Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| campylobacter jejuni infection of differentiated thp-1 macrophages results in interleukin 1 beta release and caspase-1-independent apoptosis. | apoptosis induction of host macrophages has emerged as a common virulence mechanism among bacterial pathogens. infection with campylobacter jejuni is a leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide and is characterized by an acute inflammatory response in the small intestine. the authors used the human monocytic cell line thp-1 to examine apoptosis induction and pro-inflammatory cytokine production during c. jejuni infection. flow cytometric analysis revealed that 48 h after inoculation, a c. jejun ... | 2004 | 14993305 |
| occurrence of inhibitory compounds in spent growth media that interfere with acid-tolerance mechanisms of enteric pathogens. | understanding the acid-tolerance ability of enteric human pathogens is critical in determining microbial food safety and the associated risk. we have discovered naturally occurring compounds in the spent growth media, which inhibit the acid-tolerance ability of several enteric human pathogens when challenged at ph 3.0 for 2 h at 37 degrees c. the compounds were detected in the spent growth media obtained from escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella spp., and vibrio cholera, but not from shigella fl ... | 2004 | 14996461 |
| bacteria-mediated dna transfer in gene therapy and vaccination. | the use of live attenuated bacterial vaccine strains allows the targeted delivery of macromolecules to mammalian cells and tissues via the mucosal route. depending on their specific virulence mechanisms and inherent metabolic preferences, bacteria invade certain cell types and body niches where they consequently deliver their cargo. recently, the ability of attenuated strains of salmonella, shigella and yersinia spp., as well as listeria monocytogenes and invasive escherichia coli, to deliver eu ... | 2004 | 14998775 |
| neutrophil extracellular traps kill bacteria. | neutrophils engulf and kill bacteria when their antimicrobial granules fuse with the phagosome. here, we describe that, upon activation, neutrophils release granule proteins and chromatin that together form extracellular fibers that bind gram-positive and -negative bacteria. these neutrophil extracellular traps (nets) degrade virulence factors and kill bacteria. nets are abundant in vivo in experimental dysentery and spontaneous human appendicitis, two examples of acute inflammation. nets appear ... | 2004 | 15001782 |
| aeromonas spp associated with children's diarrhoea in tehran: a case-control study. | the study sought a possible pathogenic role for aeromonas spp in tehranian children presenting with diarrhoea. during a 10-month period (february to october 2001), 310 children <10 years of age with diarrhoea and a group of 310 age- and sex-matched controls were selected. both groups were investigated for diarrhoeal pathogens. of 310 children who presented with acute diarrhoea, aeromonas spp was isolated from 14 (4.5%) (a. veronii biovar sobria 8, a. caviae 5 and a. hydrophila 1). the isolation ... | 2004 | 15005966 |
| shigella interactions with the actin cytoskeleton in the absence of ena/vasp family proteins. | shigella move through the cytosol of infected cells by assembly of a propulsive actin tail at one end of the bacterium. vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (vasp), a member of the ena/vasp family of proteins, is important in cellular actin dynamics and is present on intracellular shigella. vasp binds both profilin, an actin monomer-binding protein, and vinculin, a component of intercellular contacts that also binds the shigella actin assembly protein icsa. it has been postulated that vasp migh ... | 2004 | 15009027 |
| the conformations of the o-specific polysaccharides of shigella dysenteriae type 4 and escherichia coli o159 studied with molecular mechanics (mm3) filtered systematic search. | the branched o-antigens of escherichia coli o159 and shigella dysenteriae type 4 are structurally related and are known to show cross-reactivity with antibodies. in the present study, conformational analyses were performed on these two o-antigens using molecular mechanics mm3(96) with filtered systematic search. the results show very strong steric restrictions for the trisaccharide at the branch point of the e. coli o159 antigen, especially for the beta-d-glcnac-(1-->3)-beta-d-glcnac linkage of ... | 2004 | 15010303 |
| characterization of the lipopolysaccharide o-antigen of francisella novicida (u112). | francisella novicida (u112), a close relative of the highly virulent bacterium f. tularensis, was shown to produce a lipopolysaccharide in which the antigenic o-polysaccharide component was found by chemical, 1h and 13c nmr and ms analyses to be an unbranched neutral linear polymer of a repeating tetrasaccharide unit composed of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-galacturonamide (d-galnacan) and 2,4-diacetamido-2,4,6-trideoxy-d-glucose (d-qui2nac4nac, di-n-acetylbacillosamine) residues (3:1) and had the stru ... | 2004 | 15013402 |
| rectal nitric oxide gas and stool cytokine levels during the course of infectious gastroenteritis. | nitric oxide (no) is known to be an important inflammatory mediator with a potential role in gastrointestinal diseases. we prospectively studied the luminal no levels in 51 patients with infectious gastroenteritis, 35 patients with nonenteric bacterial infections, and 11 healthy control subjects. the levels of proinflammatory cytokines were simultaneously measured in the stools of patients with gastroenteritis. rectal gas was sampled with balloon catheters made of silicone and was analyzed for n ... | 2004 | 15013971 |
| a specific genetic background is required for acquisition and expression of virulence factors in escherichia coli. | in bacteria, the evolution of pathogenicity seems to be the result of the constant arrival of virulence factors (vfs) into the bacterial genome. however, the integration, retention, and/or expression of these factors may be the result of the interaction between the new arriving genes and the bacterial genomic background. to test this hypothesis, a phylogenetic analysis was done on a collection of 98 escherichia coli/shigella strains representing the pathogenic and commensal diversity of the spec ... | 2004 | 15014151 |
| [comparative study on antibacterial effects of huangqin-tang and its metabolites produced by intestinal flora]. | to compare the antibacterial effects of huangqin-tang with its metabolites produced by intestinal flora. | 2003 | 15015311 |
| changing trends in shigellosis at a tertiary care centre. | 2003 | 15022943 | |
| molecular characterization of the integrons in shigella strains isolated from patients with traveler's diarrhea. | the prevalence and characterization of class 1 integrons has been performed in eighty three strains of shigella spp., isolated between 1995 and 2000 from patients with traveler's diarrhea. a low prevalence (13.25%) was recorded. nine different integrons were found among 11 multiresistant strains, with a total of 10 different gene cassettes encoding for resistance to trimethoprim (dfra1, dfra5, dfra7, dfra12, and dfra15), aminoglycosides (aada1a and aada2), beta-lactam antibiotics (oxa2) or orf w ... | 2004 | 15023426 |
| neuromodulation of experimental shigella infection reduces damage to the gut mucosa. | bacillary dysentery arises when shigella invades the colonic and rectal mucosae of the human gut and elicits a strong inflammatory response, which may lead to life-threatening complications. hence, downregulation of the host inflammatory response is an appealing therapeutical alternative. the gastrointestinal tract is densely innervated, and nerve endings are often found in the vicinity of leukocytes. we have assessed the impact of experimental shigella infection on levels of neuropeptides in th ... | 2004 | 15026012 |
| topological analysis of glucosyltransferase gtrv of shigella flexneri by a dual reporter system and identification of a unique reentrant loop. | lipopolysaccharide, particularly the o-antigen component, is one of many virulence determinants necessary for shigella flexneri pathogenesis. o-antigen modification is mediated by glucosyltransferase genes (gtr) encoded by temperate serotype-converting bacteriophages. the gtrv gene encodes the gtrv glucosyltransferase, an integral membrane protein that catalyzes the transfer of a glucosyl residue via an alpha1,3 linkage to rhamnose ii of the o-antigen unit. this mediates conversion of s. flexner ... | 2004 | 15028730 |
| shigellosis: innate mechanisms of inflammatory destruction of the intestinal epithelium, adaptive immune response, and vaccine development. | acute infectious colitis remains a major pediatric issue of worldwide impact because it still represents a significant public health burden among the larger group of diarrheal diseases with the highest mortality rate. it is also a relevant model of inflammatory bowel diseases (ibd), such as crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. among cases of acute colitis of infectious origin, shigellosis is certainly the one that has benefited the most from a significant research effort. shigella, the causat ... | 2003 | 15030306 |
| synthesis of some new 6-methylimidazo[2,1-b]thiazole-5-carbohydrazide derivatives and their antimicrobial activities. | in this study, 14 new compounds having 6-methyl-n2-(alkylidene/cycloalkylidene)imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole-5-carbohydrazide (3a-g), 3-[[(6-methylimidazo[2,1-b]thiazole-5-yl)carbonyl]amino]-4-thiazolidinone (4a-d) and 4-[[(6-methylimidazo[2,1-b]thiazole-5-yl)carbonyl]amino]-1-thia-4-azaspiro[4.4]nonan/[4.5]decan-3-one (4e-g) structures were synthesized. the structures of the compounds were elucidated by uv, ir, 1h-nmr, 13c-nmr, 1h-13c-cosy, mass spectra and elemental analysis. all compounds synthesize ... | 2004 | 15038463 |
| enhanced isolation of shigella species by extended incubation of primary isolation plates. | 2003 | 15038595 | |
| the probiotic escherichia coli strain nissle 1917 interferes with invasion of human intestinal epithelial cells by different enteroinvasive bacterial pathogens. | the probiotic escherichia coli strain nissle 1917 (mutaflor) of serotype o6:k5:h1 was reported to protect gnotobiotic piglets from infection with salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. an important virulence property of salmonella is invasion of host epithelial cells. therefore, we tested for interference of e. coli strain nissle 1917 with salmonella invasion of int407 cells. simultaneous administration of e. coli strain nissle 1917 and salmonella resulted in up to 70% reduction of salmonella ... | 2004 | 15039098 |
| antibacterial effects of carica papaya fruit on common wound organisms. | the purpose of the study was to investigate antibacterial activity of ripe and unripe carica papaya on selected micro-organisms. cultures of micro-organisms were routinely maintained in nutrient agar slants at 4 degrees c. extracts of immature, mature and ripe carica papaya fruit were obtained by separately grinding factions of the epicarp, endocarp and seeds and filtering them through gauze. sensitivity tests were conducted by adding 0.06 ml of extract to agar wells (6 mm diameter) prepared fro ... | 2003 | 15040064 |
| site-directed mutagenesis of the hinge region of nisinz and properties of nisinz mutants. | to study the role of the hinge region in nisin and to obtain mutants that exhibit altered or new biological activities and functional properties, we changed certain amino acids in the hinge region by performing site-directed mutagenesis with the nisinz structural gene ( nisz). the results showed that the nisinz mutants had decreased antimicrobial activities against micrococcus flavus ncib8166 and streptococcus thermophilus. interestingly, compared with wild nisinz, mutant n20k nisinz and m21k ni ... | 2004 | 15048591 |
| emerging food pathogens and bacterial toxins. | many different foodborne diseases have been described. for example, shigella bacteria, hepatitis a virus and norwalk virus were shown as a unwashed hands microorganisms, but pathogen campylobacter and escherichia coli were named as raw and undercooked meat and poultry or raw milk and untreated water born bacteria. however, two of them: listeria monocytogenes and yersinia enterocolitica are known as growing at refrigerator temperatures. essential virulence determinants of listeria monocytogenes p ... | 2003 | 15058810 |
| sanitary and bacteriological aspects of sewage treatment. | a study into the removal of contamination load and indicator bacteria was carried out in 1992-1996 in the mechanical, biological and chemical waste-water treatment plant wtp in lezany, in the county of reszel, in the province of warmia and mazury in poland. the results of chemical analyses found a high efficiency of removal of carbon compounds, cod (90%) and bod (98%), in the process of purification of household sewage. in addition, a high effectiveness of total nitrogen, on average 71%, and uns ... | 2003 | 15058814 |
| batch process solar disinfection is an efficient means of disinfecting drinking water contaminated with shigella dysenteriae type i. | the mortality and morbidity rate caused by shigella dysenteriae type i infection is increasing in the developing world each year. in this paper, the possibility of using batch process solar disinfection (sodis) as an effective means of disinfecting drinking water contaminated with sh. dysenteriae type i is investigated. | 2004 | 15059213 |
| molecular epidemiology of shigella flexneri in a diarrhoea-endemic area of lima, peru. | a year-long community-based study of diarrhoeal diseases was conducted in canto grande, a periurban community in lima, peru. in 109 (34%) houses out of 323 that were visited, at least one individual was detected with shigellosis. the frequency of the 161 shigella isolates obtained was as follows: 117 s. flexneri (73%), 21 s. boydii (13%), 15 s. dysenteriae (9%), and 8 s. sonnei (5%). using a non-radioactive ipah gene probe as a molecular epidemiological tool, a total of 41 s. flexneri strains we ... | 2004 | 15061506 |
| the application of peptide nucleic acid probes for rapid detection and enumeration of eubacteria, staphylococcus aureus and pseudomonas aeruginosa in recreational beaches of s. florida. | a novel chemiluminescent in situ hybridization technique using peptide nucleic acids (pna) was adapted for the detection of bacteria in beach sand and recreational waters in south florida. the simultaneous detection and enumeration of eubacteria and the novel indicators, staphylococcus aureus and pseudomonas aeruginosa, was achieved within 6-8 h of processing. following 5 h of incubation on tsa, soybean peroxidase-labeled peptide nucleic acid probes (boston probes, boston, ma) targeting species- ... | 2004 | 15063055 |
| a dna adenine methylase mutant of shigella flexneri shows no significant attenuation of virulence. | mutants of salmonella defective in dna adenine methylase (dam) have been reported to be attenuated for virulence and to provide protective immunity when used as vaccine strains. to determine whether these observations could be extended to shigella, a dam mutant of shigella flexneri 2a was characterized and examined for the role of dam in pathogenesis. the shigella dam mutant showed some unique characteristics; however, it retained virulence in vivo as well as in vitro. the mutant invaded culture ... | 2004 | 15073316 |
| the role of the shigella flexneri yihe gene in lps synthesis and virulence. | previously, the authors have shown that inactivation of shigella flexneri yihe, a gene of unknown function upstream of dsba, which encodes a periplasmic disulphide catalyst, results in a global change of gene expression. among the severely down-regulated genes are galetkm, suggesting that the yihe mutant, sh54, may inefficiently produce the udp-glucose and udp-galactose required for lps synthesis. this paper demonstrates that lps synthesis in sh54 is impaired. as a result, sh54 is unable to poly ... | 2004 | 15073317 |
| structure of shiga toxin type 2 (stx2) from escherichia coli o157:h7. | several serotypes of escherichia coli produce protein toxins closely related to shiga toxin (stx) from shigella dysenteriae serotype 1. these stx-producing e. coli cause outbreaks of hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome in humans, with the latter being more likely if the e. coli produce stx2 than if they only produce stx1. to investigate the differences among the stxs, which are all ab(5) toxins, the crystal structure of stx2 from e. coli o157:h7 was determined at 1.8-a resolution a ... | 2004 | 15075327 |
| structure of spa15, a type iii secretion chaperone from shigella flexneri with broad specificity. | type iii secretion (tts) systems are used by many gram-negative pathogens to inject virulence proteins into the cells of their hosts. several of these virulence effectors require tts chaperones that maintain them in a secretion-competent state. whereas most chaperones bind only one effector, spa15 from the human pathogen shigella flexneri and homologous chaperones bind several seemingly unrelated effectors, and were proposed to form a special subgroup. its 1.8 a crystal structure confirms this s ... | 2004 | 15088068 |
| inactivation of bacteria in sewage sludge by gamma radiation. | the survival of certain bacterial cultures suspended in sewage sludge and exposed to gamma-radiation was studied. the inactivation patterns of most of the organisms were significantly different when irradiation was performed using sewage samples collected in the summer and monsoon seasons. the summer sample collected from the anaerobic digestor afforded significant protection to both gram negative and gram positive organisms. this was evident by the increase in dose required to bring about a 6 l ... | 1987 | 15092791 |
| mercury and organomercurial resistance in bacteria isolated from freshwater fish of wetland fisheries around calcutta. | mercury-resistant bacteria belonging to the genera bacillus, escherichia, klebsiella, micrococcus, pseudomonas, salmonella, sarcina, shigella, staphylococcus and streptococcus were isolated from gills and guts of fresh water fish collected from wetland fisheries around calcutta, india, contaminated with mercury compounds. the total number of bacteria, as well as hg-resistant bacteria, were always higher in guts than gills. bottom-dwelling fish contained higher number of bacteria, including hg-re ... | 1997 | 15093380 |
| trends in population-based active surveillance for shigellosis and demographic variability in foodnet sites, 1996-1999. | shigella is a common cause of diarrhea in the united states, and accurate surveillance is needed to determine the burden of illness that they cause. active surveillance for culture-confirmed shigella infection was done as part of the foodborne diseases active surveillance network (foodnet). a total of 4317 cases of shigellosis were reported during 1996-1999 in the original foodnet surveillance areas. the average annual incidence was 7.4 cases/100,000 population. the incidence was similar during ... | 2004 | 15095187 |
| laboratory practices for stool-specimen culture for bacterial pathogens, including escherichia coli o157:h7, in the foodnet sites, 1995-2000. | in 2000, we surveyed microbiologists in 388 clinical laboratories, which tested an estimated 339,000 stool specimens in 1999, about laboratory methods and policies for the routine testing of stool specimens for salmonella, shigella, campylobacter, and vibrio species, yersinia entercolitica, and escherichia coli o157:h7. the results were compared with those of similar surveys conducted in 1995 and 1997. although these laboratories reported routinely testing for salmonella, shigella, and campyloba ... | 2004 | 15095189 |
| persistent diarrhea, arthritis, and other complications of enteric infections: a pilot survey based on california foodnet surveillance, 1998-1999. | numerous complications of enteric infections have been described, including persistent diarrhea, reactive arthritis, and guillain-barre syndrome. we determined the frequency of self-reported complications of enteric infections in a pilot study in the california site of the foodborne diseases active surveillance network. from 1 april 1998 through 31 march 1999, active surveillance identified 1454 infections in alameda and san francisco counties, of which 52% were campylobacter infections, 22% wer ... | 2004 | 15095204 |
| synergistic action of photosensitizers and normal human serum in a bactericidal process. i. effect of chlorophylls. | susceptibility of some gram-negative strains against the bactericidal action of normal human serum (nhs) and of chlorophyll, which induces production of reactive oxygen species by light, was studied. a synergistic bactericidal activity of nhs and chlorophyll against e. coli k1 and shigella flexneri strains was observed. | 2003 | 15095924 |
| intranasal immunization with multivalent group a streptococcal vaccines protects mice against intranasal challenge infections. | we have previously shown that a hexavalent group a streptococcal m protein-based vaccine evoked bactericidal antibodies after intramuscular injection. in the present study, we show that the hexavalent vaccine formulated with several different mucosal adjuvants and delivered intranasally induced serum and salivary antibodies that protected mice from intranasal challenge infections with virulent group a streptococci. the hexavalent vaccine was formulated with liposomes with or without monophosphor ... | 2004 | 15102757 |
| regulation of proinflammatory cytokine expression by shiga toxin 1 and/or lipopolysaccharides in the human monocytic cell line thp-1. | infection with shiga toxin (stx)-producing bacteria and the subsequent release of stxs and endotoxins into the bloodstream may damage blood vessels in the colon, kidneys, and central nervous system, leading to bloody diarrhea, acute renal failure, and neurological complications. the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha) and interleukin-1beta (il-1beta) may contribute to the pathogenesis of stx-induced vascular lesions by up-regulating toxin receptor expression on endo ... | 2004 | 15102770 |
| [out-of-laboratory control screening of growth mediums used by sanitary service laboratories for isolation of pathogenic enteric bacteria from fecal specimens]. | the aim of the study was to test the selective-differential plating mediums used for isolation of salmonella and shigella for routine stool specimens examination for epidemiological and sanitary purpose. three plates of any such medium used in the laboratories in 37 sanitary service stations in poland were obtained. the specimens of mac conkey lactose bile salt agar and ss agar were obtained from all laboratories, hektoen enteric medium from 8 and eosinmethylene blue agar from only one laborator ... | 2003 | 15103991 |
| stereotypic and specific elements of the human colonic response to entamoeba histolytica and shigella flexneri. | the clinical presentations of bacillary dysentery caused by shigella, and amoebic dysentery caused by the protozoan parasite entamoeba histolytica, can be indistinguishable, with both organisms causing colonic mucosal damage and ulceration. however, the two organisms are quite distinct, and have very different pathogenic mechanisms. this raises the fundamental question of whether the similar clinical manifestations reflect a stereotypic response of the human gut to mucosal injury, or whether the ... | 2004 | 15104595 |
| the o-antigen gene cluster of shigella boydii o11 and functional identification of its wzy gene. | shigella strains are human pathogens and their identification is usually based on their o-antigens. the o-antigen gene cluster of shigella boydii o11 was sequenced. all the expected genes for the synthesis of the o-antigen were identified on the basis of homology and genes for the biosynthesis of dtdp-l-rhamnose, genes encoding sugar transferases, as well as genes encoding o unit flippase (wzx) and o-antigen polymerase (wzy). the identity of the putative wzy gene was confirmed by showing that a ... | 2004 | 15109730 |
| comparative analysis of transcriptional regulatory elements of glutamate-dependent acid-resistance systems of shigella flexneri and escherichia coli o157:h7. | the ability to withstand an acid-challenge of ph 2.5 or less by shigella flexneri is a necessary trait for virulence and is generally believed to be restricted to the stationary-phase of growth. earlier reports indicated the glutamate-dependent acid-resistance (gdar) system of s. flexneri is under the regulation of rpos, the gene encoding alternative sigma factor that is induced in the stationary-growth phase. the present study reports that unlike escherichia coli o157:h7, s. flexneri cells when ... | 2004 | 15109732 |
| antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of melissa officinalis l. (lamiaceae) essential oil. | the present study describes antimicrobial and free radical scavenging capacity (rsc) together with the effects on lipid peroxidation (lp) of melissa officinalis essential oil. the chemical profile of essential oil was evaluated by the means of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (gc-ms) and thin-layer chromatography (tlc). rsc was assessed measuring the scavenging activity of essential oil on the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (dpph(*)) and oh(*) radicals. the effect on lp was evaluated followin ... | 2004 | 15113145 |
| in vitro adhesion and invasion inhibition of shigella dysenteriae, shigella flexneri and shigella sonnei clinical strains by human milk proteins. | shigella is the etiological agent of shigellosis, a disease responsible for more than 500,000 deaths of children per year, in developing countries. these pathogens colonize the intestinal colon, invade, spreading to the other enterocytes. breastfeeding plays a very important role in protecting infants from intestinal infections. amongst milk compounds, glycosylated proteins prevent the adhesion of many enteropathogens in vitro. the aim of this work was to determine the effect of human milk prote ... | 2004 | 15115555 |
| an in vitro study on antimicrobial activity of propolis from mugla province of turkey. | antibacterial and antifungal activities of acetone and dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso) extracts of 45 different propolis samples from the mugla province of turkey were investigated. antimicrobial activity of propolis varied depending on propolis sample, dosage of propolis, and the extraction solvents for all test microorganisms. antimicrobial activity of all propolis samples increased with increasing dosage without reaching a plateau at the highest dosage tested. except for brucella melitensis, the dm ... | 2004 | 15117559 |
| diarrhoea in elderly people: aetiology, and clinical characteristics. | we examined the characteristics of elderly people attending the dhaka hospital of icddr,b. the hospital has a diarrhoeal disease surveillance system that enrols a 2% systematic sample of all patients visiting the hospital. we reviewed data of all patients enrolled into the surveillance system (n = 13,782) over the period 1996-2001 to identify patients aged 60 y and above for inclusion into the current study (4% of all surveillance patients; n = 478). v. cholerae o1 was the most common enteric pa ... | 2004 | 15119366 |
| drug resistance of shigella species: changes over 20 years in turkey. | 2004 | 15120738 | |
| microbial-gut interactions in health and disease. epithelial cell responses. | pathogenic bacteria use many strategies to secure their survival within the host. enteropathogens exploit intestinal epithelial cells in many ways, including the manipulation of normal cellular functioning, or of cellular structural components, or by the induction of signalling pathways, such as the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. however, the enterocyte warns the host of impending danger and, in turn, elicits a protective response. pathogens are detected by epithelial cells owing to t ... | 2004 | 15123076 |
| microbial-gut interactions in health and disease. mucosal immune responses. | the host gastrointestinal tract is exposed to countless numbers of foreign antigens and has embedded a unique and complex network of immunological and non-immunological mechanisms, often termed the gastrointestinal 'mucosal barrier', to protect the host from potentially harmful pathogens while at the same time 'tolerating' other resident microbes to allow absorption and utilization of nutrients. of the many important roles of this barrier, it is the distinct responsibility of the mucosal immune ... | 2004 | 15123077 |
| microbial-gut interactions in health and disease. progress in enteric vaccine development. | enteric infections resulting in diarrhoea are among the most important causes of morbidity and mortality, particularly in children in developing countries. they are also a common cause of disease among travellers to africa, asia and latin america. recently, effective, live and inactivated oral and parenteral vaccines against some of the most severe enteric infections-cholera and typhoid fever-have been licensed in several countries. different candidate vaccines against rotavirus, shigella and et ... | 2004 | 15123079 |
| crystal structure of the oxidized form of the periplasmic mercury-binding protein merp from ralstonia metallidurans ch34. | in ralstonia metallidurans ch34, the gene merp encodes for a periplasmic mercury-binding protein which is capable of binding one mercury atom. the metal-binding site of merp consists of the highly conserved sequence gmtcxxc found in the family that includes metallochaperones and metal-transporting atpases. we purified merp from r.metallidurans ch34 and solved its crystal structure under the oxidized form at 2.0a resolution. superposition with structures of other metal-binding proteins shows that ... | 2004 | 15123428 |
| a pediatric cluster of shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 diarrhea with hemolytic uremic syndrome in 2 families from france. | we report a cluster of pediatric diarrhea due to shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 involving 11 children in france, including the index case, who had returned from senegal. child-to-child transmission was documented by ribotyping. five children developed hemolytic uremic syndrome (hus). on the basis of our findings, the choice of antimicrobial treatment for infections with s. dysenteriae serotype 1 should take into account widespread drug resistance and the risk of hus. | 2004 | 15127361 |
| branching sites and morphological abnormalities behave as ectopic poles in shape-defective escherichia coli. | certain mutants in escherichia coli lacking multiple penicillin-binding proteins (pbps) produce misshapen cells containing kinks, bends and branches. these deformed regions exhibit two structural characteristics of normal cell poles: the peptidoglycan is inert to dilution by new synthesis or turnover, and a similarly stable patch of outer membrane caps the sites. to test the premise that these aberrant sites represent biochemically functional but misplaced cell poles, we assessed the intracellul ... | 2004 | 15130123 |
| detection of shigella by a pcr assay targeting the ipah gene suggests increased prevalence of shigellosis in nha trang, vietnam. | shigella spp. are exquisitely fastidious gram-negative organisms which frequently escape detection by traditional culture methods. to get a more complete understanding of the disease burden caused by shigella in nha trang, vietnam, real-time pcr was used to detect shigella dna. randomly selected rectal swab specimens from 60 shigella culture-positive patients and 500 shigella culture-negative patients detected by population-based surveillance of patients seeking care for diarrhea were processed ... | 2004 | 15131166 |
| the chromosome of shigella flexneri bacteriophage sf6: complete nucleotide sequence, genetic mosaicism, and dna packaging. | shigella flexneri temperate bacteriophage sf6 is of interest in part because its prophage expresses the oac gene that alters the antigenic properties of the surface o-antigen polysaccharide of its host bacterium. we have determined the complete sequence of its 39,044 bp genome. the sequence shows that sf6 is a member of the canonical lambdoid phage group, and like other phages of this type has a highly mosaic genome. it has chromosomal regions that encode proteins >80% identical with at least 15 ... | 2004 | 15136040 |
| preparation of synthetic glycoconjugates as potential vaccines against shigella flexneri serotype 2a disease. | the synthesis of three neoglycopeptides incorporating carbohydrate haptens, differing in length, covalently linked to a non natural universal t helper peptide is disclosed. they were synthesized according to a blockwise strategy based on the condensation of appropriate di-, tri-, and tetrasaccharide trichloroacetimidate donors onto an azidoethyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxybeta-d-glucopyranoside acceptor. use of thiol-maleimide coupling chemistry allowed site-selective efficient conjugation. | 2004 | 15136809 |
| microbial contamination of drinking water and disease outcomes in developing regions. | drinking water is a major source of microbial pathogens in developing regions, although poor sanitation and food sources are integral to enteric pathogen exposure. gastrointestinal disease outcomes are also more severe, due to under-nutrition and lack of intervention strategies in these regions. poor water quality, sanitation and hygiene account for some 1.7 million deaths a year world-wide (3.1% of all deaths and 3.7% of all daly's), mainly through infectious diarrhoea. nine out of 10 such deat ... | 2004 | 15138046 |
| the ett2 gene cluster, encoding a second type iii secretion system from escherichia coli, is present in the majority of strains but has undergone widespread mutational attrition. | ett2 is a second cryptic type iii secretion system in escherichia coli which was first discovered through the analysis of genome sequences of enterohemorrhagic e. coli o157:h7. comparative analyses of escherichia and shigella genome sequences revealed that the ett2 gene cluster is larger than was previously thought, encompassing homologues of genes from the spi-1, spi-2, and spi-3 salmonella pathogenicity islands. ett2-associated genes, including regulators and chaperones, were found at the same ... | 2004 | 15150243 |
| you're the flight surgeon. ulcerative colitis. | 2004 | 15151123 | |
| sensitization of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria to jenseniin g by sublethal injury. | jenseniin g, a bacteriocin produced by propionibacterium thoenii p126, is active against related propionibacteria and some lactic acid bacteria and is sporostatic to botulinal spores. the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of sublethal stress on jenseniin g activity. bacillus cereus, enterococcus faecalis, escherichia coli, listeria monocytogenes, salmonella typhimurium, shigella flexneri, staphylococcus aureus, and yersinia enterocolitica were subjected to temperature, acid, an ... | 2004 | 15151241 |
| chromosomal and plasmid-encoded enzymes are required for assembly of the r3-type core oligosaccharide in the lipopolysaccharide of escherichia coli o157:h7. | the type r3 core oligosaccharide predominates in the lipopolysaccharides from enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli isolates including o157:h7. the r3 core biosynthesis (waa) genetic locus contains two genes, waad and waaj, that are predicted to encode glycosyltransferases involved in completion of the outer core. through determination of the structures of the lipopolysaccharide core in precise mutants and biochemical analyses of enzyme activities, waaj was shown to be a udp-glucose:(galactosyl) li ... | 2004 | 15155763 |
| etiology of diarrhea in children less than five years of age in ifakara, tanzania. | a total of 451 stool specimens were collected from children less than five years of age with acute diarrhea from ifakara, tanzania and processed to detect bacterial enteropathogens, parasites, and rotaviruses. these specimens were divided into 348 from the dry season and 103 from the rainy season. overall, diarrheogenic escherichia coli (35.7%) were the predominant enteropathogens, with enterotoxigenic e. coli, enteroaggregative e. coli, and enteropathogenic e. coli being the most prevalent. mor ... | 2004 | 15155987 |
| pathogen-specific risk factors and protective factors for acute diarrheal illness in children aged 12-59 months in são paulo, brazil. | diarrheal diseases are a leading cause of childhood morbidity and mortality in latin america. most studies have focused on infants but not on older children. we enrolled 505 children (age, 12-59 months) with diarrhea and age-matched controls in a case-control study in sao paulo, brazil. independent risk factors for diarrhea included another household member with diarrhea (matched odds ratio [mor], 8.1; attributable fraction [af], 0.17; p<.001) and consumption of homemade juice (mor, 1.8; af, 0.1 ... | 2004 | 15156440 |
| laboratory-confirmed shigellosis in the united states, 1989-2002: epidemiologic trends and patterns. | during 1989-2002, a total of 208,368 laboratory-confirmed shigella infections were reported to the centers for disease control and prevention. shigella sonnei accounted for 71.7%, shigella flexneri accounted for 18.4%, shigella boydii accounted for 1.6%, and shigella dysenteriae accounted for 0.7% of infections; for 7.6%, no serogroup was reported. national incidence rates ranged from 7.6 cases per 100,000 persons in 1993 to 3.7 cases per 100,000 persons in 1999. incidence rates for s. boydii, s ... | 2004 | 15156473 |
| actin-based bacterial motility: towards a definition of the minimal requirements. | at the border line between microbiology and cell biology, the spectacular capacity o f some intracellular bacterial pathogens, including listeria monocytogenes, shigella flexneri and several rickettsias, to use actin polymerization as a driving force for intracellular movement, cell-to-cell spreading and dissemination within the infected tissue is being increasingly studied. now that it is possible to manipulate the bacterial surface proteins involved in this process - acta o f l. monocytogenes ... | 1996 | 15157487 |
| composting of tannery effluent with cow manure and wheat straw. | wastewater from the leather industry in león (guanajuato, méxico) is discharged into the turbio river without treatment. tannery wastewater contains utilizable nutrients, but also toxic organic compounds which might affect soil processes and plant growth, and pathogens, which might pose a threat to the local farming community. tannery effluent was composted with cow manure and wheat straw for 90 days to reduce pathogens and toxic organic compounds and monitored. the compost was characterized by ... | 2004 | 15158518 |
| modulation of human enteric epithelial barrier and ion transport function by peyer's patch lymphocytes. | to investigate the role of peyer's patch lymphocytes in the regulation of enteric epithelial barrier and ion transport function in homeostasis and host defense. | 2004 | 15162532 |
| regulated site-specific recombination of the she pathogenicity island of shigella flexneri. | the she pathogenicity island (pai) is a chromosomal, laterally acquired, integrative element of shigella flexneri that carries genes with established or putative roles in virulence. we demonstrate that spontaneous, precise excision of the element from its integration site in the 3' terminus of the phev trna gene is mediated by an integrase gene (int) and a gene designated rox (regulator of excision), both of which are carried on the she pai. integrase-mediated excision occurs via recombination b ... | 2004 | 15165236 |
| extensive genomic diversity in pathogenic escherichia coli and shigella strains revealed by comparative genomic hybridization microarray. | escherichia coli, including the closely related genus shigella, is a highly diverse species in terms of genome structure. comparative genomic hybridization (cgh) microarray analysis was used to compare the gene content of e. coli k-12 with the gene contents of pathogenic strains. missing genes in a pathogen were detected on a microarray slide spotted with 4,071 open reading frames (orfs) of w3110, a commonly used wild-type k-12 strain. for 22 strains subjected to the cgh microarray analyses 1,42 ... | 2004 | 15175305 |
| is200: an old and still bacterial transposon. | is200 is a mobile element found in a variety of eubacterial genera, such as salmonella, escherichia, shigella, vibrio, enterococcus, clostridium, helicobacter, and actinobacillus. in addition, is200-like elements are found in archaea. is200 elements are very small (707-711 bp) and contain a single gene. cladograms constructed with is200 dna sequences suggest that is200 has not spread among eubacteria by horizontal transfer; thus it may be an ancestral component of the bacterial genome. self-rest ... | 2004 | 15179601 |
| [the observation of the lymphocyte phenotype change in different lymphoid tissues of mice after intranasal immunization with bivalent shigella vaccines]. | to observe the changes of lymphocyte phenotype in different lymphoid tissues of mice at various time after intranasal immunization with bivalent shigella vaccines. | 2003 | 15182658 |
| screening of selected indigenous plants of lebanon for antimicrobial activity. | the objective of this study is to test in vitro the antimicrobial efficacy of 39 water and 39 methanol extracts derived from different parts of 27 indigenous wild plant species that have been commonly used in lebanese folk medicine. the antimicrobial efficacy was determined using the single disk diffusion method, with 10 and 20 microl load extract volume per disc. nine test microorganisms were used namely, escherichia coli, proteus sp., pseudomonas aeruginosa, shigella dysenteria, salmonella ent ... | 2004 | 15182897 |
| molecular typing and phylogenetic analysis of enteroinvasive escherichia coli using the flic gene sequence. | non-motile enteroinvasive escherichia coli (eiec) is serotyped based only on o antigen polymorphism, since h antigen epitopes, present on the flagellins, cannot be characterised in these bacteria. in this study, we demonstrate the presence of the flagellin-coding flic gene in non-motile eiec strains. moreover, we were able to group the 11 most common non-motile eiec serotypes into six different rflp patterns of the flic gene. amplicons representing each rflp pattern were sequenced. sequencing da ... | 2004 | 15183872 |
| antimicrobial resistance among enteric pathogens. | diarrhea is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in infants and children worldwide. use of antimicrobial therapy in children with bacterial diarrhea involves consideration of advantages and limitations of use of appropriate agents in the general population and in specific hosts. antimicrobial agents for bacterial diarrhea should be prescribed with an appreciation of limitations including antimicrobial resistance. studies from many countries have reported resistance to campylobacter jejuni, c ... | 2004 | 15185189 |
| free shiga toxin bacteriophages isolated from sewage showed diversity although the stx genes appeared conserved. | phages carrying the stx2 gene were detected in a range of sewage samples using a plaque hybridization-based method. after detection, phages were isolated and propagated with a laboratory strain of escherichia coli as host for characterization purposes. although it was not possible to conduct propagation or transduction experiments on most of the phages, 11 reached a sufficiently high titre for studies of host infectivity, electron microscopy and sequencing of the stx2 flanking regions to be perf ... | 2004 | 15186350 |
| identification of escherichia coli o172 o-antigen gene cluster and development of a serogroup-specific pcr assay. | to characterize the locus for o-antigen biosynthesis from escherichia coli o172 type strain and to develop a rapid, specific and sensitive pcr-based method for identification and detection of e. coli o172. | 2004 | 15186455 |
| synthesis and immunochemical characterization of protein conjugates of carbohydrate and carbohydrate-mimetic peptides as experimental vaccines. | the peptides drpvpy and mdwnmhaa, which were identified as mimics of the cell-surface polysaccharides of streptococcus group a and shigella flexneri y, respectively, were used in this study to develop experimental vaccines directed against these two bacteria. both oligopeptides were synthesized employing the fmoc solid-phase strategy and linked via the amino end to a bifunctional linker, diethylsquarate. these adducts were then conjugated to the two carrier proteins, bovine serum albumin (bsa) a ... | 2004 | 15186860 |
| an outbreak of bacillary dysentery caused by quinolone-resistant shigella dysenteriae type 1 in a northeastern state of india. | 2004 | 15190817 | |
| prevalence of the sat, set and sen genes among diverse serotypes of shigella flexneri strains isolated from patients with acute diarrhoea. | new virulence factors associated with the genus shigella have been described recently. these comprise enterotoxins shet-1 and shet-2, encoded by the set and sen genes, respectively, and the secreted autotransporter toxin sat, encoded by the sat gene. the present study aimed to determine the prevalence of genes encoding these toxins among a collection of shigella flexneri clinical isolates belonging to different serotypes. while the set gene was detected only in s. flexneri serotypes 2a and 2b, t ... | 2004 | 15191388 |
| [antibiotic resistance and molecular epidemiology of shigella spp. in northeastern argentina]. | to evaluate the antibiotic resistance of strains of shigella spp. isolated from feces samples from northeastern argentina and to characterize the strains in terms of their molecular epidemiology. | 2004 | 15193176 |
| [study on the molecular mechanism of quinolone resistance in shigellae spp]. | to study the resistance and its mechanism of shigellae spp. to quinolones. | 2004 | 15200940 |
| a study on detecting and identifying enteric pathogens with pcr. | to develop a rapid and definite diagnostic test of bacterial enteritis caused by pathogenic enterobacteria, the most frequent etiologic agent of infectious enteritis in the world. | 2004 | 15202870 |
| attenuated salmonella and shigella as carriers for dna vaccines. | the discovery that genes can be functionally transferred from bacteria to mammalian cells has suggested the possible use of bacterial vectors as gene delivery vehicles for vaccines. attenuated invasive human intestinal bacteria, such as salmonella and shigella, have been used as plasmid dna vaccine carriers and their potency has been evaluated in several animal models. this delivery system allows the administration of dna vaccines together with associated bacterial immunostimulators directly to ... | 2003 | 15203916 |
| regulation of the ysa type iii secretion system of yersinia enterocolitica by ysae/sycb and ysrs/ysrr. | yersinia enterocolitica biovar 1b contains two type iii secretion systems (ttsss), the plasmid-encoded ysc-yop system and the chromosomally encoded ysa-ysp system. proteins secreted from the ysa ttss (ysps) have only been detected in vitro when cells are cultured at 26 degrees c in a high-nacl medium. however, the exact role of the ysa ttss is unclear. thus, investigations into the regulation of this system may help elucidate the role of the ysps during the life cycle of y. enterocolitica. here ... | 2004 | 15205407 |
| multistate shigellosis outbreak and commercially prepared food, united states. | in 2000, shigellosis traced to a commercially prepared dip developed in 406 persons nationwide. an ill employee may have inadvertently contaminated processing equipment. this outbreak demonstrates the vulnerability of the food supply and how infectious organisms can rapidly disseminate through point-source contamination of a widely distributed food item. | 2004 | 15207073 |
| short report: high incidence of shigellosis among peruvian soldiers deployed in the amazon river basin. | we investigated the etiology of acute diarrhea among peruvian military recruits undergoing three months of basic combat training near the amazonian city of iquitos. from january through september 2002, 307 of 967 recruits were seen at the health post for diarrhea (attack rate [ar] = 31.8%, incidence = 1.28 95% confidence interval [ci] = 1.14-1.43] episodes/person-year). shigella spp. were the most common bacterial pathogen recovered from recruits experiencing diarrhea episodes. these bacteria we ... | 2004 | 15211010 |
| enteropathogens associated with cases of gastroenteritis in a rural population in jordan. | stool specimens were collected from 180 patients belonging to a population of recently settled bedouins in jordan who presented with acute or persistent diarrhoea and other symptoms, and from 100 non-diarrhoeal controls. all samples were examined for parasites and bacterial pathogens by culture and pcr. bacterial isolates were tested for their susceptibility to common antimicrobial agents. pathogens and potential enteropathogens were identified from 140 (77.8%) of the patients, with more than on ... | 2004 | 15214876 |
| variation in the shiga toxin region of 20th-century epidemic and endemic shigella dysenteriae 1 strains. | the shiga toxin (stx) region of shigella dysenteriae 1 lies on a defective prophage homologous to lambdoid bacteriophages in stx-producing escherichia coli. s. dysenteriae 1 strains obtained in locations throughout the world over the course of the past 60 years were assessed for variations in the stx region by use of polymerase chain reaction and sequence analysis. the defective prophage was present in all strains examined, suggesting that all s. dysenteriae 1 isolates derive from a clone that r ... | 2004 | 15216469 |
| emergence of nalidixic acid resistance in shigella sonnei isolated from patients having acute diarrheal disease: report from eastern province of saudi arabia. | during the 5 years of the study period (october 1999-october 2003), 110 strains of shigella were isolated from fecal samples of patients having acute diarrheal diseases. shigella sonnei phase 1 was the most prevalent (88/110, 80.0%) serotype. resistance to nalidixic acid was not encountered from 1999-2002. nalidixic acid resistance was observed in 6/13 (46.1%) of the s. sonnei phase 1 strains isolated from april-august 2003. minimum inhibitory concentration to nalidixic acid among these strains ... | 2004 | 15218222 |
| [dysentery in poland in 2002]. | the notified number of dysentery cases was still very low, but a little higher than in 2001. only 220 cases were notified in the year 2002 (incidence 0.58/100,000 population) while 128 cases were notified in 2001 (incidence 0.33/100,000). no one death case was notified. four outbreaks of dysentery were observed: among them one foodborne infection due to s. sonnei involving 109 participants of a summer holiday camp for children from the poor families and one due to s. flexneri 2a involving 16 pat ... | 2004 | 15218646 |
| a review of outbreaks of foodborne disease associated with passenger ships: evidence for risk management. | foodborne disease outbreaks on ships are of concern because of their potentially serious health consequences for passengers and crew and high costs to the industry. the authors conducted a review of outbreaks of foodborne diseases associated with passenger ships in the framework of a world health organization project on setting guidelines for ship sanitation. | 2004 | 15219800 |
| a review of outbreaks of waterborne disease associated with ships: evidence for risk management. | the organization of water supply to and on ships differs considerably from that of water supply on land. risks of contamination can arise from source water at the port or during loading, storage, or distribution on the ship. the purpose of this article is to review documented outbreaks of waterborne diseases associated with passenger, cargo, fishing, and naval ships to identify contributing factors so that similar outbreaks can be prevented in the future. | 2004 | 15219801 |
| lactoferrin disruption of bacterial type iii secretion systems. | many gram-negative bacteria share a closely related mechanism for secretion of virulence proteins. this complex machine, the type iii secretion system, secretes virulence proteins in response to sensing the presence of target mammalian cells. we have found that recombinant human lactoferrin impairs the function of this system in two model organisms: shigella and enteropathogenic e. coli (epec). in the case of shigella, there is loss and degradation of two proteins secreted by the type iii mechan ... | 2004 | 15222474 |
| effect on bovine lactoferrin on the activation of the enteroinvasive bacterial type iii secretion system. | shigella and enteroinvasive escherichia coli (eiec) strains secrete virulence proteins by a complex machinery called the type iii secretion (tts) apparatus. secretion of virulence proteins is a tightly-regulated phenomenon such that the tts system is weakly active when bacteria are grown in common laboratory media. activation of the tts system is triggered by contact with eukaryotic cells, or can be artificially stimulated by the addition of congo red dye to the growth medium. exploiting the abi ... | 2004 | 15222475 |
| recombinant human lactoferrin treatment for global health issues: iron deficiency and acute diarrhea. | iron deficiency and diarrhea are two of the most significant issues for global health. iron deficiency anemia is the most common nutritional deficiency in the world, affecting nearly 25% of the world population (unicef/who 1999). the prevalence of iron deficiency in developing countries is illustrated by comparison with other deficiencies: iron deficiency affects 3.5 billion people, while vitamin a and iodine deficiency affect 0.3 billion people and 0.8 billion people, respectively. the prevalen ... | 2004 | 15222487 |
| in vitro antimicrobial activity of essential oils from aromatic plants against selected foodborne pathogens. | the purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of selected essential oils for the control of growth and survival of pathogenic microorganisms of significant importance in food hygiene and to determine whether the antimicrobial effect was due to the major compounds of the oils. mic and mbc were determined by the tube dilution method. essential oils from thymus vulgaris from spain and france, salvia sclarea, salvia officinalis, salvia lavandulifolia, lavandula latifolia, lavandula angu ... | 2004 | 15222560 |
| the prevalence of yersinia enterocolitica isolates in comparison to those of the commonly encountered enteropathogens causing diarrhoea among ethiopian patients in addis ababa. | this cross-sectional study was designed to determine and describe the prevalence of diarrhoea caused by yersinia enterocolitica isolates in comparison with the commonly encountered diarrhoeagenic salmonella and shigella among all age group out-patients of addis ababa, ethiopia. standardized bacteriological isolation and biochemical test techniques were used. among the stool samples of 205 patients tested for bacteriological cultures, only 3 (1.5%) were positive for yersinia enterocolitica, 22 (1 ... | 2003 | 15227891 |
| mauve: multiple alignment of conserved genomic sequence with rearrangements. | as genomes evolve, they undergo large-scale evolutionary processes that present a challenge to sequence comparison not posed by short sequences. recombination causes frequent genome rearrangements, horizontal transfer introduces new sequences into bacterial chromosomes, and deletions remove segments of the genome. consequently, each genome is a mosaic of unique lineage-specific segments, regions shared with a subset of other genomes and segments conserved among all the genomes under consideratio ... | 2004 | 15231754 |
| biological activity of five antibacterial flavonoids from combretum erythrophyllum (combretaceae). | preliminary studies with combretum erythrophyllum showed antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. seven antibacterial flavonoids were subsequently isolated by bioassay-guided fractionation, i.e. apigenin; genkwanin; 5-hydroxy-7,4'-dimethoxyflavone, rhamnocitrin; kaempferol; quercetin-5,3'-dimethylether; rhamnazin. all compounds had good activity against vibrio cholerae and enterococcus faecalis, with mic values in the range of 25-50 microg/ml. rhamnocitrin and que ... | 2004 | 15234754 |
| prolonged daycare-associated outbreak caused by shigella sonnei--delaware, july 2002-april 2003. | 2004 | 15239384 |