Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| progress toward the development of a bacterial vaccine vector that induces high-titer long-lived broadly neutralizing antibodies against hiv-1. | conformationally constrained hiv-1 env and gp120 immunogens induce broadly cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies. thus, it is now feasible to rationally design an hiv-1 vaccine that affords protection through humoral mechanisms. this paper reviews our progress toward the development of an oral bacterial vaccine vector that is capable of delivering an hiv-1 dna vaccine to host lymphoid tissues and inducing broadly neutralizing antibodies to hiv-1 in the mucosal and systemic immune compartments. | 2003 | 12832116 |
| acute bacterial gastroenteritis: a study of adult patients with positive stool cultures treated in the emergency department. | to investigate the presenting clinical features of acute bacterial gastroenteritis in adult patients treated as outpatients in the emergency department (ed), and the pathogens responsible in this setting and population; and to identify the frequency with which positive stool culture result changes management. | 2003 | 12835343 |
| molecular epidemiology of shigella in a taiwan township during 1996 to 2000. | a previously identified shigella flexneri serotype 2a strain was responsible for an outbreak of shigellosis in a taiwan township in august 1996. in order to find the relationship between this outbreak strain and subsequent shigella infections in the area, 59, 47, 35, and 20 shigella isolates recovered in 1997, 1998, 1999, and 2000, respectively, were collected and typed by serological and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) techniques. of these 161 isolates, 139 isolates were s. flexneri ser ... | 2003 | 12843047 |
| connexin-dependent inter-cellular communication increases invasion and dissemination of shigella in epithelial cells. | shigella flexneri, the causative agent of bacillar dystentery, invades the colonic mucosa where it elicits an intense inflammatory reaction responsible for destruction of the epithelium. during cell invasion, contact with host cells activates the type-iii secretion of the shigella ipab and ipac proteins. ipab and ipac are inserted into host cell plasma membranes and trigger initial signals that result in actin polymerization, while allowing cytosolic access of other bacterial effectors that furt ... | 2003 | 12844145 |
| the glutamate-dependent acid resistance system of escherichia coli and shigella flexneri is inhibited in vitro by l-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid. | strains of escherichia coli k-12, o157:h7, and shigella flexneri grown to stationary phase in complex unbuffered media can survive for several hours at ph 2.5. this stationary-phase acid resistance phenotype is dependent upon the alternate sigma factor sigmas and the supplementation of either glutamate or glutamine in the acidified media used for acid challenge. acid resistance under these defined conditions can be inhibited by the glutamate analog l-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid which ... | 2003 | 12855178 |
| bacterial species in biofilm cultivated from the end of the seoul water distribution system. | to investigate changes in the bacterial population and the safety of the biofilm at the end of the drinking water distribution system in seoul (korea), selective media and bacterial community analyses were applied to a semi-pilot galvanized iron pipe (gip) model. | 2003 | 12859764 |
| the actin-based motility defect of a shigella flexneri rmld rough lps mutant is not due to loss of icsa polarity. | shigella flexneri requires the outer membrane protein icsa(virg) and lipopolysaccharide (lps) for efficient actin-based motility (abm) within mammalian cells which is essential for virulence. wild type strains of s. flexneri 2a such as 2457t have smooth lps whose o antigen (oag) chains have two modal lengths and icsa predominantly located at one pole on their cell surface. in contrast, rough lps mutants lack oag chains, have icsa on lateral and polar regions of the cell surface, and are defectiv ... | 2003 | 12860454 |
| rickettsial actin-based motility: behavior and involvement of cytoskeletal regulators. | actin-based motility (abm) is employed by spotted fever group (sfg) rickettsiae, such as rickettsia rickettsii, to promote cell-to-cell spread. time-lapse video microscopy revealed that abm is not strictly confined to sfg rickettsiae as typhus group r. typhi moved at approximately the same rate as r. rickettsii (approximately 4 micro m/min), but in a highly erratic fashion. a number of common behaviors were observed between abm of r. typhi and r. rickettsii, such as entrance into plasma membrane ... | 2003 | 12860687 |
| shigella bacteremia: a retrospective study. | the aims of this study were to determine the risk factors in, and the clinical and laboratory characterizations of, shigella bacteremia, as well as the subspecies of shigella, and the antibiotic susceptibility. a retrospective study of all patients younger than 18 years of age with documented shigella bacteremia from january 1989 through december 2001 was conducted. fifteen children with shigella bacteremia were treated at our center. the mean age (+/- sd) was 20.5 months (+/- 34.2), median 7 mo ... | 2003 | 12862343 |
| mxik and mxin interact with the spa47 atpase and are required for transit of the needle components mxih and mxii, but not of ipa proteins, through the type iii secretion apparatus of shigella flexneri. | the type iii secretion (tts) pathway is used by numerous gram-negative pathogens to inject virulence factors into eukaryotic cells. the shigella flexneri tts apparatus (ttsa) spans the bacterial envelope and its assembly requires the products of approximately 20 mxi and spa genes. we present a functional analysis of the mxik, mxin and mxil genes. inactivation of mxik and mxin, but not mxil, resulted in the assembly of a non-functional ttsa that lacked the outer needle. the amounts of needle comp ... | 2003 | 12864857 |
| catecholamines and in vitro growth of pathogenic bacteria: enhancement of growth varies greatly among bacterial species. | the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of catecholamines on in vitro growth of a range of bacterial species, including anaerobes. bacteria tested included: porphyromonas gingivalis, bacteriodes fragilis, shigella boydii, shigella sonnie, enterobacter sp, and salmonella choleraesuis. the results of the current study indicated that supplementation of bacterial cultures in minimal medium with norepinephrine or epinephrine did not result in increased growth of bacteria. positive contro ... | 2003 | 12865092 |
| an evaluation of current shigellosis treatment. | shigellosis or bacillary dysentery, characterised by the passage of frequent loose stools mixed with blood and mucous, is caused by shigella spp. which can be subdivided into four serotypes, namely, s. sonnei, s. boydii, s. flexneri and s. dysenteriae. s. dysenteriae type 1 produces severe dysentery and may be associated with many complications like leukaemoid reaction and haemolytic-ureamic syndrome. it is known to produce protracted epidemics and pandemics and is usually multi-drug resistant. ... | 2003 | 12877639 |
| trna-guanine transglycosylase from e. coli: a ping-pong kinetic mechanism is consistent with nucleophilic catalysis. | trna-guanine transglycosylase (tgt) is a key enzyme in the post-transcriptional modification of certain trnas with the pyrrolopyrimidine base queuine. tgt is required for pathogenicity in shigella flexneri, a human pathogen, and therefore is potentially a novel antibacterial target. previous work has indicated that the tgt reaction proceeds through a covalent enzyme-trna complex [biochemistry 40 (2001) 14123]. to further substantiate this mechanism, the determination of the kinetic mechanism for ... | 2003 | 12877882 |
| [alteration of phagocyte functional activity depending on the presence of pr50 plasmid in bacteria]. | the relationship between the presence, or the absence, of conjugative plasmid pr50 detected in klebsiella oxytoca 89, in the isogenic pairs of attenuated strains shigella flexneri 2a 516 near and salmonella typhimurium 129 rifr and the regeneration of the active forms of oxygen by mouse peritoneal phagocytizing cells was studied. as indicated by the data obtained in the course of the experiment, plasmids pr50 could influence the chemiluminescent response of phagocytes. the inhibition of the synt ... | 2003 | 12886622 |
| antimicrobial resistance of bacterial pathogens associated with diarrheal patients in indonesia. | the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns for 2,812 bacterial pathogens isolated from diarrheal patients admitted to hospitals in several provinces in the cities of jakarta, padang, medan, denpasar, pontianak, makassar, and batam, indonesia were analyzed from 1995 to 2001 to determine their changing trends in response to eight antibiotics: ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, cephalothin, ceftriaxone, norfloxacin, and ciprofloxacin. vibrio cholerae o1 (37.1%) ... | 2003 | 12887025 |
| identification of substrates and chaperone from the yersinia enterocolitica 1b ysa type iii secretion system. | all pathogenic yersinia enterocolitica strains carry the pyv plasmid encoding the ysc-yop type iii secretion (tts) system, which operates at 37 degrees c. in addition, biovar 1b y. enterocolitica strains possess a second, chromosomally encoded, tts system called ysa, which operates, at least in vitro, under low-temperature and high-salt (lths) conditions. six open reading frames, sycb, yspb, yspc, yspd, yspa, and acpy, neighbor the ysa genes encoding the ysa tts apparatus. here we show that yspa ... | 2003 | 12496172 |
| structure-function analysis of invasion plasmid antigen c (ipac) from shigella flexneri. | shigella flexneri causes a self-limiting gastroenteritis in humans, characterized by severe localized inflammation and ulceration of the colonic mucosa. shigellosis most often targets young children in underdeveloped countries. invasion plasmid antigen c (ipac) has been identified as the primary effector protein for shigella invasion of epithelial cells. although an initial model of ipac function has been developed, no detailed structural information is available that could assist in a better un ... | 2003 | 12427760 |
| the magnificent seven. | 2003 | 12526849 | |
| nod2 is a general sensor of peptidoglycan through muramyl dipeptide (mdp) detection. | nod2 activates the nf-kappab pathway following intracellular stimulation by bacterial products. recently, mutations in nod2 have been shown to be associated with crohn's disease, suggesting a role for bacteria-host interactions in the etiology of this disorder. we show here that nod2 is a general sensor of peptidoglycan through the recognition of muramyl dipeptide (mdp), the minimal bioactive peptidoglycan motif common to all bacteria. moreover, the 3020insc frameshift mutation, the most frequen ... | 2003 | 12527755 |
| fate of physical, chemical, and microbial contaminants in domestic wastewater following treatment by small constructed wetlands. | in order to evaluate the efficacy of constructed wetlands for treatment of domestic wastewater for small communities located in rural areas, small-scale wetland mesocosms (400 l each) containing two treatment designs (a mixture of typha, scirpus, and juncus species; control without vegetation) were planted into two depths (45 or 60 cm) with pea gravel. each mesocosm received 19 l/day of primary-treated domestic sewage. mesocosms were monitored (inflow and outflow samples) on a monthly basis over ... | 2003 | 12531275 |
| immunogenicity of an hiv-1 gag dna vaccine carried by attenuated shigella. | the use of live attenuated invasive bacteria as a carrier for dna-based vaccines has been reported recently. in this study, we used a shigella flexneri serotype 2a rfbf mutant for immunization of a dna vaccine coding for hiv-1 sf2 gag. the recombinant bacterial vector delivered gag dna to mammalian cells in vitro resulting in gag protein expression, and was found to have a low level of pathogenicity among a number of shigella cell spread defective mutants tested. intranasal immunization of mice ... | 2003 | 12531333 |
| immune responses elicited against multiple enterotoxigenic escherichia coli fimbriae and mutant lt expressed in attenuated shigella vaccine strains. | shigella and enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) continue to be important causes of diarrheal disease in infants and young children in developing countries and are major etiologic agents of traveler's diarrhea. since attenuated strains of shigella have been developed as live oral vaccines against shigellosis, we have adapted these attenuated shigella strains to serve as carriers of etec antigens, thereby constituting a hybrid vaccine. since protective immunity against etec is largely directe ... | 2003 | 12531629 |
| a new escherichia coli metabolic competency: growth on fatty acids by a novel anaerobic beta-oxidation pathway. | escherichia coli uses fatty acids as a sole carbon and energy source during aerobic growth by means of the enzymes encoded by the fad regulon. we report that this bacterium can also grow on fatty acids under anaerobic conditions provided that a terminal respiratory electron acceptor such as nitrate is available. this anaerobic utilization pathway is distinct from the well-studied aerobic pathway in that (i). it proceeds normally in mutant strains lacking various enzymes of the aerobic pathway; ( ... | 2003 | 12535077 |
| an extended role for the nucleoid structuring protein h-ns in the virulence gene regulatory cascade of shigella flexneri. | the h-ns nucleoid structuring protein has been shown previously to play a negative role in controlling virulence gene expression in shigella flexneri by repressing transcription of the virf and virb regulatory genes and the virf-dependent icsa structural gene under non-permissive growth conditions. here, we show that h-ns also acts at the promoters of the virb-dependent structural genes in the regulatory cascade. h-ns protein binds to the promoter regions in vivo and in vitro. the promoters were ... | 2003 | 12535079 |
| rational design and synthesis of peptide ligands for an anti-carbohydrate antibody and their immunochemical characterization. | molecular mimics of carbohydrates present an alternative source of compounds to target pathways involving protein-carbohydrate interactions. certain peptides act as molecular mimics of carbohydrates in binding to anti-carbohydrate antibodies. a series of potential peptide ligands for the anti-carbohydrate antibody sya/j6, directed against shigella flexneri y, was designed by molecular modeling based on a crystal structure of the antibody complex with a carbohydrate-mimetic peptide. these octapep ... | 2003 | 12538009 |
| male-specific coliphages as an additional fecal contamination indicator for screening fresh carrots. | the objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of male-specific (f+) coliphages as a fecal-contamination indicator for fresh carrots. the prevalence of specific pathogens and indicator organisms on the surface of carrots obtained from a farm, truck, and processing shed was studied. twenty-five carrot samples collected from each of these locations were washed, and aliquots of the wash were analyzed for the presence of f+ coliphages, escherichia coli, salmonella, and shigella. additional ... | 2003 | 12540186 |
| phenotypic and genotypic characterization of provisional serotype shigella flexneri 1c and clonal relationships with 1a and 1b strains isolated in bangladesh. | the serotypes of 144 strains of shigella flexneri serotype 1 (serotypes 1a, 1b, and 1c) isolated from patients attending the dhaka treatment center of the international centre for diarrhoeal disease research, bangladesh, between 1997 and 2001 were serologically confirmed by using commercially available antisera and a panel of monoclonal antibodies specific for s. flexneri group and type factor antigen (masf). among serotype 1 isolates, the prevalence of provisional serotype s. flexneri 1c increa ... | 2003 | 12517835 |
| changes in patterns of antimicrobial susceptibility and integron carriage among shigella sonnei isolates from southwestern korea during epidemic periods. | shigella sonnei isolates from southwestern korea during the epidemic periods of 1998 to 2000 were genetically related. the antimicrobial susceptibilities of the outbreak-related isolates changed annually. all isolates carried class 2 integrons, and the outbreak-related isolates from 1999 also carried class 1 integrons. the antimicrobial susceptibilities of s. sonnei isolates are readily changed by antibiotic selective pressures, and integrons are responsible for resistance to antimicrobial agent ... | 2003 | 12517883 |
| [simultaneous expression of cs3 colonization factor antigen and lt-b/st fusion enterotoxin antigen of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli by attenuated shigella flexneri 2a]. | enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) causes watery dehydrating diarrhea in infants in developing countries, and is the most common cause of travelers diarrhea. it has been known that the colonazition factor antigens (cfas) and enterotoxins are important virulence factors of etec, and these two kinds of proteins should be included in any effective vaccine against etec. in this study, a host-plasmid lethal balancing system was constructed based on asd gene in an avirulent strain of s.flexneri ... | 2003 | 12518227 |
| putrescine or a combination of methionine and arginine restores virulence gene expression in a trna modification-deficient mutant of shigella flexneri: a possible role in adaptation of virulence. | the wild-type strain ysh6000 of shigella flexneri growing in minimal medium contains the modified nucleoside epoxy-q (oq) in a subset of trnas. this nucleoside is lacking in trna from a tgt mutant of this bacterium. when these bacteria are growing in minimal medium, the expression of virulence genes is 10-fold lower in the tgt mutant than in the wild type, although only a twofold reduction in the expression of these virulence factors is observed in broth. such a strong media-dependant expression ... | 2003 | 12519201 |
| human lactoferrin impairs virulence of shigella flexneri. | lactoferrin is a glycoprotein present in most human mucosal secretions, including human milk. lactoferrin is bacteriostatic in low iron media and, in some settings, bactericidal. lactoferrin impairs ability of shigella flexneri serotype 5 strain m90t to invade hela cells. to determine the mechanism by which lactoferrin decreases invasiveness of shigella organisms, its effect on the major virulence proteins responsible for bacterial uptake by host cells was evaluated. lactoferrin induced degradat ... | 2003 | 12508150 |
| sporadic enteric reactive arthritis and undifferentiated spondyloarthropathy: evidence for involvement of salmonella typhimurium. | to define the candidate bacterial trigger and cytokine profile of synovial fluid mononuclear cells (sfmc) in patients with sporadic enteric reactive arthritis (rea) and undifferentiated spondyloarthropathy (uspa). | 2003 | 12508398 |
| flagella and motility in actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. | actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae has been considered nonmotile and nonflagellate. in this work, it is demonstrated that a. pleuropneumoniae produces flagella composed of a 65-kda protein with an n-terminal amino acid sequence that shows 100% identity with those of escherichia coli, salmonella, and shigella flagellins. the dna sequence obtained through pcr of the flic gene in a. pleuropneumoniae showed considerable identity (93%) in its 5' and 3' ends with the dna sequences of corresponding genes ... | 2003 | 12511514 |
| a novel modeling protocol for protein receptors guided by bound-ligand conformation. | a novel protocol for protein homology modeling is described, in which uncertainty in protein structure is resolved by applying the criterion that the protein must bind to a complementary ligand. a diverse library of protein models is created and then screened by docking with ligands of known conformation. the more accurate protein models form higher-quality docked complexes, and the quality of the fit is used to select the best models. the effectiveness of this technique with both natural and un ... | 2003 | 12590571 |
| structural characterization of the n terminus of ipac from shigella flexneri. | the primary effector for shigella invasion of epithelial cells is ipac, which is secreted via a type iii secretion system. we recently reported that the ipac n terminus is required for type iii secretion and possibly other functions. in this study, mutagenesis was used to identify an n-terminal secretion signal and to determine the functional importance of the rest of the ipac n terminus. the 15 n-terminal amino acids target ipac for secretion by shigella flexneri, and placing additional amino a ... | 2003 | 12595440 |
| genetic characterization and immunogenicity of coli surface antigen 4 from enterotoxigenic escherichia coli when it is expressed in a shigella live-vector strain. | the genes that encode the enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) cs4 fimbriae, csaa, -b, -c, -e, and -d', were isolated from strain e11881a. the csa operon encodes a 17-kda major fimbrial subunit (csab), a 40-kda tip-associated protein (csae), a 27-kda chaperone-like protein (csaa), a 97-kda usher-like protein (csac), and a deleted regulatory protein (csad'). the predicted amino acid sequences of the cs4 proteins are highly homologous to structural and assembly proteins of other etec fimbriae, ... | 2003 | 12595452 |
| effects of ectopically expressed neuronal wiskott-aldrich syndrome protein domains on rickettsia rickettsii actin-based motility. | neuronal wiskott-aldrich syndrome protein (n-wasp) and the actin-related protein 2/3 (arp2/3) complex have emerged as critical host proteins that regulate pathogen actin-based motility. actin tail formation and motility in listeria monocytogenes require the arp2/3 complex but bypasses n-wasp signaling. motility of shigella flexneri and vaccinia virus requires both n-wasp and the arp2/3 complex. functional roles for these cytoskeletal regulatory proteins in actin-based motility of rickettsia rick ... | 2003 | 12595475 |
| detection of type iii secretion genes as a general indicator of bacterial virulence. | type iii secretion systems of gram-negative bacteria are specific export machineries for virulence factors which allow their translocation to eukaryotic cells. since they correlate with bacterial pathogenicity, their presence is used as a general indicator of bacterial virulence. by comparing the genetic relationship of the major type iii secretion systems we found the family of genes encoding the inner-membrane channel proteins represented by the yersinia enterocolitica lcrd (synonym yscv) and ... | 2003 | 12628591 |
| enhancer-promoter communication mediated by chip during pannier-driven proneural patterning is regulated by osa. | the gata factor pannier activates proneural achaete/scute (ac/sc) expression during development of the sensory organs of drosophila through enhancer binding. chip bridges pannier with the (ac/sc)-daughterless heterodimers bound to the promoter and facilitates the enhancer-promoter communication required for proneural development. we show here that this communication is regulated by osa, which is recruited by pannier and chip. osa belongs to brahma chromatin remodeling complexes and we show that ... | 2003 | 12629041 |
| bordetella type iii secretion induces caspase 1-independent necrosis. | the bordetella bronchiseptica type iii (tiii) secretion system induces cytotoxicity in infected macrophages and epithelial cells. in this report we characterize the cell death phenotype and compare it to the tiii-dependent cytotoxicity induced by yersinia enterocolitica and shigella flexneri. bordetella bronchiseptica strain rb58 was able to induce cell death in j774a.1 macrophages with the same efficiency as shigella and yersinia, but only b. bronchiseptica was able to kill epithelial cells in ... | 2003 | 12580948 |
| short and long term mortality associated with foodborne bacterial gastrointestinal infections: registry based study. | to determine the excess mortality associated with infections with salmonella, campylobacter, yersinia enterocolitica, and shigella and to examine the effect of pre-existing illness. | 2003 | 12586666 |
| role of bacteria and hla-b27 in the pathogenesis of reactive arthritis. | strictly speaking, "reactive arthritis" is a conventional term with no study-verified definition. this review will focus on the type of arthritis that is induced by the following species: chlamydia, shigella, salmonella, yersinia, and campylobacter. the types of arthritis caused by these pathogens share a clinical pattern that is common in the spondyloarthropathies, especially undifferentiated spondyloarthropathy and reiter's syndrome. all these diseases, including ankylosing spondylitis, must a ... | 2003 | 12635498 |
| dissemination of pheu- and phev-located genomic islands among enteropathogenic (epec) and enterohemorrhagic (ehec) e. coli and their possible role in the horizontal transfer of the locus of enterocyte effacement (lee). | we have recently shown that the locus of enterocyte effacement (lee) of the bovine enterohemorrhagic e. coli rw1374 (o103:h2) resides within a large pathogenicity island (pai), integrated in the vicinity of the phenylalanine trna gene phev. here we describe an additional, but lee-negative genomic island in rw1374 in the vicinity of another phenylalanine trna gene, pheu, the sequence of which is identical to phev. these two genomic islands revealed identity of the left, but a relative variability ... | 2003 | 12635929 |
| comparison of antimicrobial susceptibility between invasive and non-invasive shigella organisms. | antimicrobial susceptibility was determined for ten strains of shigella spp. comparing invasive (invasion plasmid containing) and non-invasive members of each strain. the activity of the antimicrobial agents could be classified into three types from the differences between the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) for the invasive and non-invasive shigellae. for type 1, there was no difference between the mic (an mic gap) for invasive and non-invasive organisms. for type 2, the mic for the inva ... | 2003 | 12636989 |
| scope of potential bacterial agents of diarrhoea and microbial assessment of quality of river water sources in rural venda communities in south africa. | the microbial quality of several, usually untreated, surface domestic water sources, used by rural communities in the venda region of south africa, was assessed to gauge their fitness for human consumption and to highlight the possible impact of waterborne diseases. the water sources studied were six points on the levubu river and the rivers mutale, ngwedi, tshinane, makonde, mutshindudi and mudaswali. total and faecal coliform, heterotrophic bacteria, enterococci and coliphage counts were used ... | 2003 | 12639006 |
| bacterial hemorrhagic enterocolitis. | bacterial diarrhea can be classified into two clinical entities, noninflammatory diarrhea and inflammatory diarrhea syndromes. the latter type of diarrhea is characterized by bloody and puruloid mucus stool, and is often accompanied by fever, tenesmus, and severe abdominal pain. pathogenic bacteria causing the inflammatory diarrhea syndrome include salmonella, vibrio, shigella, enteroinvasive and enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli, campylobacter, yersinia, chlamydia, and clostridium difficile. t ... | 2003 | 12640523 |
| prevalence of bacterial faecal pathogens in separated and unseparated stored pig slurry. | to examine the prevalence and diversity of bacterial faecal pathogens in unseparated slurry, separated solids and liquid fractions from a commercial pig farm. | 2003 | 12641712 |
| multidrug-resistant shigella dysenteriae type 1: forerunners of a new epidemic strain in eastern india? | 2003 | 12643845 | |
| synthesis of the pentasaccharide related to the repeating unit of the antigen from shigella dysenteriae type 4 in the form of its methyl ester 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl glycoside. | starting from d-mannose, d-glucose and l-fucose, the pentasaccharide derivative methyl 2,3,4-tri-o-benzyl-alpha-l-fucopyranosyl-(1-->3)-2-o-acetyl-4,6-o-benzylidene-alpha-d-mannopyranosyl-(1-->3)-2-o-acetyl-6-o-benzyl-4-o-(2,3,4-tri-o-benzyl-alpha-l-fucopyranosyl)-alpha-d-mannopyranosyl-(1-->4)-[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl 2,3-di-o-benzyl-beta-d-glucopyranosid]uronate was synthesized. this compound with two alpha-mannopyranosyl units was transformed, via walden inversion and subsequent deprotection, ... | 2003 | 12644371 |
| regulation of salmonella typhimurium lipopolysaccharide o antigen chain length is required for virulence; identification of fepe as a second wzz. | wzz proteins regulate the degree of polymerization of the o antigen (oag) subunits in lipopolysaccharide (lps) biosynthesis. although the pathogenic relevance of oag is well recognized, the significance of oag chain length regulation is not well defined. in this report, salmonella typhimurium was shown to possess two functional wzz genes resulting in a bimodal oag length distribution. in addition to the previously described wzzst that results in long (l) modal length lps with 16-35 oag repeat un ... | 2003 | 12603743 |
| dual infection by dengue virus and shigella sonnei in patient returning from india. | 2003 | 12604005 | |
| in vitro susceptibilities of shigella flexneri and streptococcus pyogenes to inner gel of aloe barbadensis miller. | aloe barbadensis miller (or aloe vera) has widespread use in health products, and despite numerous reports on the whole plant, little work has been performed on the inner gel, which has been used extensively in these products. this report describes the in vitro susceptibilities of two bacteria to this component. | 2003 | 12604556 |
| [genome-wide non-sequencing strategies for bacterial genome comparison: the necessity and an analysis of the variable bacterial world]. | a tremendous success in bacterial genome sequencing has been achieved during the recent years; it resulted in making available, for analysis, multiple sequences of different bacterial genomes, including such pathogens as causative agents of syphilis, typhus, and tuberculosis as well as such organisms like archaebacterias living under extreme conditions. a comparative analysis of bacterial genomes leads to conclusions, which have a general biological value, and, in particular, to the conclusions ... | 2003 | 12608079 |
| the use of transepithelial models to examine host-pathogen interactions. | many pathogens must overcome an epithelial barrier in order to establish an infection. unsurprisingly, such pathogens have evolved different mechanisms to overcome this obstacle, targeting specific epithelial structures or functions. these include disruption of epithelial barrier function, transcytosing from the apical to the basolateral membrane domain or inducing cell movement such as neutrophil recruitment. when studying these processes in vivo, animal models often fail to mimic the disease o ... | 2003 | 12615224 |
| histopathological study of rabbit intestinal mucosa infected with a hybrid strain of shigella dysenteriae 1 carrying lps biosynthesis genes of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. | the rfb gene cluster and the rfc gene of salmonella enterica were introduced earlier into an invasive shigella dysenteriae 1 strain by triparental cross. antiserum was raised in rabbit against lipopolysaccharide isolated from the hybrid strain. both the hybrid and the invasive s. dysenteriae 1 strain were found to have a titer of 1:2560 while for s. enterica, it was 1:640. ligated ileal loops were prepared in rabbit, which were inoculated with 10(8) cfu ml(-1) each of the hybrid strain, and inva ... | 2003 | 12620623 |
| genome sequence of vibrio parahaemolyticus: a pathogenic mechanism distinct from that of v cholerae. | vibrio parahaemolyticus, a gram-negative marine bacterium, is a worldwide cause of food-borne gastroenteritis. v parahaemolyticus strains of a few specific serotypes, probably derived from a common clonal ancestor, have lately caused a pandemic of gastroenteritis. the organism is phylogenetically close to v cholerae, the causative agent of cholera. | 2003 | 12620739 |
| shigella dysenteriae type 1 with reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones. | 2003 | 12620764 | |
| stx1c is the most common shiga toxin 1 subtype among shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli isolates from sheep but not among isolates from cattle. | unlike shiga toxin 2 (stx(2)) genes, most nucleotide sequences of shiga toxin 1 (stx(1)) genes from shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec), shigella dysenteriae, and several bacteriophages (h19b, 933j, and h30) are highly conserved. consequently, there has been little incentive to investigate variants of stx(1) among stec isolates derived from human or animal sources. however stx(1ox3), originally identified in an ox3:h8 isolate from a healthy sheep in germany, differs from other stx(1) s ... | 2003 | 12624011 |
| epidemiology of tetracycline resistance determinants in shigella spp. and enteroinvasive escherichia coli: characterization and dissemination of tet(a)-1. | to make a comprehensive study of tetracycline resistance determinant distribution in the genus shigella, a collection of 577 clinical isolates of shigella spp. and enteroinvasive escherichia coli (eiec) from a variety of geographical locations was screened to identify tetracycline-resistant strains. the 459 tetracycline-resistant isolates identified were then screened by pcr analysis to determine the distribution in these strains of tetracycline efflux resistance determinants belonging to classe ... | 2003 | 12624025 |
| analysis of vir protein translocation from agrobacterium tumefaciens using saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model: evidence for transport of a novel effector protein vire3. | agrobacterium tumefaciens causes crown gall disease on a variety of plants. during the infection process agrobacterium transfers a nucleoprotein complex, the vird2 t-complex, and at least two vir proteins, vire2 and virf, into the plant cell via the virb/vird4 type iv secretion system. recently, we found that t-dna could also be transferred from agrobacterium to saccharomyces cerevisiae. here, we describe a novel method to also detect trans-kingdom vir protein transfer from agrobacterium to yeas ... | 2003 | 12560481 |
| growing antimicrobial resistance of shigella isolates. | appropriate antibiotic treatment of shigellosis depends on identifying resistance patterns. by studying shigella isolates in central israel from 1998 to 2000, and comparing with the period 1991-1992, we identified a significantly increased resistance to tetracycline (from 23% to 87%, p < 0.00001), high resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (94%) and ampicillin (85%) and emerging resistance to quinolones (0.5-2%). these data mandate local monitoring of resistance and its consideration in em ... | 2003 | 12562716 |
| infectious diarrhea in the southeastern united states, 1998-2000. | 2003 | 12567315 | |
| helical structure of the needle of the type iii secretion system of shigella flexneri. | gram-negative bacteria commonly interact with animal and plant hosts using type iii secretion systems (ttsss) for translocation of proteins into eukaryotic cells during infection. 10 of the 25 ttss-encoding genes are homologous to components of the bacterial flagellar basal body, which the ttss needle complex morphologically resembles. this indicates a common ancestry, although no ttss sequence homologues for the genes encoding the flagellum are found. we here present an approximately 16-a struc ... | 2003 | 12571230 |
| bacterial-enterocyte crosstalk: cellular mechanisms in health and disease. | 2003 | 12548051 | |
| molecular epidemiology of the srl pathogenicity island. | the shigella resistance locus (srl), which is carried on the srl pathogenicity island (pai) in shigella flexneri 2a ysh6000, mediates resistance to the antibiotics streptomycin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline. in the present study, we investigated the distribution and structural variation of the srl and the srl pai in 71 shigella isolates and 28 other enteric pathogens by pcr and southern analysis. the srl and srl-related loci, although absent from the other enteric pathogens eval ... | 2003 | 12543684 |
| laribacter hongkongensis: a potential cause of infectious diarrhea. | in this study, we describe the isolation of laribacter hongkongensis, a recently described genus and species of bacterium, in pure culture on charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate agar from the stool of six patients with diarrhea. three patients were residents of hong kong, and three of switzerland. in none of the stool samples obtained from these six patients was salmonella, shigella, enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli, vibrio, aeromonas, plesiomonas, or campylobacter recovered. rotavirus antigen ... | 2003 | 14711474 |
| multiple drug resistant strains of shigella isolated in jos, central nigeria. | the objective of this study is to highlight the alarming rise in antimicrobial resistance among shigella species in jos, plateau state. stool samples of eight hundred and ten patients who presented at the jos university teaching hospital with diarrhoea/dysentery were analysed using standard bacteriological techniques. the antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates were determined. 25 shigella species were isolated representing 3.1% isolation rate. the male to female ratio is 1.3:1, children ag ... | 2003 | 14692056 |
| [shigellosis, a sexually transmitted disease in homosexual men]. | a study of the registered number of shigella infections in amsterdam for the period 1997-2001 revealed that in 2001, there was an increase in the number of homosexual patients with oral-anal contacts as source for their infections. all of these infections were caused by subtype shigella sonnei. the infections were not associated with a specific meeting place for homosexual men. a relationship with an underlying hiv-infection is likely. | 2003 | 14694556 |
| antimicrobial activity of extracts of local cough mixtures on upper respiratory tract bacterial pathogens. | the punched-hole and the paper disc diffusion methods were used in screening for the antimicrobial activity of six common ingredients used locally in cough mixtures, against the following bacteria: klebsiella pneumoniae, pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococcus aureus. enterococcus faecalis, escherichia coli, salmonella spp, salmonella paratyphi, shigella dysenteria, shigella sonnei and candida albicans. the results, evaluated as the diameter of zone of inhibition of microbial growth, showed that ... | 2003 | 14649097 |
| bilateral pneumonia associated with shigella sonnei dysentery. | 2003 | 14650419 | |
| multidrug-resistant shigella dysenteriae type 1 in south asia. | 2003 | 14652200 | |
| bovine colostrums: a review of clinical uses. | bovine colostrums are the "early" milk produced by cows during the first several days post-parturition. this "early" milk has a nutrient profile and immunological composition that differs substantially from "mature" milk. included in the nutrient profile are higher amounts of immunoglobulins, growth factors, cytokines, and nucleosides than are found in milk. bovine colostrums are also rich in oligosaccharides, antimicrobials, and immune-regulating factors. available evidence suggests a beneficia ... | 2003 | 14653766 |
| shigella dysenteriae type 1-specific bacteriophage from environmental waters in bangladesh. | shigella dysenteriae type 1 is the causative agent of the most severe form of bacillary dysentery, which occurs as epidemics in many developing countries. we isolated a bacteriophage from surface water samples from bangladesh that specifically lyses strains of s. dysenteriae type 1. this phage, designated sf-9, belongs to the podoviridae family and has a 41-kb double-stranded dna genome. further screening of water samples for the prevalence of the phage revealed 9 of 71 (12.6%) water samples whi ... | 2003 | 14660345 |
| newly emerged multiple-antibiotic-resistant shigella dysenteriae type 1 strains in and around kolkata, india, are clonal. | 2003 | 14662996 | |
| shigella dysenteriae serotype 1, kolkata, india. | since july 2002, bacteriologically confirmed shigellosis cases have increased, and multidrug-resistant shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 strains have reemerged in patients hospitalized with diarrhea in kolkata, india. the isolated strains of s. dysenteriae 1 showed resistance to chloramphenicol (80%), ampicillin (100%), tetracycline (100%), co-trimoxazole (100%), nalidixic acid (100%), norfloxacin (100%), and ciprofloxacin (100%). emergence of fluoroquinolone resistance in s. dysenteriae 1 strains ... | 2003 | 14718096 |
| antibacterial potential of an antispasmodic drug dicyclomine hydrochloride. | several compounds are known to possess antimicrobial activity in addition to their predesignated pharmacological actions. in the present study, dicyclomine hydrochloride, an antispasmodic drug, was tested for possible antimicrobial property in vitro and in vivo. | 2003 | 14723484 |
| amlodipine: a cardiovascular drug with powerful antimicrobial property. | ten cardiovascular drugs were procured in pure form from their manufacturers in india and screened for antimicrobial property against fifteen known bacteria belonging to both gram-positive and gram-negative types. these bacteria were inhibited by the common antibiotics at 1-5 mg ml(-1) level through our earlier studies. since most of the bacteria were moderate to highly responsive to amlodipine, this compound was further tested in vitro against 504 bacteria comprising 4 genera of gram-positive a ... | 2003 | 14743981 |
| [airborne microorganisms in a rearing henhouse for layers during vaccination]. | airborne microorganisms are proved regularly in livestock houses as a part of stable dust and its amount depends on housing conditions, the flow of air and the movement of material. health of animals and farmers can be influenced in a negative way by these bioaerosols. in a rearing house for layers concentrations of various groups of airborne microorganisms were measured during vaccination by a veterinary and his three assistants. during the vaccination activities the concentrations of some airb ... | 2003 | 14746055 |
| species distribution and antibiotic resistance of shigella isolates in an urban community in malaysia. | there is an increasing trend for shigella isolates worldwide to be resistant to commonly prescribed antibiotics. the species distribution and antibiotic resistance of shigella species isolated from children in kuala lumpur, malaysia from 1978 to 1997 was reviewed. three hundred and eighty six isolates were positive for shigella species, representing 1.4% (95% ci: 1.3%-1.6%) of the 26320 total stool specimens and 13% (95% ci: 11.8%-14.2%) of 2986 isolates positive for bacterial pathogens. shigell ... | 2003 | 14569747 |
| comparison of two major forms of the shigella virulence plasmid pinv: positive selection is a major force driving the divergence. | all shigella and enteroinvasive escherichia coli (eiec) strains carry a 230-kb virulence plasmid (pinv) which is essential for their invasiveness. there are two sequence forms, pinv a and pinv b, of the plasmid (r. lan, b. lumb, d. ryan, and p. r. reeves, infect. immun. 69:6303-6309, 2001), and the recently sequenced pinv plasmid from shigella flexneri serotype 5 is a pinv b form. in this study we sequenced the majority of the coding region of the pinv a form from s. flexneri serotype 6 other th ... | 2003 | 14573649 |
| antimicrobial interactions of microbial species involved in the fermentation of cassava dough into agbelima with particular reference to the inhibitory effect of lactic acid bacteria on enteric pathogens. | lactic acid bacteria, bacillus species and yeasts are involved in the fermentation of cassava dough into agbelima. microbial interactions within and between these groups of microorganisms were investigated in addition to the survival of five enteric pathogens inoculated into agbelima under various conditions. nine out of 10 cultures of lactic acid bacteria isolated at the end of agbelima fermentation showed inhibitory effect against 10 cultures of lactic acid bacteria isolated at the start of fe ... | 2003 | 14580972 |
| mycobacterium marinum escapes from phagosomes and is propelled by actin-based motility. | mycobacteria are responsible for a number of human and animal diseases and are classical intracellular pathogens, living inside macrophages rather than as free-living organisms during infection. numerous intracellular pathogens, including listeria monocytogenes, shigella flexneri, and rickettsia rickettsii, exploit the host cytoskeleton by using actin-based motility for cell to cell spread during infection. here we show that mycobacterium marinum, a natural pathogen of fish and frogs and an occa ... | 2003 | 14597736 |
| temporal shifts in the dominance of serotypes of shigella dysenteriae from 1999 to 2002 in dhaka, bangladesh. | a total of 358 shigella dysenteriae strains isolated from patients attending the dhaka treatment center of the international centre for diarrheal disease research, bangladesh, between the years 1999 and 2002 were included in this study. s. dysenteriae type 1, the dominant serotype in 1999 (76.4%), declined to 6.5% in 2002. on the other hand, s. dysenteriae types 2 to 12 were isolated with increasing frequencies of 19, 67, 73.5, and 87% in 1999, 2000, 2001, and 2002, respectively. of these, types ... | 2003 | 14605138 |
| duplex real-time sybr green pcr assays for detection of 17 species of food- or waterborne pathogens in stools. | a duplex real-time sybr green lightcycler pcr (lc-pcr) assay with dna extraction using the qiaamp dna stool mini kit was evaluated with regard to detection of 8 of 17 species of food- or waterborne pathogens in five stool specimens in 2 h or less. the protocol used the same lc-pcr with 20 pairs of specific primers. the products formed were identified based on a melting point temperature (t(m)) curve analysis. the 17 species of food- or waterborne pathogens examined were enteroinvasive escherichi ... | 2003 | 14605150 |
| a simple method for semi-preparative-scale production and recovery of enterocin as-48 derived from enterococcus faecalis subsp. liquefaciens a-48-32. | production of enterocin as-48 by enterococcus faecalis a-48-32 was compared between standard and high-cell density batch fermentations. in high-cell density cultures, bacteriocin production was 2.47-fold higher, provided that the ph was controlled during the fermentation. a two-step procedure for recovery of milligram quantities of purified bacteriocin was developed, based on adsorption of the bacteriocin on carboxymethyl sephadex cm-25 followed by reversed-phase chromatography on a semi-prepara ... | 2003 | 14607403 |
| identification of foodborne bacteria by infrared spectroscopy using cellular fatty acid methyl esters. | identification of bacterial species by profiling fatty acid methyl esters (fames) has commonly been carried out by using a 20-min capillary gas chromatographic procedure followed by library matching of fame profiles using commercial midi databases and proprietary pattern recognition software. fast gc (5 min) fame procedures and mass spectrometric methodologies that require no lipid separation have also been reported. in this study, bacterial identification based on the rapid (2 min) infrared mea ... | 2003 | 14607413 |
| fitness cost of the green fluorescent protein in gastrointestinal bacteria. | there are surprisingly few studies that have successfully used the green fluorescent protein (gfp) as a quantitative reporter in selection experiments screening for inducible bacterial promoters. one explanation is that gfp expression may confer a fitness cost for bacteria. to test this possibility, we monitored the doubling time in enteric bacteria expressing gfp. four bacterial species, escherichia coli, enterohaemorrhagic e. coli, shigella flexneri, salmonella typhi, and vibrio cholerae, were ... | 2003 | 14608419 |
| shigella flexneri sepsis in an infant. | shigellosis continues to be an important public health problem in developed countries, since communication in the world village has become more frequent. in addition, this disease is difficult to be prevented because only a small number of bacteria are required to cause infection, and it has exhibited steady trends towards multiple drug resistance. this report describes a 7-month-old female infant with shigella flexneri sepsis presenting initially with a high fever, watery diarrhea, and dehydrat ... | 2003 | 14609044 |
| [co-expression of cfa/i and cs6 of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli ( etec ) in shigella flexneri 2a t32 derivative strain fwl01]. | among the known colonization factors of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec), cfa/i and cs6 (the common antigen in the cfa/iv fimbrial antigens ) are two of the most prevalent fimbriae found in clinical isolates but are never expressed by the same wild-type strains. in this study, cfa/i and cs6 of etec were co-expressed in shigella flexneri 2a t32 derivative strain fwl01 by using a host-plasmid lethal balancing system based on asd gene. the results indicate that the recombinant plasmid carryi ... | 2003 | 14614538 |
| modulation of gut physiology through enteric toxins. | diarrheal diseases caused by microorganisms and their toxins are a major cause of mortality and morbidity throughout the world. acute diarrhea is mainly caused due to increased intestinal secretion, commonly as a result of infection with enterotoxin producing organisms (enterotoxigenic escherichia coli, vibrio cholera) or due to decreased intestinal absorption from infection with organisms that damage the intestinal epithelium (enteropathogenic e. coli sp., shigella sp., salmonella sp.) the stud ... | 2003 | 14619951 |
| cold shock induction of rnase r and its role in the maturation of the quality control mediator ssra/tmrna. | in this paper we show that rnase r is a cold shock protein that is induced seven- to eightfold by cold shock and that its expression is tightly regulated by temperature. transcriptional studies reveal that the rnr gene is co-transcribed with flanking genes as an operon induced under cold shock. the induction of rnase r levels is mainly a result of the stabilization of the rnr transcripts. the transient stability of the rnr transcripts is shown to be regulated by pnpase at the end of the acclimat ... | 2003 | 14622421 |
| characterization of antimicrobial resistance, plasmids, and gene cassettes in shigella spp. from patients in vietnam. | the objective of the study was to investigate antimicrobial resistance, plasmids and class 1 integrons in 150 shigella strains isolated from patients with diarrhea in vietnam. most isolates were resistant to the majority of antimicrobial agents used for treatment in the isolation areas and 90% were resistant to three or more antibiotics. a total of 20 strains yielded class 1 integrons, which harbored oxa1, dfra, orff, and aada gene cassettes. the most common gene cassette, aada2, was always loca ... | 2003 | 14633363 |
| shiga toxins and apoptosis. | the enteric pathogens shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 and shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) cause bloody diarrheal diseases that may progress to life-threatening extraintestinal complications. although the s. dysenteriae and stec differ in the expression of a number of virulence determinants, they share the capacity to produce one or more potent cytotoxins, called shiga toxins (stxs). following the ingestion of the organisms, the expression of stxs is critical for the development of ... | 2003 | 14638419 |
| epidemiology of nalidixic acid resistance and tem-1- and tem-52-mediated ampicillin resistance of shigella sonnei isolates obtained in korea between 1980 and 2000. | the resistance to ampicillin and nalidixic acid in shigella sonnei isolates obtained in korea during the period 1998 to 2000 was characterized. recently (j. y. oh, h. s. yu, s. k. kim, s. y. seol, d. t. cho, and j. c. lee, j. clin. microbiol. 41:421-423, 2003) ampicillin and nalidixic acid resistance was found in 49 and 70%, respectively, of the 67 s. sonnei isolates obtained during this period. we analyzed 138 s. sonnei isolates collected during the same period. ampicillin and nalidixic acid re ... | 2003 | 14638472 |
| analysis of virulence and inflammatory potential of shigella flexneri purine biosynthesis mutants. | several shigella flexneri mutants with defects in aromatic amino acid and/or purine biosynthesis have been evaluated as vaccines in humans or in animal models. to be suitable as a vaccine, a mutant has to show virulence attenuation, minimal reactogenicity, and a good immunogenic potential in animal models. with this aim, we have constructed five s. flexneri 5 (wild-type strain m90t) mutants with inactivation of one or two of the loci purek, purhd, and guaba, governing early or late steps of puri ... | 2003 | 14638790 |
| characterization of an extracellular virulence factor made by group a streptococcus with homology to the listeria monocytogenes internalin family of proteins. | leucine-rich repeats (lrr) characterize a diverse array of proteins and function to provide a versatile framework for protein-protein interactions. importantly, each of the bacterial lrr proteins that have been well described, including those of listeria monocytogenes, yersinia pestis, and shigella flexneri, have been implicated in virulence. here we describe an 87.4-kda group a streptococcus (gas) protein (designated slr, for streptococcal leucine-rich) containing 10 1/2 sequential units of a 2 ... | 2003 | 14638794 |
| epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of acute diarrhea with emphasis on entamoeba histolytica infections in preschool children in an urban slum of dhaka, bangladesh. | the epidemiology, clinical features, nutritional status, and causative agents of diarrhea were studied in 289 bangladeshi children (147 boys and 142 girls) 2-5 years old. the use of improved diagnostic tests for amebiasis enabled for the first time analysis of the contribution of entamoeba histolytica to total diarrheal illness in this community setting. the average incidence rate of diarrhea was 1.8/child-year, and the average number of diarrheal days was 3.7 days/child-year over an average obs ... | 2003 | 14640500 |
| porin of shigella dysenteriae enhances mrna levels for toll-like receptor 2 and myd88, up-regulates cd80 of murine macrophage, and induces the release of interleukin-12. | sera of patients convalescing from shigellosis reacted strongly and specifically with the 38,000 da monomer of porin of shigella dysenteriae type 1. since human, the only natural host of s. dysenteriae type 1, recognized the protein through humoral immune response, it is of great significance to study the surface-exposed outer membrane antigen as an adjuvant. porin treatment of cd11b+ peritoneal cavity (perc) mphi of balb/c mouse was found to up-regulate cd80 on cell surface and had no effect on ... | 2003 | 14642305 |
| identification and characterization of simple sequence repeats in the genomes of shigella species. | a variety of simple sequence repeats (ssrs) have been identified in the genome of shigella flexneri serotype 2a (strain sf301), an enteric pathogen that causes bacillary dysentery in man. the distribution of ssrs, with unit length ranging from 1 to 9 nucleotides, was biased in different regions of the genome. the tri-, tetra- and hexanucleotide ssrs prevailed in the coding regions while the mono- and dinucleotide ssrs were more common in the noncoding regions. many intergenic ssrs are less than ... | 2003 | 14644500 |
| structural basis of peptide-carbohydrate mimicry in an antibody-combining site. | the structure of a complex between the fab fragment of the antibody (sya/j6) specific for the cell surface o-antigen polysaccharide of the pathogen shigella flexneri y and an octapeptide (met-asp-trp-asn-met-his-ala-ala), a functional mimic of the o-antigen, has been determined at 1.8-a resolution. comparison of the structure with that of the complex with the pentasaccharide antigen [-->2)-alpha-l-rha-(1-->2)-alpha-l-rha-(1-->3)-alpha-l-rha-(1-->3)-beta-d-glcnac-(1-->2)-alpha-l-rha-(1-->] reveal ... | 2003 | 14645714 |