
| [problems in the epidemiology and prevention of intestinal infections]. | | 1989 | 2686152 |
| [modern theoretical and practical conceptions of the epidemiology of shigellosis]. | | 1989 | 2686310 |
| [a method for studying the effect of the geomagnetic field on the vital activities of microorganisms in the enteric family]. | the proposed method makes it possible to find out the direct influence of the geomagnetic field (gmf) on microorganisms of the family enterobacteriaceae (the genera escherichia, shigella, salmonella). different disturbances in the state of gmf, both in amplitude and frequency range, were modeled under laboratory conditions. microbial cells were cultivated in sterile artesian-well water or physiological saline with no organic substrate added. experiments were performed at room temperature for 5 a ... | 1989 | 2686312 |
| intravenous sulbactam/ampicillin in the treatment of pediatric infections. | a total of 82 patients involving 83 episodes of proven or presumed bacterial infection were treated with sulbactam/ampicillin. these included 36 cases of soft tissue infection or abscess, four cases of joint or bone infection, 20 cases of respiratory tract infection (17 cases of pneumonia, two of otitis media, and one of tonsillitis), 15 urinary tract infections, three cases of enterocolitis, one case of infective endocarditis, two cases of septicemia, and two of peritonitis. the causative patho ... | 1989 | 2686918 |
| use of shigella flexneri ipac and ipah gene sequences for the general identification of shigella spp. and enteroinvasive escherichia coli. | the products of the ipab, ipac, and ipad genes are involved in the expression of the invasive phenotype in all species of shigella and enteroinvasive escherichia coli (eiec). dna probes derived from these genes are accurate indicators of the invasive phenotype (m. venkatesan, j. m. buysse, e. v. vandendries, and d. j. kopecko, j. clin. microbiol. 26:261-266, 1988); however, spontaneous loss of the invasion plasmid or selective deletion of invasion-associated genes may restrict the usefulness of ... | 1989 | 2687318 |
| isoenzyme analysis of typhoid-shigella and escherichia-shigella hybrid vaccines and their parental strains. | isoenzyme analysis can be used to measure phenotypic changes and to characterize bacterial strains. the use of isoenzyme analysis to characterize bacterial hybrid vaccine strains that were prepared for human vaccination is described in this report. the hybrid vaccine strains were two lots of salmonella typhi-shigella sonnei vaccine, two lots of escherichia coli-shigella flexneri vaccine, and their parental strains. the two lots of s. typhi-s. sonnei hybrid vaccine had only 5 of 11 reactive isoen ... | 1989 | 2687324 |
| the induction of interferon production in fibroblasts by invasive bacteria: a comparison of salmonella and shigella species. | as the role of interferon (ifn) in host defense against facultative intracellular bacterial infections continues to expand, it has become increasingly important to understand what cell types can produce ifn following infection and/or interaction with these invasive bacteria. we have demonstrated previously that shigella flexneri was able to induce high levels of ifn in primary cultures of human and murine fibroblasts following bacterial invasion. in this study, we examined the ability of salmone ... | 1989 | 2687612 |
| monoclonal antibodies against the surface antigens of shigella flexneri serotype 1b and shigella dysenteriae serotype 1. | monoclonal antibodies against the surface antigens of shigella flexneri 1b and s. dysenteriae 1 were prepared. the specificities of the antibodies were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), and quantitative agglutination using microtiter plate. monoclonal antibodies against s. flexneri 1b, designated sf2b2 and sf2g4, belonged to igg2a and igg1 subclass, respectively. the former was specific for s. flexneri 1b, whereas the latter was reactive not only to s. flexneri 1b, but also ... | 1989 | 2687648 |
| the relationship between klebsiella infection and ankylosing spondylitis. | ankylosing spondylitis (as) is probably produced by repeated episodes of klebsiella-reactive arthritis, usually in hla-b27-positive individuals. this concept is based on immunological, microbiological and serological considerations. immunological studies based on anti-b27 tissue typing sera and anti-b27 monoclonal antibodies indicate that hla-b27 cross-reacts with antigens found in klebsiella, salmonella, shigella and yersinia micro-organisms. salmonella, shigella and yersinia gut infections are ... | 1989 | 2670258 |
| alkaline phosphatase capture test for the rapid identification of escherichia coli and shigella species based on a specific monoclonal antibody. | a specific monoclonal antibody for escherichia coli and shigella sp. alkaline phosphatase was used in an immunocapture assay and allowed identification of e. coli either in culture isolates or directly in clinical specimens. the assay was easy and required only four steps: (i) alkaline phosphatase was released within 10 min by using a gentle lysis procedure, (ii) cell lysates were transferred to antibody-coated tubes for 45 min, (iii) p-nitrophenyl phosphate substrate was added, and (iv) alkalin ... | 1989 | 2671016 |
| products of defective lysogeny in serratia marcescens smg 38 and their activity against escherichia coli and other enterobacteria. | from a series of serratia marcescens clinical isolates analysed with respect to bacteriocin production, one strain (smg 38) was exceptional in that it produced two distinct phage-tail-like bacteriocins differing in morphology, sedimentation, heat sensitivity, and host range. the more active component (bc25) was effective against serratia, while the other component (mcg) inhibited growth of escherichia coli, salmonella typhimurium and shigella sonnei, but not serratia. plaque formation on tested ... | 1989 | 2674324 |
| toxic megacolon and perforation caused by shigella. | | 1989 | 2688808 |
| shigella colitis with radiological and endoscopic correlation: case report. | we report a patient with acute colitis secondary to shigella flexneri infection. radiologic and endoscopic studies were obtained during and after the patient's clinical recovery. hypotonic air contrast barium enemas were helpful in evaluating the severity and extent of the disease proximal to the segment viewed by flexible sigmoidoscopy. they showed pseudopolyposis, which has not been previously reported in the acute phase, and other mucosal abnormalities which persisted long after clinical reco ... | 1989 | 2688842 |
| purification of shiga toxin by alpha-d-galactose-(1----4)-beta-d-galactose-(1----4)-beta-d-glucose-(1- ---) receptor ligand-based chromatography. | a simple and rapid method for shiga toxin purification based on specific binding to the gal alpha 1----4gal beta 1----4glc globotrioside trisaccharide covalently linked to polyacryl/polyvinyl (fractogel) has been developed. a cell-free sonicate-filtrate of shigella dysenteriae type 1, strain 114sd was passed over the globotrioside-fractogel column, and bound toxin eluted with 6 m guanidine-hcl. a yield of 36 mg pure toxin/1 sonicate-filtrate was obtained, i.e. a one step 1224-fold purification. ... | 1989 | 2689221 |
| biofilm model experiments in vitro with escherichia coli and shigella strains. | escherichia coli and shigella were cultured together in a glucose-free minimal medium completed only by hog gastric mucin. in mixed cultures inoculated simultaneously one member of the pair more or less overgrew the other. this organism remained predominant when superinfected with its strain pair after 1, 3, 5 or 7 days incubation. other signs of the quasi biofilm character of such cultures are the higher level of free polysaccharides and enhanced viscosity in the medium and higher streptomycin ... | 1989 | 2690554 |