Publications

coliform bacteria and nitrogen fixation in pulp and paper mill effluent treatment systems.	the majority of pulp and paper mills now biotreat their combined effluents using activated sludge. on the assumption that their wood-based effluents have negligible fixed n, and that activated-sludge microorganisms will not fix significant n, these mills routinely spend large amounts adding ammonia or urea to their aeration tanks (bioreactors) to permit normal biomass growth. n(2) fixation in seven eastern canadian pulp and paper mill effluent treatment systems was analyzed using acetylene reduc ...	2000	11097883
zoospore homing and infection events: effects of the biocontrol bacterium burkholderia cepacia ammdr1 on two oomycete pathogens of pea (pisum sativum l.).	burkholderia cepacia ammdr1 is a biocontrol agent that protects pea and sweet corn seeds from pythium damping-off in field experiments. the goal of this work was to understand the effect of b. cepacia ammdr1 on pythium aphanidermatum and aphanomyces euteiches zoospore homing events and on infection of pea seeds or roots. in vitro, b. cepacia ammdr1 caused zoospore lysis, prevented cyst germination, and inhibited germ tube growth of both oomycetes. b. cepacia ammdr1 also reduced the attractivenes ...	2000	11097889
suitability of pcr fingerprinting, infrequent-restriction-site pcr, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, combined with computerized gel analysis, in library typing of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis.	strains of salmonella enterica (n = 212) of different serovars and phage types were used to establish a library typing computerized system for serovar enteritidis on the basis of pcr fingerprinting, infrequent-restriction-site pcr (irs-pcr), or pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge). the rate of pcr fingerprinting interassay and intercenter reproducibility was low and was only increased when dna samples were extracted at the same time and amplified with the same reaction mixtures. reproducibili ...	2000	11097902
fatty acid competition as a mechanism by which enterobacter cloacae suppresses pythium ultimum sporangium germination and damping-off.	interactions between plant-associated microorganisms play important roles in suppressing plant diseases and enhancing plant growth and development. while competition between plant-associated bacteria and plant pathogens has long been thought to be an important means of suppressing plant diseases microbiologically, unequivocal evidence supporting such a mechanism has been lacking. we present evidence here that competition for plant-derived unsaturated long-chain fatty acids between the biological ...	2000	11097912
evaluation of p-naphtholbenzein-beta-d-galactoside as a substrate for bacterial beta-galactosidase.	we describe the synthesis of a new substrate for the detection of beta-galactosidase and evaluate its performance in comparison with 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-beta-d-galactopyranoside (x-gal) and cyclohexenoesculetinbeta-d-galactoside (che-gal). of 206 enterobacteriaceae strains able to hydrolyze x-gal, 194 (94.2%) hydrolyzed che-gal and 192 (93.2%) hydrolyzed p-naphtholbenzein-beta-d-galactoside (pnb-gal). we conclude that pnb-gal is an effective substrate for the detection of beta-galactosida ...	2000	11097942
dissemination of ctx-m-3 and cmy-2 beta-lactamases among clinical isolates of escherichia coli in southern taiwan.	a total of 1,210 clinical isolates of escherichia coli collected from a university hospital in southern taiwan were screened for production of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (esbls). expression of classical esbls (resistant to extended-spectrum beta-lactam agents and susceptible to beta-lactam inhibitors) was inferred in 18 isolates by the phenotypic confirmatory test. these included 10 isolates producing ctx-m-3, 2 strains carrying shv-12, 1 strain harboring shv-5, 1 strain expressing tem-10 ...	2000	11101558
duodenal microflora in very-low-birth-weight neonates and relation to necrotizing enterocolitis.	necrotizing enterocolitis (nec) is the most common gastrointestinal emergency in the neonatal period. small-bowel overgrowth with aerobic gram-negative bacteria has previously been implicated in the development of nec. this prospective study performed quantitative bacteriology on 422 duodenal aspirates collected from 122 very-low-birth-weight (<1,500-g) newborns, at the time of routine changing of nasogastric tubes. isolates of enterobacteriaceae were typed by repetitive extragenic, palindromic ...	2000	11101593
cost-effective and rapid presumptive identification of gram-negative bacilli in routine urine, pus, and stool cultures: evaluation of the use of chromagar orientation medium in conjunction with simple biochemical tests.	the algorithm for a new identification system was designed on the basis of colony color and morphology on chromagar orientation medium in conjunction with simple biochemical tests such as indole (ind), lysine decarboxylase (ldc), and ornithine decarboxylase (odc) utilization tests with gram-negative bacilli isolated from urine samples as well as pus, stool, and other clinical specimens by the following colony characteristics, biochemical reactions, and serological results: pinkish to red, ind po ...	2000	11101600
comparison of the rodac imprint method to selective enrichment broth for recovery of vancomycin-resistant enterococci and drug-resistant enterobacteriaceae from environmental surfaces.	we compared the rodac imprint technique to selective enrichment broth for detecting vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre) and multidrug-resistant enterobacteriaceae (mdre) on surfaces. rodac plates contained tryptic soy agar with 5% sheep blood, vancomycin (6 microg/ml), ceftazidime (2 microg/ml), amphotericin b (2 microg/ml), and clindamycin (1 microg/ml). two types of broth were used: brain heart infusion (bhi) and bhi plus vancomycin (6 microg/ml) and ceftazidime (2 microg/ml) (bhivc). of th ...	2000	11101613
high-pathogenicity island of yersinia spp. in escherichia coli strains isolated from diarrhea patients in china.	the high-pathogenicity island (hpi) of yersinia has been observed in 93% of 60 enteroadhesive escherichia coli strains and 80% of e. coli strains isolated from blood samples. in the present study we investigated 671 fecal samples from patients with diarrhea in shandong province, china, and isolated hpi-harboring e. coli from 6. 26% of the samples. the isolation rates for patients with diarrhea in three age groups, 10 to 20, 30 to 40, and 50 to 60 years, were 6. 70, 12.35, and 10.81%, respectivel ...	2000	11101622
neonatal neoplasms.	to describe neoplasms diagnosed in children </= 28 days of age along with their treatment, associated congenital anomalies, and the long-term consequences of the diagnoses and treatments.	2000	10758320
enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus polymerase chain reaction typing of isolates of enterobacter cloacae from an outbreak of infection in a neonatal intensive care unit.	enterobacter cloacae has become a common cause of nosocomial infections. this study was designed to investigate the pattern of spread of e cloacae during an outbreak in a neonatal intensive care unit.	2000	10760220
enterobacter cloacae graft infection/bacteremia in a hemodialysis patient.		2000	10760226
an antibiotic policy to prevent emergence of resistant bacilli.	fear of infection in neonatal intensive care units (nicus) often leads to early use of empiric broad-spectrum antibiotics, a strategy that selects for resistant bacteria. we investigated whether the emergence of resistant strains could be halted by modifying the empiric antibiotic regimens to remove the selective pressure that favours resistant bacteria.	2000	10768436
comparative killing rates of fluoroquinolones and cell wall-active agents.	killing rates of fluoroquinolones, beta-lactams, and vancomycin were compared against enterobacteriaceae, staphylococcus aureus, pneumococci, streptococci, and enterococcus faecalis. the times required for fluoroquinolones to decrease viability by 3 log(10) were 1.5 h for enterobacteriaceae, 4 to 6 h for staphylococci, and >/=6 h for streptococci and enterococci. thus, the rate of killing by fluoroquinolones is organism group dependent; overall, they killed more rapidly than beta-lactams and van ...	2000	10770784
enterotoxigenic escherichia coli secretes active heat-labile enterotoxin via outer membrane vesicles.	escherichia coli and other gram-negative bacteria produce outer membrane vesicles during normal growth. vesicles may contribute to bacterial pathogenicity by serving as vehicles for toxins to encounter host cells. enterotoxigenic e. coli (etec) vesicles were isolated from culture supernatants and purified on velocity gradients, thereby removing any soluble proteins and contaminants from the crude preparation. vesicle protein profiles were similar but not identical to outer membranes and differed ...	2000	10777535
complete nucleotide sequence of tn10.	the complete nucleotide sequence of tn10 has been determined. the dinucleotide signature and percent g+c of the sequence had no discontinuities, indicating that tn10 constitutes a homogeneous unit. the new sequence contained three new open reading frames corresponding to a glutamate permease, repressors of heavy metal resistance operons, and a hypothetical protein in bacillus subtilis. the glutamate permease was fully functional when expressed, but tn10 did not protect escherichia coli from the ...	2000	10781570
[detection of extended spectrum beta-lactamases producing enterobacteriaceae in feces].	a study was made of 366 feces for detection of extended spectrum beta-lactamases producing enterobacteriaceae from feces. the selective agar was used for modified drigalski agar (eiken chemical co., ltd) with 2 micrograms/ml cefotaxime (esbl screen agar). 92 strains of enterobacteriaceae, 41 escherichia coli, 15 citrobacter freundii, 13 enterobacter cloacae, 11 klebsiella pneumoniae, and other 12, were isolated from esbl screen agar. and, r-plasmid that were selected by 2 micrograms/ml cefotaxim ...	2000	10783580
purification to homogeneity and characterization of a novel pseudomonas putida chromate reductase.	cr(vi) (chromate) is a widespread environmental contaminant. bacterial chromate reductases can convert soluble and toxic chromate to the insoluble and less toxic cr(iii). bioremediation can therefore be effective in removing chromate from the environment, especially if the bacterial propensity for such removal is enhanced by genetic and biochemical engineering. to clone the chromate reductase-encoding gene, we purified to homogeneity (>600-fold purification) and characterized a novel soluble chr ...	2000	10788340
rapid identification and differentiation of bartonella species using a single-step pcr assay.	five species of bartonella have been reported to infect humans and cause a variety of diseases that can be difficult to diagnose. four species of bartonella have been reported to infect cats and dogs, and two of these species are considered to be zoonotic pathogens. diagnosis of bartonella infections is hampered by the slow, fastidious growth characteristics of bartonella species. we report on the development of a single-step pcr-based assay for the detection and differentiation of medically rel ...	2000	10790087
a pcr-colorimetric microwell plate hybridization assay for detection of mycobacterium tuberculosis and m. avium from culture samples and ziehl-neelsen-positive smears.	differentiation between mycobacterium tuberculosis and m. avium is essential for the treatment of mycobacterial infections. we have developed an easy and rapid detection assay for the diagnosis of mycobacterial diseases. this is a pcr-hybridization assay based on selective amplification of a 16s rrna gene sequence using pan-mycobacterium primers followed by hybridization of the amplification products to biotinylated m. tuberculosis and m. avium-specific probes. a total of 55 mycobacterial isolat ...	2000	10790097
complications of intrauterine intervention for treatment of fetal obstructive uropathy.	the intrauterine surgical placement of vesicoamniotic shunts in the treatment of fetal obstructive uropathy associated with prune-belly syndrome to avoid such complications as renal damage and oligohydramnios remains controversial. we present a case of an infant born with prune-belly syndrome at 33 weeks and 5 days of estimated gestational age to a mother of two by vaginal delivery after a pregnancy complicated by fetal obstructive uropathy with attempted intrauterine intervention. after sonogra ...	2000	10792105
treatment of sanitary-important bacteria by bacteriocin substance v24 in cattle dung water.	quantification of sanitary-important bacteria (e.g. enterobacteriaceae), as well as indicators of environmental contamination, was assessed in samples of cattle dung from 25 cattle farms in 15 north-eastern slovakia districts. the inhibitory effect of crude bacteriocin extract cbe v24 from enterococcus faecalis v24 against listeria monocytogenes ohio and yersinia enterocolitica ye85 was examined in cattle dung water with the aim of finding a new way of eliminating the health risk of the animal s ...	2000	10792671
comparative aspects of the diffusion of norfloxacin, cefepime and spermine through the f porin channel of enterobacter cloacae.	in enterobacteriaceae, the permeability of the outer membrane to hydrophilic antibiotics is associated with the presence of pore-forming proteins. we tested the diffusion of the fluoroquinolone norfloxacin in four enterobacter cloacae strains: a clinical isolate and three derivatives variously producing or lacking the d and f porins. we analysed the entry of norfloxacin into e. cloacae cells in the presence of either the polyamine spermine or the recently developed cefepime, which are known to p ...	2000	10794735
in vitro antimicrobial activity of gatifloxacin against 873 clinical isolates from respiratory tract, urinary tract and surgical infections during 1997-1998 in japan.	the in vitro activity of gatifloxacin was determined for 873 isolates from various infections during 1997-1998 in japan. gatifloxacin was active against streptococci, escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, moraxella catarrhalis, haemophilus influenzae and neisseria gonorrhoeae, with mic(90)s of </=0.39 mg/l. the activity was two- to 32-fold greater than that of ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin against gram-positive bacteria, and comparable to that against gram-negative bacteria. gatifloxacin was ...	2000	10797094
field investigations of bacterial contaminants and their effects on extended porcine semen.	field investigations (n=23) were made over a 3-yr period at north american boar studs and farms in which the primary complaint was sperm agglutination in association with decreased sperm longevity of extended semen, and increased regular returns to estrus and/or vaginal discharges across parity. microscopic examination of extended semen from these units revealed depressed gross motility (usually <30%), sperm agglutination, and sperm cell death occurring within 2 d of semen collection and process ...	2000	10798493
[prevalence of bacterial contamination of standard platelet units: prospective study].	platelet concentrates contaminated with bacteria are a main source of transfusion-associated sepsis. several studies have reported a very wide incidence (0-10%) of contamination. the aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of bacterial contamination of standard platelet units at the regional blood transfusion center in casablanca.	2000	10812660
carbapenemases of chryseobacterium (flavobacterium) meningosepticum: distribution of blab and characterization of a novel metallo-beta-lactamase gene, blab3, in the type strain, nctc 10016.	genes encoding carbapenemases in 15 reference strains of chryseobacterium (flavobacterium) meningosepticum from the united kingdom national collection of type cultures and in one recent clinical isolate were investigated. all the strains hydrolyzed imipenem, but their levels of resistance to carbapenems varied, with imipenem and meropenem mics ranging from 2 to >32 microg/ml. the blab gene, which encodes a molecular-class b carbapenemase, was detected in only six reference strains and in clinica ...	2000	10817691
biochemical-genetic characterization and regulation of expression of an acc-1-like chromosome-borne cephalosporinase from hafnia alvei.	a naturally occurring ampc beta-lactamase (cephalosporinase) gene was cloned from the hafnia alvei 1 clinical isolate and expressed in escherichia coli. the deduced ampc beta-lactamase (acc-2) had a pi of 8 and a relative molecular mass of 37 kda and showed 50 and 47% amino acid identity with the chromosome-encoded ampcs from serratia marcescens and providentia stuartii, respectively. it had 94% amino acid identity with the recently described plasmid-borne cephalosporinase acc-1 from klebsiella ...	2000	10817695
a between-species comparison of antimicrobial resistance in enterobacteria in fecal flora.	enterobacteria in fecal flora are often reported to be highly resistant. escherichia coli is the main species; resistance data on other species are rare. to assess the effect of the host's environment, antimicrobial resistance was determined in fecal species of the family enterobacteriaceae from three populations: healthy people (hp)(n = 125) with no exposure to antimicrobials for 3 months preceding sampling, university hospital patients (up) (n = 159) from wards where the antibiotic use was 112 ...	2000	10817696
activities of taurolidine in vitro and in experimental enterococcal endocarditis.	in vitro, the antimicrobial agent taurolidine inhibited virtually all of the bacteria tested, including vancomycin-resistant enterococci, oxacillin-resistant staphylococci, and stenotrophomonas maltophilia, at concentrations between 250 and 2,000 microg/ml. taurolidine was not effective in experimental endocarditis. while it appears unlikely that this antimicrobial would be useful for systemic therapy, its bactericidal activity and the resistance rates found (<10(-9)) are favorable indicators fo ...	2000	10817739
outbreak of enterobacter cloacae related to understaffing, overcrowding, and poor hygiene practices.		2000	10823560
in vitro activity of gemifloxacin against a broad range of recent clinical isolates from the usa.	the antibacterial potencies of gemifloxacin (sb-265805) and 13 comparator compounds were determined by broth microdilution against a panel of 645 gram-positive and 995 gram-negative organisms collected from various usa sites. time-kill studies were performed and postantibiotic effect (pae) was determined for several organisms using trovafloxacin and ciprofloxacin as comparator compounds. based on mic(90)s, gemifloxacin was the most potent compound tested against gram-positive isolates: streptoco ...	2000	10824027
use of randomly amplified polymorphic dna as a means of developing genus- and strain-specific streptomyces dna probes.	we have analyzed 20 randomly amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) primers against 36 streptomyces strains, including 17 taxonomically undefined strains, 25 nonstreptomycete actinomycetes, and 12 outgroups consisting of gram-positive and -negative species. most of the primers were useful in identifying unique dna polymorphisms of all strains tested. we have used rapd techniques to develop a genus-specific probe, one not necessarily targeting the ribosomal gene, for streptomyces, and a strain-specific ...	2000	10831438
use of pcr with universal primers and restriction endonuclease digestions for detection and identification of common bacterial pathogens in cerebrospinal fluid.	we have designed a universal pcr capable of amplifying a portion of the 16s rrna gene of eubacteria, including staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus epidermidis, streptococcus pyogenes, streptococcus agalactiae, streptococcus pneumoniae, enterococcus faecium, enterococcus faecalis, mycobacterium tuberculosis, legionella pneumophila, escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, serratia marcescens, enterobacter cloacae, pseudomonas aeruginosa, acinetobacter baumannii, proteus mirabilis, haemophilus i ...	2000	10834956
rpob gene analysis as a novel strategy for identification of spirochetes from the genera borrelia, treponema, and leptospira.	spirochetes are emerging pathogens for which culture and identification are partly unresolved. in fact, 16s rrna-based sequencing is by far the most widely used pcr methodology that is able to detect such uncultivable pathogens. however, this assay actually has some limitations linked to potential problems of contamination, which hampers diagnosis. to circumvent this, we have devised a simple pcr strategy involving targeting of the gene encoding the rna polymerase beta subunit (rpob), a highly c ...	2000	10834976
enterobacter cloacae sepsis outbreak in a newborn unit caused by contaminated total parenteral nutrition solution.	the study aimed to investigate an outbreak caused by enterobacter cloacae in a neonate intensive care unit.	2000	10840347
comparative x-ray analysis of the un-liganded fosfomycin-target mura.	mura, an essential enzyme for the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall, follows an induced-fit mechanism. upon substrate binding, the active site forms in the interdomain cleft, involving movements of the two domains of the protein and a reorientation of the loop pro112-pro121. we compare two structures of un-liganded mura from enterobacter cloacae: a new orthorhombic form, solved to 1.80 a resolution, and a monoclinic form, redetermined to 1.55 a resolution. in the monoclinic form, the loop pro ...	2000	10842342
mixed infection in adult bacterial meningitis.	12 adult patients suffering from bacterial meningitis caused by mixed infection were identified at kaohsiung chang gung memorial hospital over a period of 13 years (1986-1998), and they accounted for 6.5% (12/184) of our culture-proven adult bacterial meningitis. the 12 cases included seven males and five females, aged 17-74 years. six of the 12 cases had community-acquired infections and the other six had nosocomially-acquired infections. ten of the 12 cases had associated underlying diseases, ...	2000	10697784
gene cloning and nucleotide sequencing and properties of a cocaine esterase from rhodococcus sp. strain mb1.	a strain of rhodococcus designated mb1, which was capable of utilizing cocaine as a sole source of carbon and nitrogen for growth, was isolated from rhizosphere soil of the tropane alkaloid-producing plant erythroxylum coca. a cocaine esterase was found to initiate degradation of cocaine, which was hydrolyzed to ecgonine methyl ester and benzoate; both of these esterolytic products were further metabolized by rhodococcus sp. strain mb1. the structural gene encoding a cocaine esterase, designated ...	2000	10698749
frequency and biodiversity of 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol-producing bacteria isolated from the maize rhizosphere at different stages of plant growth.	a pseudomonas 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (dapg)-producing population that occurred naturally on the roots, in rhizosphere soil of zea mays and in the nonrhizosphere soil was investigated in order to assess the microbial diversity at five stages of plant growth. a total of 1,716 isolates were obtained, and 188 of these isolates were able to produce dapg. dapg producers were isolated at each stage of plant growth, indicating that the maize rhizosphere is colonized by natural dapg producers through ...	2000	10698757
imipenem resistance of enterobacter aerogenes mediated by outer membrane permeability.	multidrug-resistant enterobacter aerogenes strains are increasingly isolated in europe and especially in france. treatment leads to imipenem resistance, because of a lack of porin. we studied the evolution of resistance in 29 strains isolated from four patients during their clinical course. these strains belonged to the prevalent epidemiological type observed in france in previous studies (c. bosi, et al., j. clin. microbiol. 37:2165-2169, 1999; a. davin-regli et al., j. clin. microbiol. 34:1474 ...	2000	10698994
novel screening method for urine cultures using a filter paper dilution system.	we have developed a novel method for urine culture for office practice based on the use of filter paper as a solid-phase dilution device. filtration dilutes and spreads the inoculum onto a solid culture surface. experiments were conducted to determine the optimum inoculum size, microbial permeability through filter papers, and ability to exclude vaginal epithelial cells. the filter paper dilution system was compared to the standard streak method to detect bacteriuria in specimens submitted to th ...	2000	10699019
[prosthetic valve endocarditis due to enterobacter cloacae].		2000	10721300
non-target gene mutations in the development of fluoroquinolone resistance in escherichia coli.	mutations in loci other than genes for the target topoisomerases of fluoroquinolones, gyra and parc, may play a role in the development of fluoroquinolone resistance in escherichia coli. a series of mutants with increasing resistance to ofloxacin was obtained from an e. coli k-12 strain and five clinical isolates. first-step mutants acquired a gyra mutation. second-step mutants reproducibly acquired a phenotype of multiple antibiotic resistance (mar) and organic solvent tolerance and showed enha ...	2000	10722475
antimicrobial activities of mefloquine and a series of related compounds.	mefloquine was found to have bactericidal activity against methicillin- and fluoroquinolone-susceptible and -resistant strains of staphylococcus aureus and staphylococcus epidermidis and gentamicin- and vancomycin-resistant strains of enterococcus faecalis and enterococcus faecium. the mics were 16 microg/ml, and the minimal bactericidal concentrations (mbcs) were 16 to 32 microg/ml. these concentrations cannot be achieved in serum. mefloquine was active at a more achievable concentration agains ...	2000	10722480
efficacies of imipenem, meropenem, cefepime, and ceftazidime in rats with experimental pneumonia due to a carbapenem-hydrolyzing beta-lactamase-producing strain of enterobacter cloacae.	the antibacterial activities of imipenem-cilastatin, meropenem-cilastatin, cefepime and ceftazidime against enterobacter cloacae nor-1, which produces the carbapenem-hydrolyzing beta-lactamase nmca and a cephalosporinase, and against one of its in vitro-obtained ceftazidime-resistant mutant were compared by using an experimental model of pneumonia with immunocompetent rats. the mics of the beta-lactams with an inoculum of 5 log(10) cfu/ml were as follows for e. cloacae nor-1 and its ceftazidime- ...	2000	10722486
nucleotide sequence of the bla(rtg-2) (carb-5) gene and phylogeny of a new group of carbenicillinases.	we determined the nucleotide sequence of the bla gene for the acinetobacter calcoaceticus beta-lactamase previously described as carb-5. alignment of the deduced amino acid sequence with those of known beta-lactamases revealed that carb-5 possesses an rtg triad in box vii, as described for the proteus mirabilis gn79 enzyme, instead of the rsg consensus characteristic of the other carbenicillinases. phylogenetic studies showed that these rtg enzymes constitute a new, separate group, possibly ance ...	2000	10722515
a canadian national surveillance study of urinary tract isolates from outpatients: comparison of the activities of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ampicillin, mecillinam, nitrofurantoin, and ciprofloxacin. the canadian urinary isolate study group.	ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, mecillinam, nitrofurantoin, and ciprofloxacin mean resistance rates for 2,000 urinary tract isolates collected from outpatients across canada in 1998 were 41.1, 19.2, 14.7, 5.0, and 1.8%, respectively. for escherichia coli isolates alone (n = 1,681) comparable rates were 41. 0, 18.9, 7.4, 0.1, and 1.2%, respectively. the majority of e. coli isolates resistant to ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, or ciprofloxacin were susceptible (mic, <16 micro ...	2000	10722520
cloning, sequencing, and role in serum susceptibility of porin ii from mesophilic aeromonas hydrophila.	we cloned and sequenced the structural gene for aeromonas hydrophila porin ii from strain ah-3 (serogroup o:34). the genetic position of this gene, like that of ompf in escherichia coli, is adjacent to aspc and transcribed in the same direction. however, upstream of the porin ii gene no similarities with e. coli were found. we obtained defined insertion mutants in porin ii gene either in a. hydrophila (o:34) or a. veronii sobria (serogroup o:11) serum-resistant or -sensitive strains. furthermore ...	2000	10722573
antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of feijoa sellowiana fruit.	the present study was designed to evaluate the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of an aqueous extract from the tropical feijoa sellowiana berg. fruit which is widely used for human food. the extract was tested against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria by a broth dilution test and on human whole blood leukocytes, as well as isolated neutrophils using a chemiluminescence (cl) assay. the extract inhibited bacterial growth; pseudomonas aeruginosa, enterobacter aerogenes and enterobact ...	2000	10724024
the phytopathogenic bacteria erwinia carotovora infects drosophila and activates an immune response.	although drosophila possesses potent immune responses, little is known about the microbial pathogens that infect drosophila. we have identified members of the bacterial genus erwinia that induce the systemic expression of genes encoding antimicrobial peptides in drosophila larvae after ingestion. these erwinia strains are phytopathogens and use flies as vectors; our data suggest that these strains have also evolved mechanisms for exploiting their insect vectors as hosts. erwinia infections induc ...	2000	10725405
biological control of an insect pest by gut-colonizing enterobacter cloacae transformed with ice nucleation gene.	the ice nucleation (in) gene inaa of epiphytic erwinia (pantoea) ananas in10 was transformed into enterobacter cloacae wbmh-3-cmr originated from the faeces of silkworms. the transformant designated as ent. cloacae wbmh-3-cmr(pice6s13) exhibited in activity, unlike the parent strain. the transgenic strain was ingested by mulberry pyralid larvae, fed on detached mulberry leaves, and the supercooling capacity and cold hardiness of these larvae were examined. the mean supercooling point (scp) of th ...	2000	10735247
three-year surveillance study of nosocomial bacterial resistance in argentina. the antimicrobial committee; and the national surveillance program (sir) participants group.	a national surveillance program (sir) was introduced in 1996 in argentina by the antimicrobial committee of the argentinean society for microbiology to assess bacterial resistance. the present study reports the rates of nosocomial bacterial resistance found by this program.	2000	10737844
target site concentrations after continuous infusion and bolus injection of cefpirome to healthy volunteers.	recent data indicate a higher level of effectivity of beta-lactam antibiotics if serum concentrations are kept above the minimal inhibitory concentration (mic) of the pathogen. this concept would favor continuous infusion over bolus dosing. however, it is usually not the serum concentration but the free interstitial concentration in the target tissue that determines antibiotic activity. we therefore set out to measure effective drug concentrations in the interstitial space of muscle and subcutan ...	2000	10741625
2,4,6-trinitrotoluene reduction by carbon monoxide dehydrogenase from clostridium thermoaceticum.	purified co dehydrogenase (codh) from clostridium thermoaceticum catalyzed the transformation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (tnt). the intermediates and reduced products of tnt transformation were separated and appear to be identical to the compounds formed by c. acetobutylicum, namely, 2-hydroxylamino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2ha46dnt), 4-hydroxylamino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4ha26dnt), 2, 4-dihydroxylamino-6-nitrotoluene (24dhant), and the bamberger rearrangement product of 2,4-dihydroxylamino-6-nitrotoluen ...	2000	10742229
molecular epidemiology of a nosocomial outbreak due to enterobacter cloacae and enterobacter agglomerans in campinas, são paulo, brazil.	a total of 73 isolates (57 enterobacter cloacae and 16 enterobacter agglomerans), recovered during an outbreak of bacteremia in the campinas area, são paulo, brazil, were studied. of these isolates, 61 were from parenteral nutrition solutions, 9 from blood cultures, 2 from a sealed bottle of parenteral nutrition solution, and one was of unknown origin. of the 57 e. cloacae isolates, 54 were biotype 26, two were biotype 66 and one was non-typable. of 39 e. cloacae isolates submitted to ribotyping ...	2000	10742720
evaluation of the sirscan automated zone reader in a clinical microbiology laboratory.	we compared readings of kirby-bauer plates by the sirscan, an automated image analyzer that measures zone diameters, to those of experienced clinical microbiologists measuring zones with a hand-held caliper interfaced to a computer and with a ruler. to read plates of escherichia coli, morganella morganii, and pseudomonas aeruginosa containing 12 antibiotic disks the sirscan took 11 s; technologists took 28 s by caliper and 39 s by ruler. reading times of four different technologists ranged from ...	2000	10747172
new beta -lactamase inhibitory protein (blip-i) from streptomyces exfoliatus smf19 and its roles on the morphological differentiation.	a new beta-lactamase inhibitory protein (blip-i) from streptomyces exfoliatus smf19 was purified and characterized. the molecular mass of blip-i was estimated to be 17.5 kda by gel filtration fast protein liquid chromatography. the n-terminal sequence was nh(2)-asn-ser-gly-phe-ser-ala-glu-lys-tyr-glu-gln-ile-gln-phe-gly. blip-i inhibited bacto(r) penase (difco), and plasmid encoded tem-1 beta-lactamase, whereas it did not inhibit enterobacter cloacae beta-lactamases. the k(i) value of blip-i aga ...	2000	10747883
type i nitroreductases in soil enterobacteria reduce tnt (2,4,6,-trinitrotoluene) and rdx (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine).	many enteric bacteria express a type i oxygen-insensitive nitroreductase, which reduces nitro groups on many different nitroaromatic compounds under aerobic conditions. enzymatic reduction of nitramines was also documented in enteric bacteria under anaerobic conditions. this study indicates that nitramine reduction in enteric bacteria is carried out by the type i, or oxygen-insensitive nitroreductase, rather than a type ii enzyme. the enteric bacterium morganella morganii strain b2 with document ...	2000	10749541
convenient test for screening metallo-beta-lactamase-producing gram-negative bacteria by using thiol compounds.	a simple disk diffusion test was constructed for detection of imp-1-type metallo-beta-lactamase-producing gram-negative bacteria. two kirby-bauer disks containing ceftazidime (caz) and a filter disk containing a metallo-beta-lactamase inhibitor were used in this test. several imp-1 inhibitors such as thiol compounds including 2-mercaptopropionic acid, heavy metal salts, and edta were evaluated for this test. two caz disks were placed on a mueller-hinton agar plate on which a bacterial suspension ...	2000	10618060
escherichia coli serotype o15:k52:h1 as a uropathogenic clone.	to clarify the clinical and bacteriological correlates of urinary-tract infection (uti) due to escherichia coli o15:k52:h1, during a 1-year surveillance period we prospectively screened all 1, 871 significant e. coli urine isolates at the hospital de la santa creu i sant pau, barcelona, spain, for this serotype and assessed the epidemiological features of community-acquired uti due to e. coli o15:k52:h1 versus other e. coli serotypes. we also compared the 25 o15:k52:h1 uti isolates from the pres ...	2000	10618088
detection of clarithromycin-resistant helicobacter pylori strains by a preferential homoduplex formation assay.	it has been shown that resistance to clarithromycin, a major cause of failure in helicobacter pylori eradication therapy, is associated with point mutations in the 23s rrna gene. we sought to apply the preferential homoduplex formation assay (phfa), a novel technique for the efficient detection of point mutations, to detection of the mutations. phfa was performed on streptavidin-coated microtiter plates with biotin- and dinitrophenyl-labeled amplicons to detect the wild-type gene or each mutant ...	2000	10618089
identification of a major cluster of klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from patients with liver abscess in taiwan.	klebsiella pneumoniae has emerged as the leading liver abscess pathogen in taiwan, with the percentage rising from 30% in the 1980s to over 80% in the 1990s. most of the patients with k. pneumoniae liver abscess are diabetic and without biliary tract disease. some patients develop serious extrahepatic complications such as endophthalmitis, meningitis, lung abscess, and necrotizing fasciitis. pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) was used for cluster analysis of 96 isolates from patients with l ...	2000	10618128
isolation of pantoea agglomerans in two cases of septic monoarthritis after plant thorn and wood sliver injuries.	arthritis after plant injury is often apparently aseptic. we report two cases due to pantoea agglomerans. in one case, the bacterium was isolated only from the pediatric blood culture media, bactec peds plus, monitored in bactec 9240, and not from the other media inoculated with the joint fluid. this procedure could help improve the diagnosis of septic arthritis.	2000	10618144
importance of pfka for rapid growth of enterobacter cloacae during colonization of crop seeds.	enterobacter cloacae a-11 is a prototrophic, glycolytic mutant of strain 501r3 with a single transposon insertion in pfka. the populations of strain a-11 on cucumber and radish seeds were smaller than the populations of strain 501r3 in natural soil, but the populations of these two strains on pea, soybean, sunflower, and sweet corn seeds were similar (d. p. roberts, p. d. dery, i. yucel, j. buyer, m. a. holtman, and d. y. kobayashi, appl. environ. microbiol. 65:2513-2519, 1999). the net effect o ...	2000	10618207
impact of an urban effluent on antibiotic resistance of riverine enterobacteriaceae and aeromonas spp.	in order to evaluate the impact of an urban effluent on antibiotic resistance of freshwater bacterial populations, water samples were collected from the arga river (spain), upstream and downstream from the wastewater discharge of the city of pamplona. strains of enterobacteriaceae (representative of the human and animal commensal flora) (110 isolates) and aeromonas (typically waterborne bacteria) (118 isolates) were selected for antibiotic susceptibility testing. most of the aeromonas strains (7 ...	2000	10618213
enterobacter cloacae bloodstream infections traced to contaminated human albumin.	in august 1996, a patient in kansas developed an enterobacter cloacae bloodstream infection (bsi) shortly after receiving albuminar, a brand of human albumin. albuminar contamination was suspected. a case-control study of patients with primary gram-negative bacterial bsis showed that patients with e. cloacae bsis were significantly more likely than patients with non-e. cloacae gram-negative bsis to have received albuminar within 3 days of developing their bsis (3 of 5 vs. 0 of 9; or, undefined; ...	2000	10619730
viresin. a novel antibacterial protein from immune hemolymph of heliothis virescens pupae.	immune hemolymph was collected from fifth instar larvae and 1-day-old pupae of heliothis virescens after injection of prepupae with live enterobacter cloacae. induction of antibacterial activity against escherichia coli k12 d31 was 7.5 times greater in pupal than in larval immune hemolymph. lysozyme activity of immune pupal hemolymph against micrococcus lysodeikticus was 11 times greater when compared with lysozyme activity of immune larval hemolymph. early pupal immune response with regard to a ...	2000	10651803
dissimilatory metal reduction by the facultative anaerobe pantoea agglomerans sp1.	anaerobic enrichments with acetate as the electron donor and fe(iii) as the terminal electron acceptor were obtained from sediments of salt pond, a coastal marine basin near woods hole, mass. a pure culture of a facultatively anaerobic fe(iii) reducer was isolated, and 16s rrna analysis demonstrated that this organism was most closely related to pantoea (formerly enterobacter) agglomerans, a member of the family enterobacteriaceae within the gamma subdivision of the proteobacteria. this organism ...	2000	10653716
bacterial activity in the rhizosphere analyzed at the single-cell level by monitoring ribosome contents and synthesis rates.	the growth activity of pseudomonas putida cells colonizing the rhizosphere of barley seedlings was estimated at the single-cell level by monitoring ribosomal contents and synthesis rates. ribosomal synthesis was monitored by using a system comprising a fusion of the ribosomal escherichia coli rrnbp1 promoter to a gene encoding an unstable variant of the green fluorescent protein (gfp). gfp expression in a p. putida strain carrying this system inserted into the chromosome was strongly dependent o ...	2000	10653754
detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in clinical isolates of enterobacter cloacae and enterobacter aerogenes.	the aim of the present study was to investigate the frequency of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (esbls) in a consecutive collection of clinical isolates of enterobacter spp. the abilities of various screening methods to detect esbls in enterobacters were simultaneously tested. among the 68 consecutive isolates (56 enterobacter cloacae and 12 enterobacter aerogenes isolates) that were analyzed for beta-lactamase content, 21 (25 and 58%, respectively) possessed transferable esbls with pis of 8. ...	2000	10655342
ability of the vitek 2 advanced expert system to identify beta-lactam phenotypes in isolates of enterobacteriaceae and pseudomonas aeruginosa.	the advanced expert system (aes) was used in conjunction with the vitek 2 automated antimicrobial susceptibility test system to ascertain the beta-lactam phenotypes of 196 isolates of the family enterobacteriaceae and the species pseudomonas aeruginosa. these isolates represented a panel of strains that had been collected from laboratories worldwide and whose beta-lactam phenotypes had been characterized by biochemical and molecular techniques. the antimicrobial susceptibility of each isolate wa ...	2000	10655347
problems related to determination of mics of oximino-type expanded-spectrum cephems for proteus vulgaris.	during in vitro susceptibility testing of clinical isolates of proteus vulgaris, we noted that the mics of several expanded-spectrum cephems were much higher in the broth microdilution method than in the agar dilution method (termed the mic gap phenomenon). here we investigated the mechanism of the mic gap phenomenon. cephems with the mic gap phenomenon were of the oximino type, such as cefotaxime, cefteram, and cefpodoxime, which serve as good substrates for inducible class a beta-lactamase (cu ...	2000	10655366
rapid diagnosis of bacteremia by universal amplification of 23s ribosomal dna followed by hybridization to an oligonucleotide array.	the rapid identification of bacteria in blood cultures and other clinical specimens is important for patient management and antimicrobial therapy. we describe a rapid (<4 h) detection and identification system that uses universal pcr primers to amplify a variable region of bacterial 23s ribosomal dna, followed by reverse hybridization of the products to a panel of oligonucleotides. this procedure was successful in discriminating a range of bacteria in pure cultures. when this procedure was appli ...	2000	10655385
rapid identification of bacteria in blood cultures by using fluorescently labeled oligonucleotide probes.	the applicability of whole-cell hybridization for the identification of pathogenic bacteria in blood from septic patients was examined. oligonucleotide probes, fluorescently labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate, directed against the variable regions of the 16s rrnas of the following bacterial species and/or genera were used: streptococcus spp., enterococcus faecalis, staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci (cons), escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa, and the enterobacteri ...	2000	10655390
bacteremia caused by a strain of desulfovibrio related to the provisionally named desulfovibrio fairfieldensis.	eight isolates of desulfovibrio spp. have been obtained over 5 years from abdominal or brain abscesses or blood. seven isolates were part of a mixed flora [corrected]. one strain was isolated in pure culture from the blood of a patient with peritonitis of appendicular origin. according to the 16s rrna gene sequences, this strain was close to desulfovibrio fairfieldensis. the present report describes the fourth isolate of this recently described species to be isolated in pure culture or as a pred ...	2000	10655421
substitutions in the eyelet region disrupt cefepime diffusion through the escherichia coli ompf channel.	the escherichia coli ompf porin is a nonspecific channel involved in the membrane translocation of small hydrophilic molecules and especially in the passage of beta-lactam antibiotics. in order to understand the dynamic of charged-compound uptake through bacterial porins, specific charges located in the e. coli ompf channel were mutated. substitutions g119d and g119e, inserting a protruding acidic side chain into the pore, decreased cephalosporin and colicin susceptibilities. cefepime diffusion ...	2000	10639355
cloning, nucleotide sequencing, and analysis of the gene encoding an ampc beta-lactamase in acinetobacter baumannii.	a clinical strain of acinetobacter baumannii (strain ab ryc 52763/97) that was isolated during an outbreak in our hospital and that was resistant to all beta-lactam antibiotics tested produced three beta-lactamases: a tem-1-type (pi, 5.4) plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase, a chromosomally mediated oxa-derived (pi, 9.0) beta-lactamase, and a presumptive chromosomal cephalosporinase (pi, 9.4). the nucleotide sequence of the chromosomal cephalosporinase gene shows for the first time the gene encoding ...	2000	10639377
a family of peptidoglycan recognition proteins in the fruit fly drosophila melanogaster.	peptidoglycans from bacterial cell walls trigger immune responses in insects and mammals. a peptidoglycan recognition protein, pgrp, has been cloned from moths as well as vertebrates and has been shown to participate in peptidoglycan-mediated activation of prophenoloxidase in the silk moth. here we report that drosophila expresses 12 pgrp genes, distributed in 8 chromosomal loci on the 3 major chromosomes. by analyzing cdna clones and genomic databases, we grouped them into two classes: pgrp-sa, ...	2000	11106397
the drosophila caspase dredd is required to resist gram-negative bacterial infection.	the drosophila innate immune system discriminates between pathogens and responds by inducing the expression of specific antimicrobial peptide-encoding genes through distinct signaling cascades. fungal infection activates nf-kappab-like transcription factors via the toll pathway, which also regulates innate immune responses in mammals. the pathways that mediate antibacterial defenses, however, are less defined. we have isolated loss-of-function mutations in the caspase encoding gene dredd, which ...	2000	11269502
activation of the drosophila nf-kappab factor relish by rapid endoproteolytic cleavage.	the rel/nf-kappab transcription factor relish plays a key role in the humoral immune response in drosophila. we now find that activation of this innate immune response is preceded by rapid proteolytic cleavage of relish into two parts. an n-terminal fragment, containing the dna-binding rel homology domain, translocates to the nucleus where it binds to the promoter of the cecropin a1 gene and probably to the promoters of other antimicrobial peptide genes. the c-terminal ikappab-like fragment rema ...	2000	11269501
structural basis for the interaction of the fluorescence probe 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonate (ans) with the antibiotic target mura.	the extrinsic fluorescence dye 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonate (ans) is widely used for probing conformational changes in proteins, yet no detailed structure of ans bound to any protein has been reported so far. ans has been successfully used to monitor the induced-fit mechanism of mura [udpglcnac enolpyruvyltransferase (ec )], an essential enzyme for bacterial cell wall biosynthesis. we have solved the crystal structure of the ans small middle dotmura complex at 1.7-a resolution. ans binds at ...	2000	10823915
drosophila thor participates in host immune defense and connects a translational regulator with innate immunity.	thor has been identified as a new type of gene involved in drosophila host immune defense. thor is a member of the 4e-binding protein (4e-bp) family, which in mammals has been defined as critical regulators in a pathway that controls initiation of translation through binding eukaryotic initiation factor 4e (eif4e). without an infection, thor is expressed during all developmental stages and transcripts localize to a wide variety of tissues, including the reproductive system. in response to bacter ...	2000	10811906
laboratory-acquired parasitic infections from accidental exposures.	parasitic diseases are receiving increasing attention in developed countries in part because of their importance in travelers, immigrants, and immunocompromised persons. the main purpose of this review is to educate laboratorians, the primary readership, and health care workers, the secondary readership, about the potential hazards of handling specimens that contain viable parasites and about the diseases that can result. this is accomplished partly through discussion of the occupationally acqui ...	2001	11585780
diagnosis of bacteriuria by detection of volatile organic compounds in urine using an automated headspace analyzer with multiple conducting polymer sensors.	the osmetech microbial analyzer (oma) is an automated headspace analyzer fitted with a novel detector system consisting of an array of polymer sensors, each of which responds to different volatile organic compounds. the system can be used for screening clinical urine specimens for significant bacteriuria by sampling urine headspace and subjecting the output of the multiple-detector response to principal component analysis. the oma readily distinguished artificially infected urine samples from st ...	2001	11427574
the imd gene is required for local cecropin expression in drosophila barrier epithelia.	surfaces of higher eukaryotes are normally covered with microorganisms but are usually not infected by them. innate immunity and the expression of gene-encoded antimicrobial peptides play important roles in the first line of defence in higher animals. the immune response in drosophila promotes systemic expression of antimicrobial peptides in response to microbial infection. we now demonstrate that the epidermal cells underlying the cuticle of larvae respond to infected wounds by local expression ...	2001	11266367
the gata factor serpent is required for the onset of the humoral immune response in drosophila embryos.	innate immunity in drosophila is characterized by the inducible expression of antimicrobial peptides. we have investigated the development and regulation of immune responsiveness in drosophila embryos after infection. immune competence, as monitored by the induction of cecropin a1-lacz constructs, was observed first in the embryonic yolk. this observation suggests that the yolk plays an important role in the humoral immune response of the developing embryo by synthesizing antimicrobial peptides. ...	2001	11274409
wound microbiology and associated approaches to wound management.	the majority of dermal wounds are colonized with aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms that originate predominantly from mucosal surfaces such as those of the oral cavity and gut. the role and significance of microorganisms in wound healing has been debated for many years. while some experts consider the microbial density to be critical in predicting wound healing and infection, others consider the types of microorganisms to be of greater importance. however, these and other factors such as micro ...	2001	11292638
transposons tn1696 and tn21 and their integrons in4 and in2 have independent origins.	the first 13.6 kb of the mercury and multidrug resistance transposon tn1696, which includes the class 1 integron in4, has been sequenced. in4 is 8.33 kb long and contains the 5'-conserved segment (5'-cs) and 2.24 kb of the 3'-conserved segment (3'-cs) flanking four integrated cassettes. the 3'-cs region is followed by one full copy and an adjacent partial copy of the insertion sequence is6100 flanked, in inverse orientation, by two short segments (123 and 152 bp) from the outer right-hand end of ...	2001	11257044
methionine-to-cysteine recycling in klebsiella aerogenes.	in the enteric bacteria escherichia coli and salmonella enterica, sulfate is reduced to sulfide and assimilated into the amino acid cysteine; in turn, cysteine provides the sulfur atom for other sulfur-bearing molecules in the cell, including methionine. these organisms cannot use methionine as a sole source of sulfur. here we report that this constraint is not shared by many other enteric bacteria, which can use either cysteine or methionine as the sole source of sulfur. the enteric bacterium k ...	2001	11114934
phylogeny of the major head and tail genes of the wide-ranging t4-type bacteriophages.	we examined a number of bacteriophages with t4-type morphology that propagate in different genera of enterobacteria, aeromonas, burkholderia, and vibrio. most of these phages had a prolate icosahedral head, a contractile tail, and a genome size that was similar to that of t4. a few of them had more elongated heads and larger genomes. all these phages are phylogenetically related, since they each had sequences homologous to the capsid gene (gene 23), tail sheath gene (gene 18), and tail tube gene ...	2001	11114936
evaluation of current activities of fluoroquinolones against gram-negative bacilli using centralized in vitro testing and electronic surveillance.	given the propensity for enterobacteriaceae and clinically significant nonfermentative gram-negative bacilli to acquire antimicrobial resistance, consistent surveillance of the activities of agents commonly prescribed to treat infections arising from these organisms is imperative. this study determined the activities of two fluoroquinolones, levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin, and seven comparative agents against recent clinical isolates of enterobacteriaceae, pseudomonas aeruginosa, acinetobacter b ...	2001	11120976
affinities of beta-lactams for penicillin binding proteins of chlamydia trachomatis and their antichlamydial activities.	binding affinities of beta-lactam antibiotics for the three penicillin binding proteins (pbps) from chlamydia trachomatis were determined in vitro and compared with their antichlamydial activities. mecillinam selectively inhibited pbp1, with a 50% inhibitory concentration for pbp1 binding (0.2 microg/ml) similar to the mic (0.1 microg/ml) and minimum bactericidal concentration (0.25 microg/ml). although the other beta-lactams inhibited a wider range of pbps than mecillinam, their antichlamydial ...	2001	11120983
analysis of bacterial communities in the rhizosphere of chrysanthemum via denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of pcr-amplified 16s rrna as well as dna fragments coding for 16s rrna.	the effect of developing chrysanthemum roots on the presence and activity of bacterial populations in the rhizosphere was examined by using culture-independent methods. nucleic acids were extracted from rhizosphere soil samples associated with the bases of roots or root tips of plants harvested at different stages of development. pcr and reverse transcriptase (rt) pcr were used to amplify 16s ribosomal dna (rdna) and 16s rrna, respectively, and the products were subjected to denaturing gradient ...	2001	11133442
rapid, quantitative pcr monitoring of growth of clostridium botulinum type e in modified-atmosphere-packaged fish.	a rapid, quantitative pcr assay (taqman assay) which quantifies clostridium botulinum type e by amplifying a 280-bp sequence from the botulinum neurotoxin type e (bont/e) gene is described. with this method, which uses the hydrolysis of an internal fluoregenic probe and monitors in real time the increase in the intensity of fluorescence during pcr by using the abi prism 7700 sequence detection system, it was possible to perform accurate and reproducible quantification of the c. botulinum type e ...	2001	11133447
vertical transmission of biosynthetic plasmids in aphid endosymbionts (buchnera).	this study tested for horizontal transfer of plasmids among buchnera aphidicola strains associated with ecologically and phylogenetically related aphid hosts (uroleucon species). phylogenetic congruence of buchnera plasmid (trpeg and leuabc) and chromosomal (dnan and trpb) genes supports strictly vertical long-term transmission of plasmids, which persist due to their contributions to host nutrition rather than capacity for infectious transfer. synonymous divergences indicate elevated mutation on ...	2001	11133977
expression, purification, crystallization and preliminary x-ray analysis of the native class c beta-lactamase from enterobacter cloacae 908r and two mutants.	crystals have been obtained of the enterobacter cloacae 908r beta-lactamase and two point mutants by the vapour-diffusion method using similar conditions [ph 9.0, polyethylene glycol (m(r) = 6000) as precipitant]. the three crystal forms belong to the orthorhombic space group p2(1)2(1)2, with roughly the same unit-cell parameters; i.e. for the wild-type crystals a = 46.46, b = 82.96, c = 95.31 a. in the best cases, the crystals diffract to about 2.1 a resolution on a rotating-anode x-ray source ...	2001	11134945
successful use of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator in a patient with relapsing peritonitis.	intraperitoneal (ip) administration of either streptokinase (sk) or urokinase (uk) has assumed an adjunctive role to antibiotic therapy in selected patients with relapsing peritonitis. in these circumstances, bacteria may be protected from antibiotics through sequestration in either fibrinous structures or biofilms within the lumen of the peritoneal dialysis (pd) catheter or the peritoneal cavity. in some cases, it appears that disruption of these sheltered microenvironments by thrombolytic agen ...	2001	11136181
molecular epidemiology of the integron-located veb-1 extended-spectrum beta-lactamase in nosocomial enterobacterial isolates in bangkok, thailand.	over a 21/2-month period in 1999, 37 ceftazidime-resistant nonrepetitive enterobacterial isolates were collected from 37 patients in a bangkok hospital, thailand. eighty-one percent of these strains expressed a clavulanic acid-inhibited extended-cephalosporin resistance profile. an identical extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (esbl), veb-1, was found in 16 unrelated enterobacterial isolates (escherichia coli, n = 10; enterobacter cloacae, n = 2; enterobacter sakazakii, n = 1; and klebsiella pneumo ...	2001	11136767