Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
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| resistances of antibiotics and heavy metals in enterobacteriaceae spp. isolated from gills and intestines of achanthobrama marmid (heckel,1843) from sir dam lake turkey. | a total of 94 bacteria, associated with wild achanthobrama marmid (heckel, 1843) in sir dam lake of turkey identified. subsequently selected isolates were characterized and identified to the genus level the 94 members of enterobacteriaceae were isolated in the gills and intestines, and among the isolates, e. coli were represented at a rate of 55%, shigella spp. at a rate of 21%, salmonella spp. at a rate of 9%, citrobacter spp. at a rate of 9%, klebsiella spp. at a rate of 3% and proteus spp., a ... | 2009 | 20112859 |
| antibacterial activity of artemisia nilagirica leaf extracts against clinical and phytopathogenic bacteria. | the six organic solvent extracts of artemisia nilagirica were screened for the potential antimicrobial activity against phytopathogens and clinically important standard reference bacterial strains. | 2010 | 20109237 |
| antimicrobial resistance induced by genetic changes. | decoding the mechanisms of resistance to antibiotics is essential in fighting a phenomenon, which is amplifying everyday due to the uncontrolled excessive and many times unjustified use of anti-microbial substances. at present it has become a matter of public health, together with the resistance of mycobacterium tuberculosis to tuberculostatic or the spreading of the aids virus which not only affects the european countries but the entire globe. this paper presents the genic mutations taking plac ... | 2009 | 20108530 |
| [the effect of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in blastocystis hominis infection]. | the aim of this study was to investigate clinical findings and the effects of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smx) in cases of blastocystosis. a total of 37 cases whose stool specimens were sent to the parasitology laboratory from the outpatient clinics of our hospital for various reasons were included in the study. only five or more blastocystis hominis were found during examination with direct wet mount using the 40x objective. the stool specimens were tested for other agents (salmonella sp ... | 2009 | 20101575 |
| prevalence of intestinal parasitic and bacterial pathogens in diarrhoeal and non-diarroeal human stools from vhembe district, south africa. | in the present study, a cross-sectional survey of intestinal parasitic and bacterial infections in relation to diarrhoea in vhembe district and the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of isolated bacterial pathogens was conducted. stool samples were collected from 528 patients attending major public hospitals and 295 children attending two public primary schools and were analyzed by standard microbiological and parasitological techniques. entamoeba histolytica/e. dispar (34.2%) and cryptospori ... | 2009 | 20099757 |
| a yersinia pestis guaba mutant is attenuated in virulence and provides protection against plague in a mouse model of infection. | there is a need to develop effective countermeasures for yersinia pestis, the etiologic agent of plague and a potential bioterrorism agent. salmonella and shigella spp. deleted in the guaba genes involved in guanine biosynthesis have been shown to be attenuated in vivo. in this study, we sought to determine whether deletion of the guaba operon would render y. pestis auxotrophic for guanine and avirulent; such a strain could serve as a live attenuated plague vaccine candidate. a y. pestis guaba m ... | 2010 | 20096773 |
| structural and functional divergence of the newly identified gtric from its gtr family of conserved shigella flexneri serotype-converting glucosyltransferases. | glucosyltransferases (gtrs) and o-acetyltransferase (oac) are integral membrane proteins embedded within the cytoplasmic membrane of shigella flexneri. gtrs and oac are responsible for unidirectional host serotype conversion by altering the epitopic properties of the bacterial surface lipopolysaccharide (lps) o-antigen. in this study, we present the membrane topology of a recently recognized gtr, gtric, which is known to mediate s. flenxeri serotype switching from 1a to 1c. the gtric topology is ... | 2010 | 20095950 |
| [characteristics of dysentery-causing strains isolated from patients and carriers in republic of south ossetia during period of humanitarian disaster]. | 2009 | 20095424 | |
| antibiotic therapy for shigella dysentery. | shigella dysentery is a relatively common illness and occasionally causes death, worldwide. mild symptoms are self-limiting but in more severe cases, antibiotics are recommended for cure and preventing relapse. the antibiotics recommended are diverse, have regional differences in sensitivity, and have side effects. | 2010 | 20091606 |
| th17 cells are the dominant t cell subtype primed by shigella flexneri mediating protective immunity. | the t cell response to shigella, the causative agent of bacillary dysentery, remains poorly understood. using a murine model of infection, we report that shigella flexneri primes predominately il-17a- and il-22-producing th17 cells. shigella-specific th1 cells are only significantly induced on secondary infection, whereas specific th2 and cd8(+) t cells are undetectable. apart from th17 cells that are primed in a mhc class ii- and il-6-dependent, but il12/23p40-independent manner, we identified ... | 2010 | 20089698 |
| groel dependency affects codon usage--support for a critical role of misfolding in gene evolution. | it has recently been suggested that the use of optimal codons limits mistranslation-induced protein misfolding, yet evidence for this remains largely circumstantial. in contrast, molecular chaperones have long been recognized to play crucial roles in misfolding prevention and remedy. we propose that putative error limitation in cis can be elucidated by examining the interaction between codon usage and chaperoning processes. using escherichia coli as a model system, we find that codon optimality ... | 2010 | 20087338 |
| chaperonin activity modulates codon adaptation. | 2010 | 20087337 | |
| the extreme c terminus of shigella flexneri ipab is required for regulation of type iii secretion, needle tip composition, and binding. | type iii secretion systems (t3sss) are widely distributed virulence determinants of gram-negative bacteria. they translocate bacterial proteins into host cells to manipulate them during infection. the shigella t3ss consists of a cytoplasmic bulb, a transmembrane region, and a hollow needle protruding from the bacterial surface. the distal tip of mature, quiescent needles is composed of ipad, which is topped by ipab. physical contact with host cells initiates secretion and leads to assembly of a ... | 2010 | 20086081 |
| selective deletion of cd8(+) cells upregulated by caspases-1 via il-18 in mice immunized with major outer membrane protein of shigella dysenteriae 1 following infection. | introduction: mucosal lymphoid changes were observed in cryopreserved rectal tissues obtained from balb/c mice infected with shigella dysenteriae 1, immunized with 57-kda major antigenic outer membrane protein, and infection after immunization. discussion: our data suggested that caspase-3 is downregulated in cd4(+) cells of immunized balb/c mice following infection with substantial increased expression of interleukin (il)-2 and interferon (ifn)-gamma, while caspase-1 is upregulated in cd8(+) ce ... | 2010 | 20084439 |
| enteric and foodborne disease in children: a review of the influence of food- and environment-related risk factors. | canadian statistics show that children from birth to four years of age are more likely to be reported with an infection from campylobacter, giardia, salmonella and shigella species, and verotoxigenic escherichia coli than any other age group. a review of the canadian and international literature, and an analysis of case and outbreak data suggest that the risk factors for infection in young children (ages birth to four years) are different from the risk factors for older children and adults. in c ... | 2001 | 20084237 |
| new enterovirulent escherichia coli serogroup 64474 showing antigenic and genotypic relationships to shigella boydii 16. | studies based on the analysis of housekeeping genes indicate that escherichia coli and all shigella species, except for shigella boydii type 13, belong to a single species. this study analysed the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of 23 e. coli strains isolated in different countries from faecal specimens taken from children with diarrhoea. strains were identified using the vitek system and typed with rabbit sera obtained against 186 somatic and 53 flagellar e. coli antigens and against 4 ... | 2010 | 20075111 |
| diarrhea associated hemolytic uremic syndrome: a 3-year picu experience from nepal. | 2009 | 20072865 | |
| tracking the dynamic interplay between bacterial and host factors during pathogen-induced vacuole rupture in real time. | escape into the host cell cytosol following invasion of mammalian cells is a common strategy used by invasive pathogens. this requires membrane rupture of the vesicular or vacuolar compartment formed around the bacteria after uptake into the host cell. the mechanism of pathogen-induced disassembly of the vacuolar membrane is poorly understood. we established a novel, robust and sensitive fluorescence microscopy method that tracks the precise time point of vacuole rupture upon uptake of gram-nega ... | 2010 | 20070313 |
| nlrc4/ipaf/clan/card12: more than a flagellin sensor. | nlrc4 is a member of the nod-like receptors (nlrs), a family of cytosolic receptors involved in sensing bacterial molecules. nlrs are a group of proteins containing spans of leucine-rich repeats that senses bacterial factors within the eukaryotic cytosol. the recognition of bacterial factors provokes the formation of the inflammasome complex which includes specific nlrs. the inflammasome is responsible for caspase-1 activation which leads to the cleavage and maturation of inflammatory cytokines ... | 2010 | 20067841 |
| osmoregulated periplasmic glucans synthesis gene family of shigella flexneri. | osmoregulated periplasmic glucans (opgs) of food- and water-borne enteropathogen shigella flexneri were characterized. opgs were composed of 100% glucose with 2-linked glucose as the most abundant residue with terminal glucose, 2-linked and 2,6-linked glucose also present in high quantities. most dominant backbone polymer chain length was seven glucose residues. individual genes from the opg gene family comprising of a bicistronic operon opggh, opgb, opgc and opgd were mutagenized to study their ... | 2010 | 20062978 |
| diarrheagenic escherichia coli in sub-saharan africa: status, uncertainties and necessities. | diarrhea is a leading cause of illness and death, particularly in developing countries. enteropathogenic escherichia coli, enterotoxigenic e. coli (etec), enteroinvasive e. coli, enterohemorrhaghic e. coli (ehec), enteroaggregative e. coli (eaec) and diffusely adherent e. coli (daec) have been associated with diarrheal disease in different parts of africa, particularly among young children, hiv-positive individuals, and visitors from abroad. each of these e. coli pathotypes uses distinct mechani ... | 2009 | 20061678 |
| the structure of the salmonella typhimurium type iii secretion system needle shows divergence from the flagellar system. | the type iii secretion system (t3ss) is essential for the infectivity of many pathogenic gram-negative bacteria. the t3ss contains proteins that form a channel in the inner and outer bacterial membranes, as well as an extracellular needle that is used for transporting and injecting effector proteins into a host cell. the homology between the t3ss and the bacterial flagellar system has been firmly established, based upon both sequence similarities between respective proteins in the two systems an ... | 2010 | 20060835 |
| age-related efficacy of shigella o-specific polysaccharide conjugates in 1-4-year-old israeli children. | despite its high worldwide morbidity and mortality, there is yet no licensed vaccine for shigellosis. we reported the safety and immunogenicity of shigella o-specific polysaccharide-protein conjugates in adults and young children and efficacy of shigella sonnei conjugate in young adults. | 2010 | 20056180 |
| [overdiagnosis of amebiasis in children with dysentery]. | there are morphologically identical amebaes, but with differences that can distinguish them; one as pathogenic: entamoeba histolytica, and the other: entamoeba dispar, as inoffensive. that brought the new hypothesis that many of the cases treated as amebiasis, weren't so. | 2009 | 20049395 |
| enteric pathogens in hiv/aids from a tertiary care hospital. | patterns of enteric infections in hiv in developing countries may differ in several important ways from developed countries, the knowledge of which can often guide therapy when resource limitations hamper the exact diagnosis of the etiological agent in hiv-associated diarrhea. | 2009 | 20049303 |
| increased immunoendocrine cells in intestinal mucosa of postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome patients 3 years after acute shigella infection--an observation in a small case control study. | postinfectiously irritable bowel syndrome (pi-ibs) develops in 3-30% of individuals with bacterial gastroenteritis. recent studies demonstrated increases in inflammatory components in gut mucosa of pi-ibs patients even after complete resolution of infection. we aimed to investigate histological changes in colon and rectum of pi-ibs subjects after long term period of infection. | 2010 | 20046513 |
| rifaximin-induced alteration of virulence of diarrhoea-producing escherichia coli and shigella sonnei. | rifaximin shortens the duration of travellers' diarrhoea without important alteration of colonic flora. this study investigated the expression of virulence factors [heat-stable (st) and heat-labile (lt) enterotoxins, surface adhesion factors (cs2/cs3, cs6) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (mmp-9)] as well as the interleukin (il)-8 induction potential of diarrhoeagenic escherichia coli and shigella sonnei strains exposed to rifaximin (8, 32 and 64mg/l) for 4, 8, 18 and 24h. following exposure to ri ... | 2010 | 20045287 |
| antibodies against recombinant shiga toxin subunit b neutralize shiga toxin toxicity in hela cells. | shigella dysenteriae type 1 and escherichia coli o157:h7 produce shiga toxin 1 (stx) and shiga toxin1 (stx1), respectively and these two toxins are almost identical. e. coli o157:h7 is the major cause of diarrhea-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome. stx and stx1 are ab5 type of toxin with a molecular weight of 70 kda, comprising an enzymaticaly-active a subunit (32 kda) and five receptor-binding b subunits (7.7 kda). in this study dna fragment (289 bp, gene bank accn no. ef685161) coding for b ... | 2010 | 20044923 |
| multilocus variable-number tandem repeat analysis for molecular typing and phylogenetic analysis of shigella flexneri. | shigella flexneri is one of the causative agents of shigellosis, a major cause of childhood mortality in developing countries. multilocus variable-number tandem repeat (vntr) analysis (mlva) is a prominent subtyping method to resolve closely related bacterial isolates for investigation of disease outbreaks and provide information for establishing phylogenetic patterns among isolates. the present study aimed to develop an mlva method for s. flexneri and the vntr loci identified were tested on 242 ... | 2009 | 20042119 |
| antibacterial and antifungal activities of some mexican medicinal plants. | in mexico about 4,000 plant species have some medicinal use. the aim of this work was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of six mexican medicinal plants against fungi and gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. methanolic extracts were prepared from the mexican medicinal plants amphypteringium adstrigens, castella tortuosa, coutarea latiflora, ibervillea sonorae, jatropha cuneata, and selaginella lepidophylla. the antibacterial and antifungal activities of the plants were determined by the ... | 2009 | 20041800 |
| bacterial effector binding to ribosomal protein s3 subverts nf-kappab function. | enteric bacterial pathogens cause food borne disease, which constitutes an enormous economic and health burden. enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec) causes a severe bloody diarrhea following transmission to humans through various means, including contaminated beef and vegetable products, water, or through contact with animals. ehec also causes a potentially fatal kidney disease (hemolytic uremic syndrome) for which there is no effective treatment or prophylaxis. ehec and other enteric patho ... | 2009 | 20041225 |
| transcriptional profile of the shigella flexneri response to an alkaloid: berberine. | berberine, a natural isoquinoline alkaloid found in many medicinal herbs, has been shown to be active against a variety of microbial infections. to examine the potential effects of berberine on shigella flexneri, a whole-genome dna microarray was constructed and a transcriptome analysis of the cellular responses of s. flexneri when exposed to berberine chloride (bc) was performed. our data revealed that bc upregulated a group of genes involved in dna replication, repair and division. intriguingl ... | 2010 | 20030725 |
| reactive arthritis after enteric infections in the united states: the problem of definition. | bacterial enteric infections cause substantial morbidity in the united states both from acute illness and sequelae that follow. reactive arthritis (rea) is a poorly defined term that is used to describe a variety of rheumatologic phenomena that may occur after salmonella, shigella, campylobacter, and yersinia infection, as well as other types of infections (eg, chlamydia). this review focuses on clinical and epidemiologic investigations of rea following bacterial enteric infection in the united ... | 2010 | 20025528 |
| cem-101, a novel fluoroketolide: antimicrobial activity against a diverse collection of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. | cem-101 is a novel fluoroketolide with reported high potency against diverse groups of gram-positive (micrococcus spp., viridans group streptococci, corynebacterium spp. listeria monocytogenes, clostridium spp., etc.) and gram-negative bacteria (neisseria gonorrhoeae, campylobacter jejuni, helicobacter pylori, bacteroides fragilis, shigella spp., etc.), including mycoplasma and ureaplasma, as well as bacteria commonly associated with community-acquired respiratory tract infections and skin and s ... | 2010 | 20022192 |
| characteristics of children with shigella encephalopathy: experience from a large urban diarrhea treatment center in bangladesh. | encephalopathy is a serious neurologic complication from shigellosis often with fatal outcome but data on simple clinical and sociodemographic predicting factors are limited. we sought to identify those factors in children. | 2010 | 20016394 |
| bacterial colitis. | bacterial colitis results in an inflammatory-type diarrhea that is characterized by bloody, purulent, and mucoid stool. these diseases have been designated as bacterial hemorrhagic enterocolitis. associated symptoms include fever, tenesmus, and severe abdominal pain. the pathologic changes range from superficial exudative enterocolitis to a transmural enterocolitis with ulceration. common pathologic bacteria causing bacterial colitis include campylobacter, salmonella, shigella, escherichia, and ... | 2007 | 20011357 |
| bacterial sexually transmitted diseases. | common sexually transmitted bacterial organisms may affect the anorectum and perianal skin. while some of these infections are a result of contiguous spread from genital infection, most result from receptive anal intercourse. polymicrobial infection is common and there is overlap in symptoms caused by the organisms that may infect the anorectum. this article addresses the most common bacterial organisms that are sexually transmitted and affect the anorectum. it includes discussions of gonorrhea, ... | 2004 | 20011261 |
| the immunogenic siga enterotoxin of shigella flexneri 2a binds to hep-2 cells and induces fodrin redistribution in intoxicated epithelial cells. | we have previously shown that the enterotoxin siga which resides on the she pathogenicity island (pai) of s. flexneri 2a is an autonomously secreted serine protease capable of degrading casein. we have also demonstrated that siga is cytopathic for hep-2 cells and plays a role in the intestinal fluid accumulation associated with s. flexneri infections. | 2009 | 20011051 |
| a bacterial e3 ubiquitin ligase ipah9.8 targets nemo/ikkgamma to dampen the host nf-kappab-mediated inflammatory response. | nf-kappab (nuclear factor kappab) has a pivotal role in many cellular processes, including the inflammatory and immune responses and, therefore, its activation is tightly regulated by the ikk (ikappab kinase) complex and by ikappabalpha degradation. when shigella bacteria multiply within epithelial cells they release peptidoglycans, which are recognized by nod1 and stimulate the nf-kappab pathway, thus leading to a severe inflammatory response. here, we show that ipah9.8, a shigella effector pos ... | 2010 | 20010814 |
| trends in antimicrobial resistance in shigella species in karachi, pakistan. | shigellosis is a common cause of morbidity, especially in the very young and old, in developing countries. the disease is treated with antibiotics. surveillance of antimicrobial resistance trends is essential owing to the global emergence of antimicrobial resistance. | 2009 | 20009283 |
| pivotal advance: bifidobacteria and gram-negative bacteria differentially influence immune responses in the proinflammatory milieu of celiac disease. | cd is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the small intestine that presents in genetically predisposed individuals following gluten consumption. in this study, the effects of bifidobacterium (bifidobacterium bifidum iata-es2 and bifidobacterium longum atcc15707) and gram-negative bacteria (bacteroides fragilis dsm2451, escherichia coli cbl2, and shigella cbd8 isolated from cd patients), alone and in the presence of cd triggers (gliadins and/or ifn-gamma) on surface marker expression and cytokine ... | 2010 | 20007908 |
| helicobacter pylori induces mapk phosphorylation and ap-1 activation via a nod1-dependent mechanism. | helicobacter pylori rapidly activates mapks and transcription factors, nf-kappab and ap-1, in gastric epithelial cells following host attachment. activation of these signal transducers is largely dependent on the cag pathogenicity island (cagpai)-encoded type iv secretion system. h. pylori was shown to translocate peptidoglycan through the type iv secretion system, which is recognized by the pathogen recognition molecule, nod1, thus resulting in nf-kappab activation. the mechanisms of h. pylori- ... | 2009 | 20007577 |
| identification of antibacterial and antifungal pharmacophore sites for potent bacteria and fungi inhibition: indolenyl sulfonamide derivatives. | synthesis of seven new indolenyl sulfonamides, have been prepared by the condensation reaction of indole-3-carboxaldehyde with different sulfonamides such as, sulphanilamide, sulfaguanidine, sulfathiazole, sulfamethoxazole, sulfisoxazole, sulfadiazine and sulfamethazine. these synthesized compounds have been used as potential ligands for complexation with some selective divalent transition metal ions (cobalt, copper, nickel & zinc). structure of the synthesized ligands has been deduced from thei ... | 2010 | 20005022 |
| a changing picture of shigellosis in southern vietnam: shifting species dominance, antimicrobial susceptibility and clinical presentation. | shigellosis remains considerable public health problem in some developing countries. the nature of shigellae suggests that they are highly adaptable when placed under selective pressure in a human population. this is demonstrated by variation and fluctuations in serotypes and antimicrobial resistance profile of organisms circulating in differing setting in endemic locations. antimicrobial resistance in the genus shigella is a constant threat, with reports of organisms in asia being resistant to ... | 2009 | 20003464 |
| global analysis of a plasmid-cured shigella flexneri strain: new insights into the interaction between the chromosome and a virulence plasmid. | shigella flexneri is an important human pathogen that causes dysentery, and remains a significant threat to public health, particularly in developing countries. the virulence of this pathogen is dependent on an acquired virulence plasmid. to investigate the crosstalk between the bacterial chromosome and the exogenous virulence plasmid, a virulence plasmid-cured strain was constructed using plasmid incompatibility. the global patterns of gene expression of this strain compared with the wild-type ... | 2010 | 20000779 |
| combined effects of probiotic fermentation and high-pressure extraction on the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antimutagenic activities of deodeok (codonopsis lanceolata). | this study was designed to evaluate the combined effects of probiotic fermentation and high-pressure extraction (hpe) on the functional properties of codonopsis lanceolata. the ground c. lanceolata samples were anaerobically fermented with lactobacillus acidophilus adh, bifidobacterium longum b6, lactobacillus rhamnosus gg, or lactobacillus paracasei at 37 degrees c for 10 days and subjected to 500 mpa at 50 degrees c for 30 min. the extraction yields of c. lanceolata samples were noticeably inc ... | 2010 | 20000575 |
| interference of the cadc regulator in the arginine-dependent acid resistance system of shigella and enteroinvasive e. coli. | a typical pathoadaptive mutation of shigella and enteroinvasive escherichia coli (eiec) is the inactivation of the cad locus which comprises the genes necessary for lysine decarboxylation, an enzyme involved in ph homoeostasis. in e. coli, the cadba operon, encoding lysine decarboxylase (cada) and a lysine cadaverine antiporter (cadb), is submitted to the control of cadc, a positive activator whose gene maps upstream the operon, and is transcribed independently from the same strand. cadc is an i ... | 2010 | 19959396 |
| antilisterial activity of a broad-spectrum bacteriocin, enterocin lr/6 from enterococcus faecium lr/6. | enterocin lr/6, a purified bacteriocin, exhibited broad inhibitory spectrum both against related as well as some food-borne pathogens such as listeria monocytogenes, yersinia enterocolitica, aeromonas sp., shigella sp., and bacillus licheniformis. in this investigation, we have focused on l. monocytogenes as the target organism, as it is not only an important pathogen but can also survive over a wide range of environmental conditions such as refrigeration temperature, low ph, and high-salt conce ... | 2010 | 19957209 |
| emergence of a new multidrug-resistant serotype x variant in an epidemic clone of shigella flexneri. | shigella spp. are the causative agent of shigellosis with shigella flexneri serotype 2a being the most prevalent in developing countries. epidemiological surveillance in china found that a new serotype of s. flexneri appeared in 2001 and replaced serotype 2a in 2003 as the most prevalent serotype in henan province. the new serotype also became the dominant serotype in 7 of the 10 other provinces under surveillance in china by 2007. the serotype was identified as a variant of serotype x. it diffe ... | 2010 | 19955273 |
| emergence of resistance to third-generation cephalosporin in shigella--a case report. | the emergence of ciprofloxacin resistance in shigella has shifted the attention to cephalosporins. the first occurrence of third generation cephalosporin-resistant shigella flexneri was from france. this article reports the first case of cephalosporin-resistant s. flexneri from india. a 12-month-old child was admitted for a 20-day episode of loose stools, non-fetid, with mucus and blood. the stool sample showed the presence of blood and mucus and s. flexneri which was resistant to ampicillin, na ... | 2010 | 19955258 |
| [investigation of a norovirus outbreak through contaminated centralized water supply system]. | to investigate the etiology and source of an infectious diarrhea outbreak and control the epidemic. | 2009 | 19954078 |
| [development of taqman real-time pcr in detection of aeromonas hydrophila]. | to develop a taqman real-time pcr for the detection of aeromonas hydrophila. | 2009 | 19954074 |
| galectin-3, a marker for vacuole lysis by invasive pathogens. | shigella bacteria invade macrophages and epithelial cells and following internalization lyse the phagosome and escape to the cytoplasm. galectin-3, an abundant protein in macrophages and epithelial cells, belongs to a family of beta-galactoside-binding proteins, the galectins, with many proposed functions in immune response, development, differentiation, cancer and infection. galectins are synthesized as cytosolic proteins and following non-classical secretion bind extracellular beta-galactoside ... | 2010 | 19951367 |
| immobilization of bacteriophages on modified silica particles. | bacteriophages are selective anti-bacterial agents, which are receiving increasing acceptance by regulatory agencies for use both in the food industry and in clinical settings for biocontrol. while immobilized phage could be particularly useful to create antimicrobial surfaces, current immobilization strategies require chemical bioconjugation to surfaces or more difficult processes involving modification of their head proteins to express specific binding moieties, for example, biotin or cellulos ... | 2010 | 19945158 |
| inactivated and subunit vaccines to prevent shigellosis. | shigellosis remains a formidable disease globally, with children of the developing world bearing the greatest number of infections. the need for an affordable, safe and efficacious vaccine has persisted for decades. vaccines to prevent shigellosis can be divided into living and nonliving approaches. several nonliving shigella vaccines are currently at different stages of development and show substantial promise. outlined here is an overview of multiple nonliving vaccine technologies, highlightin ... | 2009 | 19943764 |
| vaccines for enteric diseases: update on recent developments. | the 5th international conference on vaccines for enteric diseases (ved) attracted more than 250 delegates, mainly from industrialized countries. a total of 56 papers were presented and 46 posters were displayed to update recent developments in the field of enteric diseases and vaccine development. this 3-day event enabled academic research institutions, pharmaceutical and biotech companies, and international donors to get a sense of what has been going on since the last ved conference in 2007. t ... | 2009 | 19943760 |
| purification, characterization, and gene cloning of glucose-1-phosphatase from citrobacter braakii. | citrobacter braakii produced an intracellular acid glucose phosphatase (agpc) which was purified 986 fold to homogeneity with the specific activity of 286 units/mg. agpc hydrolyzed a wide variety of phosphorylated compounds with high activity for glucose-1-phosphate and glucose-6-phosphate. the optimum ph and temperature for the enzyme activity was ph 5.0 and 45 degrees c, respectively. the km value for glucose-1-phosphate was 5.12 mm with a vmax 27.8 u mg(-1). its molecular weight was 46 kda by ... | 2009 | 19940380 |
| antimicrobial lipids from the hemolymph of brachyuran crabs. | the potential of marine crabs as a source of biologically active products is largely unexplored. in the present study, antimicrobial activity of the hemolymph (plasma) and hemocytes (plasma cells) of six brachyuran crabs was investigated against 16 pathogenic strains. among the 16 strains tested maximum zone of inhibition was recorded in the hemolymph of hyas araneus against shigella flexineri. interestingly staphylococcus aureus and salmonella typhi were susceptible to all the hemolymph and hem ... | 2010 | 19937399 |
| development of a serogroup-specific dna microarray for identification of escherichia coli strains associated with bovine septicemia and diarrhea. | escherichia coli strains belonging to serogroups o8, o9, o15, o26, o35, o78, o86, o101, o115 and o119 are commonly associated with septicemia or diarrhea in calves and pose a significant threat to the cattle industry worldwide. in this study, a microarray detection system targeting o-antigen-specific genes was developed for the identification of those serogroups. by testing against 186 e. coli and shigella o-serogroup reference strains, 36 e. coli clinical isolates, and 9 representative strains ... | 2010 | 19932572 |
| characterization of wrss2 and wrss3, new second-generation virg(icsa)-based shigella sonnei vaccine candidates with the potential for reduced reactogenicity. | live, attenuated shigella vaccine candidates, such as shigella sonnei strain wrss1, shigella flexneri 2a strain sc602, and shigella dysenteriae 1 strain wrsd1, are attenuated principally by the loss of the virg(icsa) protein. these candidates have proven to be safe and immunogenic in volunteer trials and in one study, efficacious against shigellosis. one drawback of these candidate vaccines has been the reactogenic symptoms of fever and diarrhea experienced by the volunteers, that increased in a ... | 2010 | 19932216 |
| a unified approach to molecular epidemiology investigations: tools and patterns in california as a case study for endemic shigellosis. | shigellosis causes diarrheal disease in humans from both developed and developing countries, and multi-drug resistance is an emerging problem. the objective of this study is to present a unified approach that can be used to characterize endemic and outbreak patterns of shigellosis using use a suite of epidemiologic and molecular techniques. the approach is applied to a california case study example of endemic shigellosis at the population level. | 2009 | 19930709 |
| studies on the antidiarrhoeal activity of aegle marmelos unripe fruit: validating its traditional usage. | aegle marmelos (l.) correa has been widely used in indigenous systems of indian medicine due to its various medicinal properties. however, despite its traditional usage as an anti-diarrhoeal there is limited information regarding its mode of action in infectious forms of diarrhoea. hence, we evaluated the hot aqueous extract (decoction) of dried unripe fruit pulp of a. marmelos for its antimicrobial activity and effect on various aspects of pathogenicity of infectious diarrhoea. | 2009 | 19930633 |
| solution nmr structures of proteins vpa0419 from vibrio parahaemolyticus and yiis from shigella flexneri provide structural coverage for protein domain family pfam 04175. | 2010 | 19927321 | |
| in this issue. | shigellosis, dysentery - by whatever name - don't kiss the chimps: pp. 5029-5045with a 10-15% mortality rate when untreated in young children and immunedeficient patients, over one million deaths per year are attributable to this primate/human-only disease. furthermore, the shigella spp. have developed resistance to b-lactam, tetracycline, and aminoglycoside antibiotics very rapidly. a non-primate model of the disease is based on gnotobiotic piglets. aerobically grown bacteria shift to anaerobic ... | 2009 | 19921678 |
| differentiation and identification of shigella spp. and enteroinvasive escherichia coli in environmental waters by a molecular method and biochemical test. | both shigella spp. and enteroinvasive escherichia coli (eiec) are important human pathogens that are responsible for the majority of cases of endemic bacillary dysentery. however, they are difficult to identify and differentiate by biochemical tests or molecular methods alone. in this study, we developed a procedure to detect shigella spp. and eiec from environmental water samples using membrane filtration followed by nutrient broth enrichment, isolation using selective culture plates, and ident ... | 2010 | 19917511 |
| adaptive immune responses during shigella dysenteriae type 1 infection: an in vitro stimulation with 57 kda major antigenic omp in the presence of anti-cd3 antibody. | an effort was made to understand the role of the 57 kda major antigenic fraction of shigella outer membrane protein (omp) in the presence of t-cell antigen receptor in activation of adaptive immune responses of the cell mediated immune (cmi) restored patients. the expression of hla-dr/cd4 out of cd3(+) t-cells was significantly dominant over the hla-dr/cd8 and comparable to unstimulated cells of infected or healthy controls. cd4(+) t-cell activation together with hla-dr is associated with the ex ... | 2010 | 19915959 |
| yersinia enterocolitica in slaughter pig tonsils: enumeration and detection by enrichment versus direct plating culture. | tonsil samples from 139 slaughter pigs were examined for the presence of pathogenic yersinia enterocolitica by enrichment procedures based on the standard method iso 10273:2003. in addition, samples were tested by direct plating method to evaluate its efficiency compared to the enrichment culture methods and to quantify the level of contamination in porcine tonsils. in total, 52 samples (37.4%) were positive for pathogenic y. enterocolitica, all belonging to bioserotype 4/o:3. fifty out of the 5 ... | 2010 | 19913707 |
| effects of x-ray radiation on escherichia coli o157:h7, listeria monocytogenes, salmonella enterica and shigella flexneri inoculated on shredded iceberg lettuce. | the main goal of this investigation was to study the efficacy of x-ray doses (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 kgy) on inoculated escherichia coli o157: h7, listeria monocytogenes, salmonella enterica and shigella flexneri on shredded iceberg lettuce. the second goal was to study the effect of x-ray on the inherent microflora counts and visual color of shredded iceberg lettuce during storage at 4 degrees c for 30 days. treatment with 1.0 kgy x-ray significantly reduced the population o ... | 2010 | 19913700 |
| inactivation of escherichia coli o157:h7, listeria monocytogenes, salmonella enterica and shigella flexneri on spinach leaves by x-ray. | several recent foodborne disease outbreaks associated with leafy green vegetables, including spinach, have been reported. x-ray is a non-thermal technology that has shown promise for reducing pathogenic and spoilage bacteria on spinach leaves. inactivation of inoculated escherichia coli o157:h7, listeria monocytogenes, salmonella enterica and shigella flexneri on spinach leaves using x-ray at different doses (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 kgy) was studied. the effect of x-ray on col ... | 2010 | 19913687 |
| spatial distribution of diarrhoea and microbial quality of domestic water during an outbreak of diarrhoea in the tshikuwi community in venda, south africa. | total microbial quality assessment and geographical information system were used for evaluating the quality of water and the spatial distribution of diarrhoea cases in tshikuwi, a rural community in south africa, during an outbreak of diarrhoea. the water-abstraction points included two groundwater storage tanks, namely tank 1 and tank 2 and the khandanama river. indicator microbial counts for total coliforms, faecal coliforms, enterococci, and heterotrophic bacteria exceeded the limit for no ri ... | 2009 | 19902801 |
| caspase-8-mediated cleavage of bid and protein phosphatase 2a-mediated activation of bax are necessary for verotoxin-1-induced apoptosis in burkitt's lymphoma cells. | verotoxin (vt-1) is a cytotoxin, produced by shigella dysenteriae type 1 or by shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli, which binds specifically to globotriaosylceramide (gb3). this glycosphingolipid is a b cell differentiation antigen (gb3/cd77) strongly expressed on burkitt's lymphoma cells. we have previously shown that, in these cells, vt-1 induces apoptosis via a caspase- and mitochondria-dependent pathway. in this report, we provide new insights into this signal transduction pathway. first, ... | 2010 | 19895884 |
| the australian bush fly (musca vetustissima) as a potential vector in the transmission of foodborne pathogens at outdoor eateries. | abstract australian outdoor activities are often accompanied by a barbeque (bbq) with family, friends, and guests, which are often interrupted by uninvited guests in the form of the australian bush fly, musca vetustissima. we investigated the bacterial loading associated with the australian bush in three different environments: on a cattle farm, in a typical urban area (shopping center car park), and at a bbq. the highest bacterial populations per fly were found to occur in a farm environment ( ... | 2010 | 19895260 |
| pneumonia caused by shigella sonnei in man returned from india. | 2009 | 19891897 | |
| enteroinvasive escherichia coli vs. shigella flexneri: how different patterns of gene expression affect virulence. | important features of the enteroinvasive escherichia coli (eiec) phenotype and gene expression likely to confer eiec with a lower ability to cause disease than shigella flexneri were described here for the first time. to confirm the lower pathogenicity of eiec, we have analyzed the keratoconjunctivitis developed in guinea-pigs with eiec or s. flexneri. shigella flexneri induced a more pronounced proinflammatory response, whereas eiec induced a mild form of the disease. eiec showed a significantl ... | 2009 | 19889166 |
| virulence, inflammatory potential, and adaptive immunity induced by shigella flexneri msbb mutants. | the ability of genetically detoxified lipopolysaccharide (lps) to stimulate adaptive immune responses is an ongoing area of investigation with significant consequences for the development of safe and effective bacterial vaccines and adjuvants. one approach to genetic detoxification is the deletion of genes whose products modify lps. the msbb1 and msbb2 genes, which encode late acyltransferases, were deleted in the shigella flexneri 2a human challenge strain 2457t to evaluate the virulence, infla ... | 2010 | 19884336 |
| evaluation of new chromogenic substrates for the detection of coliforms. | to evaluate a new range of chromogenic substrates for the detection of beta-galactosidase activity in coliforms and to compare their performance in agar media and broths. | 2010 | 19878523 |
| studies on the flexner group of dysentery bacilli : vi. the detoxification of shigella paradysenteriae by means of periodic acid. | a method for detoxifying type z and sp. newcastle sh. paradysenteriae (flexner) has been described. this procedure involves exposing the bacilli at ph 5.0 to 0.01 m periodic acid. microorganisms treated with this reagent for an appropriate time interval lose approximately 90 per cent of their toxicity, yet they are capable of eliciting in experimental animals antibodies effective against the unaltered organisms. | 1947 | 19871632 |
| studies on the flexner group of dysentery bacilli : v. a quantitative study of the serological cross-reactions. | a quantitative study of the serological cross-reactions of the somatic antigens of types i, iii, and i-iii shigella paradysenteriae has been made. from the results obtained it has been concluded that the somatic antigens of shigella paradysenteriae (flexner) types i, iii, and i-iii are single chemical substances. the specificity and serological cross-reactions exhibited by these antigens are dependent upon similarities in their chemical constitutions. | 1946 | 19871567 |
| preparation and properties of shiga toxin and toxoid. | 1. shigella dysenteriae (shiga) can, under the proper cultural conditions, produce a soluble toxin which is independent of the specific somatic polysaccharide antigen. a method is described for the rapid production of this toxin by an avirulent r variant of this organism. 2. the amount of bacterial protoplasm synthesized, and the yield of toxin produced, are very much increased when the culture is grown under conditions which favor aerobic metabolism and which do not permit accumulation of organ ... | 1946 | 19871559 |
| studies on the nature of resistance of gram-negative bacilli to penicillin : antagonistic and enhancing effects of amino acids. | the susceptibility of e. coli and salmonella to penicillin is highest in a basal medium devoid of amino acids. blood serum in certain concentrations, meat infusion broth, yeast extract, and casein hydrolysate interfere with the penicillin activity. the effect is apparently due to the antagonism of certain amino acids in the materials. dicarboxyl-monoamino acids (i.e. aspartic, glutamic, and hydroxyglutamic acids and asparagine) cystine, arginine, histidine, and hydroxyproline are capable of supp ... | 1946 | 19871516 |
| mechanism of the augmenting action of mineral oil on antibody production : tissue reactions and antibody response to dysentery vaccine in saline, and in saline-lanolin-mineral oil emulsion. | a comparative study was made in rabbits of antibody production and tissue changes following the injection into the foot pads, of saline in falba and mineral oil emulsion, of killed cells of shigella paradysenteriae flexner in saline, and of killed cells of shigella paradysenteriae in saline in falba-mineral oil emulsion. it was found that antibody production was greatly prolonged by the emulsification in oil. while with antigen in saline the serum titers began to fall 9 days after injection and ... | 1945 | 19871505 |
| studies on the flexner group of dysentery bacilli : iii. antibody response in man following the administration of the specific antigen of type v shigella paradysenteriae (flexner). | 1. volunteers have been immunized with the purified specific antigen of type v shigella paradysenteriae (flexner). the subjects developed a high titer of bacterial agglutinins and mouse-protective antibodies. the agglutinin titer fell moderately after a period of 6 months. the subjects responded fairly well to a small recall dose of the antigen. 2. two individuals from a group of 10 injected with the specific polysaccharide obtained from type v organisms responded with an increase in bacterial a ... | 1945 | 19871462 |
| studies on the flexner group of dysentery bacilli : ii. the chemical degradation of the specific antigen of type z shigella paradysenteriae (flexner). | the chemical and enzymatic dissociation of the specific antigen of type z shigella paradysenteriae has been studied. the chemical, toxic, and serological properties of the products of degradation have been investigated. the nature of the toxic component has been discussed. | 1945 | 19871461 |
| studies on the flexner group of dysentery bacilli : i. the specific antigens of shigella paradysenteriae (flexner). | 1. methods for the isolation of the specific antigens of types v, w, z, and newcastle shigella paradysenteriae are given. 2. the physical, chemical, toxic, and immunological properties of these substances are described. | 1945 | 19871460 |
| the multiplication of bacteriophage in vivo and its protective effect against an experimental infection with shigella dysenteriae. | 1. anti-shiga bacteriophage injected into the general circulation can multiply in the brain of mice infected intracerebrally with shigella dysenteriae. 2. under proper conditions, the injection of active bacteriophage into the general circulation can protect mice against an otherwise fatal intracerebral infection with shigella dysenteriae. 3. the protection so induced appears to depend upon the early establishment of a high bacteriophage level in the infected animal. | 1943 | 19871319 |
| nutritional cytopenia in monkeys receiving the goldberger diet. | experiments are reported upon young rhesus monkeys which were given a diet essentially the same as the goldberger black tongue-producing diet, supplemented in various ways. those receiving the unsupplemented diet developed the syndrome characterized by leucopenia, anemia, gingivitis, diarrhea, and death, which has been previously described in monkeys receiving our diet of refined foodstuffs. an animal receiving the goldberger diet supplemented with ascorbic acid and liver extract exhibited norma ... | 1940 | 19871037 |
| salmonella carriers among expatriate workers in al-qatif area. | salmonella infection and diarrhoeal diseases are major causes of morbidity and mortality in the developing world. all expatriates applying for work permits in the kingdom of saudi arabia (ksa) have to undergo a governmental compulsory health check program. | 2004 | 19861837 |
| escherichia coli as reservoir for macrolide resistance genes. | the plasmid-borne mph(a) gene that confers resistance to azithromycin and has recently emerged in shigella sonnei is present in multidrug- and non-multidrug-resistant escherichia coli isolates from 4 continents. further spread of mph(a) to shigella and salmonella spp. may be expected. | 2009 | 19861064 |
| epidemiology of shigella-associated diarrhea in gorgan, north of iran. | shigella is an important etiological agent for diarrhea and especially dysentery. shigellosis is an intestinal infection that is a major public health problem in many developing countries. the aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of shigella and its various species in diarrheal samples in gorgan located in the north of iran. | 2007 | 19858629 |
| pretreatment of epithelial cells with rifaximin alters bacterial attachment and internalization profiles. | rifaximin is a poorly absorbed semisynthetic antibiotic derivative of rifampin licensed for use in the treatment of traveler's diarrhea. rifaximin reduces the symptoms of enteric infection, often without pathogen eradication and with limited effects on intestinal flora. epithelial cells (hep-2 [laryngeal], hct-8 [ileocecal], a549 [lung], and hela [cervical]) were pretreated with rifaximin (or control antibiotics) prior to the addition of enteroaggregative escherichia coli (eaec). eaec adherence ... | 2010 | 19858255 |
| genetic diversity of o157:h7 and non-o157 verocytotoxigenic escherichia coli from argentina inferred from multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (mlva). | although serotype o157:h7 has been implicated in most cases of haemolytic-uraemic syndrome (hus), there is growing concern about non-o157 serotypes of verocytotoxigenic escherichia coli (vtec). multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (mlva) has been focused on the specific typing of o157:h7 isolates, but recently, a generic mlva assay for e. coli and shigella has been developed. we performed a study of the polymorphism in 7 generic vntr loci both in vtec o157:h7 and non-o157 isolat ... | 2010 | 19850517 |
| requirement for formin-induced actin polymerization during spread of shigella flexneri. | actin polymerization in the cytosol and at the plasma membrane is locally regulated by actin nucleators. several microbial pathogens exploit cellular actin polymerization to spread through tissue. the movement of the enteric pathogen shigella flexneri, both within the cell body and from cell to cell, depends on actin polymerization. during intercellular spread, actin polymerization at the bacterial surface generates protrusions of the plasma membrane, which are engulfed by adjacent cells. in the ... | 2010 | 19841078 |
| the mannitol operon repressor mtlr belongs to a new class of transcription regulators in bacteria. | many bacteria express phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase systems (pts). the mannitol-specific pts catalyze the uptake and phosphorylation of d-mannitol. the uptake system comprises several genes encoded in the single operon. the expression of the mannitol operon is regulated by a proposed transcriptional factor, mannitol operon repressor (mtlr) that was first studied in escherichia coli. here we report the first crystal structures of mtlr from vibrio parahemeolyticus (vp-mtlr) and ... | 2009 | 19840941 |
| effect of x-ray treatments on inoculated escherichia coli o157: h7, salmonella enterica, shigella flexneri and vibrio parahaemolyticus in ready-to-eat shrimp. | this study was conducted to evaluate the inactivation effect of x-ray treatments on escherichia coli o157: h7, salmonella enteric (s. enterica), shigella flexneri (s. flexneri) and vibrio parahaemolyticus (v. parahaemolyticus) artificially inoculated in ready-to-eat (rte) shrimp. a mixed culture of three strains of each tested pathogen was used to inoculate rte shrimp. the shrimp samples were inoculated individually with selected pathogenic bacteria then aseptically placed in sterile plastic cup ... | 2009 | 19835772 |
| how autophagy regulates the host cell signaling associated with the postpartum bacteria cocoon experienced as a danger signal. | shigella, the causative agent of human bacillary dysentery, invades the host cell, rapidly breaking the phagosome and multiplying in the cytosol. here, we summarize our recent work showing the targeting of the leftover membrane remnants to autophagy together with trapped membrane-associated signaling molecules recruited during the immediate early entry step. we suggest that this mechanism participates in the bacteria-dependent orchestration of the cell response. moreover, we propose that this si ... | 2009 | 19829050 |
| beneficial role of green plantain [musa paradisiaca] in the management of persistent diarrhea: a prospective randomized trial. | to evaluate the beneficial effects of green plantain-based diet on stool volume, frequency and weight gain as compared with a traditional yogurt-based diet in children with persistent diarrhea. | 2009 | 19828902 |
| secretory iga-mediated neutralization of shigella flexneri prevents intestinal tissue destruction by down-regulating inflammatory circuits. | shigella, a gram-negative invasive enteropathogenic bacterium responsible for bacillary dysentery, causes the rupture, invasion, and inflammatory destruction of the human colonic mucosa. we explored the mechanisms of protection mediated by shigella lps-specific secretory iga (siga), the major mucosal ab induced upon natural infection. bacteria, siga, or siga-s. flexneri immune complexes were administered into rabbit ligated intestinal loops containing a peyer's patch. after 8 h, localizations of ... | 2009 | 19828639 |
| prevalence of staphylococcus aureus and intestinal parasites among food handlers in sanliurfa, southeastern anatolia. | food-borne diseases represent a persistent global health burden, and food handlers play a major role in their transmission. staphylococcus aureus carriage and intestinal parasitism are important risk factors for the contamination of food and water. this study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of staphylococcus aureus and intestinal parasites among food handlers working in sanliurfa, southeastern anatolia. | 2009 | 19823157 |
| antibiotic therapy for shigella dysentery. | shigella dysentery is a relatively common illness and occasionally causes death, worldwide. mild symptoms are self-limiting but in more severe cases, antibiotics are recommended for cure and preventing relapse. the antibiotics recommended are diverse, have regional differences in sensitivity, and have side effects. | 2009 | 19821387 |
| comparative genomics reveal the mechanism of the parallel evolution of o157 and non-o157 enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli. | among the various pathogenic escherichia coli strains, enterohemorrhagic e. coli (ehec) is the most devastating. although serotype o157:h7 strains are the most prevalent, strains of different serotypes also possess similar pathogenic potential. here, we present the results of a genomic comparison between ehecs of serotype o157, o26, o111, and o103, as well as 21 other, fully sequenced e. coli/shigella strains. all ehecs have much larger genomes (5.5-5.9 mb) than the other strains and contain sur ... | 2009 | 19815525 |