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utilization of a modified phage e protein lysis system accounts for increased biomass in salmonella gallinarum ghosts.a major limiting issue of bacterial ghost technology involves the stable maintenance of phix174 lysis gene e expression. unwanted leaky expression of gene e in the absence of induction temperature results in reduced biomass production of host bacterium, consequently leading to the lower yield of bacterial ghost. to mitigate the leaky expression status of lysis gene e, we utilized a novel e-lysis system in which gene e is located between sense λpr promoter with a ci857 regulator and antisense par ...201526473678
protection against salmonella typhimurium, salmonella gallinarum, and salmonella enteritidis infection in layer chickens conferred by a live attenuated salmonella typhimurium strain.in the present study, we investigated the protection conferred by a live attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (st) strain against salmonella typhimurium, salmonella gallinarum (sg), and salmonella enteritidis (se) infection in layer chickens. birds were orally primed with the attenuated st strain at 7 days of age and then boosted at 4 weeks post prime immunization (ppi). sequential monitoring of plasma igg and mucosal secretory iga (siga) levels revealed that inoculation with st in ...201525713506
type 1 fimbriae are important factors limiting the dissemination and colonization of mice by salmonella enteritidis and contribute to the induction of intestinal inflammation during salmonella invasion.we have recently shown that salmonella gallinarum type 1 fimbriae with endogenous mannose-resistant (mr) variant of the fimh protein increase systemic dissemination of s. gallinarum and colonization of internal organs in comparison to the s. gallinarum fimh knockout strain or the mutant expressing mannose-sensitive (ms) fimh variant from s. enteritidis. elaborating from these studies, we proposed that ms variants of fimh are advantageous in gastrointestinal infections, in contrast to mr fimh var ...201525914682
identification and characterization of regions of difference between the salmonella gallinarum biovar gallinarum and the salmonella gallinarum biovar pullorum genomes.salmonella gallinarum is the causative agent of fowl typhoid, a severe septicaemic disease that affects birds of all ages, whereas s. pullorum causes pullorum disease, a systemic disorder affecting primarily young birds. a proportion of birds with pullorum disease become carriers and are thereby able to transmit s. pullorum vertically. although these two pathogens cause distinct diseases, they are otherwise phenotypically and genetically similar. therefore, the small variations that lead to the ...201525497350
safety and protective efficacy of a spic and crp deletion mutant of salmonella gallinarum as a live attenuated vaccine for fowl typhoid.with an aim to develop a safe, immunogenic fowl typhoid (ft) vaccine, the safety and efficacy of 1009δspicδcrp, a spic and crp deletion mutant of salmonella gallinarum, were evaluated in chickens. three-day-old chickens were intramuscularly immunized with 1009δspicδcrp (1×10(7)cfu) and boosted 7days later (at 10-days old) with the same dose and via the same route (vaccinated group). the vaccinated group showed no clinical symptoms and no differences in body weight compared to the unvaccinated co ...201627473974
hepatic cholinesterase of laying hens naturally infected by salmonella gallinarum (fowl typhoid).salmonella is a facultative intracellular pathogen that may cause foodborne gastroenteritis in humans and animals consisting of over 2000 serovars. the serovar salmonella gallinarum is an important worldwide pathogen of poultry. however, little is known on the mechanisms of pathogenesis of salmonella in chickens. the aim of this study was to evaluate cholinesterase and myeloperoxidase activities in hepatic tissue of laying hens naturally infected by s. gallinarum. twenty positive liver samples f ...201627377431
influence of heat-labile serum components in the presence of ompa on the outer membrane of salmonella gallinarum.salmonella gallinarum is the causative agent of fowl typhoid. being a gram-negative bacteria, its outer membrane proteins (omp) can be regulated by different microenvironments. s. gallinarum was cultured under the following conditions: nutrient broth (nb), nb supplemented with serum from specific pathogen-free birds (nbs) and nb with serum incubated at 56 °c prior to incubation with the bacteria (nbsd); omp were subsequently extracted. several changes were observed in the apparent expression of ...201626597854
genome-wide association studies of immune, disease and production traits in indigenous chicken ecotypes.the majority of chickens in sub-saharan africa are indigenous ecotypes, well adapted to the local environment and raised in scavenging production systems. although they are generally resilient to disease challenge, routine vaccination and biosecurity measures are rarely applied and infectious diseases remain a major cause of mortality and reduced productivity. management and genetic improvement programmes are hampered by lack of routine data recording. selective breeding based on genomic technol ...201627687164
loop-mediated isothermal amplification of the sefa gene for rapid detection of salmonella enteritidis and salmonella gallinarum in chickens.salmonella spp. pose a threat to both human and animal health, with more than 2600 serovars having been reported to date. salmonella serovars are usually identified by slide agglutination tests, which are labor intensive and time consuming. in an attempt to develop a more rapid screening method for the major poultry salmonella serovars, we developed a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay, which directly detected the sefa gene, a fimbrial operon gene existing in several specific se ...201626840841
interaction of a live attenuated salmonella gallinarum vaccine candidate with chicken bone marrow-derived dendritic cells.salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum (sg) is a gram-negative intracellular host-adapted pathogen that causes fowl typhoid. attenuated strains of sg are proven and widely used vaccine candidates because of advantages like induction of strong humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. in the present study, we investigated the interaction of chicken bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (chbm-dcs) with an attenuated sg (jol1355) strain that secretes a heat-labile enterotoxin b subunit protein prev ...201626813292
evaluation of protective efficacy of a novel inactivated salmonella pullorum ghost vaccine against virulent challenge in chickens.salmonella gallinarum biovar pullorum is the causative agent of pullorum disease in poultry, an acute systemic disease that results in a high mortality rate in young chickens. vaccines have been considered in many developing countries where levels of infection are high and eradication is not a realistic option. an attenuated strain combined with protein e-mediated cell lysis was used to generate a safety enhanced salmonella pullorum ghost vaccine. immune responses and protection induced by ghost ...201627090623
ectonucleotidases and adenosine deaminase activity in laying hens naturally infected by salmonella gallinarum and their effects on the pathogenesis of the disease.salmonella gallinarum is the etiologic agent of fowl typhoid that affects chickens and turkeys causing egg production drops, infertility, lower hatchability, high mortality, and as a consequence severe economic losses to the poultry industry. the alterations in ntpdase and adenosine deaminase (ada) activities have been demonstrated in several inflammatory conditions; however, there are no data in the literature associated with this infection. thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the activ ...201626911648
anaemia, serum iron concentrations and δ-aminolevulinate dehydratase activity in laying hens infected naturally by salmonella gallinarum.the aim of this study was to evaluate anaemia, serum iron concentrations and δ-aminolevulinate dehydratase (ala-d) activity in laying hens infected naturally by salmonella gallinarum and having severe hepatic lesions. liver and serum samples were collected from 27 laying hens (20 infected and seven uninfected). the δ-ala-d activity, haematocrit and serum iron concentrations were evaluated. there were significant decreases in δ-ala-d activity, haematocrit and serum iron concentrations (p <0.01) i ...201627262503
the mammalian red nucleus. 20164864540
specificity of cellular immunity to renal cell carcinoma. 20164819368
experimental infection of chickens by a flagellated motile strain of salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum biovar gallinarum.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar gallinarum biovar gallinarum (sg) causes fowl typhoid (ft), a septicaemic disease which can result in high mortality in poultry flocks. the absence of flagella in sg is thought to favour systemic invasion, since bacterial recognition via toll-like receptor (tlr)-5 does not take place during the early stages of ft. in the present study, chicks susceptible to ft were inoculated with a wild type sg (sg) or its flagellated motile derivative (sg fla(+)). in ...201627387725
molecular identification of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar gallinarum biovars gallinarum and pullorum by a duplex pcr assay.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar gallinarum biovar gallinarum (s gallinarum) and biovar pullorum (s pullorum) are 2 poultry pathogens that cause major economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. control of both diseases mainly relies on the adoption of biosecurity programs, and success is dependent on accurate and fast detection. based on this concept, we developed a duplex pcr assay, targeting 2 chromosomal sequences, which allowed us to precisely identify and differentiate s ...201627216724
protective efficacy and immune responses by homologous prime-booster immunizations of a novel inactivated salmonella gallinarum vaccine candidate.salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum (sg) ghost vaccine candidate was recently constructed. in this study, we evaluated various prime-boost vaccination strategies using the candidate strain to optimize immunity and protection efficacy against fowl typhoid.201627489805
probiotics in salmonella-challenged hy-line brown layers.a total of 192 hy-line brown 40-week-old salmonella-free layers were randomly assigned to 4 dietary treatments in a 5-wk experiment to test the efficacy of probiotics on egg production and quality, excreta and intestinal microbiota of laying birds challenged with salmonella gallinarum. dietary treatment comprised of (1) nc: ; basal diet, negative control, (2) pc: ; basal diet + oral s. gallinarum administration, positive control, (3) t1: ; basal diet + 0.1% bacillus subtilis rx7 1 × 10(9) cfu/g ...201627053626
draft genome sequence of a salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar gallinarum bv. gallinarum isolate associated with fowl typhoid outbreaks in brazil.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar gallinarum bv. gallinarum strains are bird pathogens causing fowl typhoid (ft). isolate br_rs12 was obtained from a poultry flock with ft in 2014. the sequencing of this genome will enable to track the origin of the recent outbreaks in brazil.201626950322
chemical constituents from campylotropis hirtella.a phytochemical investigation on the roots of campylotropis hirtella afforded nine new isoflavones (3-9, 12, 15), two new isoflavans (10 and 11), one new coumestan (1), and three new prenylated benzoic acid derivatives (2, 13, 14), together with twenty-four known compounds. their structures were established by spectroscopic analysis and circular dichroism data. the isolated compounds were also evaluated for their antibacterial activities against enterococcus faecalis, salmonella gallinarum, stre ...201627220079
inactivation of salmonella on eggshells by chlorine dioxide gas.microbiological contamination of eggs should be prevented in the poultry industry, as poultry is one of the major reservoirs of human salmonella. clo2 gas has been reported to be an effective disinfectant in various industry fields, particularly the food industry. the aims of this study were to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of chlorine dioxide gas on two strains of salmonella inoculated onto eggshells under various experimental conditions including concentrations, contact time, humidity, and ...201627499670
high resolution melting (hrm) analysis as a new tool for rapid identification of salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum biovars pullorum and gallinarum.salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum biovars pullorum and gallinarum represent the most common causative agents of chicken salmonellosis, which result in high mortality and morbidity throughout the world. it is difficult and laborious to discriminate these diseases based on biochemical or phenotypic methods. herein, we report the development of a single nucleotide polymorphism (snp) pcr-high resolution melt (pcr-hrm) assay for the detection and discrimination of both s pullorum and s gallinaru ...201627837117
evaluation of protective immune response against fowl typhoid in chickens vaccinated with the attenuated strain salmonella gallinarum δcobsδcbia.salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum biovar gallinarum (sg) causes fowl typhoid in chickens, a septicemic infection which results in high mortality rates. this disease causes high economic impact to the poultry industry worldwide because of the mortality or elimination of positive flocks to control bacterial dissemination. live vaccines are used in the fields, however the characterization of immune mechanisms important for protection are being studied to improve the efficacy of vaccination sch ...201627473999
prevalence and characterization of multi-drug resistant salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum biovar pullorum and gallinarum from chicken.salmonella is an important zoonotic pathogen responsible for animal and human diseases. the aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence and stereotyping of salmonella isolates isolated from apparently healthy poultry. furthermore, the clonal relatedness among the isolated salmonella serovars was assessed.201627051187
salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum: addressing fundamental questions in bacteriology sixty years on from the 9r vaccine.sixty years on from smith's seminal work on fowl typhoid vaccines, there is renewed interest in experimental avian salmonellosis and in particular the use of salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum as a tool to understand key features of bacterial evolution and host adaptation. in this short review we outline some of the recent advances in avian salmonellosis research that have coupled both the power of whole genome analysis and new tools to understand the host response to existing experimental i ...201727791403
effects of bacillus subtilis csl2 on the composition and functional diversity of the faecal microbiota of broiler chickens challenged with salmonella gallinarum.the chicken gastrointestinal tract contains a diverse microbiota whose composition and structure play important roles in gut functionality. in this study, microbial shifts resulting from feed supplementation with bacillus subtilis csl2 were evaluated in broilers challenged and unchallenged with salmonella gallinarum. to analyse bacterial community composition and functionality, 454 gs-flx pyrosequencing of 16s rrna gene amplicons was performed.201728070331
fowl typhoid in laying hens cause hepatic oxidative stress.the aim of this study was to analyses nitric oxide, antioxidant status, and oxidative profile in the liver of laying hens naturally infected by salmonella enterica subsp enterica serovar gallinarum (s. gallinarum). the nitrite/nitrate (nox), reactive oxygen species (ros), thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (tbars), catalase (cat), glutathione reductase (gr), glutathione peroxidase (gpx) and glutathione s-transferase (gst) activities were measured in liver samples, as well the biomarkers of ...201728027943
a bioprocessed polysaccharide from lentinus edodes mycelia cultures with turmeric protects chicks from a lethal challenge of salmonella gallinarum.our previous studies demonstrated that a bioprocessed polysaccharide (bpp) isolated from lentinus edodes mushroom mycelia cultures supplemented with black rice bran can protect mice against salmonella lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxemia and reduce the mortality from salmonella typhimurium infection through upregulated t-helper 1 immunity. here, we report that a bpp from l. edodes mushroom mycelia liquid cultures supplemented with turmeric (referred to as bpp-turmeric) alters chicken macrophag ...201728221973
further investigations on the epidemiology of fowl typhoid in brazil.salmonella gallinarum (sg) causes fowl typhoid (ft), a disease responsible for economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. ft has been considered under control in brazil; nevertheless, since 2012 it has frequently been identified in poultry farming of several brazilian states. the present study was aimed at assessing: (i) the pathogenicity of a sg strain recently isolated from an ft outbreak affecting chickens of both white and brown layers; (ii) the transmission of sg through eggs and ha ...201728277779
safety, protective immunity, and diva capability of a rough mutant salmonella pullorum vaccine candidate in broilers.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar gallinarum biovar pullorum (salmonella pullorum) is highly adapted to chickens causing an acute systemic disease that results in high mortality. vaccination represents one approach for promoting animal health, food safety and reducing environmental persistence in salmonella control. an important consideration is that salmonella vaccination in poultry should not interfere with the salmonellosis monitoring program. this is the basis of the diva (differen ...201728424675
protective effects of bacillus subtilis against salmonella infection in the microbiome of hy-line brown layers.this study investigated the effects of bacillus subtilis csl2 administration before salmonella challenge on the fecal microbiota and microbial functionality of hy-line brown (hlb) laying hens.201728423869
improved antimicrobial activity of pediococcus acidilactici against salmonella gallinarum by uv mutagenesis and genome shuffling.pediococcus acidilactici is a widely used probiotic, and salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum (sg) is a significant pathogen in the poultry industry. in this study, we improved the antimicrobial activity of p. acidilactici against sg using uv mutation and genome shuffling (gs). to improve antimicrobial activity against sg, uv mutagenesis was performed against wild-type p. acidilactici (wt), and five mutants showed improved antimicrobial activity. to further improve antimicrobial activity, gs w ...201728470335
rapid electrochemical quantification of salmonella pullorum and salmonella gallinarum based on glucose oxidase and antibody-modified silica nanoparticles.in this article, a facile and sensitive electrochemical method for quantification of salmonella pullorum and salmonella gallinarum (s. pullorum and s. gallinarum) was established by monitoring glucose consumption with a personal glucose meter (pgm). antibody-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (igg-mnps) were used to capture and enrich s. pullorum and s. gallinarum, and igg-mnps-s. pullorum and igg-mnps-s. gallinarum complexes were magnetically separated from a sample using a permanent magnet. ...201728429065
characterization of salmonella gallinarum from an outbreak in raigarh, chhattisgarh.the present investigation was conducted to isolate and characterize salmonella gallinarum from an outbreak of fowl typhoid in layer birds.201728344395
guanosine 5'-monophosphate-chelated calcium and iron feed additives maintains egg production and prevents salmonella gallinarum in experimentally infected layers.we evaluated the effects of guanosine 5'-monophosphate (gmp) -chelated calcium and iron (cafe-gmp) on the health and egg quality in layers experimentally infected with salmonella gallinarum. in this study, cafe-gmp feed additives was fed with commercial layer feed to layer over four weeks and all were inoculated with salmonella gallinarum. body weight, mortality, clinical symptoms, and poultry production including feed intake, egg production, egg loss, and feed conversion rate were observed and ...201728057911
characterization of salmonella gallinarum isolates from backyard poultry by polymerase chain reaction detection of invasion (inva) and salmonella plasmid virulence (spvc) genes.the aim was to characterize salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum isolated from backyard poultry by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) detection of virulence genes invasion (inva) and salmonella plasmid virulence c (spvc).201728831228
seven new lignan glycosides from the branches of alangium kurzii craib var. laxifolium.seven new lignan glycosides (1-3, 8-10, and 14) and 17 known compounds were isolated from the branches of alangium kurzii craib var. laxifolium. their structures were established by spectroscopic analysis and circular dichroism (cd) and x-ray analysis. the isolated compounds were evaluated for their antibacterial activities against staphylococcus aureus ci1011, streptococcus suis ci1608, salmonella gallinarum ci0912, enterococcus faecalis ci1304, aeromonas hydrophila ci1008, escherichia coli ci1 ...201728733150
genetic analysis of salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum biovar pullorum based on characterization and evolution of crispr sequence.salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum biovar pullorum (s. pullorum) is the cause of pullorum disease, characterized by white diarrhea, which leads to high mortality in poultry. in this study, we aimed to assess the genetic diversity of 655 s. pullorum strains from 1962 to 2015 in china, europe, and south america. a sequence typing scheme based on clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (crispr) was used to reveal the genetic relationships among these strains in this study. ove ...201728619172
development of a multiplex qpcr in real time for quantification and differential diagnosis of salmonella gallinarum and salmonella pullorum.currently there are 2659 salmonella serovars. the host-specific biovars salmonella pullorum and salmonella gallinarum cause systemic infections in food-producing and wild birds. fast diagnosis is crucial to control the dissemination in avian environments. the present work describes the development of a multiplex qpcr in real time using a low-cost dna dye (sybr green) to identify and quantify these biovars. primers were chosen based on genomic regions of difference (rod) and optimized to control ...201728589774
intracellular delivery of ha1 subunit antigen through attenuated salmonella gallinarum act as a bivalent vaccine against fowl typhoid and low pathogenic h5n3 virus.introduction of novel inactivated oil-emulsion vaccines against different strains of prevailing and emerging low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) viruses is not an economically viable option for poultry. engineering attenuated salmonella gallinarum (s. gallinarum) vaccine delivering h5 lpai antigens can be employed as a bivalent vaccine against fowl typhoid and lpai viruses, while still offering economic viability and sero-surveillance capacity. in this study, we developed a jol1814 bivalent va ...201728784184
case report of salmonella gallinarum urinary tract infection in a renal allograft recipient.urinary tract infections (utis) caused by nontyphoidal salmonella in a renal allograft recipient are a rare occurrence. although there is some existing literature on salmonella typhi bacteriuria and non-typhoidal bacteriuria, none of the cases has been reported in a renal transplant patient. this case report describes a rare instance in which group d salmonella was isolated from a renal allograft recipient's urine culture and the patient was successfully treated with antibiotics.201728838447
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