Publications
Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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infectious diarrhea: cellular and molecular mechanisms. | diarrhea caused by enteric infections is a major factor in morbidity and mortality worldwide. an estimated 2-4 billion episodes of infectious diarrhea occur each year and are especially prevalent in infants. this review highlights the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying diarrhea associated with the three classes of infectious agents, i.e., bacteria, viruses and parasites. several bacterial pathogens have been chosen as model organisms, including vibrio cholerae as a classical example of ... | 2010 | 21327112 |
akara ogbomoso: microbiological examination and identification of hazards and critical control points. | akara ogbomoso was examined toward the establishment of hazard analysis and critical control point (haccp). the akara was produced in residential buildings with the attendant consequence of contamination. there was ample growth of aerobes, coliforms, staphylococci, shigella and yeast/mold from the samples, water and cowpea pastes. microbial contaminations occur through the processing, which can be corrected through education by adopting good hygienic and manufacturing practices. the critical con ... | 2010 | 21339157 |
[shigellosis--epidemiological situation in montenegro in period 1996-2005]. | introduction shigellosis is the most common cause of diarrhoea in the world. it is estimated to cause 165 million cases per a year, and two third of all diseases and most of the deaths are among children under 10 years of age. the aim of this descriptive epidemiologic study was to analyze the incidence of shigellosis in montenegro during the period 1996-2005 and to find out which species of shigella were dominant in this region. | 2010 | 21446148 |
evaluation of antibacterial activity of 3-butenyl, 4-pentenyl, 2-phenylethyl, and benzyl isothiocyanate in brassica vegetables. | this study investigated antibacterial activities of 4 isothiocyanates (3-butenyl, 4-phentenyl, 2-phenylethyl, and benzyl isothiocyanate) against 4 gram-positive bacteria (bacillus cereus, bacillus subtilis, listeria monocytogenes, and staphylococcus aureus) and 7 gram-negative bacteria (aeromonas hydrophila, pseudomonas aeruginosa, salmonella choleaesuis, salmonella enterica, serratia marcescens, shigella sonnei, and vibrio parahaemolyticus) by an agar disc diffusion assay. benzyl isothiocyanate ... | 2010 | 21535549 |
osmosonication of blackberry juice: impact on selected pathogens, spoilage microorganisms, and main quality parameters. | osmosonication combines ultrasound with nonthermal concentration. it was applied on tropical highland blackberry (rubus adenotrichus) juice over different periods of time to assess reductions in microorganism and the impact on main quality parameters. this juice had been inoculated with salmonella spp., shigella sp., a lactic acid bacterium, yeasts, and molds. it was then sonicated for 5.9 to 34.1 min at 20 khz and 0.83 w/ml. nonthermal concentration was simulated by mixing the juice with a conc ... | 2010 | 21535558 |
lactobacillus fermentum isolated from human colonic mucosal biopsy inhibits the growth and adhesion of enteric and foodborne pathogens. | a number of lactobacillus species are used as probiotic strains in order to benefit health. we have isolated l. fermentum from human colonic mucosal biopsy samples that possess antimicrobial activities against entroinvasive and foodborne pathogens such as escherichia coli, salmonella paratyphi a, shigella sonnei, staphylococcus aureus, enterococcus faecalis, proteus mirabilis, pseudomonas aeruginosa, and vibrio sp. in addition to lactic acid, l. fermentum secretes antimicrobial proteinacious com ... | 2010 | 21535608 |
effect of nacl on the biofilm formation by foodborne pathogens. | this study was designed to evaluate the effect of nacl on the biofilm formation of listeria monocytogenes, staphylococcus aureus, shigella boydii, and salmonella typhimurium. the biofilm cells were cultured in media containing different nacl concentrations (0% to 10%) for 10 d of incubation at 37 °c using a 24-well polystyrene microtiter plate, collected by swabbing methods, and enumerated using plate count method. the attachment and detachment kinetic patterns were estimated according to the mo ... | 2010 | 21535614 |
enterobacteriaceae associated with eggs of podocnemis expansa and podocnemis unifilis (testudines:chelonia) in nonpolluted sites of national park of araguaia plains, brazil. | fertile eggs of podocnemis expansa and podocnemis unifilis were investigated for the presence of enterobacteria, as these two endangered species have the potential for conservation measures that include egg transfer. knowledge of normal microflora associated with turtles and turtle eggs would help effectively manage the transfer of these eggs among institutions. thirty eggs of each species were collected, aseptically transferred, cracked inside plastic bags containing tetrathionate broth, and sp ... | 2010 | 21370647 |
ribonucleases and bacterial virulence. | bacterial stress responses provide them the opportunity to survive hostile environments, proliferate and potentially cause diseases in humans and animals. the way in which pathogenic bacteria interact with host immune cells triggers a complicated series of events that include rapid genetic re-programming in response to the various host conditions encountered. viewed in this light, the bacterial host-cell induced stress response (hcisr) is similar to any other well-characterized environmental str ... | 2010 | 21375713 |
travelers' diarrhea in nepal: an update on the pathogens and antibiotic resistance. | diarrhea is the most common illness among travelers and expatriates in nepal. published data on the etiology of travelers' diarrhea (td) in nepal are over 13 years old and no prior data exist on antibiotic susceptibility for currently used drugs. we investigated the etiology of diarrhea and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacterial pathogens and compared the results to previous work from the same clinical setting. | 2010 | 21366793 |
ceftriaxone resistant shigella flexneri, an emerging problem. | shigellosis is a disease of public health importance in developing countries. it may cause self-limited diarrhea to severe dysentery. emergence of multi drug resistant (mdr) strains is a growing concern globally. ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin are the drugs of choice for mdr cases. here, we report a case of mdr shigella flexneri from an immunocompromised patient. the strain was resistant to ceftriaxone [minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) ≥ 64 μg/ml], limiting the treatment option. simultaneou ... | 2010 | 21258157 |
sensitivity and specificity of bloody diarrhea in shigella gastroenteritis. | the sensitivity and specificity of bloody diarrhea in the diagnosis of shigella gastroenteritis in a shigella sonnei prevalent center was investigated. the shigella-proven gastroenteritis cases who were admitted to hacettepe university ihsan doğramaci children's hospital diarrheal diseases unit (jan 2003 - oct 2006) constituted the study group (n=65). age- and sex-matched children admitting to the same center with non-shigella diarrhea constituted the control group (n=65). the sensitivity, speci ... | 2010 | 21434533 |
the modulation of hela cells secretory patterns by invasive shigella spp. and enteroinvasive e. coli bacterial cells and their soluble components. | considering the important role of cytokines in the initiation and evolution of the inflammatory process induced by shigella and eiec strains, the purpose of this study was the characterization of the secretory patterns of hela cells induced by shigella ssp. and eiec strains and to link the obtained results with the invasiveness level of bacterial strains on this cellular line. during this study there were analyzed two eiec strains and 12 strains of the following shigella species: 2 sh. flexneri ... | 2010 | 21434590 |
shiga toxin is transported into the nucleoli of intestinal epithelial cells via a carrier-dependent process. | shiga toxin (stx) produced by the invasive shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 (s. dysenteriae1) causes gastrointestinal and kidney complications. it has been assumed that stx is released intracellularly after enterocyte invasion by s. dysenteriae1. however, there is little information about stx distribution inside s. dysenteriae1-infected enterocytes. here, we use intestinal epithelial t84 cells to characterize the trafficking of stx delivered into the cytosol, in ways that mimic aspects of s. dyse ... | 2010 | 22069640 |
shiga toxins: intracellular trafficking to the er leading to activation of host cell stress responses. | despite efforts to improve hygenic conditions and regulate food and drinking water safety, the enteric pathogens, shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) and shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 remain major public health concerns due to widespread outbreaks and the severity of extra-intestinal diseases they cause, including acute renal failure and central nervous system complications. shiga toxins are the key virulence factors expressed by these pathogens mediating extra-intestinal disease. de ... | 2010 | 22069648 |
serine protease autotransporters of enterobacteriaceae (spates): biogenesis and function. | serine protease autotransporters of enterobacteriaceae (spates) constitute a large family of proteases secreted by escherichia coli and shigella. spates exhibit two distinct proteolytic activities. first, a c-terminal catalytic site triggers an intra-molecular cleavage that releases the n-terminal portion of these proteins in the extracellular medium. second, the secreted n-terminal domains of spates are themselves proteases; each contains a canonical serine-protease catalytic site. some of thes ... | 2010 | 22069633 |
[the evolution of the etiological structure of shigellosis]. | 2010 | 20734730 | |
plasmon-induced inactivation of enteric pathogenic microorganisms with ag-agi/al2o3 under visible-light irradiation. | the plasmon-induced photocatalytic inactivation of enteric pathogenic microorganisms in water using ag-agi/al(2)o(3) under visible-light irradiation was investigated. the catalyst was found to be highly effective at killing shigella dysenteriae (s. dysenteriae), escherichia coli (e. coli), and human rotavirus type 2 wa (hrv-wa). its bactericidal efficiency was significantly enhanced by hco(3)(-) and so(4)(2-) ions, which are common in water, while phosphate had a slightly positive effect on the ... | 2010 | 20734989 |
detection of airborne bacteria in a german turkey house by cultivation-based and molecular methods. | today's large-scale poultry production with densely stocked and enclosed production buildings is often accompanied by very high concentrations of airborne microorganisms leading to a clear health hazard for employees working in such environments. depending on the expected exposure to microorganisms, work has to be performed under occupational safety conditions. in this study, turkey houses bioaerosols were investigated by cultivation-based and molecular methods in parallel to determine the conce ... | 2010 | 20720091 |
uncivil engineers: chlamydia, salmonella and shigella alter cytoskeleton architecture to invade epithelial cells. | the obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen chlamydia trachomatis is a major cause of blindness and sexually transmitted diseases. like the enteric pathogens salmonella and shigella, chlamydia injects effector proteins into epithelial cells to initiate extensive remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton at the bacterial attachment site, which culminates in the engulfment of the bacterium by plasma membrane extensions. numerous salmonella and shigella effectors promote this remodeling by activating ... | 2010 | 20722600 |
serum neopterin is elevated in patients infected with shigella. | abstract: | 2010 | 20727206 |
lactoferrin increases both resistance to salmonella typhimurium infection and the production of antibodies in mice. | lactoferrin (lf) is a multifunctional iron-binding glycoprotein with antibacterial and immunomodulatory activities. the antibacterial influence of orally administered bovine lf (blf) against murine infection caused by salmonella typhimurium (s. typhimurium) has scarcely been explored. in the current study, balb/c mice were treated orally for 7 days with either 5 or 100mg of bovine lactoferrin (blf). on day 7 of treatment, mice were intragastrically infected with a lethal or sublethal dose of col ... | 2010 | 20727369 |
medicinal potions used against infectious bowel diseases in mayan traditional medicine. | since one of the main health problems of the indigenous population are infectious bowel diseases, we decided to test mayan medicinal potions used to treat these conditions against some of the causal agents. | 2010 | 20728517 |
[dysentery and amoebiasis in poland in 2008]. | the number as well as incidence rate of notified as shigellosis, bacillary dysentery cases in xxi century are every year lower. only 33 cases were notified in the year 2008 (incidence rate 0.09/100 000 population), while the 64 cases were notified in 2007 (incidence rate 0.17/100 000), but 35 (incidence rate 0.09) were notified in 2006 and median in the 2002-2006 years was 75 cases, incidence rate 0.2/100 000 population. since 2000 no one-death case was notified. several imported cases were noti ... | 2010 | 20731222 |
pad4 is essential for antibacterial innate immunity mediated by neutrophil extracellular traps. | neutrophils trap and kill bacteria by forming highly decondensed chromatin structures, termed neutrophil extracellular traps (nets). we previously reported that histone hypercitrullination catalyzed by peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (pad4) correlates with chromatin decondensation during net formation. however, the role of pad4 in net-mediated bacterial trapping and killing has not been tested. here, we use pad4 knockout mice to show that pad4 is essential for net-mediated antibacterial function. u ... | 2010 | 20733033 |
mutagenesis and chemical cross-linking suggest that wzz dimer stability and oligomerization affect lipopolysaccharide o-antigen modal chain length control. | in shigella flexneri, the polysaccharide copolymerase (pcp) protein wzz(sf) confers a modal length of 10 to 17 repeat units (rus) to the o-antigen (oag) component of lipopolysaccharide (lps). pcps form oligomeric structures believed to be related to their function. to identify functionally important regions within wzz(sf), random in-frame linker mutagenesis was used to create mutants with 5-amino-acid insertions (termed wzz(i) proteins), and dna sequencing was used to locate the insertions. anal ... | 2010 | 20453100 |
carbon metabolism of intracellular bacterial pathogens and possible links to virulence. | new technologies such as high-throughput methods and 13c-isotopologue-profiling analysis are beginning to provide us with insight into the in vivo metabolism of microorganisms, especially in the host cell compartments that are colonized by intracellular bacterial pathogens. in this review, we discuss the recent progress made in determining the major carbon sources and metabolic pathways used by model intracellular bacterial pathogens that replicate either in the cytosol or in vacuoles of infecte ... | 2010 | 20453875 |
acid stress response in enteropathogenic gammaproteobacteria: an aptitude for survival. | enteric bacteria such as escherichia coli have acquired a wide array of acid stress response systems to counteract the extreme acidity encountered when invading the host's digestive or urinary tracts. these acid stress response systems are both enzyme and chaperone based. the 3 main enzyme-based acid resistance pathways are glutamate-, arginine-, and lysine-decarboxylase pathways. they are under a complex regulatory network allowing the bacteria to fine tune its response to the external environm ... | 2010 | 20453931 |
antioxidant, antibacterial and antigiardial activities of walsura robusta roxb. | walsura robusta roxb. (family: meliaceae) is a well-known multi-purpose medicinal plant, and has been employed for a wide range of disease conditions without documented scientific data. in the current study, four pure isolated compounds, 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl beta-d-glucopyranoside (1), turpinionoside a (2), (+)-lyoniresinol 3alpha-o-beta-d-glucopyranoside (3) and (-)-lyoniresinol 3alpha-o-beta-d-glucopyranoside (4), were isolated from the leaves and twigs of w. robusta. biological evaluation f ... | 2010 | 20461627 |
structures of the o-antigens of escherichia coli o13, o129, and o135 related to the o-antigens of shigella flexneri. | o-polysaccharides (o-antigens) were isolated from escherichia coli o13, o129, and o135 and studied by chemical analyses along with 2d (1)h and (13)c nmr spectroscopy. they were found to possess a common -->2)-l-rha-(alpha1-->2)-l-rha-(alpha1-->3)-l-rha-(alpha1-->3)-d-glcnac-(beta1--> backbone, which is a characteristic structural motif of the o-polysaccharides of shigella flexneri types 1-5. in both the bacterial species, the backbone is decorated with lateral glucose residues or/and o-acetyl gr ... | 2010 | 20546712 |
agap2 regulates retrograde transport between early endosomes and the tgn. | the retrograde transport route links early endosomes and the tgn. several endogenous and exogenous cargo proteins use this pathway, one of which is the well-explored bacterial shiga toxin. adp-ribosylation factors (arfs) are approximately 20 kda gtp-binding proteins that are required for protein traffic at the level of the golgi complex and early endosomes. in this study, we expressed mutants and protein fragments that bind to arf-gtp to show that arf1, but not arf6 is required for transport of ... | 2010 | 20551179 |
host factors required for modulation of phagosome biogenesis and proliferation of francisella tularensis within the cytosol. | francisella tularensis is a highly infectious facultative intracellular bacterium that can be transmitted between mammals by arthropod vectors. similar to many other intracellular bacteria that replicate within the cytosol, such as listeria, shigella, burkholderia, and rickettsia, the virulence of f. tularensis depends on its ability to modulate biogenesis of its phagosome and to escape into the host cell cytosol where it proliferates. recent studies have identified the f. tularensis genes requi ... | 2010 | 20552012 |
generation of chitin-derived oligosaccharides toxic to pathogenic bacteria using chia74, an endochitinase native to bacillus thuringiensis. | to demonstrate that an endochitinase (chia74) native to bacillus thuringiensis can be used to generate chitin-derived oligosaccharides (ogs) with antibacterial activity against a number of aetiological agents of disease, including bacteria that cause diarrhoeal and emetic syndromes in humans. | 2010 | 20557451 |
development of a serogroup-specific multiplex pcr assay to detect a set of escherichia coli serogroups based on the identification of their o-antigen gene clusters. | the escherichia coli serogroups o115, o126, o137, o158, o165, and o173 are pathogenic strains associated with diarrhea. molecular approaches such as pcr have been proven to be rapid, inexpensive, and accurate. the sequences of the o-antigen-processing genes wzx and wzy are specific for different o antigens and are generally used as the target genes for the detection and identification of e. coli strains belonging to different o serogroups. in this report, the o-antigen gene clusters of these 6 o ... | 2010 | 20561581 |
frequency and antimicrobial susceptibility of shigella species isolated in children medical center hospital, tehran, iran, 2001-2006. | appropriate antimicrobial treatment of shigellosis depends on identifying its changing resistance pattern over time. we evaluated 15,255 stool culture submitted from july 2001 to june 2006 to the laboratory of children medical center hospital. specimen culture, bacterial identification, and disk diffusion susceptibility testing were performed according to national committee for clinical laboratory standards guidelines. from 15,255 stool samples, 682 (4.5%) were positive for shigella species. the ... | 2010 | 20563441 |
comparison of chromogenic biolog rainbow agar shigella/aeromonas with xylose lysine desoxycholate agar for isolation and detection of shigella spp. from foods. | shigella outbreaks are widely reported throughout the world. however, it remains a challenge to isolate shigella spp. from foods by using conventional microbiological media. the main objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a novel chromogenic medium, rainbow agar shigella/aeromonas (rainbow agar), for the isolation and detection of shigella spp. in foods. all four shigella species, s. sonnei, s. flexneri, s. dysenteriae, and s. boydii, were studied. rainbow agar was compare ... | 2010 | 20819355 |
cytoskeleton-modulating effectors of enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli: a case for espb as an intrinsically less-ordered effector. | enterohemorrhagic and enteropathogenic escherichia coli produce various effector proteins that are directly injected into the host-cell cytosol through the type iii secretion system. e. coli secreted protein (esp)b is one such effector protein, and affects host-cell morphology by reorganizing actin networks. unlike most globular proteins that have well-ordered, rigid structures, the structures of type iii secretion system effectors from pathogenic gram-negative bacteria, including espb, are ofte ... | 2010 | 20477867 |
sensitization of microcin j25-resistant strains by a membrane-permeabilizing peptide. | microcin j25 (mccj25) is a plasmid-encoded, 21-amino-acid, antibacterial peptide produced by escherichia coli. mccj25 inhibits rna polymerase and the membrane respiratory chain. mccj25 uptake into e. coli-sensitive strains is mediated by the outer membrane receptor fhua and the inner membrane proteins tonb, exbb, exbd, and sbma. this peptide is active on some e. coli, salmonella, and shigella species strains, while other gram-negative bacteria, such as clinical isolates of enterobacter cloacae, ... | 2010 | 20802073 |
an outbreak of shigellosis due to shigella flexneri serotype 3a in a prison in iran. | on june 16 and 17, 2007, the medical clinic of a prison in isfahan, iran received multiple reports of gastrointestinal illness among prisoners. a cross-sectional study was therefore undertaken to determine the extent, causative agent and possible source of the outbreak. | 2010 | 20804308 |
enhancement of reactive oxygen species production and chlamydial infection by the mitochondrial nod-like family member nlrx1. | chlamydia trachomatis infections cause severe and irreversible damage that can lead to infertility and blindness in both males and females. following infection of epithelial cells, chlamydia induces production of reactive oxygen species (ros). unconventionally, chlamydiae use ros to their advantage by activating caspase-1, which contributes to chlamydial growth. nlrx1, a member of the nod-like receptor family that translocates to the mitochondria, can augment ros production from the mitochondria ... | 2010 | 20959452 |
prominent human health impacts from several marine microbes: history, ecology, and public health implications. | this paper overviews several examples of important public health impacts by marine microbes and directs readers to the extensive literature germane to these maladies. these examples include three types of dinoflagellates (gambierdiscus spp., karenia brevis, and alexandrium fundyense), bmaa-producing cyanobacteria, and infectious microbes. the dinoflagellates are responsible for ciguatera fish poisoning, neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, and paralytic shellfish poisoning, respectively, that have pl ... | 2010 | 20976073 |
ikkα contributes to canonical nf-κb activation downstream of nod1-mediated peptidoglycan recognition. | during pathogen infection, innate immunity is initiated via the recognition of microbial products by pattern recognition receptors and the subsequent activation of transcription factors that upregulate proinflammatory genes. by controlling the expression of cytokines, chemokines, anti-bacterial peptides and adhesion molecules, the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa b (nf-κb) has a central function in this process. in a typical model of nf-κb activation, the recognition of pathogen associa ... | 2010 | 20976174 |
atypical class 1 integron coexists with class 1 and class 2 integrons in multi-drug resistant shigella flexneri isolates from china. | the antimicrobial resistance and the character of integrons were determined in 58 shigella flexneri strains isolated from china. all isolates were multi-drug resistant and found to carry integrons of class 1 (94.8%), class 2 (100%), or both (94.8%). no inti3 was detected. the typical class 1 integrons were found in conjugative plasmids and could be transferred to the recipient e. coli dh5α. the gene cassettes of typical class 1 integrons dfra17-aada5 and dfra12-orff-aada2 were detected in 54 str ... | 2010 | 20976456 |
[susceptibility surveillance of clinical isolates to fluoroquinolone antimicrobial agents from 2003 to 2008: post-marketing study of prulifloxacin]. | yearly changes in the susceptibility of clinical isolates to ulifloxacin (ufx) and other fluoroquinolones were examined through surveys over 3 periods. in the first survey, 534 strains derived from 19 species were collected from clinical specimens during 6 months from december 2003 to may 2004. in the same way, 805 strains were collected from december 2005 to may 2006 in the second survey, and 863 strains were from december 2007 to may 2008 in the third survey. over these 3 study periods, the su ... | 2010 | 20976880 |
incidence and antimicrobial resistance of enteropathogens isolated from an integrated aquaculture system. | to evaluate an integrated aquaculture system, microbiological analyses of water used in this system were carried out and the incidence and antimicrobial resistance of enteropathogens were determined in the related ecosystem. | 2010 | 21029138 |
decrease in shigellosis-related deaths without shigella spp.-specific interventions, asia. | in 1999, a review of the literature for 1966-1997 suggested that ≈1.1 million persons die annually of shigellosis, including ≈880,000 in asia. our recent review of the literature for 1990-2009 indicates that ≈125 million shigellosis cases occur annually in asia, of which ≈14,000 are fatal. this estimate for illnesses is similar to the earlier estimate, but the number of deaths is 98% lower; that is, the lower estimate of deaths is associated with markedly reduced case-fatality rates rather than ... | 2010 | 21029529 |
shigella spp. antimicrobial drug resistance, papua new guinea, 2000-2009. | 2010 | 21029550 | |
effects of backbone substitutions on the conformational behavior of shigella flexneri o-antigens: implications for vaccine strategy. | the o-antigen (o-ag), the polysaccharide part of the lipopolysaccharide, is the major target of the serotype-specific protective humoral response elicited upon host infection by shigella flexneri, the main causal agent of the endemic form of bacillary dysentery. the o-ag repeat units (rus) of 12 s. flexneri serotypes share the tetrasaccharide backbone →2)-α-l-rhap-(1 → 2)-α-l-rhap-(1 → 3)-α-l-rhap-(1 → 3)-β-d-glcpnac-(1→, with site-selective glucosylation(s) and/or o-acetylation defining the ser ... | 2010 | 21030536 |
genetic characterization of atypical shigella flexneri isolated in korea. | three types of serotypically atypical shigella flexneri strains were isolated from 2007 to 2008 in patients at the korea national institute of health (nih). these strains were characterized and compared with serologically typical s.flexneri. one type of strain either displayed nonreacting typing or grouping sera, reacting strongly only with polyb antisera, which indicates this strain is s. flexneri (polyb:un). the second type displayed reactions with one of the typing sera (iv) and did not bind ... | 2010 | 21030833 |
plasmid-encoded multidrug resistance: a case study of salmonella and shigella from enteric diarrhea sources among humans. | salmonellosis and shigellosis are significant and persistent causes of diarrheal diseases among humans in developing countries. with that in mind, the current study investigates the occurrence of plasmid-encoded multidrug resistances in salmonella and shigella from diarrheal cases among humans. the isolates were characterized by serotyping, antimicrobial-susceptibility testing, transfer experiments and curing. the extended spectrum β-lactamase (esbl) was detected by the double disc diffusion syn ... | 2010 | 21031258 |
[secondary structure of ssoii-like (cytosine-5)-dna methyltransferases n-terminal region determined by circular dichroism spectroscopy]. | (cytosine-5)-dna methyltransferase ssoii (m.ssoii) has a long n-terminal region (1-71 residues) preceding the sequence with conservative motifs, which are characteristic for all dna methyltransferases of such kind. the presence of this region provides m.ssoii capability to act as a transcription regulator in ssoii restriction-modification system. to perform its regulatory function, m.ssoii binds specifically to a 15-mer inverted repeat in the promoter region of ssoii restriction-modification sys ... | 2010 | 21090246 |
enteropathogenic e. coli non-lee encoded effectors nleh1 and nleh2 attenuate nf-κb activation. | enteric bacterial pathogens have evolved sophisticated strategies to evade host immune defences. some pathogens deliver anti-inflammatory effector molecules into the host cell cytoplasm via a type iii secretion system (t3ss). enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec) inhibits inflammation by an undefined, t3ss-dependent mechanism. two proteins encoded outside of the epec locus of enterocyte effacement (lee) pathogenicity island, non-lee-encoded effector h1 (nleh1) and h2 (nleh2), display sequence ... | 2010 | 21091507 |
cell-cell propagation of nf-κb transcription factor and map kinase activation amplifies innate immunity against bacterial infection. | the enteroinvasive bacterium shigella flexneri uses multiple secreted effector proteins to downregulate interleukin-8 (il-8) expression in infected epithelial cells. yet, massive il-8 secretion is observed in shigellosis. here we report a host mechanism of cell-cell communication that circumvents the effector proteins and strongly amplifies il-8 expression during bacterial infection. by monitoring proinflammatory signals at the single-cell level, we found that the activation of the transcription ... | 2010 | 21093316 |
isolation and characterization of shigella flexneri g3, capable of effective cellulosic saccharification under mesophilic conditions. | a novel shigella strain (shigella flexneri g3) showing high cellulolytic activity under mesophilic, anaerobic conditions was isolated and characterized. the bacterium is gram negative, short rod shaped, and nonmotile and displays effective production of glucose, cellobiose, and other oligosaccharides from cellulose (avicel ph-101) under optimal conditions (40°c and ph 6.5). approximately 75% of the cellulose was hydrolyzed in modified atcc 1191 medium containing 0.3% cellulose, and the oligosacc ... | 2010 | 21097577 |
development of a quantitative rt-pcr assay to examine the kinetics of ribosome depurination by ribosome inactivating proteins using saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model. | ricin produced by the castor bean plant and shiga toxins produced by pathogenic escherichia coli (stec) and shigella dysenteriae are type ii ribosome inactivating proteins (rips), containing an enzymatically active a subunit that inhibits protein synthesis by removing an adenine from the α-sarcin/ricin loop (srl) of the 28s rrna. there are currently no known antidotes to shiga toxin or ricin, and the ability to screen large chemical libraries for inhibitors has been hindered by lack of quantitat ... | 2010 | 21098653 |
thrombotic microangiopathies: thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura / hemolytic uremic syndrome. | thrombotic microangiopathies (tmas) are pathological conditions characterized by generalized microvascular occlusion by platelet thrombi, thrombocytopenia, and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia. two typical phenotypes of tmas are hemolytic- uremic syndrome (hus) and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (ttp). other disorders occasionally present with similar manifestations. depending on whether renal or brain lesions prevail, two pathologically indistinguishable but somehow clinically different d ... | 2010 | 21103695 |
environmental contamination of hokersar wetland waters in kashmir himalayan valley, india. | this paper investigates the environmental contamination of himalayan wetland ecosystem (hokersar, kashmir) by analyzing the distribution and loading of bacterial population in waters. seven locations representing heterogeneous spatial habitat zonation of the wetland were studied. site-specific variability in bacterial load was markedly discernible at doodhganga inlet and zainakoot locations, with maximum values in the range of 242-276/100 ml against soziath, an outlet, with minimum value of 157- ... | 2010 | 21114125 |
predation of human pathogens by the predatory bacteria micavibrio aeruginosavorus and bdellovibrio bacteriovorus. | the focus of this study was to evaluate the potential use of the predatory bacteria bdellovibrio bacteriovorus and micavibrio aeruginosavorus to control the pathogens associated with human infection. | 2010 | 21114596 |
laboratory detection of extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing enterobacteriaceae: evaluation of two screening agar plates and two confirmation techniques. | the worldwide prevalence of extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing esbl-producing enterobacteriaceae (esbl-e) is increasing, making the need for optimized detection techniques more urgent. in this study we investigated the performance of two esbl-e screening and two esbl-e confirmation techniques. in accordance with the dutch national guidelines (www.wip.nl), a collection of 642 highly resistant enterobacteriaceae strains, as identified by vitek2, was used to test the performances of two scr ... | 2010 | 21123527 |
conformational changes in ipad from shigella flexneri upon binding bile salts provide insight into the second step of type iii secretion. | shigella flexneri uses its type iii secretion apparatus (ttsa) to inject host-altering proteins into targeted eukaryotic cells. the ttsa is composed of a basal body and an exposed needle with invasion plasmid antigen d (ipad) forming a tip complex that controls secretion. the bile salt deoxycholate (doc) stimulates recruitment of the translocator protein ipab into the maturing ttsa needle tip complex. this process appears to be triggered by a direct interaction between doc and ipad. fluorescence ... | 2010 | 21126091 |
lactobacillus plantarum lipoteichoic acid down-regulated shigella flexneri peptidoglycan-induced inflammation. | bacterial peptidoglycans (pgns) are recognized by the host's innate immune system. this process is mediated by the nod/card family of proteins, which induces inflammation by activating nuclear factor (nf)-κb. excessive activation of monocytes by shigella flexneri pgn (flexpgn) leads to serious inflammatory diseases such as intestinal bowel diseases (ibd) and crohn's disease. in this study, we examined whether lactobacillus plantarum lipoteichoic acid (plta) could attenuate the pro-inflammatory s ... | 2010 | 21129777 |
prevalence and characterization of human shigella infections in henan province, china, in 2006. | in 2006, 3,531 fecal samples were collected from patients with diarrhea in henan province, china. a total of 467 (13.2%) shigella strains were isolated and serotyped. seventy-one shigella flexneri strains were characterized by mic determination, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge), and detection of genes encoding cephalosporin resistance. most infections were caused by s. flexneri variant x [iv:(7),8] (27.6%), s. sonnei (24.2%), and s. flexneri 2a (20.8%). however, large regional differences ... | 2010 | 21068291 |
the host outer membrane proteins ompa and ompc are associated with the shigella phage sf6 virion. | assembly of dsdna bacteriophage is a precisely programmed process. potential roles of host cell components in phage assembly haven't been well understood. it was previously reported that two unidentified proteins were present in bacteriophage sf6 virion (casjens et al, 2004, j.mol.biol. 339, 379-394, fig. 2a). using tandem mass spectrometry, we have identified the two proteins as outer membrane proteins (omps) ompa and ompc from its host shigella flexneri. the transmission electron cryo-microsco ... | 2010 | 21071053 |
anaerobic environment of the intestine primes pathogenic shigella for infection. | marteyn et al. have investigated the role of oxygen and the regulator fnr in infection by the intracellular enteric pathogen shigella flexneri. fnr is active under anaerobic conditions like those present in the lumen of the distal intestine. fnr causes elongation of a secretion apparatus required for bacterial entry into cells and represses secretion of proteins that trigger entry. higher oxygen levels present at the intestinal cell surface are sufficient to inactivate fnr, thereby derepressing ... | 2010 | 21073287 |
the structure of the escherichia coli o148 lipopolysaccharide core region and its linkage to the o-specific polysaccharide. | recently it was demonstrated that shigella dysenteriae type 1, a cause of severe dysentery epidemics, gained its o-specific polysaccharide (o-sp) from escherichia coli o148. the o-sps of these bacteria differ only by a galactose residue in the repeat unit of s. dysenteriae type 1 in place of a glucose residue in e. coli o148. herein, we analyzed the core structure and its linkage to the o-sp in e. coli o148 lps. both were found to be identical to those of s. dysenteriae type 1 structures, furthe ... | 2010 | 21074753 |
shigella flexneri spa15 crystal structure verified in solution by double electron electron resonance. | shigella flexneri spa15 is a chaperone of the type 3 secretion system, which binds a number of effectors to ensure their stabilization prior to secretion. one of these effectors is ipgb1, a mimic of the human ras-like rho guanosine triphosphatase rhog. in this study, spa15 alone and in complex with ipgb1 has been studied by double electron electron resonance, an experiment that gives distance information showing the spacial separation of attached spin labels. this distance is explained by determ ... | 2010 | 21075116 |
caging targets for destruction. | intracellular bacterial pathogens engage in a tug-of-war with innate host defenses. in this issue of cell host & microbe, mostowy et al. (2010) identify a role for the septin family of cytoskeletal proteins in targeting intracellular shigella to the autophagy pathway. | 2010 | 21075349 |
entrapment of intracytosolic bacteria by septin cage-like structures. | actin-based motility is used by various pathogens for dissemination within and between cells. yet host factors restricting this process have not been identified. septins are gtp-binding proteins that assemble as filaments and are essential for cell division. however, their role during interphase has remained elusive. here, we report that septin assemblies are recruited to different bacteria that polymerize actin. we observed that intracytosolic shigella either become compartmentalized in septin ... | 2010 | 21075354 |
microbiological quality of blue mussels (mytilus edulis) in nunavik, quebec: a pilot study. | this pilot study was aimed at documenting the presence of fecal indicators and enteric pathogens in blue mussels (mytilus edulis) from 6 communities in nunavik, quebec. one to four 2 kg samples of mussels were collected at low tide in each community. samples were investigated by enumeration methods for the fecal indicators enterococci, escherichia coli, f-specific coliphages, clostridium perfringens, and by molecular identification for the pathogens norovirus, salmonella spp., campylobacter jeju ... | 2010 | 21076488 |
extended-spectrum ß-lactamase production in shigella flexneri. | emergence of multidrug-resistant strains of shigella is a growing concern across the globe. third-generation cephalosporins are used for treating infections caused by multidrug-resistant shigellae. however, resistance to these cephalosporin antibiotics due to extended-spectrum ß-lactamases, has emerged as a new problem. so far extended-spectrum ß-lactamases producing shigella has not been reported from pakistan. we report such a case in shigella flexneri from an 8-year old girl with acute dysent ... | 2010 | 21078255 |
assessment of the underestimation of childhood diarrhoeal disease burden in israel. | summarywe determined the extent by which mandatory reporting on isolates of shigella and salmonella underestimates the burden of diarrhoeal diseases in individuals aged <17 years in israel and examined paediatricians' knowledge, attitudes and practices related to patient visits with diarrhoeal diseases. sources of data were a nationwide population-based telephone survey for presence of diarrhoeal diseases, maccabi healthcare services databases and a mail survey among its paediatricians. monte ca ... | 2010 | 21087537 |
[rapid detection of shigella dysenteriae by pcr assay]. | based on the invasive plasmid antigen h gene (ipah) of s. dysenteriae, one pair of specific primers was designed for pcr assays in this study. the concentrations of dntp, mg2+ and primer, dosage of taq dna polymerase, annealing temperature and circulating parameter in the pcr amplification system were optimized. in this way, a rapid and stable method of pcr assay for the detection of s. dysenteriae was established. the specificity and sensitivity of pcr were also analyzed. the detection limits o ... | 2010 | 21033439 |
counting bacteria on a microfluidic chip. | this paper reports a lab-on-a-chip device that counts the number of bacteria flowing through a microchannel. the bacteria number counting is realized by a microfluidic differential resistive pulse sensor (rps). by using a single microfluidic channel with two detecting arm channels placed at the two ends of the sensing section, the microfluidic differential rps can achieve a high signal-to-noise ratio. this method is applied to detect and count bacteria in aqueous solution. the detected rps signa ... | 2010 | 21035606 |
case-control study of diarrheal disease etiology in a remote rural area in western thailand. | the objective was to assess the association of enteric pathogens in diarrheal disease in a remote rural area in thailand. stool specimens were collected from 236 children aged 3 months to 5 years with acute diarrhea (cases) and from 236 asymptomatic controls. standard microbiologic methods, and enzyme immunoassay for viral pathogens, giardia, and cryptosporidium, were used to identify enteric pathogens with susceptibility testing by disk diffusion. campylobacter, plesiomonas, salmonella, and ent ... | 2010 | 21036846 |
[viable non-culturable bacteria]. | viable but non-culturable cells (vbnc) are defined as live bacteria, but which do not either grow or divide. such bacteria cannot be cultivated on conventional media (they do not form colonies on solid media, they do not change broth appearance), but their existence can be proved using other methods. the switch to the vbnc stage has been described and documented for several bacterial species: vibrio spp. (cholerae, vulnificus and other species), escherichia coli (including ehec), campylobacter j ... | 2010 | 21038700 |
laboratory based surveillance of travel-related shigella sonnei and shigella flexneri in alberta from 2002 to 2007. | abstract: between 2002 and 2007, travel related cases of shigella sonnei and s. flexneri in alberta, canada were acquired from central america, the indian subcontinent and north america. of this group, resistance to ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid was identified in isolates from patients who had travelled to the indian subcontinent. this study provides a canadian perspective to a growing body of literature linking ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid resistance to travel to the indian subcontinent. ... | 2010 | 21040566 |
safety, dose, immunogenicity, and transmissibility of an oral live attenuated shigella flexneri 2a vaccine candidate (sc602) among healthy adults and school children in matlab, bangladesh. | in double-blind trials in bangladesh, 88 adults, and 79 children (8-10 years) were randomized to receive either a single oral dose of 1 × 10(4), 1 × 10(5) or 1 × 10(6)cfu of sc602 (a live, attenuated shigella flexneri 2a strain vaccine) or placebo. in the adult outpatient 1 × 10(6) cfu group, severe joint pain and body aches were reported by one and two vaccinees respectively. in the adult inpatient trial, sc602 was isolated from 3 volunteers, pre-vaccination antibody titers were high, and fourf ... | 2010 | 21040694 |
evidence of cellular immune response to outer membrane protein of salmonella typhimurium in patients with enthesitis-related arthritis subtype of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. | enthesitis-related arthritis subtype of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (jia-era) clinically resembles reactive arthritis (rea). in patients with rea the immune response is targeted at the outer membrane protein (omp) of salmonella typhimurium. we studied the immune response in jia-era to s. typhimurium omp. | 2010 | 21041273 |
biosensors for efficient diagnosis of leishmaniasis: innovations in bioanalytics for a neglected disease. | the need for reliable, fast diagnostics is closely linked to the need for safe, effective treatment of the so-called "neglected" diseases. the list of diseases with no field-adapted diagnostic tools includes leishmaniasis, shigella, typhoid, and bacterial meningitis. leishmaniasis, in particular, is a parasitic disease caused by leishmania spp. transmitted by infected phlebotomine sandfly, which remains a public health concern in developing countries with ca. 12 million people infected and 350 m ... | 2010 | 21043437 |
prevalence of shigellosis diarrhoea in a paediatrics population: hospital based survey in bangui, central african republic. | shigellosis is still a major public health problem in sub-saharan countries, especially among children. | 2010 | 21045359 |
evaluation of bacterial multiplication in cleaning cloths containing different quantities of organic matter. | to determine a proper length of time for cleaning cloth usage, the present work aimed to evaluate bacterial multiplication in artificially contaminated cleaning cloths containing different amounts of organic matter. | 2010 | 21045369 |
research progress in shigella in the postgenomic era. | gram-negative, facultative intracellular anaerobes of the genus shigella, the principal etiologic agents of shigellosis, continue to pose a threat to public health. shigellosis causes 1.1 million deaths with over 164 million annual cases. the shigella spp. can be divided into four serogroups: shigella dysenteriae, shigella flexneri, shigella boydii and shigella sonnei. the completion of seven shigella genome sequences of representative strains from each of the shigella species has introduced an ... | 2010 | 21046319 |
detection of representative enteropathogenic bacteria, vibrio spp., pathogenic escherichia coli, salmonella spp., shigella spp., and yersinia enterocolitica, using a virulence factor gene-based oligonucleotide microarray. | rapid identification of enteropathogenic bacteria in stool samples is critical for clinical diagnosis and antimicrobial therapy. in this study, we describe the development of an approach that couples multiplex pcr with hybridization to a dna microarray, to allow the simultaneous detection of the 10 pathogens. the microarray was synthesized with 20-mer oligonucleotide probes that were designed to be specific for virulence-factor genes of each strain. the detection limit for genomic dna from a sin ... | 2010 | 21046348 |
controlled study on enteropathogens in travellers returning from the tropics with and without diarrhoea. | clin microbiol infect abstract: diarrhoea is the most frequent health problem among travellers in the tropics. however, data on the spectrum and relevance of enteropathogens in international travellers with and without diarrhoea are limited. stool samples from 114 cases of diarrhoea in travellers returning from the tropics were collected for microbiological examination and pcr for norovirus genogroups i and ii, enteroaggregative escherichia coli (eaec), and enterotoxigenic e. coli (etec) produci ... | 2010 | 21054662 |
[detection and drug resistance analysis of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases-producing shigella in pediatric patients]. | to investigate the occurrence and drug resistance of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (esbls)-producing strains of shigella in pediatric patients, so as to provide information for clinical treatment. | 2010 | 21055309 |
biochemical characterization of udp-gal:glcnac-pyrophosphate-lipid β-1,4-galactosyltransferase wfed, a new enzyme from shigella boydii type 14 that catalyzes the second step in o-antigen repeating-unit synthesis. | the o antigen is the outer part of the lipopolysaccharide (lps) in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria and contains many repeats of an oligosaccharide unit. it contributes to antigenic variability and is essential to the full function and virulence of bacteria. shigella is a gram-negative human pathogen that causes diarrhea in humans. the o antigen of shigella boydii type 14 consists of repeating oligosaccharide units with the structure [→6-d-galpα1→4-d-glcpaβ1→6-d-galpβ1→4-d-galpβ1→4-d ... | 2010 | 21057010 |
shigellosis from an interactive fountain: implications for regulation. | in july 2003, the authors investigated an outbreak of shigella sonnei infections in marion county, oregon. nineteen confirmed and 37 presumptive cases, mostly young children, were identified. a case-control study implicated play in an interactive fountain in a city park (matched odds ratio undefined; p < .002). the association was confirmed by a cohort study among local schoolchildren (rr [relative risk] = 12.6, p < .001) that allowed the authors to estimate that > 500 persons became ill. founta ... | 2010 | 21133311 |
arginine-dependent acid-resistance pathway in shigella boydii. | ability to survive the low ph of the human stomach is considered be an important virulent determinant. it was suggested that the unique acid tolerance of shigella boydii 18 cdph, the strain implicated in a 1998 outbreak, may have played an important role in surviving the acidic food (bean salad). the strain was capable of inducing arginine-dependent acid-resistance (adar) pathway. this pathway was assumed to be absent in shigella sp. here, we have examined occurrence and efficacy of adar pathway ... | 2010 | 21136041 |
enteric glia protect against shigella flexneri invasion in intestinal epithelial cells: a role for s-nitrosoglutathione. | enteric glial cells (egcs) are important regulators of intestinal epithelial barrier (ieb) functions. egc-derived s-nitrosoglutathione (gsno) has been shown to regulate ieb permeability. whether egcs and gsno protect the ieb during infectious insult by pathogens such as shigella flexneri is not known. | 2010 | 21139062 |
facile synthesis and antibacterial activity of naturally occurring 5-methoxyfuroflavone. | a convenient synthesis of 5-methoxyfuroflavone (6, pongaglabol methyl ether), a constituent of some pongamia or millettia genus, was achieved by starting from 2,4-dihydroxy-6-methoxyacetophenone via a chalcone precursor, followed by treatment with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (ddq). this five-step reaction (total yield: 21.6%) is more facile with that of previously utilized procedures using each different starting material. antibacterial activities of the above compound and its prec ... | 2010 | 21139271 |
the shigella t3ss needle transmits a signal for mxic release, which controls secretion of effectors. | type iii secretion systems (t3sss) are key determinants of virulence in many gram-negative bacteria, including animal and plant pathogens. they inject 'effector' proteins through a 'needle' protruding from the bacterial surface directly into eukaryotic cells after assembly of a 'translocator' pore in the host plasma membrane. secretion is a tightly regulated process, which is blocked until physical contact with a host cell takes place. host cell sensing occurs through a distal needle 'tip comple ... | 2010 | 21143311 |
antimicrobial resistance patterns and prevalence of class 1 and 2 integrons in shigella flexneri and shigella sonnei isolated in uzbekistan. | abstract: | 2010 | 21143880 |
molecular structure and vibrational spectra of three substituted 4-thioflavones by density functional theory and ab initio hartree-fock calculations. | the vibrational frequencies of three substituted 4-thioflavones in the ground state have been calculated using the hartree-fock and density functional method (b3lyp) with 6-31g* and 6-31+g** basis sets. the structural analysis shows that there exists h-bonding in the selected compounds and the hydrogen bond lengths increase with the augment of the conjugate parameters of the substituent group on the benzene ring. a complete vibrational assignment aided by the theoretical harmonic wavenumber anal ... | 2010 | 21156350 |
notes from the field: emergence of shigella flexneri 2a resistant to ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin --- south carolina, october 2010. | on october 20, 2010, the south carolina department of health and environmental control and cdc began investigating a cluster of three diarrheal illnesses caused by multidrug-resistant shigella flexneri 2a. the index case occurred in a girl aged 2 years who experienced the onset of diarrhea on september 25 and was hospitalized the next day because of a seizure and fever. on september 30, her brother, aged 6 years, was hospitalized with vomiting, bloody diarrhea, and hyponatremia. three days later ... | 2010 | 21160457 |
[study on the integration site and arrangement of sfii and sfx prophages in shigella flexneri serotype 2b strains.] | objective: to study the integration site and arrangement of sfii and sfx prophages in shigella flexneri serotype 2b strains. methods: a series of primers were designed based on potential integration site of sfii and sfx prophages in shigella flexneri serotype 2b strains, and pcr were performed for 50 serotype 2b strains to amplify special genes located in host and prophages. pcr products were sequenced to identify integration sites and arrangement of sfii and sfx. results: in all the serotype 2b ... | 2010 | 21162847 |
emergence of a novel shigella flexneri serotype 4s strain that evolved from a serotype x variant in china. | this paper describes the first isolation of a new shigella flexneri serotype, designated 4s, in beijing, china. genotypic and phenotypic profiling suggests that this isolate is a clone of the s. flexneri serotype x variant reference strain. of particular concern is the multidrug resistance exhibited by this isolate. | 2010 | 21177890 |
reinforcement of epithelial cell adhesion to basement membrane by a bacterial pathogen as a new infectious stratagem. | the intestinal epithelium undergoes a rapid turnover in addition to rapid exfoliation in response to bacterial infection, thus acting as an intrinsic defense against microbial intruders. it has long been questioned how mucosal pathogens can circumvent the intestinal defense systems. our recent discovery of a bacterial ploy used by shigella provided us with fresh insight. shigella delivers ospe via the type iii secretion system during multiplication within epithelial cells. this effector protein ... | 2010 | 21178415 |
mapping the selection mechanisms by bacterial gefs. | mimicry of eukaryotic signaling enzymes is a common strategy used by bacterial pathogens to manipulate host cellular signaling. the e. coli type iii effector protein map belongs to a large family of bacterial virulence factors that activate host rho gtpase signaling pathways through an unknown molecular mechanism. our recent structural study, coupled with biochemical and functional assays, establishes that this family protein, including map, ipgb1/2 and sifa/b secreted by e. coli, shigella, and ... | 2010 | 21178423 |
convergent synthesis of a common pentasaccharide corresponding to the o-antigen of escherichia coli o168 and shigella dysenteriae type 4. | a convenient synthetic strategy of the common acidic pentasaccharide repeating unit corresponding to the o-antigen of enterotoxigenic e. coli o168 and shigella dysenteriae type 4 has been successfully developed. a stereoselective [2 + 3] block glycosylation method has been exploited to get the target pentasaccharide derivative. most of the synthetic intermediates were solid and prepared in high yields from commercially available reducing sugars following a series of protection-deprotection react ... | 2010 | 21181263 |
[antibacterial antibodies in human immunoglobulins and sera: past and present]. | to measure levels of several types of antibacterial antibodies in preparations of normal human immunoglobulin as well as in samples of donor sera obtained in 1965 and 2009. | 2010 | 21061576 |