Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| the drosophila forkhead transcription factor foxo mediates the reduction in cell number associated with reduced insulin signaling. | forkhead transcription factors belonging to the foxo subfamily are negatively regulated by protein kinase b (pkb) in response to signaling by insulin and insulin-like growth factor in caenorhabditis elegans and mammals. in drosophila, the insulin-signaling pathway regulates the size of cells, organs, and the entire body in response to nutrient availability, by controlling both cell size and cell number. in this study, we present a genetic characterization of dfoxo, the only drosophila foxo ortho ... | 2003 | 12908874 |
| a bypass of sucrose synthase leads to low internal oxygen and impaired metabolic performance in growing potato tubers. | plants possess two alternative biochemical pathways for sucrose (suc) degradation. one involves hydrolysis by invertase followed by phosphorylation via hexokinase and fructokinase, and the other route-which is unique to plants-involves a udp-dependent cleavage of suc that is catalyzed by suc synthase (susy). in the present work, we tested directly whether a bypass of the endogenous susy route by ectopic overexpression of invertase or suc phosphorylase affects internal oxygen levels in growing tu ... | 2003 | 12913161 |
| salt stress activation of wound-related genes in tomato plants. | plants respond to various stresses by expressing distinct sets of genes. the effects of multiple stresses on plants and their interactions are not well understood. we have discovered that salt stress causes the accumulation of proteinase inhibitors and the activation of other wound-related genes in tomato (lycopersicon esculentum) plants. salt stress was also found to enhance the plant's response to wounding locally and systemically. the tomato mutant (def-1), which has an impairment in the octa ... | 2003 | 12913164 |
| proteomic analysis of wild-type sinorhizobium meliloti responses to n-acyl homoserine lactone quorum-sensing signals and the transition to stationary phase. | proteome analysis revealed that two long-chain n-acyl homoserine lactones (ahls) produced by sinorhizobium meliloti 1021 induced significant differences in the accumulation of more than 100 polypeptides in early-log-phase cultures of the wild type. fifty-six of the corresponding proteins have been identified by peptide mass fingerprinting. the proteins affected by addition of these two ahls had diverse functions in carbon and nitrogen metabolism, energy cycles, metabolite transport, dna synthesi ... | 2003 | 12923075 |
| regulation of the vitamin b12 metabolism and transport in bacteria by a conserved rna structural element. | cobalamin in the form of adenosylcobalamin (ado-cbl) is known to repress expression of genes for vitamin b(12) biosynthesis and be transported by a posttranscriptional regulatory mechanism, which involves direct binding of ado-cbl to 5'untranslated gene regions (5'utr). using comparative analysis of genes and regulatory regions, we identified a highly conserved rna structure, the b12-element, which is widely distributed in 5'utrs of vitamin b(12)-related genes in eubacteria. multiple alignment o ... | 2003 | 12923257 |
| insertion sequence isecp1b is involved in expression and mobilization of a bla(ctx-m) beta-lactamase gene. | the genetic structures (ca. 10-kb dna fragment) surrounding the plasmid-borne extended-spectrum beta-lactamase bla(ctx-m-19) gene in a klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolate were determined. this beta-lactamase gene was part of a 4,797-bp transposon inserted inside orf1 of tn1721. inside this transposon, bla(ctx-m-19) was bracketed upstream and downstream by insertion sequences ise cp1b and is903d, respectively, and further downstream by a truncated gene encoding an outer membrane protein for ir ... | 2003 | 12936998 |
| chemical communication among bacteria. | cell-cell communication in bacteria is accomplished through the exchange of chemical signal molecules called autoinducers. this process, called quorum sensing, allows bacteria to monitor their environment for the presence of other bacteria and to respond to fluctuations in the number and/or species present by altering particular behaviors. most quorum-sensing systems are species- or group-specific, which presumably prevents confusion in mixed-species environments. however, some quorum-sensing ci ... | 2003 | 12949263 |
| a new evaluation of our life-support system. | 2003 | 12949578 | |
| directed expression of the hiv-1 accessory protein vpu in drosophila fat-body cells inhibits toll-dependent immune responses. | human immunodeficiency virus 1 (hiv-1) expresses several accessory proteins that manipulate various host-cell processes to achieve optimum replicative efficiency. one of them, viral protein u (vpu), has been shown to interfere with the cellular degradation machinery through interaction with scf(beta-trcp) complexes. to learn more about vpu function in vivo, we used the genetically tractable fruit fly, drosophila melanogaster. our results show that the directed expression of vpu, but not the non- ... | 2003 | 12973300 |
| pectic enzymes of erwinia carotovora. | 1953 | 13031630 | |
| 5-keto-l-galactonate as an intermediate in the catabolism of d-galacturonate by erwinia carotovora. | 1958 | 13584381 | |
| metabolism of hexuronates and 5-ketohexonates by erwinia carotovora. | 1958 | 13618283 | |
| eliminative split of pectic substances by phytopathogenic soft-rot bacteria. | culture filtrates of erwinia carotovora and bacillus polymyxa split pectic substances to yield a product that absorbs at 230 mmicro, and which reacts with thiobarbituric acid to form a substance that absorbs at 547 mmicro. this product is believed to be a c-4,5-unsaturated oli-gouronide. the preferred substrate is polygalacturonic acid rather than pectin; the enzyme, provisionally named polygalacturonic-trans-eliminase, is activated by calcium. | 1962 | 13916373 |
| [on the development of resistance in erwinia carotovora (jones) holland and xanthomonas campestris (pammel) dowson to thiosulfate ethers]. | 1963 | 14048461 | |
| [research on the nutrition of erwinia carotovora]. | 1963 | 14048732 | |
| [pectolytic activity of erwinia carotovora]. | 1964 | 14335561 | |
| catabolism of galacturonic and glucuronic acids by erwinia carotovora. | 1959 | 14409051 | |
| structure of the o-polysaccharide of erwinia carotovora ssp. carotovora gspb 436. | the o-polysaccharide of a phytopathogenic bacterium, erwinia carotovora ssp. carotovora gspb 436, was studied by sugar and methylation analysis, along with 1h and 13c nmr spectroscopy. the following structure of the branched tetrasaccharide repeating unit of the o-polysaccharide was established: [carbohydrate structure in text] the o-polysaccharide contains a minor proportion of 4-o-methylrhamnose, which is suggested to terminate the polymer main chain. | 2003 | 14499581 |
| mechanism of pseudomonas aeruginosa rhlr transcriptional regulation of the rhlab promoter. | pseudomonas aeruginosa contains two transcription regulators (lasr and rhlr) that, when complexed with their specific autoinducers (3-oxo-dodecanoyl-homoserine lactone and butanoyl-homoserine lactone, respectively) activate transcription of different virulence-associated traits. we studied the rhlr-dependent transcriptional regulation of the rhlab operon encoding rhamnosyltransferase 1, an enzyme involved in the synthesis of the surfactant monorhamnolipid, and showed that rhlr binds to a specifi ... | 2003 | 14526008 |
| molecular characterization of brucella abortus chromosome ii recombination. | large-scale genomic rearrangements including inversions, deletions, and duplications are significant in bacterial evolution. the recently completed brucella melitensis 16m and brucella suis 1330 genomes have facilitated the investigation of such events in the brucella spp. suppressive subtractive hybridization (ssh) was employed in identifying genomic differences between b. melitensis 16m and brucella abortus 2308. analysis of 45 ssh clones revealed several deletions on chromosomes of b. abortus ... | 2003 | 14526025 |
| characterization of the hrp pathogenicity cluster of erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora: high basal level expression in a mutant is associated with reduced virulence. | extracellularly targeted proteins are crucial for virulence of gram-negative phytopathogenic bacteria. erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora employs the so-called type ii (gsp) pathway to secrete a number of pectinases and cellulases, which cause the typical tissue maceration symptoms of soft-rot disease. the type iii (hrp) pathway is the major virulence determinant in the genera pseudomonas, ralstonia and xanthomonas, and in non-macerating species of erwinia. the hrp cluster was recently partial ... | 2003 | 14576934 |
| interspecies communication in bacteria. | until recently, bacteria were considered to live rather asocial, reclusive lives. new research shows that, in fact, bacteria have elaborate chemical signaling systems that enable them to communicate within and between species. one signal, termed ai-2, appears to be universal and facilitates interspecies communication. many processes, including virulence factor production, biofilm formation, and motility, are controlled by ai-2. strategies that interfere with communication in bacteria are being e ... | 2003 | 14597753 |
| pharmacological inhibition of quorum sensing for the treatment of chronic bacterial infections. | traditional treatment of infectious diseases is based on compounds that aim to kill or inhibit bacterial growth. a major concern with this approach is the frequently observed development of resistance to antimicrobial compounds. the discovery of bacterial-communication systems (quorum-sensing systems), which orchestrate important temporal events during the infection process, has afforded a novel opportunity to ameliorate bacterial infection by means other than growth inhibition. compounds able t ... | 2003 | 14597754 |
| high-resolution differentiation of cyanobacteria by using rrna-internal transcribed spacer denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. | for many ecological studies of cyanobacteria, it is essential that closely related species or strains can be discriminated. since this is often not possible by using morphological features, cyanobacteria are frequently studied by using dna-based methods. a powerful method for analysis of the diversity and dynamics of microbial populations and for checking the purity and affiliation of cultivated strains is denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (dgge). we realized high-resolution discrimination ... | 2003 | 14602623 |
| development and application of a dapb-based in vivo expression technology system to study colonization of rice by the endophytic nitrogen-fixing bacterium pseudomonas stutzeri a15. | pseudomonas stutzeri a15 is a nitrogen-fixing bacterium isolated from paddy rice. strain a15 is able to colonize and infect rice roots. this strain may provide rice plants with fixed nitrogen and hence promote plant growth. in this article, we describe the use of dapb-based in vivo expression technology to identify p. stutzeri a15 genes that are specifically induced during colonization and infection (cii). we focused on the identification of p. stutzeri a15 genes that are switched on during rice ... | 2003 | 14602651 |
| host specificity of mollicutes oric plasmids: functional analysis of replication origin. | recently, artificial oric plasmids containing the chromosomal dnaa gene and surrounding dnaa box sequences were obtained for the mollicutes spiroplasma citri and mycoplasma pulmonis. in order to study the specificity of these plasmids among mollicutes, a set of similar oric plasmids was developed for three mycoplasmas belonging to the mycoides cluster, mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides lc (mmmlc), m.mycoides subsp. mycoides sc (mmmsc) and mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum. mycoplasmas fr ... | 2003 | 14602921 |
| use of o-antigen gene cluster-specific pcrs for the identification and o-genotyping of yersinia pseudotuberculosis and yersinia pestis. | yersinia pestis is a very recently evolved clone of yersinia pseudotuberculosis serotype o:1b. this close relationship causes potential difficulties in dna-based diagnostic methods. analysis of the o-antigen gene clusters in these two organisms identified two regions that were used to specifically identify y. pestis-y. pseudotuberculosis as a group or y. pestis alone. both pcr assays were found to be 100% specific when tested on a large collection of yersinia species and other enterobacteriaceae ... | 2003 | 14605146 |
| the pmra-pmrb two-component system responding to acidic ph and iron controls virulence in the plant pathogen erwinia carotovora ssp. carotovora. | efficient response to environmental cues is crucial to successful infection by plant-pathogenic bacteria such as erwinia carotovora ssp. carotovora. the expression of the main virulence genes of this pathogen, encoding extracellular enzymes that degrade the plant-cell wall, is subject to complex regulatory machinery where two-component systems play an important role. in this paper, we describe for the first time the involvement of the pmra-pmrb two-component system in regulation of virulence in ... | 2003 | 14617142 |
| the quorum sensing negative regulators esar and expr(ecc), homologues within the luxr family, retain the ability to function as activators of transcription. | most luxr homologues function as activators of transcription during the process of quorum sensing, but a few, including esar and expr(ecc), negatively impact gene expression. the luxr-activated luxi promoter and luxr binding site, the lux box, were used in artificial contexts to assess the potential for transcriptional activation and dna binding by esar and expr(ecc). although the acyl-homoserine lactone responsiveness of both proteins is the opposite of that shown by most luxr family members, e ... | 2003 | 14617666 |
| isolation of enterobacter sakazakii from midgut of stomoxys calcitrans. | 2003 | 14626227 | |
| regulation of lysine biosynthesis and transport genes in bacteria: yet another rna riboswitch? | comparative analysis of genes, operons and regulatory elements was applied to the lysine biosynthetic pathway in available bacterial genomes. we report identification of a lysine-specific rna element, named the lys element, in the regulatory regions of bacterial genes involved in biosynthesis and transport of lysine. similarly to the previously described rna regulatory elements for three vitamins (riboflavin, thiamin and cobalamin), purine and methionine regulons, this regulatory rna structure i ... | 2003 | 14627808 |
| functional domains of the rhlr transcriptional regulator of pseudomonas aeruginosa. | the rhlr transcriptional regulator of pseudomonas aeruginosa, along with its cognate autoinducer, n-butyryl homoserine lactone (c(4)-hsl), regulates gene expression in response to cell density. with an escherichia coli lexa-based protein interaction system, we demonstrated that rhlr multimerized and that the degree of multimerization was dependent on the c(4)-hsl concentration. studies with an e. coli lasb::lacz lysogen demonstrated that rhlr multimerization was necessary for it to function as a ... | 2003 | 14645272 |
| gaca regulates symbiotic colonization traits of vibrio fischeri and facilitates a beneficial association with an animal host. | the gacs/gaca two-component system regulates the expression of bacterial traits during host association. although the importance of gacs/gaca as a regulator of virulence is well established, its role in benign associations is not clear, as mutations in either the gacs or gaca gene have little impact on the success of colonization in nonpathogenic associations studied thus far. using as a model the symbiotic association of the bioluminescent marine bacterium vibrio fischeri with its animal host, ... | 2003 | 14645281 |
| pathways leading from bara/sira to motility and virulence gene expression in salmonella. | the bara and sira genes of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium encode a two-component sensor kinase and a response regulator, respectively. this system increases the expression of virulence genes and decreases the expression of motility genes. in this study, we examined the pathways by which sira affects these genes. we found that the master regulator of flagellar genes, flhdc, had a positive regulatory effect on the primary regulator of intestinal virulence determinants, hila, but that hila ... | 2003 | 14645287 |
| oxidative burst elicited by bacillus mycoides isolate bac j, a biological control agent, occurs independently of hypersensitive cell death in sugar beet. | response of sugar beet cultivars c40 and ush11 to syringe infiltration of live and dead bacillus mycoides isolate bac j, a biological control agent, and virulent and avirulent isolates of erwinia carotovora pv. betavasculorum was measured by monitoring systemic acquired resistance control of cercospora beticola, specific activity of chitinase and beta-glucanase, the oxidative burst, and hypersensitive cell death at the infiltration site. priming sugar beet with b. mycoides bac j (1 x 10(8) cells ... | 2003 | 14651348 |
| quorum sensing in nitrogen-fixing rhizobia. | members of the rhizobia are distinguished for their ability to establish a nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with leguminous plants. while many details of this relationship remain a mystery, much effort has gone into elucidating the mechanisms governing bacterium-host recognition and the events leading to symbiosis. several signal molecules, including plant-produced flavonoids and bacterially produced nodulation factors and exopolysaccharides, are known to function in the molecular conversation between ... | 2003 | 14665677 |
| molecular basis of bacterial outer membrane permeability revisited. | gram-negative bacteria characteristically are surrounded by an additional membrane layer, the outer membrane. although outer membrane components often play important roles in the interaction of symbiotic or pathogenic bacteria with their host organisms, the major role of this membrane must usually be to serve as a permeability barrier to prevent the entry of noxious compounds and at the same time to allow the influx of nutrient molecules. this review summarizes the development in the field since ... | 2003 | 14665678 |
| the homeobox gene caudal regulates constitutive local expression of antimicrobial peptide genes in drosophila epithelia. | in drosophila melanogaster, although the nf-kappab transcription factors play a pivotal role in the inducible expression of innate immune genes, such as antimicrobial peptide genes, the exact regulatory mechanism of the tissue-specific constitutive expression of these genes in barrier epithelia is largely unknown. here, we show that the drosophila homeobox gene product caudal functions as the innate immune transcription modulator that is responsible for the constitutive local expression of antim ... | 2004 | 14673153 |
| npdr, a repressor involved in 2,4,6-trinitrophenol degradation in rhodococcus opacus hl pm-1. | rhodococcus opacus hl pm-1 utilizes 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (picric acid) as a sole nitrogen source. the initial attack on picric acid occurs through two hydrogenation reactions. hydride transferase ii (encoded by npdi) and hydride transferase i (encoded by npdc) are responsible for the hydride transfers. database searches with the npd genes have indicated the presence of a putative transcriptional regulator, npdr. here, the npdr gene was expressed in escherichia coli, and the protein was purified ... | 2004 | 14679229 |
| growth phase-dependent regulation and stringent control of fis are conserved processes in enteric bacteria and involve a single promoter (fis p) in escherichia coli. | the intracellular concentration of the escherichia coli factor for inversion stimulation (fis), a global regulator of transcription and a facilitator of certain site-specific dna recombination events, varies substantially in response to changes in the nutritional environment and growth phase. under conditions of nutritional upshift, fis is transiently expressed at very high levels, whereas under induced starvation conditions, fis is repressed by stringent control. we show that both of these regu ... | 2004 | 14679232 |
| legionella pneumophila type ii protein secretion promotes virulence in the a/j mouse model of legionnaires' disease pneumonia. | legionella pneumophila, the gram-negative agent of legionnaires' disease, possesses type iv pili and a type ii protein secretion (lsp) system, both of which are dependent upon the pild prepilin peptidase. by analyzing multiple pild mutants and various types of lsp mutants as well as performing trans-complementation of these mutants, we have confirmed that pild and type ii secretion genes are required for l. pneumophila infection of both amoebae and human macrophages. based upon a complete analys ... | 2004 | 14688110 |
| plant er genes that encode photorespiratory enzymes confer resistance against disease. | downy mildew caused by the oomycete pathogen pseudoperonospora cubensis is a devastating foliar disease of cucurbits worldwide. we previously demonstrated that the wild melon line pi 124111f (pi) is highly resistant to all pathotypes of p. cubensis. that resistance was controlled genetically by two partially dominant, complementary loci. here, we show that unlike other plant disease resistance genes, which confer an ability to resist infection by pathogens expressing corresponding avirulence gen ... | 2004 | 14688292 |
| complete sequence and evolutionary genomic analysis of the pseudomonas aeruginosa transposable bacteriophage d3112. | bacteriophage d3112 represents one of two distinct groups of transposable phage found in the clinically relevant, opportunistic pathogen pseudomonas aeruginosa. to further our understanding of transposable phage in p. aeruginosa, we have sequenced the complete genome of d3112. the genome is 37,611 bp, with an overall g+c content of 65%. we have identified 53 potential open reading frames, including three genes (the c repressor gene and early genes a and b) that have been previously characterized ... | 2004 | 14702309 |
| an evolutionary hot spot: the pngr234b replicon of rhizobium sp. strain ngr234. | rhizobium sp. strain ngr234 has an exceptionally broad host range and is able to nodulate more than 112 genera of legumes. since the overall organization of the ngr234 genome is strikingly similar to that of the narrow-host-range symbiont rhizobium meliloti strain 1021 (also known as sinorhizobium meliloti), the obvious question is why are the spectra of hosts so different? study of the early symbiotic genes of both bacteria (carried by the syma plasmids) did not provide obvious answers. yet, bo ... | 2004 | 14702322 |
| bacterial expression of a human monoclonal antibody-alkaline phosphatase conjugate specific for entamoeba histolytica. | we previously produced human monoclonal antibody fab fragments specific to entamoeba histolytica in escherichia coli. in order to use these fab fragments for diagnostic purposes, an expression vector to produce a fusion protein of fab and alkaline phosphatase (phoa) in e. coli was designed and constructed. the e. coli phoa gene was fused to the 3' terminus of the gene encoding the heavy-chain fd region. the kappa and fd genes from a previously prepared antibody clone, cp33, which is specific for ... | 2004 | 14715571 |
| the wrky70 transcription factor: a node of convergence for jasmonate-mediated and salicylate-mediated signals in plant defense. | cross talk between salicylic acid (sa)- and jasmonic acid (ja)-dependent defense signaling has been well documented in plants, but how this cross talk is executed and the components involved remain to be elucidated. we demonstrate that the plant-specific transcription factor wrky70 is a common component in sa- and ja-mediated signal pathways. expression of wrky70 is activated by sa and repressed by ja. the early induction of wrky70 by sa is npr1-independent, but functional npr1 is required for f ... | 2004 | 14742872 |
| parasite-specific immune response in adult drosophila melanogaster: a genomic study. | insects of the order diptera are vectors for parasitic diseases such as malaria, sleeping sickness and leishmania. in the search for genes encoding proteins involved in the antiparasitic response, we have used the protozoan parasite octosporea muscaedomesticae for oral infections of adult drosophila melanogaster. to identify parasite-specific response molecules, other flies were exposed to virus, bacteria or fungi in parallel. analysis of gene expression patterns after 24 h of microbial challeng ... | 2004 | 14749722 |
| integration of environmental and host-derived signals with quorum sensing during plant-microbe interactions. | many plant-associated microbes use secreted autoinducer molecules, including n-acylhomoserine lactones (ahls), to regulate diverse behaviours in association with their population density (quorum sensing). often, these responses are affected by environmental conditions, including the presence of other ahl-producing bacterial species. in addition, plant-derived metabolites, including products that arise as a direct result of the bacterial infection, may profoundly influence ahl-regulated behaviour ... | 2004 | 14764105 |
| norm, an erwinia amylovora multidrug efflux pump involved in in vitro competition with other epiphytic bacteria. | blossoms are important sites of infection for erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of fire blight of rosaceous plants. before entering the tissue, the pathogen colonizes the stigmatic surface and has to compete for space and nutrient resources within the epiphytic community. several epiphytes are capable of synthesizing antibiotics with which they antagonize phytopathogenic bacteria. here, we report that a multidrug efflux transporter, designated norm, of e. amylovora confers tolerance to the tox ... | 2004 | 14766544 |
| insecticidal bacillus thuringiensis silences erwinia carotovora virulence by a new form of microbial antagonism, signal interference. | it is commonly known that bacteria may produce antibiotics to interfere with the normal biological functions of their competitors in order to gain competitive advantages. here we report that bacillus thuringiensis suppressed the quorum-sensing-dependent virulence of plant pathogen erwinia carotovora through a new form of microbial antagonism, signal interference. e. carotovora produces and responds to acyl-homoserine lactone (ahl) quorum-sensing signals to regulate antibiotic production and expr ... | 2004 | 14766576 |
| evaluation of colilert-18 for detection of coliforms and eschericha coli in subtropical freshwater. | the accuracy of colilert-18 as a test for coliforms and escherichia coli in subtropical freshwater was evaluated by using api 20e strips and fatty acid methyl ester analysis. the false-positive and -negative rates of detection were 7.4 and 3.5%, respectively, for e. coli and 9.6 and 6.3%, respectively, for coliforms. | 2004 | 14766614 |
| microbial transformation of pyrethroid insecticides in aqueous and sediment phases. | recent studies showed that synthetic pyrethroids (sps) can move via surface runoff into aquatic systems. fifty-six of sp-degrading bacteria strains were isolated from contaminated sediments, of which six were evaluated for their ability to transform bifenthrin and permethrin in the aqueous phase and bifenthrin in the sediment phase. in the aqueous phase, bifenthrin was rapidly degraded by strains of stenotrophomonas acidaminiphila, and the half-life (t1/2) was reduced from >700 h to 30 to 131 h. ... | 2004 | 14768859 |
| observations on the bacteriophagy of erwinia carotovora. | 1951 | 14824108 | |
| fermentation of galacturonic acid and glucose by a strain of erwinia carotovora. | 1952 | 14955520 | |
| characterization of atypical erwinia carotovora strains causing blackleg of potato in brazil. | to determine the characteristics of bacteria associated with the blackleg disease of potato in brazil and compare them with species and subspecies of pectolytic erwinia. | 2004 | 14962133 |
| antifungal activity of beta-asarone from rhizomes of acorus gramineus. | an antifungal substance was isolated from the extract of acorus gramineus using various chromatographic procedures. the antibiotic was identified as beta-asarone, cis-2,4,5-trimethoxy-1-propenylbenzene, on the basis of the high-resolution ei-mass, nmr, and uv spectral data. beta-asarone completely inhibited mycelial growth of some plant pathogenic fungi, cladosporium cucumerinum,colletotrichum orbiculare, magnaporthe grisea, and pythium ultimum, in a range of 0.5-30 microg/ml. the growth of baci ... | 2004 | 14969530 |
| inactivation of a pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum-sensing signal by human airway epithelia. | mammalian airways protect themselves from bacterial infection by using multiple defense mechanisms including antimicrobial peptides, mucociliary clearance, and phagocytic cells. we asked whether airways might also target a key bacterial cell-cell communication system, quorum-sensing. the opportunistic pathogen pseudomonas aeruginosa uses two quorum-sensing molecules, n-(3-oxododecanoyl)-l-homoserine lactone (3oc12-hsl) and n-butanoyl-l-homoserine lactone (c4-hsl), to control production of extrac ... | 2004 | 14970327 |
| bacterial volatiles induce systemic resistance in arabidopsis. | plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, in association with plant roots, can trigger induced systemic resistance (isr). considering that low-molecular weight volatile hormone analogues such as methyl jasmonate and methyl salicylate can trigger defense responses in plants, we examined whether volatile organic compounds (vocs) associated with rhizobacteria can initiate isr. in arabidopsis seedlings exposed to bacterial volatile blends from bacillus subtilis gb03 and bacillus amyloliquefaciens in937a ... | 2004 | 14976231 |
| one-step purification and kinetic properties of the recombinant l-asparaginase from erwinia carotovora. | ecar-lans, the recombinant l-asparaginase from erwinia carotovora, is a prospective therapeutic enzyme for leukaemia treatment. an efficient and economical scheme was developed for the purification, cloning and expression in eschericha coli of ecar-lans. more than 90% purity, complemented with 72% active enzyme recovery, was achieved with a single chromatographic purification step. the activity of purified l-asparaginase was 630 i.u./mg. the ecar-lans k (m) value was 98x10(-6) m for the main phy ... | 2004 | 15032742 |
| thermodependence of growth and enzymatic activities implicated in pathogenicity of two erwinia carotovora subspecies (pectobacterium spp.). | erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica and erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora can cause substantial damage to economically important plant crops and stored products. the occurrence of the disease and the scale of the damage are temperature dependent. disease development consists first of active multiplication of the bacteria in the infection area and then production of numerous extracellular enzymes. we investigated the effects of various temperatures on these two steps. we assayed the specific ... | 2004 | 15052318 |
| genetic evidence that legionella pneumophila rpos modulates expression of the transmission phenotype in both the exponential phase and the stationary phase. | the opportunistic pathogen legionella pneumophila alternates between two states: replication within phagocytes and transmission between host amoebae or macrophages. in broth cultures that model this life cycle, during the replication period, csra inhibits expression of transmission traits. when nutrients become limiting, the alarmone (p)ppgpp accumulates and the sigma factors rpos and flia and the positive activators leta/s and lete promote differentiation to the transmissible form. here we show ... | 2004 | 15102753 |
| luxs is required for persistent pneumococcal carriage and expression of virulence and biosynthesis genes. | streptococcus pneumoniae causes several diseases, including otitis media, pneumonia, and meningitis. although little is known about the regulation of or how individual pneumococcal factors contribute to these disease states, there is evidence suggesting that some factors are regulated by a cell-density-dependent mechanism (quorum sensing). quorum sensing allows bacteria to couple transcription with changes in cell density; bacteria achieve this by sensing and responding to small diffusible signa ... | 2004 | 15102809 |
| the plant virus tomato spotted wilt tospovirus activates the immune system of its main insect vector, frankliniella occidentalis. | tospoviruses have the ability to infect plants and their insect vectors. tomato spotted wilt virus (tswv), the type species in the tospovirus genus, infects its most important insect vector, frankliniella occidentalis, the western flower thrips (wft). however, no detrimental effects on the life cycle or cytopathological changes have been reported in the wft after tswv infection, and relatively few viral particles can be observed even several days after infection. we hypothesized that tswv infect ... | 2004 | 15113877 |
| positive control of swarming, rhamnolipid synthesis, and lipase production by the posttranscriptional rsma/rsmz system in pseudomonas aeruginosa pao1. | in pseudomonas aeruginosa, the small rna-binding, regulatory protein rsma is a negative control element in the formation of several extracellular products (e.g., pyocyanin, hydrogen cyanide, pa-il lectin) as well as in the production of n-acylhomoserine lactone quorum-sensing signal molecules. rsma was found to control positively the ability to swarm and to produce extracellular rhamnolipids and lipase, i.e., functions contributing to niche colonization by p. aeruginosa. an rsma null mutant was ... | 2004 | 15126453 |
| genomic diversity of erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora and its correlation with virulence. | we used genetic and biochemical methods to examine the genomic diversity of the enterobacterial plant pathogen erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora. the results obtained with each method showed that e. carotovora subsp. carotovora strains isolated from one ecological niche, potato plants, are surprisingly diverse compared to related pathogens. a comparison of 23 partial mdh sequences revealed a maximum pairwise difference of 10.49% and an average pairwise difference of 2.13%, values which are mu ... | 2004 | 15128563 |
| negative cross-communication among wheat rhizosphere bacteria: effect on antibiotic production by the biological control bacterium pseudomonas aureofaciens 30-84. | phenazine antibiotic production in the biological control bacterium pseudomonas aureofaciens 30-84 is regulated in part via the phzr/phzi n-acyl homoserine lactone (ahl) system. previous work showed that a subpopulation of the wheat rhizosphere community positively affected phenazine gene expression in strain 30-84 via ahl signals (e. a. pierson, d. w. wood, j. a. cannon, f. m. blachere, and l. s. pierson iii, mol. plant-microbe interact. 11:1078-1084, 1998). in the present work, a second subpop ... | 2004 | 15128573 |
| the role of the jasmonate response in plant susceptibility to diverse pathogens with a range of lifestyles. | plants defend themselves against attack from insects and pathogens with various resistance strategies. the jasmonate and salicylate signaling pathways are two induced responses that protect plants against these attackers. knowledge of the range of organisms that are affected by each response is important for understanding how plants coordinate their defenses against multiple attackers and the generality of effect of different resistance mechanisms. the jasmonate response is known to protect plan ... | 2004 | 15133157 |
| fast screening method for detection of acyl-hsl-degrading soil isolates. | a reliable method was developed for screening of bacteria isolates capable of degrading acyl-hsls, the signal molecules in quorum-sensing-mediated processes of many proteobacteria. the microtiter assay was based on the use of a gfp-marked escherichia coli strain, which fluoresces upon the presence of acyl-hsls. measurement of gfp fluorescence with a molecular imager fx scanner (fluorometer) detected isolates capable of degrading acyl-hsls. the potential of this method was demonstrated by isolati ... | 2004 | 15134889 |
| partitioning of the variance in the growth parameters of erwinia carotovora on vegetable products. | the objective of this paper was to estimate and partition the variability in the microbial growth model parameters describing the growth of erwinia carotovora on pasteurised and non-pasteurised vegetable juice from laboratory experiments performed under different temperature-varying conditions. we partitioned the model parameter variance and covariance components into effects due to temperature profile and replicate using a maximum likelihood technique. temperature profile and replicate were tre ... | 2004 | 15135958 |
| transgenic potatoes expressing a novel cationic peptide are resistant to late blight and pink rot. | potato is the world's largest non-cereal crop. potato late blight is a pandemic, foliar wasting potato disease caused by phytophthora infestans, which has become highly virulent, fungicide resistant, and widely disseminated. similarly, fungicide resistant isolates of phytophthora erythroseptica, which causes pink rot, have also become an economic scourge of potato tubers. thus, an alternate, cost effective strategy for disease control has become an international imperative. here we describe a st ... | 2004 | 15198205 |
| endophytic bacterial communities of field-grown potato plants and their plant-growth-promoting and antagonistic abilities. | to study the effect of plant growth on potato-associated bacteria, the composition and properties of bacteria colonizing the endosphere of field-grown potato were analyzed by a multiphasic approach. the occurrence and diversity of potato-associated bacteria were monitored by a cultivation-independent approach, using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of 16s rdna. the patterns obtained revealed a high heterogeneity of community composition and suggested the existence of pl ... | 2004 | 15213748 |
| inter-genomic displacement via lateral gene transfer of bacterial trp operons in an overall context of vertical genealogy. | the growing conviction that lateral gene transfer plays a significant role in prokaryote genealogy opens up a need for comprehensive evaluations of gene-enzyme systems on a case-by-case basis. genes of tryptophan biosynthesis are frequently organized as whole-pathway operons, an attribute that is expected to facilitate multi-gene transfer in a single step. we have asked whether events of lateral gene transfer are sufficient to have obscured our ability to track the vertical genealogy that underp ... | 2004 | 15214963 |
| comparative genomics of the methionine metabolism in gram-positive bacteria: a variety of regulatory systems. | regulation of the methionine biosynthesis and transport genes in bacteria is rather diverse and involves two rna-level regulatory systems and at least three dna-level systems. in particular, the methionine metabolism in gram-positive bacteria was known to be controlled by the s-box and t-box mechanisms, both acting on the level of premature termination of transcription. using comparative analysis of genes, operons and regulatory elements, we described the methionine metabolic pathway and the met ... | 2004 | 15215334 |
| isolation and characterisation of a class of carbohydrate oxidases from higher plants, with a role in active defence. | in a search for novel plant-derived antimicrobial proteins, we screened extracts from salicylic acid (sa)-treated lettuce and sunflower leaves. these extracts displayed very potent antimicrobial activity against a set of phytopathogens. characterisation of these extracts revealed that in both extracts, proteins of approximately 60 kda were responsible for the antimicrobial activity. further characterisation of these proteins and cloning of the respective cdnas revealed close homology to a range ... | 2004 | 15225281 |
| effects of natural and chemically synthesized furanones on quorum sensing in chromobacterium violaceum. | cell to cell signaling systems in gram-negative bacteria rely on small diffusible molecules such as the n-acylhomoserine lactones (ahl). these compounds are involved in the production of antibiotics, exoenzymes, virulence factors and biofilm formation. they belong to the class of furanone derivatives which are frequently found in nature as pheromones, flavor compounds or secondary metabolites. to obtain more information on the relation between molecular structure and quorum sensing, we tested a ... | 2004 | 15233843 |
| purification and characterization of two distinct metalloproteases secreted by the entomopathogenic bacterium photorhabdus sp. strain az29. | photorhabdus sp. strain az29 is symbiotic with an azorean nematode of the genus heterorhabditis in a complex that is highly virulent to insects even at low temperatures. the virulence of the bacteria is mainly attributed to toxins and bacterial enzymes secreted during parasitism. the bacteria secrete proteases during growth, with a peak at the end of the exponential growth phase. protease secretion was higher in cultures growing at lower temperatures. at 10 degrees c the activity was highest and ... | 2004 | 15240252 |
| presence of acylated homoserine lactones (ahls) and ahl-producing bacteria in meat and potential role of ahl in spoilage of meat. | quorum-sensing (qs) signals (n-acyl homoserine lactones [ahls]) were extracted and detected from five commercially produced vacuum-packed meat samples. ninety-six ahl-producing bacteria were isolated, and 92 were identified as enterobacteriaceae. hafnia alvei was the most commonly identified ahl-producing bacterium. thin-layer chromatographic profiles of supernatants from six h. alvei isolates and of extracts from spoiling meat revealed that the major ahl species had an r(f) value and shape simi ... | 2004 | 15240313 |
| a type ii protein secretory pathway required for levansucrase secretion by gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus. | the endophytic diazotroph gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus secretes a constitutively expressed levansucrase (lsda, ec 2.4.1.10) to utilize plant sucrose. lsda, unlike other extracellular levansucrases from gram-negative bacteria, is transported to the periplasm by a signal-peptide-dependent pathway. we identified an unusually organized gene cluster encoding at least the components lsdg, -o, -e, -f, -h, -i, -j, -l, -m, -n, and -d of a type ii secretory system required for lsda translocation acros ... | 2004 | 15262940 |
| genome sequence of the enterobacterial phytopathogen erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica and characterization of virulence factors. | the bacterial family enterobacteriaceae is notable for its well studied human pathogens, including salmonella, yersinia, shigella, and escherichia spp. however, it also contains several plant pathogens. we report the genome sequence of a plant pathogenic enterobacterium, erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica (eca) strain scri1043, the causative agent of soft rot and blackleg potato diseases. approximately 33% of eca genes are not shared with sequenced enterobacterial human pathogens, including s ... | 2004 | 15263089 |
| fungistatic and bacteriostatic activities of alkamides from heliopsis longipes roots: affinin and reduced amides. | this work demonstrates the fungistatic and bacteriostatic activities of affinin, the main alkamide of heliopsis longipes (gray) blake (asteraceae) roots and two alkamides obtained by catalytic reduction of affinin: n-isobutyl-2e-decenamide and n-isobutyl-decanamide. the bioactivity was tested against rhizoctonia solani groups ag3 and ag5, sclerotium rolfsii, sclerotium cepivorum, fusarium sp., vertcillium sp., phytopathogenic fungi; phytophthora infestans, a phytopathogenic chromista; saccharomy ... | 2004 | 15264902 |
| a hydrocarbon ruler measures palmitate in the enzymatic acylation of endotoxin. | the ability of enzymes to distinguish between fatty acyl groups can involve molecular measuring devices termed hydrocarbon rulers, but the molecular basis for acyl-chain recognition in any membrane-bound enzyme remains to be defined. pagp is an outer membrane acyltransferase that helps pathogenic bacteria to evade the host immune response by transferring a palmitate chain from a phospholipid to lipid a (endotoxin). pagp can distinguish lipid acyl chains that differ by a single methylene unit, in ... | 2004 | 15272304 |
| the bacterial type iii secretion system-associated pilin hrpa has an unusually long mrna half-life. | secondary structures affect mrna stability and may play a role in protein secretion. we have studied the mrna of hrpa, which codes for the major structural unit of the type iii secretion system-associated pilus of pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, erwinia carotovora and pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola. we show that hrpa mrna has an unusually long half-life, approximately 33-47 min. we mapped regions in the transcript that affected hrpa mrna accumulation. apparently, sequences at both 5' and ... | 2004 | 15280045 |
| assessment of genetic variability of haploids extracted from tetraploid (2n = 4x = 48) solanum tuberosum. | the objectives of this study were to assess the genetic variability of haploids (2n = 2x = 24) extracted from tetraploid solanum tuberosum through 4x x 2x crosses with solanum phureja. molecular and phenotypic analyses were performed to fingerprint the genotypes used and to evaluate their potential use in breeding programs. aflp analysis revealed the presence of specific bands derived from the tetraploid seed parent s. phureja, as well as ex novo originated bands. on average, 210 bands were visu ... | 2004 | 15284867 |
| characterization of metabolic pathway of linoleic acid 9-hydroperoxide in cytosolic fraction of potato tubers and identification of reaction products. | potato tubers are shown to contain a unique lipoxygenase pathway to form 9-hydroperoxy-10,12-octadecadienoic acid (9-hpode) from linoleic acid. here, we report the metabolic pathway of 9-hpode in the cytosolic fraction and the characterization of enzymes involved in the conversion of metabolites. the analysis of enzymatic reaction products at ph 5.5 revealed the formation of 9-keto-10,12-octadecadienoic acid, 9-hydroxy-10,12-octadecadienoic acid, 9,10-epoxy-11-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid, 9,10, ... | 2004 | 15304744 |
| potato plants genetically modified to produce n-acylhomoserine lactones increase susceptibility to soft rot erwiniae. | many gram-negative bacteria employ n-acylhomoserine lactones (ahl) to regulate diverse physiological processes in concert with cell population density (quorum sensing [qs]). in the plant pathogen erwinia carotovora, the ahl synthesized via the cari/expi genes are responsible for regulating the production of secreted plant cell wall-degrading exoenzymes and the antibiotic carbapen-3-em carboxylic acid. we have previously shown that targeting the product of an ahl synthase gene (yeni) from yersini ... | 2004 | 15305609 |
| plant defense gene promoter enhances the reliability of shiva-1 gene-induced resistance to soft rot disease in potato. | pal5, a tomato (lycopersicon esculentum mill.) plant defense gene that encodes phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, is known to respond to a variety of environmental stresses including pathogen infection and wounding. a shiva-1 gene recombinant that encodes a small synthetic antibacterial peptide under the pal5 gene promoter was transformed into potato (solanum tuberosum l.) and its ability to induce resistance to erwinia carotovora was compared with a construct under the control of the constitutive and ... | 2004 | 15309537 |
| identification of a quinone-sensitive redox switch in the arcb sensor kinase. | escherichia coli senses and signals anoxic or low redox conditions in its growth environment by the arc two-component system. under anaerobic conditions, the arcb sensor kinase autophosphorylates and transphosphorylates arca, a global transcriptional regulator that controls the expression of numerous operons involved in respiratory or fermentative metabolism. under aerobic conditions, the kinase activity of arcb is inhibited by the quinone electron carriers that act as direct negative signals. h ... | 2004 | 15326287 |
| comparison of atpase-encoding type iii secretion system hrcn genes in biocontrol fluorescent pseudomonads and in phytopathogenic proteobacteria. | type iii protein secretion systems play a key role in the virulence of many pathogenic proteobacteria, but they also occur in nonpathogenic, plant-associated bacteria. certain type iii protein secretion genes (e.g., hrcc) have been found in pseudomonas sp. strain sbw25 (and other biocontrol pseudomonads), but other type iii protein secretion genes, such as the atpase-encoding gene hrcn, have not been found. using both colony hybridization and a pcr approach, we show here that hrcn is nevertheles ... | 2004 | 15345390 |
| localization and characterization of two novel genes encoding stereospecific dioxygenases catalyzing 2(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propionate cleavage in delftia acidovorans mc1. | two novel genes, rdpa and sdpa, encoding the enantiospecific alpha-ketoglutarate dependent dioxygenases catalyzing r,s-dichlorprop cleavage in delftia acidovorans mc1 were identified. significant similarities to other known genes were not detected, but their deduced amino acid sequences were similar to those of other alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenases. rdpa showed 35% identity with taud of pseudomonas aeruginosa, and sdpa showed 37% identity with tfda of ralstonia eutropha jmp134. the functionally ... | 2004 | 15345421 |
| amine-synthesizing enzyme n-substituted formamide deformylase: screening, purification, characterization, and gene cloning. | n-substituted formamide was produced through the hydration of an isonitrile by isonitrile hydratase in the isonitrile metabolism. the former compound was further degraded by a microorganism, strain f164, which was isolated from soil through an acclimatization culture. the n-substituted formamide-degrading microorganism was identified as arthrobacter pascens. the microbial degradation was found to proceed through an enzymatic reaction, the n-substituted formamide being hydrolyzed to yield the cor ... | 2004 | 15358859 |
| use of a pooled transposon mutation grid to demonstrate roles in disease development for erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica putative type iii secreted effector (dspe/a) and helper (hrpn) proteins. | soft rot erwinia spp., like other closely related plant pathogens, possess a type iii secretion system (ttss) (encoded by the hrp gene cluster) implicated in disease development. we report the sequence of the entire hrp gene cluster and adjacent dsp genes in erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica scri1039. the cluster is similar in content and structural organization to that in e. amylovora. however, eight putative genes of unknown function located within the e. carotovora subsp. atroseptica clus ... | 2004 | 15384484 |
| quorum quenching: enzymatic disruption of n-acylhomoserine lactone-mediated bacterial communication in burkholderia thailandensis. | many species of gram-negative bacteria communicate by synthesizing, secreting, and responding to n-acylhomoserine lactones (ahls), a mechanism termed quorum sensing. several investigations have characterized numerous ahl-degrading enzymes (aiia lactonases) encoded by environmental isolates of bacillus spp. the burkholderia thailandensis quorum system is comprised of at least three ahl synthases (ahss) and five transcriptional regulators belonging to the luxir class of proteins. expression of the ... | 2004 | 15466564 |
| identification of an antibacterial compound, benzylideneacetone, from xenorhabdus nematophila against major plant-pathogenic bacteria. | an entomopathogenic bacterium, xenorhabdus nematophila, is known to have potent antibiotic activities to maintain monoxenic condition in its insect host for effective pathogenesis and ultimately for optimal development of its nematode symbiont, steinernema carpocapsae. in this study we assess its antibacterial activity against plant-pathogenic bacteria and identify its unknown antibiotics. the bacterial culture broth had significant antibacterial activity that increased with development of the b ... | 2004 | 15476972 |
| innate immunity in arabidopsis thaliana: lipopolysaccharides activate nitric oxide synthase (nos) and induce defense genes. | lipopolysaccharides (lps) are cell-surface components of gram-negative bacteria and are microbe-/pathogen-associated molecular patterns in animal pathosystems. as for plants, the molecular mechanisms of signal transduction in response to lps are not known. here, we show that arabidopsis thaliana reacts to lps with a rapid burst of no, a hallmark of innate immunity in animals. fifteen lps preparations (among them burkholderia cepacia, pseudomonas aeruginosa, and erwinia carotovora) as well as lip ... | 2004 | 15498873 |
| a drosophila p38 orthologue is required for environmental stress responses. | the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) cascade is an evolutionarily conserved signalling mechanism involved in processes as diverse as apoptosis, cell fate determination, immune function and stress response. aberrant p38 signalling has been implicated in many human diseases, including heart disease, cancer, arthritis and neurodegenerative diseases. to further understand the role of p38 in these processes, we generated a drosophila strain that is null for the d-p38a gene. mutants are hom ... | 2004 | 15514678 |
| in vivo production of active nickel superoxide dismutase from prochlorococcus marinus mit9313 is dependent on its cognate peptidase. | metal-dependent superoxide dismutases (sods) with a specific requirement for a manganese or iron ion for catalytic activity and copper- and zinc-dependent enzymes are essential for detoxification of superoxide anion radicals. genome sequence analyses predict the existence of a nickel-dependent enzyme (nisod) as the unique sod in oxygen-evolving marine cyanobacteria. nisod activity was observed in escherichia coli when sodn and sodx (encoding a putative peptidase) from prochlorococcus marinus mit ... | 2004 | 15516600 |
| ultrastructural alterations of erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica caused by treatment with aluminum chloride and sodium metabisulfite. | aluminum and bisulfite salts inhibit the growth of several fungi and bacteria, and their application effectively controls potato soft rot caused by erwinia carotovora. in an effort to understand their inhibitory action, ultrastructural changes in erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica after exposure (0 to 20 min) to different concentrations (0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 m) of these salts were examined by using transmission electron microscopy. plasma membrane integrity was evaluated by using the sytox gree ... | 2004 | 15528547 |
| peptidoglycan recognition protein (pgrp)-le and pgrp-lc act synergistically in drosophila immunity. | in innate immunity, pattern recognition molecules recognize cell wall components of microorganisms and activate subsequent immune responses, such as the induction of antimicrobial peptides and melanization in drosophila. the diaminopimelic acid (dap)-type peptidoglycan potently activates imd-dependent induction of antibacterial peptides. peptidoglycan recognition protein (pgrp) family members act as pattern recognition molecules. pgrp-lc loss-of-function mutations affect the imd-dependent induct ... | 2004 | 15538387 |
| ralstonia solanacearum iron scavenging by the siderophore staphyloferrin b is controlled by phca, the global virulence regulator. | phca is a transcriptional regulator that activates expression of multiple virulence genes in the plant pathogen ralstonia solanacearum. relative to their wild-type parents, phca mutants overproduced iron-scavenging activity detected with chrome azurol s siderophore detection medium. transposon mutagenesis of strain aw1-pc (phca1) generated strain gb6, which was siderophore negative but retained weak iron-scavenging activity. the ssd gene inactivated in gb6 encodes a protein similar to group iv a ... | 2004 | 15547261 |
| the n terminus of bacterial elongation factor tu elicits innate immunity in arabidopsis plants. | innate immunity is based on the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps). here, we show that elongation factor tu (ef-tu), the most abundant bacterial protein, acts as a pamp in arabidopsis thaliana and other brassicaceae. ef-tu is highly conserved in all bacteria and is known to be n-acetylated in escherichia coli. arabidopsis plants specifically recognize the n terminus of the protein, and an n-acetylated peptide comprising the first 18 amino acids, termed elf18, is fully ... | 2004 | 15548740 |