Publications

diarrhoeagenic bacterial pathogens in hiv-positive patients with diarrhoea in rural communities of limpopo province, south africa.	potential enteric bacterial pathogens in 60 hiv-positive patients with chronic diarrhoea in rural communities of the limpopo province, south africa, were identified using standard microbiological methods. the kirby-bauer disk-diffusion method was employed to determine antibiograms of isolated bacteria. results revealed that diarrhoeagenic bacterial agents were isolated from 48 (80%) of the 60 hiv-positive patients with diarrhoea. forty-four (73.3%) and 16 (26.7%) of the 60 patients were female a ...	2002	12430759
epidemiology of bacterial resistance in gastro-intestinal pathogens in a tropical area.	during 1999-2000 a total of 4131 faecal specimens were collected and analysed at the medical centre st. camille at ouagadougou. eight hundred and twenty-six (8.0%) grew significant bacteria. escherichia coli (35%), salmonella spp. (15%) and shigella spp. (10%) were most frequently isolated. a large number of e. coli strains were resistant to aminopenicillins (>90%) and cotrimoxazole (80%); for yersinia spp the resistance was 80 and 25%, respectively. norfloxacin was the most active antibiotic bu ...	2002	12431876
[comparison of shigella susceptibility to commonly used antimicrobials in the temuco regional hospital, chile 1990 - 2001].	the permanent surveillance of antimicrobial susceptibility of shigella sp in the temuco regional hospital, allowed us to define the empirical use of antimicrobials in dysenteric syndrome.	2002	12434650
evolution of multiresistance in nontyphoid salmonella serovars from 1984 to 1998 in argentina.	molecular evolution of multiresistance in nontyphoid salmonella spp. was investigated with 155 isolates obtained in argentina from 1984 to 1998. in 74 isolates obtained from 1984 to 1988 resistance was associated with the presence of tn3, tn9, class i (in0) and ii (tn7) integrons, and the aac(3)-iia gene. extended-spectrum cephalosporin (esc) resistance in salmonella spp. emerged in 1989, and 81 isolates resistant to at least one esc and one aminoglycoside were collected thereafter. among these, ...	2002	12435702
epidemiological study on jordanian patients suffering from diarrhoea.	stool specimens from 1400 diarrhoeal patients from the jordanian population were examined for bacterial pathogens and rotavirus during a four- year period (1997-2000). pathogenic bacteria were identified in 343 patients (24.5%), most often from children. salmonella spp. was the most frequent isolated organism in 10.7% of the patient's cultures, followed by enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec) in 3.9%, shigella spp. in 0.8% and campylobacter spp. in 0.9%. vibrio spp. was not identified in the ...	2002	12437219
lactoferrin protects rabbits from shigella flexneri-induced inflammatory enteritis.	shigella species cause bacillary dysentery in humans by invasion, intracellular multiplication, spread to adjacent cells, and induction of brisk inflammatory responses in the intestinal epithelium. in vitro data suggest that lactoferrin, a glycoprotein present in human mucosal secretions, has a role in protection from bacterial enteric infections. we sought to determine the activity of lactoferrin in vivo, using the concentration present in human colostrum, to investigate its effect on the devel ...	2002	12438385
functional comparison of serine protease autotransporters of enterobacteriaceae.	the plasmid-encoded toxin (pet) of enteroaggregative escherichia coli (eaec) belongs to a family of high-molecular-weight serine protease autotransporters of enterobacteriaceae (spates) which also includes pic from eaec and shigella flexneri, espc from enteropathogenic e. coli, espp from enterohemorrhagic e. coli, sat from uropathogenic e. coli, tsh from avian pathogenic e. coli, and sepa from s. flexneri. phylogenetic analysis shows the spate proteins to represent a distinct subfamily of autotr ...	2002	12438392
comparison of long-chain alcohols and other volatile compounds emitted from food-borne and related gram positive and gram negative bacteria.	numerous reports have been published on the antimicrobial activity of synthetic volatile long chain alcohols, such as 1-decanol and 1-dodecanol, against bacteria and fungi. the objective of the present study was to survey microorganisms for emission patterns of naturally occurring long chain alcohols and other volatile components to determine if these compounds are associated with certain groups of bacteria. cultures were grown in trypticase soy broth overnight and volatile compounds were trappe ...	2002	12442299
synthesis and antibacterial activity of fused mannich ketones.	new mannich ketones of fused bicyclic ketones as 1-indanones and 1-tetralones were prepared using the classical acid-catalysed mannich reaction. known members of this family were used in comparative biological tests. antibacterial activity of these new water-soluble compounds was reported against pseudomonas aeruginosa, escherichia coli, e. coli red31m4, salmonella minnesota re595, shigella sonnei re4350, staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus saprophyticus, micrococcus luteus and bacillus subtil ...	2002	12446038
identification of the cis-acting site involved in activation of promoters regulated by activity of the type iii secretion apparatus in shigella flexneri.	bacteria of shigella spp. use a virulence plasmid-encoded type iii secretion (tts) system to invade the colonic epithelium in humans. the activity of the tts apparatus is tightly regulated in the wild-type strain and is induced upon contact of bacteria with epithelial cells, whereas it is deregulated, i.e., constitutively active, in some mutants. under conditions of deregulated secretion, approximately 20 proteins are secreted, including vira, ospb to ospg, and at least three members of the ipah ...	2002	12446624
[listeria monocytogenes in vegetables minimally processed].	the demand of vegetables minimally processed (ready-to-use) has increased partly due to the frequent use of the food services, where the salads are always included in the daily menus. the use of new technologies for processing and packaging has made possible to obtain a product ready to serve. nevertheless the associated risk of the presence of emergent pathogens, such as listeria monocytogenes seems to be involved. the aim of this work was to assess the microbiological quality of this kind of f ...	2002	12448343
[kiyoshi shiga and shigella].		2002	12451640
igg antibodies to enterobacteria 60 kda heat shock proteins in the sera of hla-b27 positive ankylosing spondylitis patients.	to study the association of hla-b27 and the igg response to the 60 kda hsps of klebsiella pneumoniae, yersinia enterocolitica, shigella flexneri, escherichia coli and salmonella typhi.	2002	12455814
vaginal discharge due to undiagnosed bilateral duplicated collecting system with ectopic ureters in a three-year-old female: an initial high index of suspicion for sexual abuse.	in prepubertal girls with vaginal discharge, consideration of the etiology must be given to respiratory pathogens (streptococcus pyogenes, haemophilus influenzae, staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus pneumoniae, and neisseria meningitidis), enteric pathogens (escherichia coli, shigella, and yersinia), poor hygiene, foreign body, nonabsorbent undergarments, irritants, vulvar skin disease, anatomic abnormalities (double vagina with fistula, pelvic abscess, and ectopic ureter), and sexual abuse. pr ...	2002	12459227
neutrophil elastase targets virulence factors of enterobacteria.	shigellae cause bacillary dysentery, a bloody form of diarrhoea that affects almost 200 million people and causes nearly 2 million deaths per year. shigella invades the colonic mucosa, where it initiates an acute inflammation, rich in neutrophils, that initially contributes to tissue damage and eventually resolves the infection. neutrophils are phagocytic cells that kill microorganisms but it is unclear how neutrophils control pathogenic bacteria expressing virulence factors that manipulate host ...	2002	12018205
distinct recent lineages of the stra- strb streptomycin-resistance genes in clinical and environmental bacteria.	we report the linkage of the stra-strb streptomycin-resistance genes with class 1 integron sequences on pstr1, a 75-kb multiple antibiotic-resistance plasmid from shigella flexneri. stra-strb had previously been detected only within tn 5393, a tn 3-family transposon, and on small nonconjugative broad-host-range plasmids such as rsf1010. the geographic range of tn 5393 was also extended to pseudomonas spp. isolated from apple trees in new zealand and soil in the usa. comparative sequence analyses ...	2002	12029529
[shigella boydii strains possessing a new serovar (sm00-27) isolated from diarrhea of overseas travelers in japan].	five shigella strains isolated from stool cultures of five sporadic imported diarrheal cases in japan during 1999-2001, did not react to any antisera of the established shigella serovars. these strains had the typical biochemical characteristics of shigella boydii, and were biochemically identical. all strains were positive in a pcr assay and a cultured-cell invasion test for invasiveness; these indicate that they can cause shigellosis in humans. the results of antigenic analysis revealed that t ...	2002	12030026
the effect of nacl on survival of shigella flexneri in broth as affected by temperature and ph.	shigella, a major foodborne pathogen, survives well in salt-containing environments. however, systematic data are scarce. we studied the behavior of shigella flexneri 5348 in brain heart infusion broth (ph 4 to 6) containing 0.5 to 8% nacl. stationary-phase cells were inoculated into sterile media at initial concentrations of 6 to 7 log10 cfu/ml and incubated at 12 to 37 degrees c. bacterial population sizes were determined periodically by plate counts. survivor curves were derived from plate co ...	2002	12030287
inorganic polyphosphate is essential for long-term survival and virulence factors in shigella and salmonella spp.	the importance of inorganic polyphosphate (poly p) and poly p kinase (ppk), the enzyme principally responsible for its synthesis, has been established previously for stationary-phase survival of escherichia coli and virulence in pseudomonas aeruginosa. the gene (ppk) that encodes ppk is highly conserved among many bacterial pathogens, including shigella and salmonella spp. in view of the phylogenetic similarity of the enteropathogens and the frequency with which virulence factors are expressed i ...	2002	12032342
mucosal dna vaccination with highly attenuated shigella is superior to attenuated salmonella and comparable to intramuscular dna vaccination for t cells against hiv.	an immunization strategy using attenuated bacteria to deliver dna vaccine plasmids to mucosal sites may induce protective t cell responses against sexual hiv transmission. in a murine intranasal (i.n.) immunization model, we demonstrate that transiently persistent deltaasd shigella flexneri strain 15d harboring dna vaccines induces hiv- and siv-specific gamma interferon (ifn-gamma) producing cd8+ t cells among splenocytes more efficiently than either a longer persisting deltaarod salmonella typh ...	2002	12036602
incidence and molecular analysis of vibrio cholerae associated with cholera outbreak subsequent to the super cyclone in orissa, india.	an epidemiological study was carried out to find out the aetiological agent for diarrhoeal disorders in the cyclone and flood affected areas of orissa, india. rectal swabs collected from 107 hospitalized diarrhoea patients were bacteriologically analysed to isolate and identify the various enteropathogens. detection of toxic genes among e. coli and v. cholerae was carried out by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay. of the 107 rectal swabs analysed, 72.3% were positive for v. cholerae o1 ogawa, ...	2002	12002529
rhamnose-binding lectins from steelhead trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) eggs recognize bacterial lipopolysaccharides and lipoteichoic acid.	the interaction between bacteria and three l-rham-nose-binding lectins, named stl1, stl2, and stl3, from steelhead trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) eggs was investigated. although stls bound to most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, they agglutinated only escherichia coli k-12 and bacillus subtilis among the bacteria tested. the binding was inhibited by l-rhamnose. stls bound to distinct serotypes of lipopolysaccharides (lpss), and showed much higher binding activities to smooth-type lpss of ...	2002	12005056
enhancement of pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures by shigella dysenteriae in lps-resistant c3h/hej mice: role of the host response.	convulsions and encephalopathy are common complications of shiga toxin (stx)-producing shigella and enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli infections. in previous studies, we demonstrated that stx and lipopolysaccharide (lps) act in concert to enhance mice sensitivity to pentylenetetrazole (ptz)-induced seizures via mechanisms involving tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnfalpha), interleukinl beta and nitric oxide. to further elucidate the role of the host response in shigella-related seizures, we studi ...	2002	12005330
[salmonella spp. serotypes isolated at the hospital universitario reina sofía in córdoba during an 8-year period, 1993-2000].	as a producer of gastro-enteritis and other symptoms, salmonella spp. remains an important problem for world public health. epidemiological knowledge at both general and local level by means of serotypification is considered one of the fundamental aspects for its control.	2002	12006258
delivery of dangerous goods: type iii secretion in enteric pathogens.	type iii secretion systems (ttsss) of gram-negative pathogens are molecular syringes that inject bacterial virulence factors directly into host cells. these virulence factors manipulate host cell pathways to aid bacterial survival within the host. four important enteric pathogens use ttsss to colonize and persist within the intestinal environment. the following is a brief review of the way in which ttsss and their effectors contribute to the pathogenic nature of the prototypic diarrheal pathogen ...	2002	12008913
regulation of the overlapping pic/set locus in shigella flexneri and enteroaggregative escherichia coli.	most strains of shigella flexneri 2a and enteroaggregative escherichia coli carry a highly conserved chromosomal locus which encodes a 109-kda secreted mucinase (called pic) and, on the opposite strand in overlapping fashion, an oligomeric enterotoxin called shet1, encoded by the seta and setb genes. here, we characterize the genetic regulation of these overlapping genes. our data suggest that pic and the setba loci are transcribed as complementary 4-kb mrna species. the major pic promoter is ma ...	2002	12010980
construction, characterization, and animal testing of wrsd1, a shigella dysenteriae 1 vaccine.	wrsd1 is a shigella dysenteriae 1 vaccine containing deletions of the virg(icsa) gene required for intercellular spreading and a 20-kb chromosomal region encompassing the shiga toxin genes (stxab). wrsd1 was constructed from s. dysenteriae 1 strain 1617 that was originally isolated during the 1968 to 1969 epidemic of shiga dysentery in guatemala. the virg(icsa) deletion was constructed from a streptomycin-resistant (str(r)) mutant of 1617 by a filter mating procedures using a virg(icsa) deletion ...	2002	12010984
apoptosis in acute shigellosis is associated with increased production of fas/fas ligand, perforin, caspase-1, and caspase-3 but reduced production of bcl-2 and interleukin-2.	shigella dysenteriae type 1-induced apoptotic cell death in rectal tissues from patients infected with shigella dysenteriae type 1 was studied by the terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dutp-biotin nick end labeling (tunel) technique and annexin v staining. expression of proteins and cytokines participating in the apoptotic process (caspase-1, caspase-3, fas [cd95], fas ligand [fas-l], perforin, granzyme a, bax, waf-1, bcl-2, interleukin-2 [il-2], il-18, and granulocyte-macrophage colo ...	2002	12011015
pathogenicity islands of shigella.		2002	12014181
the dynamics of actin-based motility depend on surface parameters.	in cells, actin polymerization at the plasma membrane is induced by the recruitment of proteins such as the arp2/3 complex, and the zyxin/vasp complex. the physical mechanism of force generation by actin polymerization has been described theoretically using various approaches, but lacks support from experimental data. by the use of reconstituted motility medium, we find that the wiskott aldrich syndrome protein (wasp) subdomain, known as vca, is sufficient to induce actin polymerization and move ...	2002	12015607
delayed and reduced adaptive humoral immune responses in children with shigellosis compared with in adults.	we hypothesized that increased susceptibility to shigella infection, increased severity of disease and high mortality in children compared with adults were consequences of insufficient adaptive immune responses. antigen-specific immune responses were studied in paediatric patients (n = 38, 2-10 years) with shigellosis and compared with those of adult patients (n = 30, 18-45 years). peak frequencies of antigen (invasion plasmid coded antigen b, ipa-b; lipopolysaccharide, lps)-specific immunoglobu ...	2002	11967124
regulation of transcription by the activity of the shigella flexneri type iii secretion apparatus.	the virulence plasmid-encoded type iii secretion system of shigella flexneri consists of the mxi-spa secretion apparatus, secreted proteins ipaa-d and ipgd involved in entry of bacteria into epithelial cells,cytoplasmic chaperones ipgc and ipge and 15 other secreted proteins of unknown function, including vira and members of the ipah family. the activity of the mxi-spa apparatus is regulated by external signals, and transcription of vira and ipah genes is specifically induced in conditions of ac ...	2002	11971264
abdominal infections in patients with acute leukaemia: a prospective study applying ultrasonography and microbiology.	a prospective study of 62 chemotherapy-induced neutropenic episodes in patients with acute leukaemia was conducted to determine the incidence and causes of abdominal infections, and to assess the diagnostic value of the combined use of ultrasonography (us) and microbiology. each patient underwent us of liver, gallbladder and complete bowel before chemotherapy, on days 2-4 after the end of chemotherapy and in cases of fever, diarrhoea or abdominal pain. us was combined with a standardized clinica ...	2002	11972517
genomic subtraction to identify and characterize sequences of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli o91:h21.	to identify shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli genes associated with severe human disease, a genomic subtraction technique was used with hemolytic-uremic syndrome-associated o91:h21 strain ch014 and o6:h10 bovine strains. the method was adapted to the shiga toxin-producing e. coli genome: three rounds of subtraction were used to isolate dna fragments specific to strain ch014. the fragments were characterized by genetic support analysis, sequencing, and hybridization to the genome of a collec ...	2002	11976103
rapid detection of shigella species in environmental sewage by an immunocapture pcr with universal primers.	in the present study, we developed a quick, highly specific method for detection of shigella species by combining immunocapturing of the bacteria and a universal primer pcr. the method drastically enhances test sensitivity, and it can be used not only for identification of shigella species in the environment but also for rapid detection of other pathogens.	2002	11976139
characterization of pecl18 and pkpn2: a proposed pathway for the evolution of two plasmids that carry identical genes for a type ii restriction-modification system.	the primary structures of the plasmids pecl18 (5571 bp) and pkpn2 (4196 bp) from escherichia coli and klebsiella pneumoniae, respectively, which carry genes for a type ii restriction-modification system (rms2) with the specificity 5'-ccngg-3', were determined in order to elucidate the structural relationship between them. the data suggest a possible role for recombination events at bom (basis of mobility) regions and the sites of resolution of multimer plasmid forms (so-called cer sequences) in ...	2002	11976960
quantification of shigella icsa required for bacterial actin polymerization.	shigella move through the cytoplasm of host cells by active polymerization of host actin to form an "actin tail." actin tail assembly is mediated by the shigella protein icsa. the process of shigella actin assembly has been studied extensively using icsa-expressing escherichia coli in cytoplasmic extracts of xenopus eggs. however, for reasons that have been unclear, wild type shigella does not assemble actin in these extracts. we show that the defect in actin assembly in xenopus extracts by shig ...	2002	11977093
cytotoxicity and interleukin-1beta processing following shigella flexneri infection of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells.	shigella flexneri infection of macrophages (mphi) leads to activation of caspase-1 by the ipab virulence factor, which induces rapid cell death and release of mature il-1beta. here we show that s. flexneri infection of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (dc) also results in rapid ipab-dependent death. cytotoxicity is only partially blocked by the caspase-1 inhibitor yvad, but completely blocked by the pan-caspase inhibitor z-vad. cytotoxicity is also partially blocked by glycine without affe ...	2002	11981835
development of an oral prime-boost strategy to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies against hiv-1.	given the increasing incidence of hiv-1 infection world-wide, an affordable, effective vaccine is probably the only way that this virus will be contained. accordingly, our group is developing an oral prime-boost strategy with the primary goal of eliciting broadly neutralizing antibodies against hiv-1 to provide sterilizing immunity for this virus. our secondary goal is to elicit broadly cross-reactive anti-viral cd8(+) t cells by this strategy to blunt any breakthrough infections that occur afte ...	2002	11983256
bromoperoxidase activity of vanadate-substituted acid phosphatases from shigella flexneri and salmonella enterica ser. typhimurium.	vanadium haloperoxidases and the bacterial class a nonspecific acid phosphatases have a conserved active site. it is shown that vanadate-substituted recombinant acid phosphatase from shigella flexneri (phon-sf) and salmonella enterica ser. typhimurium (phon-se) in the presence of h2o2 are able to oxidize bromide to hypobromous acid. vanadate is essential for this activity. the kinetic parameters for the artificial bromoperoxidases have been determined. the km value for h2o2 is about the same as ...	2002	11985594
two msbb genes encoding maximal acylation of lipid a are required for invasive shigella flexneri to mediate inflammatory rupture and destruction of the intestinal epithelium.	shigella flexneri is a gram-negative pathogen that invades and causes inflammatory destruction of the human colonic epithelium, thus leading to bloody diarrhea and dysentery. a type iii secretion system that delivers effector proteins into target eukaryotic cells is largely responsible for cell and tissue invasion. however, the respective role of this invasive phenotype and of lipid a, the endotoxin of the shigella lps, in eliciting the inflammatory cascade that leads to rupture and destruction ...	2002	11994481
commonly conserved genetic fragments revealed by genome profiling can serve as tracers of evolution.	we developed a method to produce, identify and analyze dna fragments for the purpose of taxonomic classification. genome profiling (gp) is a strategy that identifies genomic dna fragments common to closely related species without prior knowledge of the dna sequence. random pcr, one of the key technologies of gp, is used to produce fragments and may be used even when there are mutations at the priming site. these fragments can then be distinguished based on the information of mobility and melting ...	2002	12000847
neural wiskott-aldrich syndrome protein (n-wasp) is the specific ligand for shigella virg among the wasp family and determines the host cell type allowing actin-based spreading.	shigella, the causative agent of bacillary dysentery, is capable of directing its movement within host cells by forming an actin comet tail. the virg (icsa) pro-tein expressed at one pole of the bacterium recruits neural wiskott-aldrich syndrome protein (n-wasp), a member of the wasp family, which in turn stimulates actin-related protein (arp) 2/3 complex-mediated actin polymerization. as all the wasp family proteins induce actin polymerization by recruiting arp2/3 complex, we investigated their ...	2002	11952639
feasibility of introducing rejection criteria for stool cultures in a teaching hospital in portugal.	the possible introduction of rejection criteria for stool cultures (<or= 3 days hospitalization and <or= 2 specimens) were investigated in a teaching hospital in portugal. during 12 months, 854 specimens from 537 patients (37% of them adults) were observed. sixteen percent of inpatients had a positive stool culture (adults 9.7%, pediatric 21.7%). eighty-five percent had <or= 3 days of hospitalization. application of the '3-day-rule' would have led to 12 missed cases. only in three cases would pr ...	2002	11952727
spa15 of shigella flexneri, a third type of chaperone in the type iii secretion pathway.	the type iii secretion (tts) pathway is used by numerous gram-negative pathogens to inject virulence factors into eukaryotic cells. in addition to a functional tts apparatus, secretion of effector proteins depends upon specific chaperones. using a two-hybrid screen in yeast and a co-purification assay in shigella flexneri, we demonstrated that spa15, which is encoded by an operon for components of the tts apparatus, is associated in the cytoplasm with three proteins that are secreted by the tts ...	2002	11952903
modelling and estimation of physical parameters in a sludge drying system.	in this paper is presented the study of a sludge drying system used to kill pathogenic organisms living in sludge. the system is modeled and the physical parameters thermal capacity, thermal resistance and thermal time constant are estimated using conventional estimation methods.	2002	11936658
bacillus dysentericus (sic) 1897 was the first taxonomic rather than bacillus dysenteriae 1898.	the basonym of shigella dysenteriae (shiga 1898) castellani and chalmers 1919 was first and officially proposed in 1897 as bacillus dysentericus (sic) in saikingaku zasshi, published in japan. in accordance with section 6 (citation of authors and names) of the bacteriological code (1990 revision), the year of the first proposal of shigella dysenteriae has to be corrected from bacillus dysenteriae 1898 to bacillus dysentericus (sic) 1897.	2002	12054222
spa32 regulates a switch in substrate specificity of the type iii secreton of shigella flexneri from needle components to ipa proteins.	type iii secretion systems (ttss) are essential virulence determinants of many gram-negative bacteria and serve, upon physical contact with target cells, to translocate bacterial proteins directly across eukaryotic cell membranes. the shigella ttss is encoded by the mxi/spa loci located on its virulence plasmid. by electron microscopy secretons are visualized as tripartite with an external needle, a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic bulb. in the present study, we generated a shigella spa32 ...	2002	12057936
shigella deliver an effector protein to trigger host microtubule destabilization, which promotes rac1 activity and efficient bacterial internalization.	shigella deliver a subset of effectors into the host cell via the type iii secretion system, that stimulate host cell signal pathways to modulate the actin dynamics required for invasion of epithelial cells. here we show that one of the shigella effectors, called vira, can interact with tubulin to promote microtubule (mt) destabilization, and elicit protrusions of membrane ruffling. under in vitro conditions, vira inhibited polymerization of tubulin and stimulated mt destabilization. upon microi ...	2002	12065406
human monocytes kill shigella flexneri but then die by apoptosis associated with suppression of proinflammatory cytokine production.	shigella flexneri infection of human macrophages is followed by rapid bacterial escape into the cytosol and secretion of ipab, which activates caspase-1 to mediate cell death and release of mature interleukin (il)-1 beta. here we report a different outcome following infection of human peripheral blood monocytes. s. flexneri infects monocytes inefficiently in the absence of complement and, following complement-dependent uptake, cannot escape the endosomal compartment. consequently, bacteria are k ...	2002	12065527
shigella flexneri regulates tight junction-associated proteins in human intestinal epithelial cells.	shigella spp. are a group of gram-negative enteric bacilli that cause acute dysentery in humans. we demonstrate that shigella flexneri has evolved the ability to regulate functional components of tight junctions after interaction at the apical and basolateral pole of model intestinal epithelia. in the regulation of tight junctional protein assemblies, s. flexneri can engage serotype-specific mechanisms, which targets not only expression, but also cellular distribution and membrane association of ...	2002	12067320
shiga toxin genes in avian escherichia coli.	the purpose of this study was to determine the presence of stx genes in avian pathogenic escherichia coli (apec). we examined 97 apec isolates: 34 from lesions of avian cellulitis, 31 from avian septicemia, 13 from swollen head syndrome (shs) in chickens, and 19 from diseased turkeys. we also examined five isolates from the feces of healthy chickens. all 102 e. coli isolates were tested for the presence of stx genes by pcr amplification and by colony blots using probes specific for stx1 and stx2 ...	2002	12069771
purification of lactoperoxidase from creek-water buffalo milk and investigation of kinetic and antibacterial properties.	water buffalo lactoperoxidase (wblp) was purified with amberlite cg 50 h+ resin, cm sephadex c-50 ion-exchange chromatography, and sephadex g-100 gel filtration chromatography from skim milk. all purification steps of the wblp were shown with sds-page and rz (a412/a280) controlled the purification degree of the enzyme. rz value for the purified wblp was 0.8. to determine purification steps and kinetic properties, the activity of enzyme was measured by using 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6 ...	2002	12071645
[the current status of infectious enteritis in japan--reports of the "research group for infectious enteric diseases, japan" in the last 5 years (1996-2000)].	the patients or carriers with infectious enteritis admitted to the hospitals for infectious diseases in the last 5 years (1996-2000) were studied. the total number of cases admitted in each year were 969, 1,113, 981, 637 and 573 respectively. a total of 1,527 shigella spp. strains including 1,078 strains from overseas travelers' cases were isolated. the isolates of salmonella spp. excluding s. typhi and s. paratyphi a were 562 in number. a total of 61 vibrio cholerae o1 strains including 44 stra ...	2002	12073571
[development of vaccine for enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli infection].	efforts on the development of vaccines against enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec) infection has been described in this review. two kinds of vaccines were developed and these have been targeted for in humans and cattle. one vaccine candidate is toxoid, which uses an inactive form of shiga toxin(stx). a part of b subunit, each b or a subunit or one or two amino acid mutated holotoxin were developed as a toxoid vaccine candidate. the other candidate was bacterial surface antigen such as a li ...	2002	12078077
[effect of cytokines on the expression of shiga toxin toxicity].	shiga toxins(stxs), which are produced by enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli and shigella dysenteriae serotype i, induce proinflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin(il)-1 beta, il-6, interferon-gamma, and chemokines such as il-8 in intestinal epithelial cells, vascular endothelial cells, and monocytes/macrophages in vitro and in kidneys and spleen in vivo. cytokines induced by stxs and lipopolysaccharide enhance the toxicity of stxs via up-regulation of the expre ...	2002	12078078
enterotoxigenic escherichia coli as cause of diarrhea among mexican adults and us travelers in mexico.	enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) is the most common pathogen identified in travelers to mexico with diarrhea. there have been few recent studies looking at the etiology of diarrhea in travelers compared with the local resident population.	2002	12088579
phenotypic and genotypic characterization of serologically atypical strains of shigella flexneri type 4 isolated in dhaka, bangladesh.	twenty-one atypical shigella flexneri type 4 strains isolated from patients attending the dhaka treatment center of the international centre for diarrhoeal disease research, bangladesh, were extensively characterized and compared with s. flexneri serotypes 4a and 4b. the atypical strains agglutinated only with the type antigen factor 4 and did not agglutinate with any group factors, thereby excluding their characterization into serotype 4a or 4b. of the 21 strains, 85.7% did not ferment mannitol ...	2002	12089268
[diversity within a population of shigella sonnei according to markers of medicinal preparations].	as revealed in this study, s. sonnei population is represented by two clusters with respect to the sensitivity to different antibiotics. a higher degree of diversity was observed with respect to the action of streptomycin, kefzol, ampicillin, chloramphenicol and kanamycin in comparison with the action of gentamicin, nevigramon, rafampicin, tetracycline and polymyxin. the level of diversity of s. sonnei with respect to the sensitivity to antibiotics under study underwent essential changes during ...	2002	12043156
[clinical and morphological aspects of shigellosis flexneri in patients with an aggravated premorbid state].	the analysis of 10 fatal outcomes in patients with acute shigellosis during the period of 1999-2000 made it possible to find out that most of deceased shigellosis patients belonged to the group inclined to alcohol abuse and having initial alimentary disturbances. in 6 cases of acute shigellosis with fatal outcome the causative agent was s. flexneri 2a, in 2 cases--s. flexneri 3a, in 1--s. flexneri 4b. the main cause of fatal outcomes was accompanying double pneumonia. lesions of the intestinal t ...	2002	12043161
[molecular characterization of resistance mechanisms to chloramphenicol in shigella flexneri strains isolated from chilean children with acute diarrhea].	chloramphenicol is one of the therapeutic options for shigellosis, but resistance to this antimicrobial is increasing.	2002	12043369
representational difference analysis uncovers a novel is10-like insertion element unique to pathogenic strains of yersinia enterocolitica.	the method of suppressive subtractive hybridization was employed to map out genomic differences between the highly pathogenic yersinia enterocolitica (ye) biogroup 1b, serotype o:8 strain (wa-314) and the closely related apathogenic y. enterocolitica biogroup 1a, serotype o:5 strain (nf-o). a novel is10-like element, is1330, uncovered by this technique was found to be uniquely present in high copy numbers among the highly pathogenic y. enterocolitica 1b strains, while a single copy of the elemen ...	2002	12044683
[studies on the actin-based spreading of shigella].		2002	12048885
pcr detection of specific pathogens in water: a risk-based analysis.	the relative concentration of pathogens in water samples collected from storm drains and adjacent surfaces was evaluated using established pcr-based protocols. out of the 58 samples collected from 21 different storm drains, 22% were pcr positive for escherichia coli etec, salmonella, or adenovirus. the risk of swimming related illnesses associated with detection of e. coli etec and salmonella ranged from 0.39 to 30:100 000 and 0.3-25:1000, respectively. the detection limit corresponding to a neg ...	2002	12099475
bacterial enteropathogens and factors associated with seasonal episodes of gastroenteritis in nsukka, nigeria.	each year, between april and october, many children of school age and some young adults in nsukka, nigeria suffer from gastroenteritis. the period covers the rainy season in this part of africa, when manured farmland occasionally is flooded. in view of the number of people suffering diarrhoea and occasionally low-grade fever, it became necessary to investigate the nature of the bacterial agents responsible. between april and october (1996-1998), 500 loose or watery stools were collected from pat ...	2002	12113407
prevalence of the genes for shigella enterotoxins 1 and 2 among clinical isolates of shigella in israel.	two enterotoxins, shigella enterotoxin 1 (shet1) and shigella enterotoxin 2 (shet2) have been recently characterized and are believed to play a role in the clinical manifestation of shigellosis. one hundred and twenty-one isolates of shigella spp. of 13 different serotypes and variants and 10 isolates of enteroinvasive escherichia coli (eiec) isolated in israel, were examined by polymerase chain reaction for the presence of shet1 and shet2 genes. shet1 was only prevalent among isolates of s. fle ...	2002	12113500
identification of chromosomal shigella flexneri genes induced by the eukaryotic intracellular environment.	upon entry into the eukaryotic cytosol, the facultative intracellular bacterium shigella flexneri is exposed to an environment that may necessitate the expression of particular genes for it to survive and grow intracellularly. to identify genes that are induced in response to the intracellular environment, we screened a library containing fragments of the s. flexneri chromosome fused to a promoterless green fluorescent protein gene (gfp). bacteria containing promoter fusions that had a higher le ...	2002	12117948
molecular cloning and characterization of genes for shigella sonnei form i o polysaccharide: proposed biosynthetic pathway and stable expression in a live salmonella vaccine vector.	the gene region for biosynthesis of shigella sonnei form i o polysaccharide (o-ps) and flanking sequences, totaling >18 kb, was characterized by deletion analysis to define a minimal construct for development of salmonella-based live vaccine vector strains. lipopolysaccharide (lps) expression and dna sequence studies of plasmid deletion derivatives indicated form i o-ps expression from a 12.3-kb region containing a putative promoter and 10 contiguous open reading frames (orfs), one of which is t ...	2002	12117952
[health hazards for immigrants when travelling to their home countries].	vacations in the home country are important and positive events in the lives of immigrants, events that allow them to maintain contact with their culture, relatives and friends. however, vacations also carry certain health risks, though these risks can to some degree be prevented. infectious disease is the greatest risk. some children and adolescents also run the risk of female genital mutilation, forced marriage, and the risk og being left behind in the home country against their will. among th ...	2002	12119784
clinical dysentery in hospitalized children.	clinical dysentery is a severe presentation of an enteric infection. the aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of a serious bacterial etiology in clinical dysentery in hospitalized children and determine if children at high risk can be identified on the basis of clinical or laboratory parameters.	2002	12120936
[a fatal case of shigellosis in an elderly patient].	a 71 year-old male, with no recent history of travelling abroad and a past history of lung cancer two years prior to presentation, which had been successfully treated, developed a sudden onset of watery diarrhea more than ten times a day on february 26, 2001, which gradually became bloody. the next day he visited the department of integrated medicine of the tokyo metropolitan komagome hospital by ambulance because his consciousness was deteriorating and he was hospitalized. he was hypotensive on ...	2002	12136656
quadrupole ion-trap mass spectrometry to locate fatty acids on lipid a from gram-negative bacteria.	the structure of lipid a released by mild acid hydrolysis from lipopolysaccharide from two strains of shigella flexneri with different degrees of acylation was characterized using electrospray ionization (esi) and ion-trap mass spectrometry. the lipid a was analyzed underivatized with esi in negative-ion mode. with multiple stages of fragmentation (ms(n)), both the degree of acylation and the positions of the fatty acids on the disaccharide backbone could be determined. it was possible to determ ...	2002	12137789
[comparative analysis of the sensitivity of enterobacteria to bile].	the analysis of the sensitivity of 195 enterobacterial cultures to bile revealed that their level of resistance decreased in the following row: shigella > salmonella > klebsiella > escherichia > providencia. as shown on a sample of 136 e. coli isolates the level of resistance of these bacteria to bile depended on their isolation source: in e. coli isolated from bile in cholecystitis, from urine in pyelonephritis and from feces in intestinal dysbacteriosis resistance was 1.1-1.3 times higher than ...	2002	12141044
shigellosis linked to sex venues, australia.	from january 1 to july 31, 2000, 148 cases of shigella infection were reported in new south wales, australia, compared with an annual average of 95 cases. of reported cases, 83% were confirmed as shigella sonnei biotype g infections; 80% were in homosexual men. visiting a sex venue in the 2 weeks before onset of illness was the only factor significantly associated with shigellosis.	2002	12141976
mxie regulates intracellular expression of factors secreted by the shigella flexneri 2a type iii secretion system.	the mxi-spa locus on the virulence plasmid of shigella flexneri encodes components of the type iii secretion system. mxie, a gene within this locus, encodes a protein that is homologous to the arac/xyls family of transcriptional regulators, but currently its role in pathogenesis remains undefined. we characterized the virulence phenotype of a nonpolar mxie mutant and found that this mutant retained the ability to invade mammalian cells in tissue culture and secrete ipas (type iii effectors requi ...	2002	12142411
[epidemiological situation of foodborne diseases in santiago, chile in 1999-2000].	foodborne diseases are becoming an important cause of morbidity in chile. in the metropolitan region of chile, the environmental health service started a surveillance program for foodborne diseases in 1994. in 2000, this program was complemented with an etiologic study of individuals involved in outbreaks.	2002	12143269
rapid detection of six types of bacterial pathogens in marine waters by multiplex pcr.	a rapid multiplex pcr (m-pcr) method that allows the simultaneous detection, in a single tube, of six commonly encountered waterborne pathogens is developed. the target genes used were: the aerolysin (aero) gene of aeromonas hydrophila, the invasion plasmid antigen h (ipah) gene of shigella flexneri, the attachment invasion locus (ail) gene of yersinia enterocolitca, the invasion plasmid antigen b (ipab) gene of salmonella typhimurium, the enterotoxin extracellular secretion protein (epsm) gene ...	2002	12146868
isolation of shigella dysenteriae type 1 and s. flexneri strains from surface waters in bangladesh: comparative molecular analysis of environmental shigella isolates versus clinical strains.	bacillary dysentery caused by shigella species is a public health problem in developing countries including bangladesh. although, shigellae-contaminated food and drinks are often the source of the epidemic's spread, the possible presence of the pathogen and transmission of it through environmental waters have not been adequately examined. we analyzed surface waters collected in dhaka, bangladesh, for the presence of shigellae by a combination of pcr assays followed by concentration and culturing ...	2002	12147489
phylogenetic analysis of salmonella, shigella, and escherichia coli strains on the basis of the gyrb gene sequence.	phylogenetic analysis of about 200 strains of salmonella, shigella, and escherichia coli was carried out using the nucleotide sequence of the gene for dna gyrase b (gyrb), which was determined by directly sequencing pcr fragments. the results establish a new phylogenetic tree for the classification of salmonella, shigella, and escherichia coli in which salmonella forms a cluster separate from but closely related to shigella and e. coli. in comparison with 16s rrna analysis, the gyrb sequences in ...	2002	12149329
comparison of chromagar salmonella medium and xylose-lysine-desoxycholate and salmonella-shigella agars for isolation of salmonella strains from stool samples.	the growth and appearance of 115 stock salmonella isolates on a new formulation of chromagar salmonella (cas) medium were compared to those on xylose-lysine-desoxycholate agar (xld), salmonella-shigella agar (ss), and hektoen enteric agar (hea) media. cas medium was then compared prospectively to xld and ss for the detection and presumptive identification of salmonella strains in 500 consecutive clinical stool samples. all stock salmonella isolates produced typical mauve colonies on cas medium. ...	2002	12149365
bacterial inactivation by high-pressure homogenisation and high hydrostatic pressure.	the resistance of five gram-positive bacteria, enterococcus faecalis, staphylococcus aureus, lactobacillus plantarum, listeria innocua and leuconostoc dextranicum, and six gram-negative bacteria, salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, shigella flexneri, yersinia enterocolitica, pseudomonas fluorescens and two strains of escherichia coli, to high-pressure homogenisation (100-300 mpa) and to high hydrostatic pressure (200-400 mpa) was compared in this study. within the group of gram-positive bac ...	2002	12160080
street foods in accra, ghana: how safe are they?	to investigate the microbial quality of foods sold on streets of accra and factors predisposing to their contamination.	2002	12163918
from the centers for disease control and prevention. shigella sonnei outbreak among men who have sex with men--san francisco, california, 2000-2001.		2002	11797625
a predominant role for norwalk-like viruses as agents of epidemic gastroenteritis in maryland nursing homes for the elderly.	stool specimens from 156 maryland nursing home residents, who became ill during 20 outbreaks of gastroenteritis from november 1987 through february 1988, were analyzed. all tested negative for astroviruses, enteroviruses, group a rotaviruses, sapporo-like caliciviruses, and enteric bacteria (i.e., salmonella, clostridium, and shigella species). eighty-two (52%) were positive for norwalk-like viruses (nlvs), members of the family caliciviridae. six distinct genetic clusters within genogroups i an ...	2002	11807686
microbiological quality of a waste stabilization pond effluent used for restricted irrigation in valle del cauca, colombia.	this paper discusses the applicability of effluent reuse in agriculture after treatment in a series of anaerobic, facultative and maturation ponds. the wsp system is located in ginebra municipality, a small town in southwest colombia. the total hrt is 12 days. several samples of the final effluent were taken over a 55 day period and were analysed for e. coli, streptococcus spp. and helminth eggs. some additional grab samples were taken to determine the presence of pathogenic bacteria such as sal ...	2002	11833728
shigella sonnei: another cause of sexually acquired reactive arthritis.	we report a case of reactive arthritis attributable to sexually-acquired shigella sonnei infection. this occurred in the context of an outbreak of s. sonnei among homosexually-active men in sydney, australia, in 2000.	2002	11839171
chronic vulvovaginitis caused by antibiotic-resistant shigella flexneri in a prepubertal child.	a 7-year 8-month-old girl was diagnosed with a prolonged course of vulvovaginitis caused by shigella flexneri. the child was symptomatic with intermittent vaginal bleeding, dysuria and foul smelling vaginal discharge for a 3-year period. initial attempts to resolve the infection with successive courses of antibiotic therapy using ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, cefixime and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid failed. the child's infection was finally resolved by a 14-day course of ciprofloxac ...	2002	11840089
shigella spa32 is an essential secretory protein for functional type iii secretion machinery and uniformity of its needle length.	the shigella type iii secretion machinery is responsible for delivering to host cells the set of effectors required for invasion. the type iii secretion complex comprises a needle composed of mxih and mxii and a basal body made up of mxid, mxig, and mxij. in s. flexneri, the needle length has a narrow range, with a mean of approximately 45 nm, suggesting that it is strictly regulated. here we show that spa32, encoded by one of the spa genes, is an essential protein translocated via the type iii ...	2002	11844752
[acute gastroenteritis in hospitalized children. 14-year evolution].	to analyze the etiology and evolution of patients with acute gastroenteritis hospitalized in our pediatric department and to study the clinical and laboratory differences between acute viral and bacterial gastroenteritis.	2002	11827670
in vivo dna-binding and oligomerization properties of the shigella flexneri arac-like transcriptional regulator virf as identified by random and site-specific mutagenesis.	in shigella flexneri expression of the plasmid-encoded virulence genes is regulated via a complex mechanism involving both environmental signals and specific transactivators. the primary regulator protein, virf, is a member of the arac family of transcription factors and shares with other arac-like proteins a conserved carboxy-terminal domain thought to be important for dna binding. random and site-directed mutagenesis of the virf gene encoding virf yielded a number of mutations along the length ...	2002	11751832
high frequency of mutator strains among human uropathogenic escherichia coli isolates.	by using a panel of 603 commensal and pathogenic escherichia coli and shigella isolates, we showed that mutation rates of strains vary considerably among different ecotypes. uropathogenic strains had the highest frequency of mutators, while strains from patients with bacteremia had the lowest mutation rates. no correlation between the mutation rates and antibiotic resistance was observed among the studied strains.	2002	11751844
identification of enteric pathogens by heat shock protein 60 kda (hsp60) gene sequences.	a highly specific and reproducible approach for the simultaneous detection of enteric pathogenic bacteria was developed using bacterial hsp60 gene and molecular biological tools. a single pair of universal primers was derived from the highly conserved sequence of hsp60 genes encompassing a 600-bp hypervariable region. pcr amplification followed by either dot blot hybridization or restriction enzyme digestion performed on 38 enteric bacteria indicated that this approach could differentiate not on ...	2002	11786265
differential expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase is associated with differential toll-like receptor-4 expression in chicken macrophages from different genetic backgrounds.	the purpose of this study was to examine inos gene expression and activity in macrophages from different chicken genetic lines against various bacterial lps. furthermore, the possible involvement of surface lps receptors as candidates for differential inos gene induction in these genetic lines of chicken was also examined. sephadex-elicited abdominal macrophages (1 x 10(6)) as well as inos hyper-responder macrophages from a transformed chicken macrophage cell line, mq-ncsu, were exposed to 5 mic ...	2002	11777534
complete genomic sequence of sfv, a serotype-converting temperate bacteriophage of shigella flexneri.	bacteriophage sfv is a temperate serotype-converting phage of shigella flexneri. sfv encodes the factors involved in type v o-antigen modification, and the serotype conversion and integration-excision modules of the phage have been isolated and characterized. we now report on the complete sequence of the sfv genome (37,074 bp). a total of 53 open reading frames were predicted from the nucleotide sequence, and analysis of the corresponding proteins was used to construct a functional map. the gene ...	2002	11889106
origin, originality, functions, subversions and molecular signalling of macropinocytosis.	macropinocytosis refers to the formation of primary large endocytic vesicles of irregular size and shape, generated by actin-driven evaginations of the plasma membrane, whereby cells avidly incorporate extracellular fluid. macropinosomes resemble "empty" phagosomes and show no difference with the "spacious phagosomes" triggered by the enteropathogenic bacteria salmonella and shigella. macropinosomes may fuse with lysosomes or regurgitate their content back to the extracellular space. in multiple ...	2002	11890548
mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance: their clinical relevance in the new millennium.	antimicrobials show selective toxicity. suitable targets for antimicrobials to act at include the bacterial cell wall, bacterial protein and folic acid synthesis, nucleic acid metabolism in bacteria and the bacterial cell membrane. acquired antimicrobial resistance generally can be ascribed to one of five mechanisms. these are production of drug-inactivating enzymes, modification of an existing target, acquisition of a target by-pass system, reduced cell permeability and drug removal from the ce ...	2002	11893225
immunoregulatory functions of interleukin 18 and its role in defense against bacterial pathogens.	interleukin-18 (il-18) is a proinflammatory cytokine that belongs to the il-1 cytokine family, due to its structure, receptor family and signal transduction pathways. similarly to il-1beta, il-18 is synthesized as a precursor requiring caspase-1 for cleavage into an active il-18 molecule. however, with regard to its capacity to induce the production of th1 cytokines and to enhance cell-mediated cytotoxicity, il-18 is also related to il-12. produced mainly by antigen-presenting cells, il-18 is a ...	2002	11894141
phase i evaluation of delta virg shigella sonnei live, attenuated, oral vaccine strain wrss1 in healthy adults.	we conducted a phase i trial with healthy adults to evaluate wrss1, a live, oral delta virg shigella sonnei vaccine candidate. in a double-blind, randomized, dose-escalating fashion, inpatient volunteers received a single dose of either placebo (n = 7) or vaccine (n = 27) at 3 x 10(3) cfu (group 1), 3 x 10(4) cfu (group 2), 3 x 10(5) cfu (group 3), or 3 x 10(6) cfu (group 4). the vaccine was generally well tolerated, although a low-grade fever or mild diarrhea occurred in six (22%) of the vaccin ...	2002	11895966
comparative antibiotic resistance of diarrheal pathogens from vietnam and thailand, 1996-1999.	antimicrobial resistance rates for shigella, campylobacter, nontyphoidal salmonella, and enterotoxigenic escherichia coli were compared for vietnam and thailand from 1996 to 1999. resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline was common. quinolone resistance remains low in both countries, except among campylobacter and salmonella organisms in thailand. nalidixic acid resistance among salmonellae has more than doubled since 1995 (to 21%) in thailand bu ...	2002	11897070
genetic determinants of tetracycline resistance in vibrio harveyi.	isolates of vibrio harveyi, a prawn pathogen, have demonstrated multiple antibiotic resistance to commonly used antimicrobial agents, such as oxytetracycline. in this paper, we describe the cloning and characterization of two tetracycline resistance determinants from v. harveyi strain m3.4l. the first resistance determinant, cloned as a 4,590-bp fragment, was identical to teta and flanking sequences encoded on transposon tn10 from shigella flexneri. the second determinant, cloned as a 3,358-bp f ...	2002	11897587