Publications

structure and genetics of shigella o antigens.	this review covers the o antigens of the 46 serotypes of shigella, but those of most shigella flexneri are variants of one basic structure, leaving 34 shigella distinct o antigens to review, together with their gene clusters. several of the structures and gene clusters are reported for the first time and this is the first such group for which structures and dna sequences have been determined for all o antigens. shigella strains are in effect escherichia coli with a specific mode of pathogenicity ...	2008	18422615
role of rna polymerase sigma-factor (rpos) in induction of glutamate-dependent acid-resistance of escherichia albertii under anaerobic conditions.	escherichia albertii is a potential enteric food-borne pathogen with poorly defined genetic and biochemical properties. acid resistance is perceived to be an important property of enteric pathogens, enabling them to survive passage through stomach acidity so that they may colonize the mammalian gastrointestinal tract. we analyzed glutamate-dependent acid-resistance pathway (gdar) in five e. albertii strains that have been identified so far. we observed that the strains were unable to induce gdar ...	2008	18422618
comparing the antimicrobial effectiveness of nacl and kcl with a view to salt/sodium replacement.	a study using a small range of pathogenic bacterial species (aeromonas hydrophila, enterobacter sakazakii, shigella flexneri, yersinia enterocolitica and 3 strains of staphylococcus aureus) has shown that potassium chloride has an equivalent antimicrobial effect on these organisms when calculated on a molar basis. combined nacl and kcl experiments were carried out and data was analysed using a modification to the lambert and lambert [lambert, r.j.w., and lambert, r., 2003. a model for the effica ...	2008	18423764
virulent shigella flexneri subverts the host innate immune response through manipulation of antimicrobial peptide gene expression.	antimicrobial factors are efficient defense components of the innate immunity, playing a crucial role in the intestinal homeostasis and protection against pathogens. in this study, we report that upon infection of polarized human intestinal cells in vitro, virulent shigella flexneri suppress transcription of several genes encoding antimicrobial cationic peptides, particularly the human beta-defensin hbd-3, which we show to be especially active against s. flexneri. this is an example of targeted ...	2008	18426984
ctx-m-15-producing shigella sonnei strain from a czech patient who traveled in asia.		2008	18434554
alternative hand contamination technique to compare the activities of antimicrobial and nonantimicrobial soaps under different test conditions.	antimicrobial hand soaps provide a greater bacterial reduction than nonantimicrobial soaps. however, the link between greater bacterial reduction and a reduction of disease has not been definitively demonstrated. confounding factors, such as compliance, soap volume, and wash time, may all influence the outcomes of studies. the aim of this work was to examine the effects of wash time and soap volume on the relative activities and the subsequent transfer of bacteria to inanimate objects for antimi ...	2008	18441107
nonbloody, red stools from coadministration of cefdinir and iron-supplemented infant formulas.	cefdinir is an extended-spectrum, third-generation cephalosporin that may be used for treatment of acute otitis media in patients allergic to penicillin. when administered with iron-containing products, including infant formulas, cefdinir or one of its metabolites may bind to ferric ions, forming a nonabsorbable complex that imparts a reddish color to the stool. we describe a 9-month-old infant with failure to thrive and acute otitis media who developed an erythematous maculopapular rash during ...	2008	18447664
shigellosis: the current status of vaccine development.	shigellosis, a major form of bacillary dysentery, is caused by infection with shigella organisms. in poor countries, shigella-caused dysentery is endemic and causes an estimated 163 million illness episodes annually and more than one million deaths. although several strategies have been used to develop vaccines targeting shigellosis, none has been licensed for use outside china. owing to the wide range of shigella serotypes and subtypes, there is a need for a multivalent vaccine representing pre ...	2008	18448978
deoxycholate interacts with ipad of shigella flexneri in inducing the recruitment of ipab to the type iii secretion apparatus needle tip.	type iii secretion (tts) is an essential virulence function for shigella flexneri that delivers effector proteins that are responsible for bacterial invasion of intestinal epithelial cells. the shigella tts apparatus (ttsa) consists of a basal body that spans the bacterial inner and outer membranes and a needle exposed at the pathogen surface. at the distal end of the needle is a "tip complex" composed of invasion plasmid antigen d (ipad). ipad not only regulates tts, but is required for the rec ...	2008	18450744
a global modulatory role for the yersinia enterocolitica h-ns protein.	the h-ns protein plays a significant role in the modulation of gene expression in gram-negative bacteria. whereas isolation and characterization of hns mutants in escherichia coli, salmonella and shigella represented critical steps to gain insight into the modulatory role of h-ns, it has hitherto not been possible to isolate hns mutants in yersinia. the hns mutation is considered to be deleterious in this genus. to study the modulatory role of h-ns in yersinia we circumvented hns lethality by ex ...	2008	18451036
mutagenesis of the shigella flexneri autotransporter icsa reveals novel functional regions involved in icsa biogenesis and recruitment of host neural wiscott-aldrich syndrome protein.	the icsa (virg) protein of shigella flexneri is a polarly localized, outer membrane protein that is essential for virulence. within host cells, icsa activates the host actin regulatory protein, neural wiskott-aldrich syndrome protein (n-wasp), which in turn recruits the arp2/3 complex, which nucleates host actin to form f-actin comet tails and initiate bacterial motility. linker insertion mutagenesis was undertaken to randomly introduce 5-amino-acid in-frame insertions within icsa. forty-seven l ...	2008	18456802
what's the point of the type iii secretion system needle?	recent work by several groups has significantly expanded our knowledge of the structure, regulation of assembly, and function of components of the extracellular portion of the type iii secretion system (t3ss) of gram-negative bacteria. this perspective presents a structure-informed analysis of functional data and discusses three nonmutually exclusive models of how a key aspect of t3ss biology, the sensing of host cells, may be performed.	2008	18458349
global epidemiology of infections due to shigella, salmonella serotype typhi, and enterotoxigenic escherichia coli.		2008	18461719
an intersubunit active site between supercoiled parallel beta helices in the trimeric tailspike endorhamnosidase of shigella flexneri phage sf6.	sf6 belongs to the podoviridae family of temperate bacteriophages that infect gram-negative bacteria by insertion of their double-stranded dna. they attach to their hosts specifically via their tailspike proteins. the 1.25 a crystal structure of shigella phage sf6 tailspike protein (sf6 tsp) reveals a conserved architecture with a central, right-handed beta helix. in the trimer of sf6 tsp, the parallel beta helices form a left-handed, coiled-beta coil with a pitch of 340 a. the c-terminal domain ...	2008	18462681
immunological evidence for functional rather than structural mimicry by a shigella flexneri y polysaccharide-mimetic peptide.	an approach to vaccine design is the use of molecules that mimic the immunogenic element of interest. in this context, the interaction of mdwnmhaa, a peptide mimic of the shigella flexneri y o polysaccharide (ps), with an anti-carbohydrate monoclonal antibody, as studied previously by x-ray crystallography, suggested the presence of functional rather than structural mimicry and a bound peptide conformation that was not represented significantly in the free-ligand ensemble. the antibody response ...	2008	18463226
simple sequence repeats in different genome sequences of shigella and comparison with high gc and at-rich genomes.	simple sequence repeats (ssrs) are omnipresent in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and are found anywhere in the genome in both protein encoding and noncoding regions. in present study the whole genome sequences of seven chromosomes (shigella flexneri 2a str301 and 2457t, shigella sonnei, escherichia coli k12, mycobacterium tuberculosis, mycobacterium leprae and staphylococcus saprophyticus) have downloaded from the genbank database for identifying abundance, distribution and composition of ssrs and ...	2008	18464038
identification of novel genomic islands associated with small rnas.	genome evolution in prokaryotes is assisted by integration of gene pools from phages and plasmids. regions downstream of trnas and tmrnas are considered as hot spots for the integration of these gene pools or genomic islands. till date, genomic islands have been identified only at trna/tmrna genes in the enterobacterial genomes. present work reports 10 distinct small rnas as potent integration sites for genomic islands. a known tool trnacc 1.0 has been used to identify genomic islands associated ...	2007	18467773
[the pathogens responsible for waterborne infections: the biological risk for agricultural laborer].	the presence of microbiological agents in waters intended for human consumption, irrigation and recreational activity, is a significant risk for the human health. recent epidemiological data demonstrate an increase of the diseases caused by waterborne pathogens, especially of the gastroenteritis infections, in the industrialized countries. numerous studies have evidenced the contamination of deep and surface waters; bacteria within contaminated water represent a highly diversified group, that ar ...	2007	18409935
[multiplex real-time pcr detecting salmonella, shigella and diarrheagenic escherichia coli].	to develop a multiplex real-time pcr for the detection of salmonella invasion protein a gene (inva), enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) heat-labile i enterotoxin gene (elt), and shigella or enteroinvasive e. coli (eiec) invasive plasmid antigen h gene (ipah).	2007	18399125
shigella isolates of nepal: changes in the incidence of shigella subgroups and trends of antimicrobial susceptibility pattern.	shigellosis is an important cause of bloody diarrhoea in all age groups, especially in children. a retrospective study was done to analyse the pattern of shigella isolates and the antimicrobial susceptibility trend of these shigella isolated at different hospitals of nepal from jan, 2003- dec, 2005.	2007	18603983
clinico-laboratory profile of haemolytic uremic syndrome.	to study the clinical profile, the spectrum of functional abnormalities, prognostic factors and outcome of children with haemolytic uremic syndrome (hus).	2007	18604077
aeromonas-related diarrhoea in nasarawa, nigeria.	two hundred and fifty volunteer patients attending 5 major hospitals in nasarawa town, nasarawa state, nigeria were involved in this study to determine the prevalence of aeromonas spp in persons with diarrhoea. the study population consisted of 133 males and 117 females between the ages of 0-70 years.	2007	18240708
the prevalence and antibiotic resistance of shigella sp. recovered from patients admitted to bouali hospital, tehran, iran during 1999-2001.	the present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of serotypes and antibiotic resistance in shigella spp. isolated from patients admitted to bouali hospital, tehran, iran during 1999 to 2001. all cases of shigellosis that were diagnosed according to their clinical pictures and microbial cultures were included in current study. patients' age ranged from 12 to 89 years. overall, 52 patients (56%) and 41(44%) were males and female, respectively. from a total of 90 shigella isolates, 40 st ...	2007	19070104
antibacterial activity of the broad bean extracts on resistant bacteria.	the antimicrobial activities of four different extracts (ethanol, methanol, distilled water and 2-methylbutan-1-01) obtained from different parts of broad bean (vicia faba l.) such as flowers, leaves, seeds and seed hulls and were tested against bacillus subtilis, serratia marcescens, staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli, klebsiella peneumoniua, shigella sp. and micrococcus pyogenes. better antimicrobial activity was observed with the leaves of broad bean sterile distilled water extract with ...	2007	19069508
safety and immunogenicity of cvd 1208s, a live, oral deltaguaba deltasen deltaset shigella flexneri 2a vaccine grown on animal-free media.	a previous phase 1 trial demonstrated that shigella flexneri 2a deleted in guaba, sen and set (strain cvd 1208) is well-tolerated and immunogenic after a single oral dose of 10(8) or 10(9) cfu. to facilitate further clinical development, the strain was reconstructed using animal-free media to conform to regulatory guidelines, and designated cvd1208s. healthy inpatient volunteers were randomized (double-blind) to receive a single oral dose of either cvd 1208s (10(8) [n = 7] or 10(9) [n = 7] cfu) ...	2007	17938573
[infectious aetiologies of travelers' diarrhoea].	traveler's diarrhoea (td) occurs in 20 to 60% of european or north-american travelers in intertropical areas. following return from endemic zone, malaria must always be evocated in front of febrile diarrhoea. many causative infectious agents are involved in td and their frequency may vary according to destination and seasons. the main agents involved in td are escherichia coli pathovars (especially enterotoxigenic and enteroaggregative e. coli) followed by enteroinvasive bacteria (campylobacter ...	2007	17942257
transcription-termination-mediated immunity and its prevention in bacteriophage sfv of shigella flexneri.	the temperate phage sfv encodes the genes responsible for the serotype conversion of shigella flexneri strains from serotype y to 5a. bacteriophages often encode proteins that prevent subsequent infection by homologous phages; the mechanism by which this is accomplished is referred to as superinfection immunity. the serotype conversion mediated following lysogenization of sfv is one such mechanism. another mechanism is the putative lambda-like ci protein within sfv. this study reports the charac ...	2007	17947546
[acute gastroenteritis: the cost of an ambulatory care sensitive condition].	acute gastroenteritis (age) has been defined as an ambulatory care sensitive condition. the recommended treatment consists of oral rehydration and rapid reintroduction of food. nevertheless, age remains an important cause of hospitalization. the objective of the present study was to analyze the patient characteristics, management, and costs associated with hospitalizations due to age in a pediatrics department.	2007	17949647
wasp-interacting protein (wip): working in polymerisation and much more.	the migration of cells and the movement of some intracellular pathogens, such as shigella and vaccinia, are dependent on the actin-based cytoskeleton. many proteins are involved in regulating the dynamics of the actin-based microfilaments within cells and, among them, wasp and n-wasp have a significant role in the regulation of actin polymerisation. the activity and stability of wasp is regulated by its cellular partner wasp-interacting protein (wip) during the formation of actin-rich structures ...	2007	17949983
increasing antimicrobial resistance--an emerging problem in the treatment of shigellosis.	shigellosis is a major cause of diarrhoea-related morbidity and mortality, especially in developing countries. effective antibiotic treatment reduces the average duration of illness by reducing faecal excretion of the bacterium and preventing further transmission and potentially lethal complications. treatment of shigellosis is currently limited by the high prevalence of multidrug-resistant strains of shigella. although fluoroquinolones are currently effective in treating adults, resistance to f ...	2007	17953700
[dysentery in poland in 2005].	the number of notified dysentery cases in the three last years (2003, 2004, 2005) is the lowest of all years since 1918 when notification started. only 80 cases were notified in the year 2005 (incidence rate 0.21 /100,000 population), while 74 cases in 2004 (incidence rate 0.19 /100,000 population. no one-death case was notified. the last three death cases were notified in 1999. all together 6 outbreaks were registered, one suspected. out of three dysentery outbreaks, due to s. flexneri 3a--two ...	2007	17956039
[epidemiological analysis of campylobacteriosis reported by sanitary epidemiological station in bielsko-biala, silesia, in poland].	the results of the epidemiological analysis of campylobacteriosis reported by regional laboratory of sanitary epidemiological station in bielsko-biala (psse bielsko-biala), silesia voivodeship in poland are presented. from august 2005 to july 2006, stool samples from 723 diarrhea cases were examined for the presence of campylobacter as well as salmonella, shigella, yersinia, enteropathogenic (epec) and enterohaemorrhagic (ehec) e. coli. from stool samples of 163 patients 170 bacterial etiologica ...	2007	17956062
holo- and apo-bound structures of bacterial periplasmic heme-binding proteins.	an essential component of heme transport in gram-negative bacterial pathogens is the periplasmic protein that shuttles heme between outer and inner membranes. we have solved the first crystal structures of two such proteins, shut from shigella dysenteriae and phut from pseudomonas aeruginosa. both share a common architecture typical of class iii periplasmic binding proteins. the heme binds in a narrow cleft between the n- and c-terminal binding domains and is coordinated by a tyr residue. a comp ...	2007	17925389
[analysis on the status of shigella spp antimicrobial resistance through data from the national shigellosis surveillance system in china, in 2005].	the ministry of public health released the national surveillance project on shigellosis in august, 2005. this study was to reveal the antimicrobial resistance status of shigella isolates through the national shigellosis surveillance system in 2005 in china, so as to provide evidence for the development of surveillance, prevention and cure of shigellosis.	2007	17850709
transcriptional profile induced by furazolidone treatment of shigella flexneri.	shigella flexneri is a facultative intracellular pathogen responsible for endemic shigellosis especially in developing countries. furazolidone, a nitrofuran derivative, is very effective against the infection with s. flexneri. to examine potential effects of furazolidone on this germ, a whole-genome dna microarray was constructed and transcriptional profiles of the responses to furazolidone were determined. the expressing data revealed adaptive responses of s. flexneri to oxidative stress induce ...	2007	17851659
prevalence of campylobacter jejuni and enteric bacterial pathogens among hospitalized hiv infected versus non-hiv infected patients with diarrhoea in southern india.	a prevalence study on campylobacter jejuni and other enteric bacterial pathogens was carried out in 200 hiv infected and 200 non-hiv infected subjects with diarrhoeal symptoms at an aids hospital in southern india. diarrhoeal specimens were inoculated onto standard culture media as well as onto columbia and campylobacter blood agar media for c. jejuni isolation. all the c. jejuni isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using kirby-bauer's method. a significant difference in recover ...	2007	17852888
potent inhibitors of trna-guanine transglycosylase, an enzyme linked to the pathogenicity of the shigella bacterium: charge-assisted hydrogen bonding.		2007	17902085
a new alpha-galactosyl-binding protein from the mushroom lyophyllum decastes.	a new alpha-galactosyl binding lectin was isolated from the fruiting bodies of the mushroom lyopyllum decastes. it is a homodimer composed of noncovalently-associated monomers of molecular mass 10,276da. the lectin's amino acid sequence was determined by cloning from a cdna library using partial sequences determined by automated edman sequencing and by mass spectrometry of enzyme-derived peptides. the sequence shows no significant homology to any known protein sequence. analysis of carbohydrate ...	2007	17904093
biochemical characterization of dtdp-d-qui4n and dtdp-d-qui4nac biosynthetic pathways in shigella dysenteriae type 7 and escherichia coli o7.	o-antigen variation due to the presence of different types of sugars and sugar linkages is important for the survival of bacteria threatened by host immune systems. the o antigens of shigella dysenteriae type 7 and escherichia coli o7 contain 4-(n-acetylglycyl)amino-4,6-dideoxy-d-glucose (d-qui4nglyac) and 4-acetamido-4,6-dideoxy-d-glucose (d-qui4nac), respectively, which are sugars not often found in studied polysaccharides. in this study, we characterized the biosynthetic pathways for dtdp-d-q ...	2007	17905981
o-antigen modal chain length in shigella flexneri 2a is growth-regulated through rfah-mediated transcriptional control of the wzy gene.	shigella flexneri 2a 2457t produces lipopolysaccharide (lps) with two o-antigen (oag) chain lengths: a short (s-oag) controlled by wzzb and a very long (vl-oag) determined by wzz(phs-2). this study demonstrates that the synthesis and length distribution of the s. flexneri oag are under growth-phase-dependent regulation. quantitative electrophoretic analysis showed that the vl-oag increased during growth while the s-oag distribution remained constant. increased production of vl-oag correlated wit ...	2007	17906147
in vitro antimicrobial activity of rifaximin against enteropathogens causing traveler's diarrhea.	the in vitro activity of rifaximin against 84 diarrheagenic escherichia coli and 11 shigella sonnei causing traveler's diarrhea was evaluated. the mic of rifaximin ranged between <0.007 and 32 mg/l; other agents tested had an mic of >256 mg/l in most cases. the results showed the potential use of rifaximin to treat these infections.	2007	17889485
[modulation of virulence expression in escherichia coli and shigella spp. by environmental factors].		2007	17891998
dynamic proteome changes of shigella flexneri 2a during transition from exponential growth to stationary phase.	shigella flexneri is an infectious pathogen that causes dysentery to human, which remains a serious threat to public health, particularly in developing countries. in this study, the global protein expression patterns of s. flexneri during transition from exponential growth to stationary phase in vitro were analyzed by using 2-d page combined with maldi-tof ms. in a time-course experiment with five time points, the relative abundance of 49 protein spots varied significantly. interestingly, a puta ...	2007	17893076
the type iii secretion system of proteus mirabilis hi4320 does not contribute to virulence in the mouse model of ascending urinary tract infection.	the gram-negative enteric bacterium proteus mirabilis is a frequent cause of urinary tract infections (utis) in individuals with long-term indwelling catheters or with complicated urinary tracts. the recent release of the p. mirabilis strain hi4320 genome sequence has facilitated identification of potential virulence factors in this organism. genes appearing to encode a type iii secretion system (ttss) were found in a low gc-content pathogenicity island in the p. mirabilis chromosome. this islan ...	2007	17893161
molecular characterization of antimicrobial compound produced by lactobacillus acidophilus aa11.	approximately 63 strains of lactobacillus acidophilus were isolated from egyptian home-made cheese and examined for production of antagonism. only eight strains demonstrated inhibitory activity against spoilage microorganisms (i.e. staphylococcus aureus and bacillus cereus) and pathogens (i.e. e. coli, salmonella sp. and shigella sp.). lactobacillus acidophilus aa11 produced higher antimicrobial activity with a wide range of inhibition. the agent aa11 was sensitive to proteolytic enzymes and ret ...	2007	17899791
an outbreak of multi-resistant shigella sonnei in australia: possible link to the outbreak of shigellosis in denmark associated with imported baby corn from thailand.		2007	17900420
on an invisible microbe antagonistic toward dysenteric bacilli: brief note by mr. f. d'herelle, presented by mr. roux. 1917.		2007	17855060
evaluation of shigellosis in a turkish children's hospital.	the aim of the present study was to evaluate cases of shigella and determine the pattern of antimicrobial resistance of shigella species in central turkey.	2007	17875081
close relation of the o-polysaccharide structure of escherichia coli o168 and revised structure of the o-polysaccharide of shigella dysenteriae type 4.	the o-polysaccharide was isolated from the lipopolysaccharide of escherichia coli o168 and studied by chemical analyses and smith degradation along with (1)h and (13)c nmr spectroscopies. the following structure of the branched pentasaccharide repeating unit of the o-polysaccharide was established: [carbohydrate structure: see text] where 6-o-acetylation of glcnac is partial. reinvestigation of the o-polysaccharide of shigella dysenteriae type 4 established earlier showed it to have the same str ...	2007	17880932
multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis for molecular typing of shigella sonnei.	a multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat (vntr) analysis (mlva) method was developed and evaluated for the subtyping of shigella sonnei isolates. a total of 26 vntr loci were identified by exploring the repeat sequence loci in the genomic sequences of s. sonnei strains ss046 and 53g and by testing 536 isolates that had previously been characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge). the discriminatory power of mlva (simpson's index of diversity [d], 0.9524; 95% confidence interval [ci ...	2007	17881552
plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance conferred by qnrs1 in salmonella enterica serovar virchow isolated from turkish food of avian origin.	to study the molecular characteristics of the quinolone and associated ampicillin resistance mechanisms present in salmonella enterica serovar virchow isolated from turkish foods.	2007	17881633
a case of shigellosis with intractable septic shock and convulsions.	although shigellosis is a potentially fatal disease that may cause a number of extra-intestinal manifestations, intractable septic shock is an unusual complication. here we describe a 6-month-old infant who developed severe septic shock and convulsions during an episode of dysentery caused by multidrug-resistant shigella dysenteriae. the case presentation demonstrates how shigellosis can lead to rare and potentially misleading complications such as septic shock when not treated adequately and pr ...	2007	17881877
high prevalence of ctx-m-15 extended-spectrum beta-lactamase among contacts of patients with shigellosis due to shigella flexneri carrying ctx-m-15.		2007	17646198
diarrhoeagenic escherichia coli and other causes of childhood diarrhoea: a case-control study in children living in a wastewater-use area in hanoi, vietnam.	a case-control study was conducted to identify the aetiology of diarrhoeal diseases in pre-school children in a suburban area of hanoi where the use of untreated wastewater in agriculture and aquaculture is a common practice. stool specimens and clinical information were collected from 111 pairs of children with diarrhoea and healthy controls. a total of 73 cases (66 %) and 41 controls (36 %) had an enteric pathogen. the pathogens most often associated with diarrhoea were rotavirus (17 % of case ...	2007	17644717
cross-species cluster co-conservation: a new method for generating protein interaction networks.	co-conservation (phylogenetic profiles) is a well-established method for predicting functional relationships between proteins. several publicly available databases use this method and additional clustering strategies to develop networks of protein interactions (cluster co-conservation (ccc)). ccc has previously been limited to interactions within a single target species. we have extended ccc to develop protein interaction networks based on co-conservation between protein pairs across multiple sp ...	2007	17803817
synthesis and structure-activity relationship of 7-(substituted)-aminomethyl-4-quinolone-3-carboxylic acid derivatives.	gram-positive organisms have re-emerged as the major hospital pathogens, which make the unmet medical needs for antibacterial therapy even worse. in searching for potent agents against gram-positive pathogens, novel 7-(substituted)-aminomethyl-quinolone-3-carboxylic acids were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their antibacterial activities in vitro. many 7-monoarylaminomethyl derivatives exhibited high potency against gram-positive organisms compared to reference agents: vancomycin and p ...	2007	17826097
identification of the mxih needle protein residues responsible for anchoring invasion plasmid antigen d to the type iii secretion needle tip.	the pathogenesis of shigella flexneri requires a functional type iii secretion apparatus to serve as a conduit for injecting host-altering effector proteins into the membrane and cytoplasm of the targeted cell. the type iii secretion apparatus is composed of a basal body and an exposed needle that is an extended polymer of mxih with a 2.0-nm inner channel. invasion plasmid antigen d (ipad) resides at the tip of the needle to control type iii secretion. the atomic structures of mxih and ipad have ...	2007	17827155
etiology of acute diarrhea in children and adults in tunis, tunisia, with emphasis on diarrheagenic escherichia coli: prevalence, phenotyping, and molecular epidemiology.	a total of 271 stool specimens were collected from children (diarrheagenic, n = 115 and control, n = 54) and adults (diarrheagenic, n = 73 and control, n = 29) from tunis, tunisia, and processed to detect bacterial enteropathogens, parasites, and viruses. diarrheagenic escherichia coli (dec) were identified by their virulence genes (polymerase chain reaction) and adherence patterns (tissue culture assays). the most frequently isolated enteric pathogens from diarrheagenic children were enterotoxi ...	2007	17827382
explaining unexplained diarrhea and associating risks and infections.	gastrointestinal illnesses are common afflictions. however, knowledge of their etiology is often lacking. moreover, most cases of infections with reportable enteric pathogens (campylobacter jejuni, escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella, shigella, yersinia, cryptosporidia and giardia) have sporadic modes of acquisition, yet control measures are often biased towards mitigation of risks discerned by outbreak analysis. to determine the etiology of unexplained diarrhea it is important to study populat ...	2007	17692144
[ekiri syndrome complicating shigellosis].		2007	17692219
[intrafamilial outbreak of shigella flexneri gastroenteritis in madrid].		2007	17692266
use of the tna operon as a new molecular target for escherichia coli detection.	a quantitative real-time pcr targeting the tnaa gene was studied to detect escherichia coli and distinguish e. coli from shigella spp. these microorganisms revealed high similarity in the molecular organization of the tna operon.	2007	17693560
differential regulation of caspase-1 activation, pyroptosis, and autophagy via ipaf and asc in shigella-infected macrophages.	shigella infection, the cause of bacillary dysentery, induces caspase-1 activation and cell death in macrophages, but the precise mechanisms of this activation remain poorly understood. we demonstrate here that caspase-1 activation and il-1beta processing induced by shigella are mediated through ipaf, a cytosolic pattern-recognition receptor of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (nod)-like receptor (nlr) family, and the adaptor protein apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containin ...	2007	17696608
effect of lactobacillus rhamnosus gg in persistent diarrhea in indian children: a randomized controlled trial.	to evaluate the role of lactobacillus rhamnosus gg (lgg) as probiotic in persistent diarrhea (pd) in children of north bengal, india.	2007	17700424
antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of rosemary and sage (rosmarinus officinalis l. and salvia officinalis l., lamiaceae) essential oils.	the essential oils of rosemary ( rosmarinus officinalis l.) and sage ( salvia officinalis l.) were analyzed by means of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and assayed for their antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. antimicrobial activity was tested against 13 bacterial strains and 6 fungi, including candida albicans and 5 dermatomycetes. the most important antibacterial activity of both essential oils was expressed on escherichia coli, salmonella typhi, s. enteritidis, and shigella sonei. ...	2007	17708648
brucella abortus requires the heme transporter bhua for maintenance of chronic infection in balb/c mice.	the gene annotated bab2_1150 in the brucella abortus 2308 genome sequence is predicted to encode a homolog of the well-characterized heme transporter shua of shigella dysenteriae and accordingly has been given the designation bhua (brucella heme utilization). phenotypic analysis of an isogenic bhua mutant derived from b. abortus 2308 verified that there is a link between bhua and the ability of the parent strain to use heme as an iron source in in vitro assays. maximum expression of bhua in b. a ...	2007	17709407
omptin proteins: an expanding family of outer membrane proteases in gram-negative enterobacteriaceae.	the escherichia coli k-12 outer membrane protein ompt is a prototype of a unique family of bacterial endopeptidases known as the omptins. this family includes ompt and ompp of e. coli, sopa of shigella flexneri, pgte of salmonella enterica, and pla of yersinia pestis. despite their sequence similarities, the omptins vary in their reported functions. the ompt protease is characterized by narrow cleavage specificity defined by the extracellular loops of the beta-barrel protruding above the lipid b ...	2007	17710644
first detection and sequence analysis of the bla-ctx-m-15 gene in lebanese isolates of extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing shigella sonnei.	the emergence in shigella species of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (esbl) that impart resistance to third-generation cephalosporins is a growing concern world-wide. so far, however, esbl-producing shigella have only been reported seven times, albeit from seven different countries. in lebanon, three esbl-producing clinical isolates of s. sonnei were recovered from 30 cases of shigellosis diagnosed between july 2004 and october 2005. all three were found to be resistant to amoxycillin, cefotax ...	2007	17716434
a bacterial effector targets mad2l2, an apc inhibitor, to modulate host cell cycling.	the gut epithelium self-renews every several days, providing an important innate defense system that limits bacterial colonization. nevertheless, many bacterial pathogens, including shigella, efficiently colonize the intestinal epithelium. here, we show that the shigella effector ipab, when delivered into epithelial cells, causes cell-cycle arrest by targeting mad2l2, an anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (apc) inhibitor. cyclin b1 ubiquitination assays revealed that apc undergoes unscheduled ...	2007	17719540
spontaneous zygogenesis, a wide-ranging mating process in bacteria.	spontaneous zygogenesis (or z-mating) in escherichia coli, unlike f-mediated conjugation, promotes formation of complete zygotes. most z-mating products have proven to be phenotypically unstable, losing part of the phenotype for which they were selected. persistent z-mating products appear as stable genetic recombinants or yield subclones of two types: either both parental types or one of them plus a recombinant type, and the ability to promote spontaneous zygogenesis can appear in all emerging ...	2007	17720456
bacterial, fungal and parasitic contamination of cockroaches in public hospitals of hamadan, iran.	to determine the possible role of cockroaches in dissemination of medically important microorganisms, a study was carried out in public hospitals and residential areas of hamadan city, west of iran. bacteria, fungi and parasites of medical importance were isolated and identified. the total number of blattella germanica collected from hospitals were 133 as the case group. the cockroaches collected from residential areas were 45 as the control group.	2007	17722863
effect of the nonreducing end of shigella dysenteriae type 1 o-specific oligosaccharides on their immunogenicity as conjugates in mice.	endemic and epidemic shigellosis, an acute invasive disease of the lower intestines, afflicts millions of people worldwide with an estimated one million fatalities per annum at a low infectious dose. our approach to vaccine development against shigella is based on the hypothesis that serum igg antibodies to the o-specific polysaccharide (o-sp) domains of the lps of these organisms confer protection to infection. the synthetic oligosaccharides corresponding to the tetrasaccharide repeating unit o ...	2007	17726093
an inducible lambdoid prophage encoding cytolethal distending toxin (cdt-i) and a type iii effector protein in enteropathogenic escherichia coli.	cytolethal distending toxins (cdts) are inhibitory cyclomodulins, which block eukaryotic cell proliferation and are produced by a diverse group of gram-negative bacteria, including escherichia coli strains associated with intestinal and extraintestinal infections. however, the mode of transmission of the toxin gene clusters among diverse bacterial pathogens is unclear. we found that cdt-i produced by enteropathogenic e. coli strains associated with diarrhea is encoded by a lambdoid prophage, whi ...	2007	17726095
the significance of the number of submitted samples and patient-related factors for faecal bacterial diagnostics.	the sensitivity of bacteriological testing of faecal samples from patients with diarrhoea has not been properly determined. the present study analysed the association between the results of stool sample examinations and the number of samples examined per patient and other patient-related factors. data concerning faecal specimens referred for culture for enteric bacterial pathogens (campylobacter, salmonella, shigella and yersinia) to the central microbiological laboratory in denmark between 1995 ...	2007	17727686
role of u.s. military research programs in the development of u.s.-licensed vaccines for naturally occurring infectious diseases.	u.s. military physicians and researchers have collaborated in the development of eight u.s.-licensed vaccines since 1934, when product efficacy requirements were added to product safety requirements mandated in 1902. these vaccines include influenza (1945), rubella (1969), adenovirus types 4 and 7 (1980), meningococcus a, c, y, w-135 (1981), hepatitis b (1981), oral typhoid (1989), japanese encephalitis (1992), and hepatitis a (1995). current efforts include new adenovirus and japanese encephali ...	2007	17728025
detection of ctx-m-14 extended-spectrum beta-lactamase in shigella sonnei isolates from china.	shigellosis is an important cause of acute diarrheal disease and multidrug-resistant phenotype has been reported in s. sonnei. in this study, we investigate the resistance and identify extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (esbls) gene in 37 s. sonnei isolates by agar dilution procedure and the modified three-dimensional test, respectively. the bla genes of esbl-producing isolates were detected by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and sequencing. more than 50% of these strains were resistant to tetrac ...	2007	17767959
intracellular type iii secretion by cytoplasmic shigella flexneri promotes caspase-1-dependent macrophage cell death.	the gram-negative bacterium shigella flexneri triggers pro-inflammatory apoptotic cell death in macrophages, which is crucial for the onset of an acute inflammatory diarrhoea termed bacillary dysentery. the mxi-spa type iii secretion system promotes bacterial uptake and escape into the cytoplasm, where, dependent on the translocator/effector protein ipab, caspase-1 [interleukin (il)-1beta-converting enzyme] and its substrate il-1beta are activated. here, we show that in the course of a macrophag ...	2007	17768231
site-specific modification of shigella flexneri virf mrna by trna-guanine transglycosylase in vitro.	shigella flexneri is an enteropathogen responsible for severe dysentery in humans. virf is a key transcriptional regulator that activates the expression of the downstream virulence factors required for cellular invasion and cell-to-cell spread of this pathogen. there are several environmental factors that induce the translation of virf including temperature, ph, osmolarity and post-transcriptional rna modification. durand and colleagues (vacc, a virulence-associated chromosomal locus of shigella ...	2007	17626052
core-linked lps expression of shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 o-antigen in live salmonella typhi vaccine vector ty21a: preclinical evidence of immunogenicity and protection.	shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 (s. dysenteriae 1) causes severe shigellosis that is typically associated with high mortality. antibodies against shigella serotype-specific o-polysaccharide (o-ps) have been shown to be host protective. in this study, the rfb locus and the rfp gene with their cognate promoter regions were pcr-amplified from s. dysenteriae 1, cloned, and sequenced. deletion analysis showed that eight rfb orfs plus rfp are necessary for biosynthesis of this o-ps. a tandemly-linked ...	2007	17629369
[prevention and treatment of acute diarrhea in infants].	the prognosis of acute diarrhoea in infants is most often satisfactory in industrialized countries. however, it has been estimated that 10 to 15 children die every year in france from acute dehydration due to acute diarrhoea. in spite of an increasing use over the least few years, oral rehydration solutions (ors) are used in only 70% of infants presenting with acute diarrhoea. the use of homemade ors, plain water or fizzy drink should be strictly avoided. in case of acute diarrhoea there is no i ...	2007	17629685
genetic relatedness among isolates of shigella sonnei carrying class 2 integrons in tehran, iran, 2002-2003.	shigella spp. are major cause of diarrhoeal disease in both developing and developed countries. shigella sonnei is the serogroup of shigella most frequently responsible for sporadic and epidemic enteritis in developed countries. in recent years the emergence and spread of s. sonnei biotype g carrying class 2 integron have been frequently reported in many countries. recently, s. sonnei has been reported as the prevalent serogroup of shigella in iran. the present study was carried out to investiga ...	2007	17587439
study of predominant bacterial antigens triggering antibody response in salmonella reactive arthritis: apropos of a case.	reactive arthritis (rea) is a sterile arthritis triggered by distal mucosal infection, which suggests a contribution from bacterial products. the pathogenesis of rea is unclear. there are no international standards for the serological methods used to confirm rea. in the present work, we analyzed the predominant bacterial component that triggered an immune response in a 24-year-old woman with acute rea. the candidate bacterial trigger was investigated by measuring the antibacterial antibodies (al ...	2007	17642539
[study on molecular epidemiology of shigella in hangzhou district during 1998 to 2005].		2007	17649701
the two-faced role of cad genes in the virulence of pathogenic escherichia coli.	in enterobacteria, acid stress induces expression of the cad system which is involved in maintaining intracellular ph at levels compatible with cell survival. despite its crucial role, the cad operon is silenced in shigella and in other pathogenic escherichia coli. in the present review, we will address the question of why and how the cad locus has been sacrificed for the sake of optimal expression of virulence traits.	2007	17656072
anaerobic regulation of shigella flexneri virulence: arca regulates fur and iron acquisition genes.	invasion and plaque formation in epithelial monolayers are routinely used to assess the virulence of shigella flexneri, a causative agent of dysentery. a modified plaque assay was developed to identify factors contributing to the virulence of s. flexneri under the anaerobic conditions present in the colon. this assay demonstrated the importance of the ferrous iron transport system feo, as well as the global transcription factors fur, arca, and fnr, for shigella plaque formation in anoxic environ ...	2007	17660284
identification of minor inner-membrane components of the shigella type iii secretion system 'needle complex'.	type iii secretion systems (t3sss or secretons) are central virulence factors of many gram-negative bacteria, used to inject protein effectors of virulence into eukaryotic host cells. their overall morphology, consisting of a cytoplasmic region, an inner- and outer-membrane section and an extracellular needle, is conserved in various species. a portion of the secreton, containing the transmembrane regions and needle, has been isolated biochemically and termed the 'needle complex' (nc). however, ...	2007	17660405
the acid-resistance pathways of shigella flexneri 2457t.	the stationary-phase acid-resistance pathways of shigella flexneri 2457t have not previously been studied. the two acid-resistance systems, the glutamate-dependent acid-resistance (gdar) and the oxidative pathways, reported elsewhere for escherichia coli and s. flexneri 3136, were both detected in s. flexneri 2457t. however, s. flexneri 2457t cells grown overnight under fermentative conditions and acid-shocked in minimal media in the absence of glutamate, an acid test often described as a negati ...	2007	17660423
shigella flexneri phagosomal escape is independent of invasion.	infections with salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and shigella flexneri result in mucosal inflammation in response to epithelial cell invasion and macrophage cytotoxicity. these processes are mediated by type iii secretion systems encoded in homologous virulence loci in the two species, namely, salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (spi-1), carried in the genome, and the shigella entry region (ser), carried in a large virulence plasmid. here we show that spi-1 can functionally complement a del ...	2007	17664266
prevalence of bacterial pathogens in biofilms of drinking water distribution systems.	water for human consumption is required to be free from any bacteria that might pose a health risk. the presence of biofilms in the drinking water distribution system may play a role in the presence of potential pathogens in the drinking water supply. ninety-five biofilm samples from various parts of south africa were tested for the presence of escherichia coli, aeromonas, pseudomonas, salmonella, shigella and vibrio spp. members of these genera were quantified by the three-tube most probable nu ...	2007	17674571
genes under positive selection in escherichia coli.	we used a comparative genomics approach to identify genes that are under positive selection in six strains of escherichia coli and shigella flexneri, including five strains that are human pathogens. we find that positive selection targets a wide range of different functions in the e. coli genome, including cell surface proteins such as beta barrel porins, presumably because of the involvement of these genes in evolutionary arms races with other bacteria, phages, and/or the host immune system. st ...	2007	17675366
recent gene conversions between duplicated glutamate decarboxylase genes (gada and gadb) in pathogenic escherichia coli.	escherichia coli have evolved adaptive systems to resist strongly acidic habitats in part through the production of 2 biochemically identical isoforms of glutamate decarboxylase (gad), encoded by the gada and gadb genes. these genes occur in e. coli and other members of the genospecies (e.g., shigella spp.) and originated as part of a genomic fitness island acquired early in escherichia evolution. the present duplicated gad loci are widely spaced on the e. coli chromosome, and the 2 genes are 97 ...	2007	17675652
serum sperm antibodies after diarrhoeal diseases.	the origin of 'natural' anti-sperm antibodies found in fertile humans, virgin girls, and boys before puberty, is quite obscure. one hypothetical mechanism relates their existence to inflammatory gastrointestinal entities: as a result of the disease, cross-reactive antibodies produced against gastrointestinal flora bind spermatozoa. to test this assumption, we evaluated the level of serum sperm antibodies after diarrhoeal infections. serum samples from 17 patients with shigellosis and 12 patients ...	2007	17683470
escherichia coli, shigella and salmonella species in acute diarrhoea in hamedan, islamic republic of iran.	this study investigated the frequency of escherichia col, shigella and salmonella species in stool specimens from patients with diarrhoea presenting to health centres in hamedan province, islamic republic of iran. from 144 samples, shigella strains were isolated in 17 cases (11.8%): 10 sh. flexneri, 3 sh. sonnei, 2 sh. boydii and 2 untyped strains. no salmonella strains were isolated. using molecular diagnostic methods, diarrheogenic e. coli were detected in 37 cases (25.7%), the majority were e ...	2007	17684844
outbreaks where food workers have been implicated in the spread of foodborne disease. part 1. description of the problem, methods, and agents involved.	food workers in many settings have been responsible for foodborne disease outbreaks for decades, and there is no indication that this is diminishing. the committee on control of foodborne illnesses of the international association for food protection was tasked with collecting and evaluating any data on worker-associated outbreaks. a total of 816 reports with 80,682 cases were collected from events that occurred from 1927 until the first quarter of 2006. most of the outbreaks reviewed were from ...	2007	17685355
postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome: a long-term consequence of bacterial gastroenteritis.	irritable bowel syndrome (ibs) is a commonly diagnosed disease characterized by gastrointestinal symptoms that may be associated with psychological illness and emotional problems. the prevalence rate worldwide for ibs ranges from 10 to 20% and is higher for women than for men. ibs imposes a substantial financial burden on both patients and employers because of increased medical costs and decreased work productivity. recent studies indicate that inflammatory processes involving the gastrointestin ...	2007	17685356
reduced selection leads to accelerated gene loss in shigella.	obligate pathogenic bacteria lose more genes relative to facultative pathogens, which, in turn, lose more genes than free-living bacteria. it was suggested that the increased gene loss in obligate pathogens may be due to a reduction in the effectiveness of purifying selection. less attention has been given to the causes of increased gene loss in facultative pathogens.	2007	17686180
in vitro activity of cefadroxil, cephalexin, cefatrizine and cefpirome in presence of essential and trace elements.	evidences supporting the introduction of metallic elements in several biological processes are rapidly accumulating. likewise, many drugs possess modified toxicological and pharmacological properties when in the form of metal complexes. in order to ascertain the role of various essential and trace element complexation on the antibacterial activity of various cephalosporins, the synergistic or antagonistic behavior of cefadroxil, cephalexin, cefatrizine and cefpirome in presence of essential and ...	2007	17604254
rapid and simultaneous quantitation of escherichia coli 0157:h7, salmonella, and shigella in ground beef by multiplex real-time pcr and immunomagnetic separation.	the objective of this study was to establish a multiplex real-time pcr for the simultaneous quantitation of escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella, and shigella. genomic dna for the real-time pcr was extracted by the boiling method. three sets of primers and corresponding taqman probes were designed to target these three pathogenic bacteria. multiplex real-time pcr was performed with taqman universal pcr master mix in an abi prism 7700 sequence detection system. final standard curves were calculat ...	2007	17612065
pathogenic bacteria associated with oysters (crassostrea brasiliana) and estuarine water along the south coast of brazil.	oysters and estuarine water samples were collected monthly, from june 1998 to march 1999, in the cananéia estuary, on the south coast of são paulo, brazil, and analyzed for bacterial hazards with and without depuration in filtered estuarine water. aeromonas spp., plesiomonas shigelloides, vibrio cholerae o1, vibrio parahaemolyticus, and vibrio vulnificus were counted in oyster samples using the most probable number (mpn) and their presence verified in the surrounding estuarine water samples. the ...	2007	17613090
prevalence of enterotoxigenic staphylococcus aureus and shigella spp. in some raw street vended indian foods.	in india, the street food trade is a growing sector with its expansion linked with urbanisation and the need of urban populations for both employment and food. however, the microbiological status of popularly consumed raw street foods, general hygienic and vending practices are not known. we visited 75 vendors (50 having fixed stalls and 25 with mobile stalls) operating in three major locations: mandi (open market place), bus terminus and railway station in new delhi and patiala city. a total of ...	2007	17616871