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synergistic effects between conventional antibiotics and 2-aminoimidazole-derived antibiofilm agents.2-aminoimidazoles are an emerging class of small molecules that possess the ability to inhibit and disperse biofilms across bacterial order, class, and phylum. herein, we report the synergistic effect between a 2-aminoimidazole/triazole conjugate and antibiotics toward dispersing preestablished biofilms, culminating with a 3-orders-of-magnitude increase of biofilm dispersion toward staphylococcus aureus biofilms. furthermore, we document that the 2-aminoimidazole/triazole conjugate will also res ...201020211901
mosaic structure of intragenic repetitive elements in histone h1-like protein hc2 varies within serovars of chlamydia trachomatis.the histone-like protein hc2 binds dna in chlamydia trachomatis and is known to vary in size between 165 and 237 amino acids, which is caused by different numbers of lysine-rich pentamers. a more complex structure was seen in this study when sequences from 378 specimens covering the hctb gene, which encodes hc2, were compared.201020236532
rhamnolipids: diversity of structures, microbial origins and roles.rhamnolipids are glycolipidic biosurfactants produced by various bacterial species. they were initially found as exoproducts of the opportunistic pathogen pseudomonas aeruginosa and described as a mixture of four congeners: alpha-l-rhamnopyranosyl-alpha-l-rhamnopyranosyl-beta-hydroxydecanoyl-beta-hydroxydecanoate (rha-rha-c(10)-c(10)), alpha-l-rhamnopyranosyl-alpha-l-rhamnopyranosyl-beta-hydroxydecanoate (rha-rha-c(10)), as well as their mono-rhamnolipid congeners rha-c(10)-c(10) and rha-c(10). ...201020336292
the legionella pneumophila leta/lets two-component system exhibits rheostat-like behavior.when confronted with metabolic stress, replicative legionella pneumophila bacteria convert to resilient, infectious cells equipped for transmission. differentiation is promoted by the leta/lets two-component system, which belongs to a family of signal-transducing proteins that employ a four-step phosphorelay to regulate gene expression. histidine 307 of lets was essential to switch on the transmission profile, but a threonine substitution at position 311 (t311m) suggested a rheostat-like functio ...201020351136
clinical biochemistry parameters in c57bl/6j mice after blood collection from the submandibular vein and retroorbital plexus.collection of blood from the submandibular vein allows simple and rapid processing of many animals without anesthesia and facilitates rapid recovery with no signs of pain and discomfort in the mice. here we compared the submandibular vein and retroorbital plexus blood collection methods, to determine the potential effect of the sampling technique on several clinical biochemistry parameters in c57bl/6j mice. we found statistically significant differences for 8 of the 9 biochemical parameters stud ...201020353696
utilization of an unstable plasmid and the i-scei endonuclease to generate routine markerless deletion mutants in francisella tularensis.we engineered an efficient system to make francisella tularensis deletion mutations using an unstable, poorly maintained plasmid to enhance the likelihood of homologous recombination. for counterselection, we adapted a strategy using i-scei, which causes a double-stranded break in the integrated suicide vector, forcing a second recombination to mediate allelic replacement.201019879904
protective potential of an attenuated pasteurella multocida, which expresses only the n-terminal truncated fragment of p. multocida toxin.pasteurella multocida serogroup d causes progressive atrophic rhinitis in pigs and produces a potent, intracellular, mitogenic toxin known as p. multocida toxin (pmt), which is encoded by the toxa gene. highly toxic to cells, pmt is a poor antigen and becomes more immunogenic after its native structure has been destroyed. previously, we found that the n-terminal fragment of pmt (n-pmt) can induce a strong immune response that is protective against wild-type challenge. here, an attenuated p. mult ...201020357954
emerging agents to combat complicated and resistant infections: focus on ceftobiprole.antimicrobial resistance is a global concern. over the past few years, considerable efforts and resources have been expended to detect, monitor, and understand at the basic level the many different facets of emerging and increasing resistance. development of new antimicrobial agents has been matched by the development of new mechanisms of resistance by bacteria. current antibiotics act at a variety of sites within the target bacteria, including the cross-linking enzymes in the cell wall, various ...201021694889
[immunogenicity and protective efficacy of pertactin recombinants against bordetella bronchiseptica challenge].in this study we showed the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of five pertactin recombinants against bordetella bronchiseptica (bb) challenge.201021090265
a model for clinical evaluation of perioperative analgesia in rabbits (oryctolagus cuniculus).assessment of pain in rabbits is challenging, and studies of effective surgical analgesia are lacking for this species. seeking potential indicators of postoperative pain, we performed ovariohysterectomy and telemeter placement as a form of moderate surgical injury in 20 female rabbits. rabbits were assigned to 1 of 4 treatment groups (5 per group): buprenorphine (0.02 mg/kg sc every 12 h for 3 d); fentanyl (25-μg patch placed 24 h preoperatively); ketoprofen (1 mg/kg sc every 24 h for 3 d), and ...201021205451
identifying the age cohort responsible for transmission in a natural outbreak of bordetella bronchiseptica.identifying the major routes of disease transmission and reservoirs of infection are needed to increase our understanding of disease dynamics and improve disease control. despite this, transmission events are rarely observed directly. here we had the unique opportunity to study natural transmission of bordetella bronchiseptica--a directly transmitted respiratory pathogen with a wide mammalian host range, including sporadic infection of humans--within a commercial rabbitry to evaluate the relativ ...201021187891
identification of ysrt and evidence that ysrrst constitute a unique phosphorelay system in yersinia enterocolitica.two-component systems (tcs) and phosphorelay systems are mechanisms used by bacteria and fungi to quickly adapt to environmental changes to produce proteins necessary for survival in new environments. bacterial pathogens use tcs and phosphorelay systems to regulate genes necessary to establish infection within their hosts, including type iii secretion systems (t3ss). the yersinia enterocolitica ysa t3ss is activated in response to nacl by ysrs and ysrr, a putative hybrid sensor kinase and a resp ...201020870771
selective electrodiffusion of zinc ions in a zrt-, irt-like protein, zipb.all living cells need zinc ions to support cell growth. zrt-, irt-like proteins (zips) represent a major route for entry of zinc ions into cells, but how zips promote zinc uptake has been unclear. here we report the molecular characterization of zipb from bordetella bronchiseptica, the first zip homolog to be purified and functionally reconstituted into proteoliposomes. zinc flux through zipb was found to be nonsaturable and electrogenic, yielding membrane potentials as predicted by the nernst e ...201020876577
seasonal breeding drives the incidence of a chronic bacterial infection in a free-living herbivore population.summaryunderstanding seasonal changes in age-related incidence of infections can be revealing for disentangling how host heterogeneities affect transmission and how to control the spread of infections between social groups. seasonal forcing has been well documented in human childhood diseases but the mechanisms responsible for age-related transmission in free-living and socially structured animal populations are still poorly known. here we studied the seasonal dynamics of bordetella bronchisepti ...201020943004
structures of the first representatives of pfam family pf06684 (duf1185) reveal a novel variant of the bacillus chorismate mutase fold and suggest a role in amino-acid metabolism.the crystal structures of bb2672 and spo0826 were determined to resolutions of 1.7 and 2.1 å by single-wavelength anomalous dispersion and multiple-wavelength anomalous dispersion, respectively, using the semi-automated high-throughput pipeline of the joint center for structural genomics (jcsg) as part of the nigms protein structure initiative (psi). these proteins are the first structural representatives of the pf06684 (duf1185) pfam family. structural analysis revealed that both structures ado ...201020944209
[bordetella bronchiseptica-associated acute chest syndrome in a child with sickle cell disease].we describe a case of acute chest syndrome associated with bordetella bronchiseptica pneumonia in a child with sickle cell disease. b. bronchiseptica is recognized as an important pathogen of the respiratory tract for a large variety of animal species. this zoonotic agent has been frequently associated with chronic and recurrent infections. in humans, the bacterium acts as an opportunistic pathogen affecting mostly immunocompromised patients or those with preexisting respiratory diseases. this c ...201021036565
characterization of pneumonia due to streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus in dogs.streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus has been linked to cases of acute fatal pneumonia in dogs in several countries. outbreaks can occur in kenneled dog populations and result in significant levels of morbidity and mortality. this highly contagious disease is characterized by the sudden onset of clinical signs, including pyrexia, dyspnea, and hemorrhagic nasal discharge. the pathogenesis of s. equi subsp. zooepidemicus infection in dogs is poorly understood. this study systematically characte ...201020861329
insulin-induced hypoglycemic peripheral motor neuropathy in spontaneously diabetic wbn/kob rats.intensive insulin therapy can lead to hypoglycemia, with patients sometimes developing hypoglycemic neuropathy. spontaneously diabetic wistar bonn kobori (wbn/kob) rats develop diabetic peripheral motor neuropathy characterized by segmental demyelination and axonal degeneration. we examined the short-term effects of hypoglycemia on neuropathic changes in these rats. spontaneous diabetic wbn/kob rats received insulin implants for 40 d and were divided into 3 groups based on blood glucose levels: ...201020819377
spatiotemporal expression of tmie in the inner ear of rats during postnatal development.the circling (cir/cir) mouse is a murine model for human nonsyndromic deafness dfnb6. transmembrane inner ear (tmie) is the causative gene and its mutation through deletion of a 40-kilobase genomic region including tmie leads to deafness. the function of tmie is unknown. to better understand the function of tmie, we focused on the spatiotemporal expression of tmie in the rat cochlea by using a tmie-specific antibody. results showed that tmie expression was prominent in early postnatal rat cochle ...201020819378
new insights into s2p signaling cascades: regulation, variation, and conservation.regulated intramembrane proteolysis (rip) is a conserved mechanism that regulates signal transduction across the membrane by recruiting membrane-bound proteases to cleave membrane-spanning regulatory proteins. as the first identified protease that performs rip, the metalloprotease site-2 protease (s2p) has received extensive study during the past decade, and an increasing number of s2p-like proteases have been identified and studied in different organisms; however, some of their substrates and t ...201020836086
comparative genomics of prevaccination and modern bordetella pertussis strains.despite vaccination since the 1950s, pertussis has persisted and resurged. it remains a major cause of infant death worldwide and is the most prevalent vaccine-preventable disease in developed countries. the resurgence of pertussis has been associated with the expansion of bordetella pertussis strains with a novel allele for the pertussis toxin (ptx) promoter, ptxp3, which have replaced resident ptxp1 strains. compared to ptxp1 strains, ptxp3 produce more ptx resulting in increased virulence and ...201021070624
assessment of carprofen and buprenorphine on recovery of mice after surgical removal of the mammary fat pad.the purpose of this study was to determine the level of pain elicited by mammary fat pad removal surgery and the effects of postoperative analgesics on recovery. female fvb mice were anesthetized, and mammary fat pad removal was performed. after surgery, mice received carprofen, buprenorphine, a combination of carprofen and buprenorphine, or saline treatment. additional mice received anesthesia but no surgery or treatment. food and water intake, body weight, wheel running activity, and a visual ...201020858363
creating a long-term diabetic rabbit model.this study was to create a long-term rabbit model of diabetes mellitus for medical studies of up to one year or longer and to evaluate the effects of chronic hyperglycemia on damage of major organs. a single dose of alloxan monohydrate (100 mg/kg) was given intravenously to 20 young new zealand white rabbits. another 12 age-matched normal rabbits were used as controls. hyperglycemia developed within 48 hours after treatment with alloxan. insulin was given daily after diabetes developed. all anim ...201021234414
control of biofilm formation and colonization in vibrio fischeri: a role for partner switching?bacteria employ a variety of mechanisms to promote and control colonization of their respective hosts, including restricting the expression of genes necessary for colonization to distinct situations (i.e. encounter with a prospective host). in the symbiosis between the marine bacterium vibrio fischeri and its host squid, euprymna scolopes, colonization proceeds via a transient biofilm formed by the bacterium. the production of this bacterial biofilm depends on a complex regulatory network that c ...201021966901
breeding and housing laboratory rats and mice in the same room does not affect the growth or reproduction of either species.few data exist regarding the effects of long-term housing of rats and mice in the same secondary enclosure. historical reproductive and growth data were compared for colonies of mice and rats maintained in open-topped cages in either single-species or dual-species barrier rooms. this analysis included reproductive parameters (litter size at birth, litter size at weaning, and pups missing at weaning) collected from 33 colonies of mice comprising 500 to 38,500 breeding females and 28 colonies of r ...200919807969
bordetella bronchiseptica pneumonia in a man with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: a case report.bordetella bronchiseptica can be a cause of virulent pneumonia in humans with impaired immune systems. few cases have been reported in the medical literature where bordetella bronchiseptica has been the only pathogen isolated during a course of interstitial pneumonia.200919946552
the dlt operon of bacillus cereus is required for resistance to cationic antimicrobial peptides and for virulence in insects.the dlt operon encodes proteins that alanylate teichoic acids, the major components of cell walls of gram-positive bacteria. this generates a net positive charge on bacterial cell walls, repulsing positively charged molecules and conferring resistance to animal and human cationic antimicrobial peptides (amps) in gram-positive pathogenic bacteria. amps damage the bacterial membrane and are the most effective components of the humoral immune response against bacteria. we investigated the role of t ...200919767427
biological diversity of prokaryotic type iv secretion systems.type iv secretion systems (t4ss) translocate dna and protein substrates across prokaryotic cell envelopes generally by a mechanism requiring direct contact with a target cell. three types of t4ss have been described: (i) conjugation systems, operationally defined as machines that translocate dna substrates intercellularly by a contact-dependent process; (ii) effector translocator systems, functioning to deliver proteins or other macromolecules to eukaryotic target cells; and (iii) dna release/up ...200919946141
comparative transcriptional and translational analysis of leptospiral outer membrane protein expression in response to temperature.leptospirosis is a global zoonosis affecting millions of people annually. transcriptional changes in response to temperature were previously investigated using microarrays to identify genes potentially expressed upon host entry. past studies found that various leptospiral outer membrane proteins are differentially expressed at different temperatures. however, our microarray studies highlighted a divergence between protein abundance and transcript levels for some proteins. given the abundance of ...200919997626
cyclosporine-induced gingival overgrowth in new zealand white rabbits (oryctolagus cuniculus).a high incidence of gingival overgrowth occurred in a group of new zealand white rabbits receiving daily cyclosporine (15 mg/kg im) while on a retinoblastoma study. over the course of 2 mo, rabbits presented with clinical signs of ptyalism (4 of 18 rabbits), inappetence (3 of 18), or both (3 of 18); facial dermatitis and erythema occurred secondary to ptyalism. reducing the dose of cyclosporine to 10 mg/kg led to complete resolution of clinical signs in all but 2 rabbits, which then received azi ...200919712576
molecular evolution of the two-component system bvgas involved in virulence regulation in bordetella.the whooping cough agent bordetella pertussis is closely related to bordetella bronchiseptica, which is responsible for chronic respiratory infections in various mammals and is occasionally found in humans, and to bordetella parapertussis, one lineage of which causes mild whooping cough in humans and the other ovine respiratory infections. all three species produce similar sets of virulence factors that are co-regulated by the two-component system bvgas. we characterized the molecular diversity ...200919750014
oxa-143, a novel carbapenem-hydrolyzing class d beta-lactamase in acinetobacter baumannii.a carbapenem-resistant acinetobacter baumannii strain was isolated in brazil in 2004 in which no known carbapenemase gene was detected by pcr. cloning experiments, followed by expression in escherichia coli, gave an e. coli recombinant strain expressing a novel carbapenem-hydrolyzing class d beta-lactamase (chdl). oxa-143 showed 88% amino acid sequence identity with oxa-40, 63% identity with oxa-23, and 52% identity with oxa-58. it hydrolyzed penicillins, oxacillin, meropenem, and imipenem but n ...200919770279
bordetella pertussis infection or vaccination substantially protects mice against b. bronchiseptica infection.although b. bronchiseptica efficiently infects a wide range of mammalian hosts and efficiently spreads among them, it is rarely observed in humans. in contrast to the many other hosts of b. bronchiseptica, humans are host to the apparently specialized pathogen b. pertussis, the great majority having immunity due to vaccination, infection or both. here we explore whether immunity to b. pertussis protects against b. bronchiseptica infection. in a murine model, either infection or vaccination with ...200919707559
shifting the genomic gold standard for the prokaryotic species definition.dna-dna hybridization (ddh) has been used for nearly 50 years as the gold standard for prokaryotic species circumscriptions at the genomic level. it has been the only taxonomic method that offered a numerical and relatively stable species boundary, and its use has had a paramount influence on how the current classification has been constructed. however, now, in the era of genomics, ddh appears to be an outdated method for classification that needs to be substituted. the average nucleotide identi ...200919855009
gram-negative bacterial sensors for eukaryotic signal molecules.ample evidence exists showing that eukaryotic signal molecules synthesized and released by the host can activate the virulence of opportunistic pathogens. the sensitivity of prokaryotes to host signal molecules requires the presence of bacterial sensors. these prokaryotic sensors, or receptors, have a double function: stereospecific recognition in a complex environment and transduction of the message in order to initiate bacterial physiological modifications. as messengers are generally unable t ...200922399982
assessing the quality of whole genome alignments in bacteria.comparing genomes is an essential preliminary step to solve many problems in biology. matching long similar segments between two genomes is a precondition for their evolutionary, genetic, and genome rearrangement analyses. though various comparison methods have been developed in recent years, a quantitative assessment of their performance is lacking. here, we describe two families of assessment measures whose purpose is to evaluate bacteria-oriented comparison tools. the first measure is based o ...200920049164
genetic tools for the investigation of roseobacter clade bacteria.the roseobacter clade represents one of the most abundant, metabolically versatile and ecologically important bacterial groups found in marine habitats. a detailed molecular investigation of the regulatory and metabolic networks of these organisms is currently limited for many strains by missing suitable genetic tools.200920021642
comparison of side effects between buprenorphine and meloxicam used postoperatively in dutch belted rabbits (oryctolagus cuniculus).one of the challenges facing veterinarians and investigators who use rabbits (oryctolagus cuniculus) as a surgical model in biomedical research is choosing an appropriate and efficacious postoperative analgesic without systemic complications and side effects. the objective of this study was to evaluate the gastrointestinal side effects associated with the postoperative use of buprenorphine in dutch belted rabbits. we also evaluated the analgesic meloxicam as an alternative to opioid administrati ...200919476717
complete genome sequence of the sugarcane nitrogen-fixing endophyte gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus pal5.gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus pal5 is an endophytic diazotrophic bacterium that lives in association with sugarcane plants. it has important biotechnological features such as nitrogen fixation, plant growth promotion, sugar metabolism pathways, secretion of organic acids, synthesis of auxin and the occurrence of bacteriocins.200919775431
expression of 4 truncated fragments of pasteurella multocida toxin and their immunogenicity.pasteurella multocida toxin (pmt) is a poor antigen that becomes more immunogenic after its native structure has been destroyed. in contrast, partially truncated pmt proteins, which are predicted to be good antigens when used as a vaccine, might be used to improve the control of atrophic rhinitis in pigs. in this study, 4 truncated pmt fragments were expressed in escherichia coli, and those 4 fragments were inoculated into mice to produce the polyclonal antibodies. the results of an enzyme-linke ...200919794890
transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of the gmar antirepressor governs temperature-dependent control of flagellar motility in listeria monocytogenes.flagellar motility in listeria monocytogenes (lm) is restricted to temperatures below 37 degrees c due to the opposing activities of the mogr transcriptional repressor and the gmar antirepressor. previous studies have suggested that both the degu response regulator and mogr regulate expression of gmar. in this report, we further define the role of degu for gmar production and flagellar motility. we demonstrate that deletion of the receiver domain of degu has no effect on flagellar motility in lm ...200919796338
respiratory disease associated with bordetella bronchiseptica in a hoffmann's two-toed sloth (choloepus hoffmanni).a 2-yr-old female captive-born hoffmann's two-toed sloth (choloepus hoffmanni) presented with respiratory disease. a severe inspiratory dyspnea with nasal congestion was observed with open-mouthed breathing and bilateral mucopurulent nasal exudate. despite initial treatment with broad-spectrum antimicrobial therapy and anti-inflammatory and supportive care, the dyspnea persisted. the animal was anesthetized for bronchoscopy to obtain a deep tracheal sample. based on culture of bordetella bronchi ...200919569489
antimicrobial resistances do not affect colonization parameters of intestinal e. coli in a small piglet group.although antimicrobial resistance and persistence of resistant bacteria in humans and animals are major health concerns worldwide, the impact of antimicrobial resistance on bacterial intestinal colonization in healthy domestic animals has only been rarely studied. we carried out a retrospective analysis of the antimicrobial susceptibility status and the presence of resistance genes in intestinal commensal e. coli clones from clinically healthy pigs from one production unit with particular focus ...200919814790
tonb-dependent transporters and their occurrence in cyanobacteria.different iron transport systems evolved in gram-negative bacteria during evolution. most of the transport systems depend on outer membrane localized tonb-dependent transporters (tbdts), a periplasma-facing tonb protein and a plasma membrane localized machinery (exbbd). so far, iron chelators (siderophores), oligosaccharides and polypeptides have been identified as substrates of tbdts. for iron transport, three uptake systems are defined: the lactoferrin/transferrin binding proteins, the porphyr ...200919821963
insertion sequence content reflects genome plasticity in strains of the root nodule actinobacterium frankia.genome analysis of three frankia sp. strains has revealed a high number of transposable elements in two of the strains. twelve out of the 20 major families of bacterial insertion sequence (is) elements are represented in the 148 annotated transposases of frankia strain hfpcci3 (cci3) comprising 3% of its total coding sequences (cds). ean1pec (ean) has 183 transposase orfs from 13 is families comprising 2.2% of its cds. strain acn14a (acn) differs significantly from the other strains with only 33 ...200919821988
role of the type iii secretion system in a hypervirulent lineage of bordetella bronchiseptica.despite the fact that closely related bacteria can cause different levels of disease, the genetic changes that cause some isolates to be more pathogenic than others are generally not well understood. we use a combination of approaches to determine which factors contribute to the increased virulence of a bordetella bronchiseptica lineage. a strain isolated from a host with b. bronchiseptica-induced disease, strain 1289, was 60-fold more virulent in mice than one isolated from an asymptomatically ...200919596779
genomic characterization of the intron-containing t7-like phage phil7 of xanthomonas campestris.the lytic phage phil7, which morphologically belongs to the siphoviridae family, infects xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. nucleotide sequence analysis has revealed that phil7 contains a linear double-stranded dna genome (44,080 bp, 56% g+c) with a 3'-protruding cos site (5'-ttaccggac-3') and 59 possible genes. among the deduced proteins, 32 have homologs with known functions and 18 show no database similarities; moreover, the genes encoding these 18 proteins mostly have varying g+c content ...200919854925
genomic island excisions in bordetella petrii.among the members of the genus bordetella b. petrii is unique, since it is the only species isolated from the environment, while the pathogenic bordetellae are obligately associated with host organisms. another feature distinguishing b. petrii from the other sequenced bordetellae is the presence of a large number of mobile genetic elements including several large genomic regions with typical characteristics of genomic islands collectively known as integrative and conjugative elements (ices). the ...200919615092
ralstonia pickettii-induced ataxia in immunodeficient mice.we report here the characterization of an asymmetric ataxia syndrome (head tilt and circling, with death in the most severe cases) demonstrated by profoundly immunodeficient mice housed at the institut curie spf facility. the immune system of the affected mice had been genetically modified so that they were deficient in both b and t cells. extensive bacteriologic, parasitic, serologic, and histopathologic analysis of the affected animals and their healthy controls led us to identify ralstonia pi ...200919389312
immunodominance in mouse and human cd4+ t-cell responses specific for the bordetella pertussis virulence factor p.69 pertactin.p.69 pertactin (p.69 prn), an adhesion molecule from the causative agent of pertussis, bordetella pertussis, is present in cellular and most acellular vaccines that are currently used worldwide. although both humoral immunity and cellular immunity directed against p.69 prn have been implicated in protective immune mechanisms, the identities of cd4(+) t-cell epitopes on the p.69 prn protein remain unknown. here, a single i-a(d)-restricted b. pertussis conserved cd4(+) t-cell epitope at the n term ...200919015250
purification of legiobactin and importance of this siderophore in lung infection by legionella pneumophila.when cultured in a low-iron medium, legionella pneumophila secretes a siderophore (legiobactin) that is both reactive in the chrome azurol s (cas) assay and capable of stimulating the growth of iron-starved legionellae. using anion-exchange high-pressure liquid chromatography (hplc), we purified legiobactin from culture supernatants of a virulent strain of l. pneumophila. in the process, we detected the ferrated form of legiobactin as well as other cas-reactive substances. purified legiobactin h ...200919398549
post-assembly modification of bordetella bronchiseptica o polysaccharide by a novel periplasmic enzyme encoded by wbme.bordetella bronchiseptica is a pathogen of humans and animals that colonizes the respiratory tract. it produces a lipopolysaccharide o antigen that contains a homopolymer of 2,3-dideoxy-2,3-diacetamido-l-galacturonic acid (l-galnac3naca). some of these sugars are found in the uronamide form (l-galnac3nacan), and there is no discernible pattern in the distribution of amides along the chain. a b. bronchiseptica wbme mutant expresses an o polysaccharide unusually rich in uronamides. the wbme protei ...200919015265
vibriobactin antibodies: a vaccine strategy.a new target strategy in the development of bacterial vaccines, the induction of antibodies to microbial outer membrane ferrisiderophore complexes, is explored. a vibriobactin (vib) analogue, with a thiol tether, 1-(2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl)-5,9-bis[[(4s,5r)-2-(2,3-dihydroxyphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-5-methyl-4-oxazolyl]carbonyl]-14-(3-mercaptopropanoyl)-1,5,9,14-tetraazatetradecane, was synthesized and linked to ovalbumin (ova) and bovine serum albumin (bsa). the antigenicity of the vib microbial iron che ...200919492834
inefficient toll-like receptor-4 stimulation enables bordetella parapertussis to avoid host immunity.the recognition of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (lps) by host toll-like receptor (tlr)4 is a crucial step in developing protective immunity against several gram negative bacterial pathogens. bordetella bronchiseptica and b. pertussis stimulate robust tlr4 responses that are required to control the infection, but a close relative, b. parapertussis, poorly stimulates this receptor, and tlr4 deficiency does not affect its course of infection. this led us to hypothesize that inefficient tlr4 stimula ...200919169359
virulence factor secretion and translocation by bordetella species.here we review the bordetella virulence secretome with an emphasis on factors that translocate into target cells. recent advances in understanding the functions of adenylate cyclase toxin, a type 1 secretion system (t1ss) substrate, and pertussis toxin, a type iv secretion system (t4ss) substrate, are briefly described and a compilation of additional secretion systems and secreted factors is provided. particular attention is devoted to the bsc type iii secretion system (t3ss) and controversies s ...200919186097
relapsing peritonitis caused by bordetella bronchiseptica in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patient: a case report.bordetella (b) bronchiseptica is a common veterinary pathogen, but has rarely been implicated in human infections. most patients with b. bronchiseptica infections are compromised clinically such as in patients with a malignancy, aids, malnutrition, or chronic renal failure. we experienced a case of relapsing peritonitis caused by b. bronchiseptica associated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (capd). a 56-yr-old male, treated with capd due to end stage renal disease (esrd), was admit ...200919194556
natural-host animal models indicate functional interchangeability between the filamentous haemagglutinins of bordetella pertussis and bordetella bronchiseptica and reveal a role for the mature c-terminal domain, but not the rgd motif, during infection.bacteria of the bordetella genus cause respiratory tract infections. both broad host range (e.g. bordetella bronchiseptica) and human-adapted (e.g. bordetella pertussis) strains produce a surface-exposed and secreted protein called filamentous haemagglutinin (fha) that functions in adherence and immunomodulation. previous studies using b. pertussis and cultured mammalian cells identified several fha domains with potential roles in host cell interactions, including an arg-gly-asp (rgd) triplet th ...200919220744
th17 cells at the crossroads of innate and adaptive immunity against infectious diseases at the mucosa.t helper type 17 (th17) cells are a distinct lineage of t cells that produce the effector molecules il-17, il-17f, il-21, and il-22. although the role of th17 cells in autoimmunity is well documented, there is growing evidence that the th17 lineage and other interleukin (il)-17-producing cells are critical for host defense against bacterial, fungal, and viral infections at mucosal surfaces. here we summarize recent progress in our understanding of the function of il-17-producing cells as a bridg ...200919587639
evolution of acute infections and the invasion-persistence trade-off.we seek to understand the conditions favoring the evolution of acute, highly transmissible infections. most work on the life-history evolution of pathogens has focused on the transmission-virulence trade-off. here we focus on a distinct trade-off that operates, even among avirulent pathogens, between a pathogen's speed of invasion and its ability to persist in a finite host population. other authors have shown how this invasion-persistence trade-off can lead to intermediate pathogen attack rates ...200919231966
contribution of bordetella bronchiseptica filamentous hemagglutinin and pertactin to respiratory disease in swine.bordetella bronchiseptica is pervasive in swine populations and plays multiple roles in respiratory disease. most studies addressing virulence factors of b. bronchiseptica are based on isolates derived from hosts other than pigs. two well-studied virulence factors implicated in the adhesion process are filamentous hemagglutinin (fha) and pertactin (prn). we hypothesized that both fha and prn would serve critical roles in the adhesion process and be necessary for colonization of the swine respira ...200919237531
euthanasia of neonatal rats with carbon dioxide.exposure to co(2) is a common method used to euthanize rodents in biomedical research and rodent production. the purpose of this study was to determine the length of co(2) exposure required to euthanize neonatal rats (0 to 10 d old). multiple groups of rats were exposed to 100% co(2) for 5 to 60 min. after co(2) exposure, rats were placed in room air for 20 min to allow for possible recovery. no difference was found in comparing 1 inbred strain and 1 outbred stock of rats. time to death varied i ...200919245746
anthrax edema toxin induces maturation of dendritic cells and enhances chemotaxis towards macrophage inflammatory protein 3beta.bacillus anthracis secretes two bipartite toxins, edema toxin (et) and lethal toxin (lt), which impair immune responses and contribute directly to the pathology associated with the disease anthrax. edema factor, the catalytic subunit of et, is an adenylate cyclase that impairs host defenses by raising cellular cyclic amp (camp) levels. synthetic camp analogues and compounds that raise intracellular camp levels lead to phenotypic and functional changes in dendritic cells (dcs). here, we demonstra ...200919273556
pseudogene accumulation in the evolutionary histories of salmonella enterica serovars paratyphi a and typhi.of the > 2000 serovars of salmonella enterica subspecies i, most cause self-limiting gastrointestinal disease in a wide range of mammalian hosts. however, s. enterica serovars typhi and paratyphi a are restricted to the human host and cause the similar systemic diseases typhoid and paratyphoid fever. genome sequence similarity between paratyphi a and typhi has been attributed to convergent evolution via relatively recent recombination of a quarter of their genomes. the accumulation of pseudogene ...200919159446
structural and functional similarities between a ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco)-like protein from bacillus subtilis and photosynthetic rubisco.the sequences classified as genes for various ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (rubp) carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco)-like proteins (rlps) are widely distributed among bacteria, archaea, and eukaryota. in the phylogenic tree constructed with these sequences, rubiscos and rlps are grouped into four separate clades, forms i-iv. in rubisco enzymes encoded by form i, ii, and iii sequences, 19 conserved amino acid residues are essential for co(2) fixation; however, 1-11 of these 19 residues are substituted ...200919279009
characterization of wbpb, wbpe, and wbpd and reconstitution of a pathway for the biosynthesis of udp-2,3-diacetamido-2,3-dideoxy-d-mannuronic acid in pseudomonas aeruginosa.the lipopolysaccharide of pseudomonas aeruginosa pao1 contains an unusual sugar, 2,3-diacetamido-2,3-dideoxy-d-mannuronic acid (d-mannac3naca). wbpb, wbpe, and wbpd are thought to encode oxidase, transaminase, and n-acetyltransferase enzymes. to characterize their functions, recombinant proteins were overexpressed and purified from heterologous hosts. activities of his(6)-wbpb and his(6)-wbpe were detected only when both proteins were combined in the same reaction. using a direct maldi-tof mass ...200919282284
the complete genome and proteome of laribacter hongkongensis reveal potential mechanisms for adaptations to different temperatures and habitats.laribacter hongkongensis is a newly discovered gram-negative bacillus of the neisseriaceae family associated with freshwater fish-borne gastroenteritis and traveler's diarrhea. the complete genome sequence of l. hongkongensis hlhk9, recovered from an immunocompetent patient with severe gastroenteritis, consists of a 3,169-kb chromosome with g+c content of 62.35%. genome analysis reveals different mechanisms potentially important for its adaptation to diverse habitats of human and freshwater fish ...200919283063
klebsiella pneumoniae triggers a cytotoxic effect on airway epithelial cells.klebsiella pneumoniae is a capsulated gram negative bacterial pathogen and a frequent cause of nosocomial infections. despite its clinical relevance, little is known about the features of the interaction between k. pneumoniae and lung epithelial cells on a cellular level, neither about the role of capsule polysaccharide, one of its best characterised virulence factors, in this interaction.200919650888
identification of a novel lipopolysaccharide core biosynthesis gene cluster in bordetella pertussis, and influence of core structure and lipid a glucosamine substitution on endotoxic activity.lipopolysaccharide (lps), also known as endotoxin, is one of the main constituents of the gram-negative bacterial outer membrane. whereas the lipid a portion of lps is generally considered the main determinant for endotoxic activity, the oligosaccharide moiety plays an important role in immune evasion and the interaction with professional antigen-presenting cells. here we describe a novel four-gene cluster involved in the biosynthesis of the bordetella pertussis core oligosaccharide. by insertio ...200919364841
successful management of rabbit anesthesia through the use of nasotracheal intubation.although nasotracheal intubation in the rabbit has been briefly described, scientific assessment of the procedure has not been reported. in this report we describe nasotracheal intubation performed in 38 male new zealand white rabbits (3.0 to 5.5 kg) used for a vascular patch study. the rabbits were placed under general anesthesia twice, with 2 mo between the initial and final intubations. rabbits were intubated by the oral or nasotracheal route and compared. previous literature dismissed nasotr ...200919383213
making the cut: central roles of intramembrane proteolysis in pathogenic microorganisms.proteolysis in cellular membranes to liberate effector domains from their transmembrane anchors is a well-studied regulatory mechanism in animal biology and disease. by contrast, the function of intramembrane proteases in unicellular organisms has received little attention. recent progress has now established that intramembrane proteases execute pivotal roles in a range of pathogens, from regulating mycobacterium tuberculosis envelope composition, cholera toxin production, bacterial adherence an ...200919421188
comparative genomic characterization of francisella tularensis strains belonging to low and high virulence subspecies.tularemia is a geographically widespread, severely debilitating, and occasionally lethal disease in humans. it is caused by infection by a gram-negative bacterium, francisella tularensis. in order to better understand its potency as an etiological agent as well as its potential as a biological weapon, we have completed draft assemblies and report the first complete genomic characterization of five strains belonging to the following different francisella subspecies (subsp.): the f. tularensis sub ...200919478886
bordetella bronchiseptica infection in cats. abcd guidelines on prevention and management.overview: bordetella bronchiseptica is a gram-negative bacterium that colonises the respiratory tract of mammals and is considered to be a primary pathogen of domestic cats. it is sensible to consider b bronchiseptica as a rare cause of zoonotic infections. the bacterium is susceptible to common disinfectants. infection: the bacterium is shed in oral and nasal secretions of infected cats. dogs with respiratory disease are an infection risk for cats. the microorganism colonises the ciliated epith ...200919481041
efflux-mediated drug resistance in bacteria: an update.drug efflux pumps play a key role in drug resistance and also serve other functions in bacteria. there has been a growing list of multidrug and drug-specific efflux pumps characterized from bacteria of human, animal, plant and environmental origins. these pumps are mostly encoded on the chromosome, although they can also be plasmid-encoded. a previous article in this journal provided a comprehensive review regarding efflux-mediated drug resistance in bacteria. in the past 5 years, significant pr ...200919678712
clinical and laboratory evidence for neisseria meningitidis biofilms.neisseria meningitidis is the etiologic agent of meningococcal meningitis. carriage of the organism is approximately 10% while active disease occurs at a rate of 1:100,000. recent publications demonstrate that n. meningitidis has the ability to form biofilms on glass, plastic or cultured human bronchial epithelial cells. microcolony-like structures are also observed in histological sections from patients with active meningococcal disease. this review investigates the possible role of meningococc ...200919492966
annotating enzymes of uncertain function: the deacylation of d-amino acids by members of the amidohydrolase superfamily.the catalytic activities of three members of the amidohydrolase superfamily were discovered using amino acid substrate libraries. bb3285 from bordetella bronchiseptica, gox1177 from gluconobacter oxidans, and sco4986 from streptomyces coelicolor are currently annotated as d-aminoacylases or n-acetyl-d-glutamate deacetylases. these three enzymes are 22-34% identical to one another in amino acid sequence. substrate libraries containing nearly all combinations of n-formyl-d-xaa, n-acetyl-d-xaa, n-s ...200919518059
effect of a novel nop receptor agonist (sch 225288) on guinea pig irritant-evoked, feline mechanically induced and canine infectious tracheobronchitis cough.previous studies have demonstrated that nociceptin/orphanin fq (n/ofq), the endogenous peptide ligand for the g-protein-coupled nop receptor, inhibits cough in experimental models. sch 225288 is a nonpeptide, orally active nop agonist that may provide the foundation for the development of novel treatments for cough.200919696521
evidence for horizontal gene transfer of two antigenically distinct o antigens in bordetella bronchiseptica.host immunity is a major driving force of antigenic diversity, resulting in pathogens that can evade immunity induced by closely related strains. here we show that two bordetella bronchiseptica strains, rb50 and 1289, express two antigenically distinct o-antigen serotypes (o1 and o2, respectively). when 18 additional b. bronchiseptica strains were serotyped, all were found to express either the o1 or o2 serotype. comparative genomic hybridization and pcr screening showed that the expression of e ...200919528223
septic arthritis due to roseomonas gilardii in an immunocompetent adolescent.the genus roseomonas comprises groups of slow-growing, gram-negative coccobacilli, which only infrequently cause infection in humans. when identified, they are associated with immunocompromised adults, often causing bacteraemia. due to their rarity, members of this genus can be overlooked or misidentified using automated laboratory identification systems. we report on an immunocompetent adolescent patient who developed septic arthritis due to roseomonas gilardii following surgery for a sports in ...200919574413
sequence-based prediction of type iii secreted proteins.the type iii secretion system (ttss) is a key mechanism for host cell interaction used by a variety of bacterial pathogens and symbionts of plants and animals including humans. the ttss represents a molecular syringe with which the bacteria deliver effector proteins directly into the host cell cytosol. despite the importance of the ttss for bacterial pathogenesis, recognition and targeting of type iii secreted proteins has up until now been poorly understood. several hypotheses are discussed, in ...200919390696
microwave-assisted sample preparation for rapid and sensitive analysis of h. pylori lipid a applicable to a single colony.the lipid a of gram-negative bacteria plays a major role in the pathogenesis of bacterial infections. lipid a diversity is observed both in the number and length of fatty-acid side chains and in the presence of terminal phosphate residues and associated modifications. in this report, we describe a new sample preparation method based on microwave-assisted enzymatic digestion and detergent-free mild hydrolysis, in conjunction with a maldi-time-of-flight (tof)/tof analysis, to determine the structu ...200919401599
a novel isoquinoline alkaloid, dd-carboxypeptidase inhibitor, with antibacterial activity isolated from streptomyces sp. 8812. part i: taxonomy, fermentation, isolation and biological activities.a novel isoquinoline alkaloid of molecular formula c10h9no4, labeled js-1, was isolated from the culture broth of streptomyces sp. 8812. it was purified by acetone protein precipitation from the culture supernatant, followed by anion exchange and c18 rp hplc columns. js-1 is an inhibitor of exocellular dd-carboxypeptidases/transpeptidases (dd-peptidases) 64-575 ii from saccharopolyspora erythraea 64-575 ii, and r39 from actinomadura r39. js-1 exhibits activity against gram-negative bacteria, suc ...200919713994
surface protein ef3314 contributes to virulence properties of enterococcus faecalis.identification of putative new virulence factors as additional targets for therapeutic approaches alternative to antibiotic treatment of multi-resistant enterococcal infections.200919856273
improved selective isolation of bordetella pertussis by use of modified cyclodextrin solid medium.we have developed a modified cyclodextrin solid (mcs) medium using the selective antibiotic cefdinir. mcs medium exhibited higher sensitivity (95.6%; any culture-positive sample as reference) and greater inhibition of nasopharyngeal flora than did bordet-gengou agar (65.2%, p = 0.009) or cyclodextrin solid medium (39.1%, p < 0.001).200919846652
refining timed pregnancies in two strains of genetically engineered mice.in order to efficiently generate genetically engineered mouse (gem) fetuses or neonates of a specified age range, researchers must develop strain-specific strategies, including reliable early pregnancy detection. the authors evaluated pregnancy indices (pregnancy rate, plug rate, pregnant plugged rate, first litter size and body weight) in two gem breeding colonies: homozygous soluble epoxide hydrolase knockout (sehko) mice (n=164 females) and l7-tau-green fluorescent protein (gfp) transgenic mi ...200919701181
simultaneous analysis of the nasal shedding kinetics of field and vaccine strains of bordetella bronchiseptica.groups of four two-week-old puppies were administered serial dilutions of an intranasal vaccine containing live bordetella bronchiseptica and canine parainfluenza virus vaccine and housed individually in isolator cages. three vaccinated groups and one unvaccinated control group were exposed to virulent b bronchiseptica four weeks after vaccination and evaluated. nasal swabs for bacterial culture and sera for agglutination tests were taken from all the dogs every week for four weeks. the bacteria ...200920023279
proficiency program for real-time pcr diagnosis of bordetella pertussis infections in french hospital laboratories and at the french national reference center for whooping cough and other bordetelloses.with the support of a ministerial program for innovative and expensive technologies, dedicated to the economic evaluation of laboratory diagnosis of pertussis by real-time pcr, external quality assessment for real-time is481 pcr was carried out. coordinated by the national centre of reference of pertussis and other bordetelloses (ncr), this study aimed to harmonize and to assess the performances of eight participating microbiology hospital laboratories throughout the french territory. between ja ...200919692562
novel calicivirus identified in rabbits, michigan, usa.we report a disease outbreak in a michigan rabbitry of a rabbit calicivirus distinct from the foreign animal disease agent, rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv). the novel virus has been designated michigan rabbit calicivirus (mrcv). caliciviruses of the lagovirus genus other than rhdv have not been described in us rabbit populations. the case-fatality rate was 32.5% (65/200). clinical signs included hemorrhage and sudden death, with hepatic necrosis. analysis of viral rna sequence from >95% ...200919961675
characterization of a key neutralizing epitope on pertussis toxin recognized by monoclonal antibody 1b7.despite more than five decades of research and vaccination, infection by bordetella pertussis remains a serious disease with no specific treatments or validated correlates of protective immunity. of the numerous monoclonal antibodies binding pertussis toxin (ptx) that have been produced and characterized, murine igg2a monoclonal antibody 1b7 is uniquely neutralizing in all in vitro assays and in vivo murine models of infection. 1b7 binds an epitope on the enzymatically active s1 subunit of ptx ( ...200919899804
norepinephrine represses the expression of toxa and the siderophore genes in pseudomonas aeruginosa.among the different extracellular virulence factors produced by pseudomonas aeruginosa are exotoxin a (eta) and the pyoverdine and pyochelin siderophores. production of eta and the siderophores requires the function of the iron-starvation sigma factor pvds, the transcriptional activator rega, and the arac-activator pchr. iron represses the production of eta and the siderophores by repressing the expression of pvds, rega, and pchr. pvds regulates the expression of the eta gene, toxa, rega, and th ...200919686346
bordetella bronchiseptica peritonitis -- beware of the dog! 200919910569
molecular, antigenic, and functional characteristics of ferric enterobactin receptor cfra in campylobacter jejuni.the ferric enterobactin receptor cfra not only is responsible for high-affinity iron acquisition in campylobacter jejuni but also is essential for c. jejuni colonization in animal intestines. in this study, we determined the feasibility of targeting the iron-regulated outer membrane protein cfra for immune protection against campylobacter colonization. alignment of complete cfra sequences from 15 campylobacter isolates showed that the levels of amino acid identity for cfra range from 89% to 98%. ...200919737895
emergence of quinolone-resistant bordetella pertussis in japan.six bordetella pertussis strains isolated from children in japan from 2004 to 2006 showed high-level resistance to nalidixic acid (nal; mic, >256 microg/ml) and decreased susceptibilities to fluoroquinolones. all of the nal-resistant strains had the same d87g mutation in gyra.200919414571
molecular determinants of the interaction between clostridium perfringens enterotoxin fragments and claudin-3.clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) binds to the extracellular loop 2 of a subset of claudins, e.g. claudin-3. here, the molecular mechanism of the cpe-claudin interaction was analyzed. using peptide arrays, recombinant cpe-(116-319) bound to loop 2 peptides of mouse claudin-3, -6, -7, -9, and -14 but not of 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 10-13, 15, 16, 18-20, and 22. substitution peptide mapping identified the central motif (148)npl(150)vp, supposed to represent a turn region in the loop 2, as essential ...200919429681
a live attenuated bordetella pertussis candidate vaccine does not cause disseminating infection in gamma interferon receptor knockout mice.bordetella pertussis is the cause of whooping cough and responsible for 300,000 infant deaths per annum. current vaccines require 6 months to confer optimal immunity on infants, the population at highest risk. recently, an attenuated strain of b. pertussis (bpze1) has been developed to be used as a low-cost, live, intranasal, single-dose vaccine for newborns. preclinical proof of concept has been established; however, it is necessary to evaluate the safety of bpze1, especially in immunodeficient ...200919625486
the pgaabcd locus of acinetobacter baumannii encodes the production of poly-beta-1-6-n-acetylglucosamine, which is critical for biofilm formation.we found that acinetobacter baumannii contains a pgaabcd locus that encodes proteins that synthesize cell-associated poly-beta-(1-6)-n-acetylglucosamine (pnag). both a mutant with an in-frame deletion of the pga locus (s1deltapga) and a transcomplemented strain (s1deltapga-c) of a. baumannii were constructed, and the pnag production by these strains was compared using an immunoblot assay. deleting the pga locus resulted in an a. baumannii strain without pnag, and transcomplementation of the s1de ...200919633088
rapid real-time pcr assays for detection of klebsiella pneumoniae with the rmpa or maga genes associated with the hypermucoviscosity phenotype: screening of nonhuman primates.the relationship of mucoviscosity-associated (maga) and/or regulator of mucoid phenotype (rmpa) genes to the klebsiella pneumoniae hypermucoviscosity (hmv) phenotype has been reported. we previously demonstrated that rmpa+ k. pneumoniae can cause serious disease in african green monkeys and isolated rmpa+ and maga+ hmv k. pneumoniae from other species of non-human primates. to rapidly screen african green monkeys/non-human primates for these infections, we developed three real-time pcr assays. t ...200919644019
[characterization of attenuated salmonella c500 strain with a delta asd mutant and use as an asd+ balanced-lethal host-vector system].salmonella enterica serovar choleraesuis strain c500 is a live, attenuated vaccine that has been used in china for over 40 years to prevent piglet paratyphoid. the objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of attenuated salmonella enterica serovar choleraesuis c500 strain with a delta asd mutant as an effective live vaccine vector by the asd+ balanced-lethal host-vector system. here, we compared the characteristics of s. enterica serovar choleraesuis delta asdc500 strain with the par ...200919441223
the physiologic responses of dutch belted rabbits infected with inhalational anthrax.bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, is a category a priority pathogen that causes extensive damage in humans. for this reason, b. anthracis has been the focus of numerous studies using various animal models. in this study, we explored physiologic parameters in dutch belted rabbits with inhalation anthrax to characterize the disease progression in this model. to this end, we infected dutch belted rabbits with 100 ld(50) b. anthracis ames spores by nasal instillation and continuous ...200919619416
in vitro antibacterial activity of acyl-lysyl oligomers against helicobacter pylori.the gastric pathogen helicobacter pylori has developed resistance to virtually all current antibiotics; thus, there is a pressing need to develop new anti-h. pylori therapies. the goal of this work was to evaluate the antibacterial effect of oligo-acyl-lysyl (oak) antimicrobial peptidomimetics to determine if they might represent alternatives to conventional antibiotic treatment of h. pylori infection. a total of five oak sequences were screened for growth-inhibitory and/or bactericidal effects ...200919620333
the bordetella type iii secretion system effector btea contains a conserved n-terminal motif that guides bacterial virulence factors to lipid rafts.the bordetella type iii secretion system (t3ss) effector protein btea is necessary and sufficient for rapid cytotoxicity in a wide range of mammalian cells. we show that btea is highly conserved and functionally interchangeable between bordetella bronchiseptica, bordetella pertussis and bordetella parapertussis. the identification of btea sequences required for cytotoxicity allowed the construction of non-cytotoxic mutants for localization studies. btea derivatives were targeted to lipid rafts a ...200919650828
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