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swarming motility, secretion of type 3 effectors and biofilm formation phenotypes exhibited within a large cohort of pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates.pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic gram-negative pathogen capable of acutely infecting or persistently colonizing susceptible hosts. p. aeruginosa colonizes surfaces in vitro by either biofilm formation or swarming motility. the choice of behaviour is influenced by the physical properties of the surface and specific nutrient availability, and subject to regulatory networks that also govern type 2 and type 3 protein secretion. biofilm formation by clinical isolates has been well-studied. ...201020093376
neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin expresses antimicrobial activity by interfering with l-norepinephrine-mediated bacterial iron acquisition.l-norepinephrine (ne) is a neuroendocrine catecholamine that supports bacterial growth by mobilizing iron from a primary source such as holotransferrin to increase its bioavailability for cellular uptake. iron complexes of ne resemble those of bacterial siderophores that are scavenged by human neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (ngal) as part of the innate immune defense. here, we show that ngal binds iron-complexed ne, indicating physiological relevance for both bacterial and human iron ...201020086155
duplex real-time reverse transcriptase pcr assays for rapid detection and identification of pandemic (h1n1) 2009 and seasonal influenza a/h1, a/h3, and b viruses.reports of a novel influenza virus type a (h1n1), now designated by the world health organization as pandemic (h1n1) 2009, emerged from the united states and mexico in april 2009. the management of the pandemic in australia required rapid and reliable testing of large numbers of specimens for the novel influenza strain and differentiation from seasonal influenza strains. a real-time reverse transcriptase pcr (rt-pcr) assay for the detection of pandemic (h1n1) 2009 was designed and used with exis ...201020071557
high-throughput identification of bacteria and yeast by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry in conventional medical microbiology laboratories.matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms) is suitable for high-throughput and rapid diagnostics at low costs and can be considered an alternative for conventional biochemical and molecular identification systems in a conventional microbiological laboratory. first, we evaluated maldi-tof ms using 327 clinical isolates previously cultured from patient materials and identified by conventional techniques (vitek-ii, api, and biochemical tests). discre ...201020053859
divergence of biochemical function in the had superfamily: d-glycero-d-manno-heptose-1,7-bisphosphate phosphatase (gmhb).d-glycero-d-manno-heptose-1,7-bisphosphate phosphatase (gmhb) is a member of the histidinol-phosphate phosphatase (hisb) subfamily of the haloalkanoic acid dehalogenase (had) enzyme superfamily. gmhb supports two divergent biochemical pathways in bacteria: the d-glycero-d-manno-heptose-1alpha-gdp pathway (in s-layer glycoprotein biosynthesis) and the l-glycero-d-manno-heptose-1beta-adp pathway (in lipid a biosynthesis). herein, we report the comparative analysis of substrate recognition in selec ...201020050615
structural determinants of substrate recognition in the had superfamily member d-glycero-d-manno-heptose-1,7-bisphosphate phosphatase (gmhb) .the haloalkanoic acid dehalogenase (had) enzyme superfamily is the largest family of phosphohydrolases. in had members, the structural elements that provide the binding interactions that support substrate specificity are separated from those that orchestrate catalysis. for most had phosphatases, a cap domain functions in substrate recognition. however, for the had phosphatases that lack a cap domain, an alternate strategy for substrate selection must be operative. one such had phosphatase, gmhb ...201020050614
assessing the quality of whole genome alignments in bacteria.comparing genomes is an essential preliminary step to solve many problems in biology. matching long similar segments between two genomes is a precondition for their evolutionary, genetic, and genome rearrangement analyses. though various comparison methods have been developed in recent years, a quantitative assessment of their performance is lacking. here, we describe two families of assessment measures whose purpose is to evaluate bacteria-oriented comparison tools. the first measure is based o ...200920049164
efficacy of rifampin and its combinations with imipenem, sulbactam, and colistin in experimental models of infection caused by imipenem-resistant acinetobacter baumannii.there are currently no defined optimal therapies available for multidrug-resistant (mdr) acinetobacter baumannii infections. we evaluated the efficacy of rifampin, imipenem, sulbactam, colistin, and their combinations against mdr a. baumannii in experimental pneumonia and meningitis models. the bactericidal in vitro activities of rifampin, imipenem, sulbactam, colistin, and their combinations were tested using time-kill curves. murine pneumonia and rabbit meningitis models were evaluated using t ...201020047914
oral administration of beta-1,3/1,6-glucan to dogs temporally changes total and antigen-specific iga and igm.the effect of oral administration of beta-1,3/1,6-glucans from saccharomyces cerevisiae on humoral immunity in domestic dogs is not known. in this study, 15 beagle dogs were orally given macrogard tablets, which contain 150 mg of this beta-glucan, daily for 4 weeks. at the end of this period, the total serum immunoglobulin a (iga) level decreased significantly in the group treated with the glucan compared to that in the control group as well as compared to the concentrations before supplementati ...201020032218
oral administration of beta-1,3/1,6-glucan to dogs temporally changes total and antigen-specific iga and igm.the effect of oral administration of beta-1,3/1,6-glucans from saccharomyces cerevisiae on humoral immunity in domestic dogs is not known. in this study, 15 beagle dogs were orally given macrogard tablets, which contain 150 mg of this beta-glucan, daily for 4 weeks. at the end of this period, the total serum immunoglobulin a (iga) level decreased significantly in the group treated with the glucan compared to that in the control group as well as compared to the concentrations before supplementati ...201020032218
phosphoglucomutase of yersinia pestis is required for autoaggregation and polymyxin b resistance.yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague, autoaggregates within a few minutes of cessation of shaking when grown at 28 degrees c. to identify the autoaggregation factor of y. pestis, we performed mariner-based transposon mutagenesis. autoaggregation-defective mutants from three different pools were identified, each with a transposon insertion at a different position within the gene encoding phosphoglucomutase (pgma; y1258). targeted deletion of pgma in y. pestis kim5 also resulted in loss ...201020028810
phosphoglucomutase of yersinia pestis is required for autoaggregation and polymyxin b resistance.yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague, autoaggregates within a few minutes of cessation of shaking when grown at 28 degrees c. to identify the autoaggregation factor of y. pestis, we performed mariner-based transposon mutagenesis. autoaggregation-defective mutants from three different pools were identified, each with a transposon insertion at a different position within the gene encoding phosphoglucomutase (pgma; y1258). targeted deletion of pgma in y. pestis kim5 also resulted in loss ...201020028810
simultaneous analysis of the nasal shedding kinetics of field and vaccine strains of bordetella bronchiseptica.groups of four two-week-old puppies were administered serial dilutions of an intranasal vaccine containing live bordetella bronchiseptica and canine parainfluenza virus vaccine and housed individually in isolator cages. three vaccinated groups and one unvaccinated control group were exposed to virulent b bronchiseptica four weeks after vaccination and evaluated. nasal swabs for bacterial culture and sera for agglutination tests were taken from all the dogs every week for four weeks. the bacteria ...200920023279
rhizobium leguminosarum hupe encodes a nickel transporter required for hydrogenase activity.synthesis of the hydrogen uptake (hup) system in rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae requires the function of an 18-gene cluster (hupslcdefghijk-hypabfcdex). among them, the hupe gene encodes a protein showing six transmembrane domains for which a potential role as a nickel permease has been proposed. in this paper, we further characterize the nickel transport capacity of hupe and that of the translated product of hupe2, a hydrogenase-unlinked gene identified in the r. leguminosarum genome. hupe2 ...201020023036
rhizobium leguminosarum hupe encodes a nickel transporter required for hydrogenase activity.synthesis of the hydrogen uptake (hup) system in rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae requires the function of an 18-gene cluster (hupslcdefghijk-hypabfcdex). among them, the hupe gene encodes a protein showing six transmembrane domains for which a potential role as a nickel permease has been proposed. in this paper, we further characterize the nickel transport capacity of hupe and that of the translated product of hupe2, a hydrogenase-unlinked gene identified in the r. leguminosarum genome. hupe2 ...201020023036
genetic tools for the investigation of roseobacter clade bacteria.the roseobacter clade represents one of the most abundant, metabolically versatile and ecologically important bacterial groups found in marine habitats. a detailed molecular investigation of the regulatory and metabolic networks of these organisms is currently limited for many strains by missing suitable genetic tools.200920021642
rapid reprogramming of haemoglobin structure-function exposes multiple dual-antimicrobial potencies.the intrinsic cytotoxicity of cell-free haemoglobin (hb) has hampered the development of reliable hb-based blood substitutes for over seven decades. notably, recent evidence shows that the hb deploys this cytotoxic attack against invading microbes, albeit, through an unknown mechanism. here, we unraveled a rapid molecular reprogramming of the hb structure-function triggered by virulent haemolytic pathogens that feed on the haem-iron. on direct contact with the microbe, the hb unveils its latent ...201020019665
rapid reprogramming of haemoglobin structure-function exposes multiple dual-antimicrobial potencies.the intrinsic cytotoxicity of cell-free haemoglobin (hb) has hampered the development of reliable hb-based blood substitutes for over seven decades. notably, recent evidence shows that the hb deploys this cytotoxic attack against invading microbes, albeit, through an unknown mechanism. here, we unraveled a rapid molecular reprogramming of the hb structure-function triggered by virulent haemolytic pathogens that feed on the haem-iron. on direct contact with the microbe, the hb unveils its latent ...201020019665
expression of bfrh, a putative siderophore receptor of bordetella bronchiseptica, is regulated by iron, fur1, and the extracellular function sigma factor ecfi.iron (fe) in soluble elemental form is found in the tissues and fluids of animals at concentrations insufficient for sustaining growth of bacteria. consequently, to promote colonization and persistence, pathogenic bacteria evolved a myriad of scavenging mechanisms to acquire fe from the host. bordetella bronchiseptica, the etiologic agent of upper respiratory infections in a wide range of mammalian hosts, expresses a number of proteins for acquisition of fe. using proteomic and genomic approache ...201020008538
comparative transcriptional and translational analysis of leptospiral outer membrane protein expression in response to temperature.leptospirosis is a global zoonosis affecting millions of people annually. transcriptional changes in response to temperature were previously investigated using microarrays to identify genes potentially expressed upon host entry. past studies found that various leptospiral outer membrane proteins are differentially expressed at different temperatures. however, our microarray studies highlighted a divergence between protein abundance and transcript levels for some proteins. given the abundance of ...200919997626
novel calicivirus identified in rabbits, michigan, usa.we report a disease outbreak in a michigan rabbitry of a rabbit calicivirus distinct from the foreign animal disease agent, rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv). the novel virus has been designated michigan rabbit calicivirus (mrcv). caliciviruses of the lagovirus genus other than rhdv have not been described in us rabbit populations. the case-fatality rate was 32.5% (65/200). clinical signs included hemorrhage and sudden death, with hepatic necrosis. analysis of viral rna sequence from >95% ...200919961675
bordetella bronchiseptica pneumonia in a man with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: a case report.bordetella bronchiseptica can be a cause of virulent pneumonia in humans with impaired immune systems. few cases have been reported in the medical literature where bordetella bronchiseptica has been the only pathogen isolated during a course of interstitial pneumonia.200919946552
bacterial competition: surviving and thriving in the microbial jungle.most natural environments harbour a stunningly diverse collection of microbial species. in these communities, bacteria compete with their neighbours for space and resources. laboratory experiments with pure and mixed cultures have revealed many active mechanisms by which bacteria can impair or kill other microorganisms. in addition, a growing body of theoretical and experimental population studies indicates that the interactions within and between bacterial species can have a profound impact on ...201019946288
biological diversity of prokaryotic type iv secretion systems.type iv secretion systems (t4ss) translocate dna and protein substrates across prokaryotic cell envelopes generally by a mechanism requiring direct contact with a target cell. three types of t4ss have been described: (i) conjugation systems, operationally defined as machines that translocate dna substrates intercellularly by a contact-dependent process; (ii) effector translocator systems, functioning to deliver proteins or other macromolecules to eukaryotic target cells; and (iii) dna release/up ...200919946141
inactivation of burkholderia cepacia complex phage ks9 gp41 identifies the phage repressor and generates lytic virions.the burkholderia cepacia complex (bcc) is made up of at least 17 species of gram-negative opportunistic bacterial pathogens that cause fatal infections in patients with cystic fibrosis and chronic granulomatous disease. ks9 (vb_bcens_ks9), one of a number of temperate phages isolated from bcc species, is a prophage of burkholderia pyrrocinia lmg 21824. transmission electron micrographs indicate that ks9 belongs to the family siphoviridae and exhibits the b1 morphotype. the 39,896-bp ks9 genome, ...201019939932
inactivation of burkholderia cepacia complex phage ks9 gp41 identifies the phage repressor and generates lytic virions.the burkholderia cepacia complex (bcc) is made up of at least 17 species of gram-negative opportunistic bacterial pathogens that cause fatal infections in patients with cystic fibrosis and chronic granulomatous disease. ks9 (vb_bcens_ks9), one of a number of temperate phages isolated from bcc species, is a prophage of burkholderia pyrrocinia lmg 21824. transmission electron micrographs indicate that ks9 belongs to the family siphoviridae and exhibits the b1 morphotype. the 39,896-bp ks9 genome, ...201019939932
characterization of the isophthalate degradation genes of comamonas sp. strain e6.the isophthalate (ipa) degradation gene cluster (iphacbdr) responsible for the conversion of ipa into protocatechuate (pca) was isolated from comamonas sp. strain e6, which utilizes phthalate isomers as sole carbon and energy sources via the pca 4,5-cleavage pathway. based on amino acid sequence similarity, the ipha, iphc, iphb, iphd, and iphr genes were predicted to code for an oxygenase component of ipa dioxygenase (ipado), a periplasmic ipa binding receptor, a 1,2-dihydroxy-3,5-cyclohexadiene ...201019933340
characterization of the isophthalate degradation genes of comamonas sp. strain e6.the isophthalate (ipa) degradation gene cluster (iphacbdr) responsible for the conversion of ipa into protocatechuate (pca) was isolated from comamonas sp. strain e6, which utilizes phthalate isomers as sole carbon and energy sources via the pca 4,5-cleavage pathway. based on amino acid sequence similarity, the ipha, iphc, iphb, iphd, and iphr genes were predicted to code for an oxygenase component of ipa dioxygenase (ipado), a periplasmic ipa binding receptor, a 1,2-dihydroxy-3,5-cyclohexadiene ...201019933340
expression of beta-defensins in the canine respiratory tract and antimicrobial activity against bordetella bronchiseptica.beta-defensins are cationic peptides which form part of the innate immune response of the respiratory epithelium. due to their antimicrobial properties and immunostimulatory activity, beta-defensins are potential tools for the treatment and prevention of respiratory disease. in dogs, infectious respiratory disease is a common problem, particularly in housed animals. this study aimed to assess the presence of four beta-defensins in the canine respiratory tract and to use quantitative real-time pc ...201019931188
novel insights about class 2 integrons from experimental and genomic epidemiology.in order to contribute to the knowledge of the architecture and epidemiology of class 2 integrons, we performed a class 2 integron molecular survey in which we analyzed 726 isolates in two bacterial populations from environmental and nonepidemiologically related clinical samples, respectively, collected from 1982 to 2007. we recovered the inti2 gene from 130 of 726 isolates, most of which were clinical isolates, and only 1 (a psychrophilic pseudomonas sp.) was from a water sample. unlike the wid ...201019917745
novel insights about class 2 integrons from experimental and genomic epidemiology.in order to contribute to the knowledge of the architecture and epidemiology of class 2 integrons, we performed a class 2 integron molecular survey in which we analyzed 726 isolates in two bacterial populations from environmental and nonepidemiologically related clinical samples, respectively, collected from 1982 to 2007. we recovered the inti2 gene from 130 of 726 isolates, most of which were clinical isolates, and only 1 (a psychrophilic pseudomonas sp.) was from a water sample. unlike the wid ...201019917745
characterisation of ceftiofur resistance in swine bacterial pathogens.a pcr based method was developed for the identification of ceftiofur resistance genes (bla(cmy-2), bla(tem-1), and ampc) in swine bacterial pathogens. using this method, the ceftiofur resistant (n=76) and susceptible (n=45) strains of bordetella bronchiseptica, salmonella spp., escherichia coli, and pasteurella multocida were screened for the presence of these three genes. the resistant genes were detected in 70% (bla(tem-1)), 68% (bla(cmy-2)) and 45% (ampc) of the resistant isolates and in 18% ...201119914850
bordetella bronchiseptica peritonitis -- beware of the dog! 200919910569
precarious balance: th17 cells in host defense.lineage-specific responses from the effector t-cell repertoire form a critical component of adaptive immunity. the recent identification of th17 cells-a third, distinct lineage of helper t cells-collapses the long-accepted paradigm in which th1 and th2 cells distinctly mediate cellular and humoral immunity, respectively. in this minireview, we discuss the involvement of the th17 lineage during infection by extracellular bacteria, intracellular bacteria, and fungi. emerging trends suggest that th ...200919901061
precarious balance: th17 cells in host defense.lineage-specific responses from the effector t-cell repertoire form a critical component of adaptive immunity. the recent identification of th17 cells-a third, distinct lineage of helper t cells-collapses the long-accepted paradigm in which th1 and th2 cells distinctly mediate cellular and humoral immunity, respectively. in this minireview, we discuss the involvement of the th17 lineage during infection by extracellular bacteria, intracellular bacteria, and fungi. emerging trends suggest that th ...200919901061
characterization of a key neutralizing epitope on pertussis toxin recognized by monoclonal antibody 1b7.despite more than five decades of research and vaccination, infection by bordetella pertussis remains a serious disease with no specific treatments or validated correlates of protective immunity. of the numerous monoclonal antibodies binding pertussis toxin (ptx) that have been produced and characterized, murine igg2a monoclonal antibody 1b7 is uniquely neutralizing in all in vitro assays and in vivo murine models of infection. 1b7 binds an epitope on the enzymatically active s1 subunit of ptx ( ...200919899804
utilization of an unstable plasmid and the i-scei endonuclease to generate routine markerless deletion mutants in francisella tularensis.we engineered an efficient system to make francisella tularensis deletion mutations using an unstable, poorly maintained plasmid to enhance the likelihood of homologous recombination. for counterselection, we adapted a strategy using i-scei, which causes a double-stranded break in the integrated suicide vector, forcing a second recombination to mediate allelic replacement.201019879904
utilization of an unstable plasmid and the i-scei endonuclease to generate routine markerless deletion mutants in francisella tularensis.we engineered an efficient system to make francisella tularensis deletion mutations using an unstable, poorly maintained plasmid to enhance the likelihood of homologous recombination. for counterselection, we adapted a strategy using i-scei, which causes a double-stranded break in the integrated suicide vector, forcing a second recombination to mediate allelic replacement.201019879904
bordetella bronchiseptica pneumonia in a kidney-pancreas transplant patient after exposure to recently vaccinated dogs.bordetella bronchiseptica is an uncommon cause of respiratory infection in humans generally occurring in immunocompromised individuals exposed to infected animals. a 61-year-old female underwent a kidney-pancreas transplant 7 years before presentation. postoperative immunosuppression was achieved with sirolimus and mycophenolate mofetil. the patient was doing well until she developed a small bowel obstruction secondary to adhesions. she underwent surgical adhesiolysis without complications. two ...201019874567
the epidemiology of a rabbit respiratory infection : iii. nasal flora of laboratory rabbits.the bacteria constituting the nasal flora of rabbits at the rockefeller institute may be enumerated as follows in the order of their frequency: (1) micrococcus catarrhalis group, 80 per cent; (2) bacterium lepisepticum, 70 per cent; (3) gram-negative cocci which ferment dextrose, lactose, saccharose, maltose, and mannite, but not salicin and bacillus bronchisepticus, 40 per cent; (4) staphylococci, streptococci, and various intestinal bacilli which probably are localized at the external nares, 1 ...192419868889
the epidemiology of a rabbit respiratory infection : ii. clinical, pathological, and bacteriological study of snuffles.100 adult rabbits taken at random from the rockefeller institute animal house were examined clinically, anatomically, and bacteriologically for evidence of respiratory infection. 58 of these rabbits proved to have snuffles; 42 were free of the disease. bacterium lepisepticum was the predominating organism in the nasal flora of 55 of the 58 rabbits showing snuffles. this organism was also cultured from the nasal passages of eight normal rabbits. bacillus bronchisepticus was associated with bacter ...192419868888
studies on the etiology of snuffles in stock rabbits : paranasal sinusitis a factor in the interpretation of experimental results.in our experience, covering a large number of rabbits, we have found that the condition known as snuffles falls into different types, the acute and fatal, symptomatic of some underlying infection such as septicemia or pneumonia; and the intermittent, and the chronic. the intermittent and the chronic types considered in this paper are those most commonly present in laboratory stocks. our observations point to a widespread prevalence of the disease among rabbits kept under laboratory conditions. t ...192319868812
surface protein ef3314 contributes to virulence properties of enterococcus faecalis.identification of putative new virulence factors as additional targets for therapeutic approaches alternative to antibiotic treatment of multi-resistant enterococcal infections.200919856273
shifting the genomic gold standard for the prokaryotic species definition.dna-dna hybridization (ddh) has been used for nearly 50 years as the gold standard for prokaryotic species circumscriptions at the genomic level. it has been the only taxonomic method that offered a numerical and relatively stable species boundary, and its use has had a paramount influence on how the current classification has been constructed. however, now, in the era of genomics, ddh appears to be an outdated method for classification that needs to be substituted. the average nucleotide identi ...200919855009
genomic characterization of the intron-containing t7-like phage phil7 of xanthomonas campestris.the lytic phage phil7, which morphologically belongs to the siphoviridae family, infects xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. nucleotide sequence analysis has revealed that phil7 contains a linear double-stranded dna genome (44,080 bp, 56% g+c) with a 3'-protruding cos site (5'-ttaccggac-3') and 59 possible genes. among the deduced proteins, 32 have homologs with known functions and 18 show no database similarities; moreover, the genes encoding these 18 proteins mostly have varying g+c content ...200919854925
improved selective isolation of bordetella pertussis by use of modified cyclodextrin solid medium.we have developed a modified cyclodextrin solid (mcs) medium using the selective antibiotic cefdinir. mcs medium exhibited higher sensitivity (95.6%; any culture-positive sample as reference) and greater inhibition of nasopharyngeal flora than did bordet-gengou agar (65.2%, p = 0.009) or cyclodextrin solid medium (39.1%, p < 0.001).200919846652
insertion sequence content reflects genome plasticity in strains of the root nodule actinobacterium frankia.genome analysis of three frankia sp. strains has revealed a high number of transposable elements in two of the strains. twelve out of the 20 major families of bacterial insertion sequence (is) elements are represented in the 148 annotated transposases of frankia strain hfpcci3 (cci3) comprising 3% of its total coding sequences (cds). ean1pec (ean) has 183 transposase orfs from 13 is families comprising 2.2% of its cds. strain acn14a (acn) differs significantly from the other strains with only 33 ...200919821988
tonb-dependent transporters and their occurrence in cyanobacteria.different iron transport systems evolved in gram-negative bacteria during evolution. most of the transport systems depend on outer membrane localized tonb-dependent transporters (tbdts), a periplasma-facing tonb protein and a plasma membrane localized machinery (exbbd). so far, iron chelators (siderophores), oligosaccharides and polypeptides have been identified as substrates of tbdts. for iron transport, three uptake systems are defined: the lactoferrin/transferrin binding proteins, the porphyr ...200919821963
antimicrobial resistances do not affect colonization parameters of intestinal e. coli in a small piglet group.although antimicrobial resistance and persistence of resistant bacteria in humans and animals are major health concerns worldwide, the impact of antimicrobial resistance on bacterial intestinal colonization in healthy domestic animals has only been rarely studied. we carried out a retrospective analysis of the antimicrobial susceptibility status and the presence of resistance genes in intestinal commensal e. coli clones from clinically healthy pigs from one production unit with particular focus ...200919814790
estimating the fraction of non-coding rnas in mammalian transcriptomes.recent studies of mammalian transcriptomes have identified numerous rna transcripts that do not code for proteins; their identity, however, is largely unknown. here we explore an approach based on sequence randomness patterns to discern different rna classes. the relative z-score we use helps identify the known ncrna class from the genome, intergene and intron classes. this leads us to a fractional ncrna measure of putative ncrna datasets which we model as a mixture of genuine ncrnas and other t ...200819812767
breeding and housing laboratory rats and mice in the same room does not affect the growth or reproduction of either species.few data exist regarding the effects of long-term housing of rats and mice in the same secondary enclosure. historical reproductive and growth data were compared for colonies of mice and rats maintained in open-topped cages in either single-species or dual-species barrier rooms. this analysis included reproductive parameters (litter size at birth, litter size at weaning, and pups missing at weaning) collected from 33 colonies of mice comprising 500 to 38,500 breeding females and 28 colonies of r ...200919807969
transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of the gmar antirepressor governs temperature-dependent control of flagellar motility in listeria monocytogenes.flagellar motility in listeria monocytogenes (lm) is restricted to temperatures below 37 degrees c due to the opposing activities of the mogr transcriptional repressor and the gmar antirepressor. previous studies have suggested that both the degu response regulator and mogr regulate expression of gmar. in this report, we further define the role of degu for gmar production and flagellar motility. we demonstrate that deletion of the receiver domain of degu has no effect on flagellar motility in lm ...200919796338
expression of 4 truncated fragments of pasteurella multocida toxin and their immunogenicity.pasteurella multocida toxin (pmt) is a poor antigen that becomes more immunogenic after its native structure has been destroyed. in contrast, partially truncated pmt proteins, which are predicted to be good antigens when used as a vaccine, might be used to improve the control of atrophic rhinitis in pigs. in this study, 4 truncated pmt fragments were expressed in escherichia coli, and those 4 fragments were inoculated into mice to produce the polyclonal antibodies. the results of an enzyme-linke ...200919794890
complete genome sequence of the sugarcane nitrogen-fixing endophyte gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus pal5.gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus pal5 is an endophytic diazotrophic bacterium that lives in association with sugarcane plants. it has important biotechnological features such as nitrogen fixation, plant growth promotion, sugar metabolism pathways, secretion of organic acids, synthesis of auxin and the occurrence of bacteriocins.200919775431
oxa-143, a novel carbapenem-hydrolyzing class d beta-lactamase in acinetobacter baumannii.a carbapenem-resistant acinetobacter baumannii strain was isolated in brazil in 2004 in which no known carbapenemase gene was detected by pcr. cloning experiments, followed by expression in escherichia coli, gave an e. coli recombinant strain expressing a novel carbapenem-hydrolyzing class d beta-lactamase (chdl). oxa-143 showed 88% amino acid sequence identity with oxa-40, 63% identity with oxa-23, and 52% identity with oxa-58. it hydrolyzed penicillins, oxacillin, meropenem, and imipenem but n ...200919770279
mediators of lipid a modification, rna degradation, and central intermediary metabolism facilitate the growth of legionella pneumophila at low temperatures.legionella pneumophila is an aquatic bacterium that is also the agent of legionnaires' disease pneumonia. since l. pneumophila is transmitted directly from the environment to the lung, it is important to understand how legionellae survive at low temperatures. to identify genes that are needed for l. pneumophila growth at low temperature, we screened a population of mutagenized legionellae for strains that are specifically impaired for growth at 17 degrees c. from the 7,400 mutants tested, 11 dis ...201019768502
mediators of lipid a modification, rna degradation, and central intermediary metabolism facilitate the growth of legionella pneumophila at low temperatures.legionella pneumophila is an aquatic bacterium that is also the agent of legionnaires' disease pneumonia. since l. pneumophila is transmitted directly from the environment to the lung, it is important to understand how legionellae survive at low temperatures. to identify genes that are needed for l. pneumophila growth at low temperature, we screened a population of mutagenized legionellae for strains that are specifically impaired for growth at 17 degrees c. from the 7,400 mutants tested, 11 dis ...201019768502
the dlt operon of bacillus cereus is required for resistance to cationic antimicrobial peptides and for virulence in insects.the dlt operon encodes proteins that alanylate teichoic acids, the major components of cell walls of gram-positive bacteria. this generates a net positive charge on bacterial cell walls, repulsing positively charged molecules and conferring resistance to animal and human cationic antimicrobial peptides (amps) in gram-positive pathogenic bacteria. amps damage the bacterial membrane and are the most effective components of the humoral immune response against bacteria. we investigated the role of t ...200919767427
molecular evolution of the two-component system bvgas involved in virulence regulation in bordetella.the whooping cough agent bordetella pertussis is closely related to bordetella bronchiseptica, which is responsible for chronic respiratory infections in various mammals and is occasionally found in humans, and to bordetella parapertussis, one lineage of which causes mild whooping cough in humans and the other ovine respiratory infections. all three species produce similar sets of virulence factors that are co-regulated by the two-component system bvgas. we characterized the molecular diversity ...200919750014
mechanisms of neutrophil accumulation in the lungs against bacteria.bacterial lung diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality both in immunocompromised and in immunocompetent individuals. neutrophil accumulation, a pathological hallmark of bacterial diseases, is critical to host defense, but may also cause acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome. toll-like receptors, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (nod)-like receptors, transcription factors, cytokines, and chemokines play essential roles in neutrophil sequestration in the lung ...200919738160
mechanisms of neutrophil accumulation in the lungs against bacteria.bacterial lung diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality both in immunocompromised and in immunocompetent individuals. neutrophil accumulation, a pathological hallmark of bacterial diseases, is critical to host defense, but may also cause acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome. toll-like receptors, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (nod)-like receptors, transcription factors, cytokines, and chemokines play essential roles in neutrophil sequestration in the lung ...200919738160
molecular, antigenic, and functional characteristics of ferric enterobactin receptor cfra in campylobacter jejuni.the ferric enterobactin receptor cfra not only is responsible for high-affinity iron acquisition in campylobacter jejuni but also is essential for c. jejuni colonization in animal intestines. in this study, we determined the feasibility of targeting the iron-regulated outer membrane protein cfra for immune protection against campylobacter colonization. alignment of complete cfra sequences from 15 campylobacter isolates showed that the levels of amino acid identity for cfra range from 89% to 98%. ...200919737895
diversity, epidemiology, and genetics of class d beta-lactamases.class d beta-lactamase-mediated resistance to beta-lactams has been increasingly reported during the last decade. those enzymes also known as oxacillinases or oxas are widely distributed among gram negatives. genes encoding class d beta-lactamases are known to be intrinsic in many gram-negative rods, including acinetobacter baumannii and pseudomonas aeruginosa, but play a minor role in natural resistance phenotypes. the oxas (ca. 150 variants reported so far) are characterized by an important ge ...201019721065
diversity, epidemiology, and genetics of class d beta-lactamases.class d beta-lactamase-mediated resistance to beta-lactams has been increasingly reported during the last decade. those enzymes also known as oxacillinases or oxas are widely distributed among gram negatives. genes encoding class d beta-lactamases are known to be intrinsic in many gram-negative rods, including acinetobacter baumannii and pseudomonas aeruginosa, but play a minor role in natural resistance phenotypes. the oxas (ca. 150 variants reported so far) are characterized by an important ge ...201019721065
a novel isoquinoline alkaloid, dd-carboxypeptidase inhibitor, with antibacterial activity isolated from streptomyces sp. 8812. part i: taxonomy, fermentation, isolation and biological activities.a novel isoquinoline alkaloid of molecular formula c10h9no4, labeled js-1, was isolated from the culture broth of streptomyces sp. 8812. it was purified by acetone protein precipitation from the culture supernatant, followed by anion exchange and c18 rp hplc columns. js-1 is an inhibitor of exocellular dd-carboxypeptidases/transpeptidases (dd-peptidases) 64-575 ii from saccharopolyspora erythraea 64-575 ii, and r39 from actinomadura r39. js-1 exhibits activity against gram-negative bacteria, suc ...200919713994
cyclosporine-induced gingival overgrowth in new zealand white rabbits (oryctolagus cuniculus).a high incidence of gingival overgrowth occurred in a group of new zealand white rabbits receiving daily cyclosporine (15 mg/kg im) while on a retinoblastoma study. over the course of 2 mo, rabbits presented with clinical signs of ptyalism (4 of 18 rabbits), inappetence (3 of 18), or both (3 of 18); facial dermatitis and erythema occurred secondary to ptyalism. reducing the dose of cyclosporine to 10 mg/kg led to complete resolution of clinical signs in all but 2 rabbits, which then received azi ...200919712576
bordetella pertussis infection or vaccination substantially protects mice against b. bronchiseptica infection.although b. bronchiseptica efficiently infects a wide range of mammalian hosts and efficiently spreads among them, it is rarely observed in humans. in contrast to the many other hosts of b. bronchiseptica, humans are host to the apparently specialized pathogen b. pertussis, the great majority having immunity due to vaccination, infection or both. here we explore whether immunity to b. pertussis protects against b. bronchiseptica infection. in a murine model, either infection or vaccination with ...200919707559
structural analysis of the lipid a isolated from hafnia alvei 32 and pcm 1192 lipopolysaccharides.hafnia alvei, a gram-negative bacterium, is an opportunistic pathogen associated with mixed hospital infections, bacteremia, septicemia, and respiratory diseases. the majority of clinical symptoms of diseases caused by this bacterium have a lipopolysaccharide (lps, endotoxin)-related origin. the lipid a structure affects the biological activity of endotoxins predominantly. thus, the structure of h. alvei lipid a was analyzed for the first time. the major form, asymmetrically hexa-acylated lipid ...201019706748
refining timed pregnancies in two strains of genetically engineered mice.in order to efficiently generate genetically engineered mouse (gem) fetuses or neonates of a specified age range, researchers must develop strain-specific strategies, including reliable early pregnancy detection. the authors evaluated pregnancy indices (pregnancy rate, plug rate, pregnant plugged rate, first litter size and body weight) in two gem breeding colonies: homozygous soluble epoxide hydrolase knockout (sehko) mice (n=164 females) and l7-tau-green fluorescent protein (gfp) transgenic mi ...200919701181
effect of a novel nop receptor agonist (sch 225288) on guinea pig irritant-evoked, feline mechanically induced and canine infectious tracheobronchitis cough.previous studies have demonstrated that nociceptin/orphanin fq (n/ofq), the endogenous peptide ligand for the g-protein-coupled nop receptor, inhibits cough in experimental models. sch 225288 is a nonpeptide, orally active nop agonist that may provide the foundation for the development of novel treatments for cough.200919696521
proficiency program for real-time pcr diagnosis of bordetella pertussis infections in french hospital laboratories and at the french national reference center for whooping cough and other bordetelloses.with the support of a ministerial program for innovative and expensive technologies, dedicated to the economic evaluation of laboratory diagnosis of pertussis by real-time pcr, external quality assessment for real-time is481 pcr was carried out. coordinated by the national centre of reference of pertussis and other bordetelloses (ncr), this study aimed to harmonize and to assess the performances of eight participating microbiology hospital laboratories throughout the french territory. between ja ...200919692562
norepinephrine represses the expression of toxa and the siderophore genes in pseudomonas aeruginosa.among the different extracellular virulence factors produced by pseudomonas aeruginosa are exotoxin a (eta) and the pyoverdine and pyochelin siderophores. production of eta and the siderophores requires the function of the iron-starvation sigma factor pvds, the transcriptional activator rega, and the arac-activator pchr. iron represses the production of eta and the siderophores by repressing the expression of pvds, rega, and pchr. pvds regulates the expression of the eta gene, toxa, rega, and th ...200919686346
efflux-mediated drug resistance in bacteria: an update.drug efflux pumps play a key role in drug resistance and also serve other functions in bacteria. there has been a growing list of multidrug and drug-specific efflux pumps characterized from bacteria of human, animal, plant and environmental origins. these pumps are mostly encoded on the chromosome, although they can also be plasmid-encoded. a previous article in this journal provided a comprehensive review regarding efflux-mediated drug resistance in bacteria. in the past 5 years, significant pr ...200919678712
cxcr2-dependent mucosal neutrophil influx protects against colitis-associated diarrhea caused by an attaching/effacing lesion-forming bacterial pathogen.enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec) is a major cause of diarrheal disease in young children, yet symptoms and duration are highly variable for unknown reasons. citrobacter rodentium, a murine model pathogen that shares important functional features with epec, colonizes mice in colon and cecum and causes inflammation, but typically little or no diarrhea. we conducted genome-wide microarray studies to define mechanisms of host defense and disease in c. rodentium infection. a significant fract ...200919675161
microarray and functional analysis of growth phase-dependent gene regulation in bordetella bronchiseptica.growth phase-dependent gene regulation has recently been demonstrated to occur in bordetella pertussis, with many transcripts, including known virulence factors, significantly decreasing during the transition from logarithmic to stationary-phase growth. given that b. pertussis is thought to have derived from a bordetella bronchiseptica-like ancestor, we hypothesized that growth phase-dependent gene regulation would also occur in b. bronchiseptica. microarray analysis revealed and quantitative re ...200919667046
salmonella flagellins are potent adjuvants for intranasally administered whole inactivated influenza vaccine.bacterial flagellins are potent inducers of innate immune responses in the mouse lung because they bind to tlr5 expressed on the apical surfaces of airway epithelial cells. tlr engagement leads to the initiation of a signaling cascade that results in a pro-inflammatory response with subsequent up-regulation of several cytokines and leads to adaptive immune responses. we examined the ability of two soluble flagellins, a monomeric flagellin expressed in escherichia coli and a highly purified polym ...201019654062
salmonella flagellins are potent adjuvants for intranasally administered whole inactivated influenza vaccine.bacterial flagellins are potent inducers of innate immune responses in the mouse lung because they bind to tlr5 expressed on the apical surfaces of airway epithelial cells. tlr engagement leads to the initiation of a signaling cascade that results in a pro-inflammatory response with subsequent up-regulation of several cytokines and leads to adaptive immune responses. we examined the ability of two soluble flagellins, a monomeric flagellin expressed in escherichia coli and a highly purified polym ...201019654062
microbial contaminations of laboratory mice and rats in taiwan from 2004 to 2007.limited data are available on the pathogen status of contemporary rodent colonies in taiwan. here we summarized the rodent pathogen diagnostic records of the taiwan national laboratory animal center during a 4-y period that representing approximately 10% of the rodent colonies in taiwan. demand for pathogen diagnostic service increased continuously from 2004 to 2007, with a 20% increase each year. in 2007, more than 20% of the mouse colonies were positive for mouse parvovirus, mouse hepatitis vi ...200919653946
klebsiella pneumoniae triggers a cytotoxic effect on airway epithelial cells.klebsiella pneumoniae is a capsulated gram negative bacterial pathogen and a frequent cause of nosocomial infections. despite its clinical relevance, little is known about the features of the interaction between k. pneumoniae and lung epithelial cells on a cellular level, neither about the role of capsule polysaccharide, one of its best characterised virulence factors, in this interaction.200919650888
the bordetella type iii secretion system effector btea contains a conserved n-terminal motif that guides bacterial virulence factors to lipid rafts.the bordetella type iii secretion system (t3ss) effector protein btea is necessary and sufficient for rapid cytotoxicity in a wide range of mammalian cells. we show that btea is highly conserved and functionally interchangeable between bordetella bronchiseptica, bordetella pertussis and bordetella parapertussis. the identification of btea sequences required for cytotoxicity allowed the construction of non-cytotoxic mutants for localization studies. btea derivatives were targeted to lipid rafts a ...200919650828
rapid real-time pcr assays for detection of klebsiella pneumoniae with the rmpa or maga genes associated with the hypermucoviscosity phenotype: screening of nonhuman primates.the relationship of mucoviscosity-associated (maga) and/or regulator of mucoid phenotype (rmpa) genes to the klebsiella pneumoniae hypermucoviscosity (hmv) phenotype has been reported. we previously demonstrated that rmpa+ k. pneumoniae can cause serious disease in african green monkeys and isolated rmpa+ and maga+ hmv k. pneumoniae from other species of non-human primates. to rapidly screen african green monkeys/non-human primates for these infections, we developed three real-time pcr assays. t ...200919644019
the pgaabcd locus of acinetobacter baumannii encodes the production of poly-beta-1-6-n-acetylglucosamine, which is critical for biofilm formation.we found that acinetobacter baumannii contains a pgaabcd locus that encodes proteins that synthesize cell-associated poly-beta-(1-6)-n-acetylglucosamine (pnag). both a mutant with an in-frame deletion of the pga locus (s1deltapga) and a transcomplemented strain (s1deltapga-c) of a. baumannii were constructed, and the pnag production by these strains was compared using an immunoblot assay. deleting the pga locus resulted in an a. baumannii strain without pnag, and transcomplementation of the s1de ...200919633088
a live attenuated bordetella pertussis candidate vaccine does not cause disseminating infection in gamma interferon receptor knockout mice.bordetella pertussis is the cause of whooping cough and responsible for 300,000 infant deaths per annum. current vaccines require 6 months to confer optimal immunity on infants, the population at highest risk. recently, an attenuated strain of b. pertussis (bpze1) has been developed to be used as a low-cost, live, intranasal, single-dose vaccine for newborns. preclinical proof of concept has been established; however, it is necessary to evaluate the safety of bpze1, especially in immunodeficient ...200919625486
in vitro antibacterial activity of acyl-lysyl oligomers against helicobacter pylori.the gastric pathogen helicobacter pylori has developed resistance to virtually all current antibiotics; thus, there is a pressing need to develop new anti-h. pylori therapies. the goal of this work was to evaluate the antibacterial effect of oligo-acyl-lysyl (oak) antimicrobial peptidomimetics to determine if they might represent alternatives to conventional antibiotic treatment of h. pylori infection. a total of five oak sequences were screened for growth-inhibitory and/or bactericidal effects ...200919620333
the physiologic responses of dutch belted rabbits infected with inhalational anthrax.bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, is a category a priority pathogen that causes extensive damage in humans. for this reason, b. anthracis has been the focus of numerous studies using various animal models. in this study, we explored physiologic parameters in dutch belted rabbits with inhalation anthrax to characterize the disease progression in this model. to this end, we infected dutch belted rabbits with 100 ld(50) b. anthracis ames spores by nasal instillation and continuous ...200919619416
genomic island excisions in bordetella petrii.among the members of the genus bordetella b. petrii is unique, since it is the only species isolated from the environment, while the pathogenic bordetellae are obligately associated with host organisms. another feature distinguishing b. petrii from the other sequenced bordetellae is the presence of a large number of mobile genetic elements including several large genomic regions with typical characteristics of genomic islands collectively known as integrative and conjugative elements (ices). the ...200919615092
the roles of antimicrobial peptides in innate host defense.antimicrobial peptides (amps) are multi-functional peptides whose fundamental biological role in vivo has been proposed to be the elimination of pathogenic microorganisms, including gram-positive and -negative bacteria, fungi, and viruses. genes encoding these peptides are expressed in a variety of cells in the host, including circulating phagocytic cells and mucosal epithelial cells, demonstrating a wide range of utility in the innate immune system. expression of these genes is tightly regulate ...200919601838
role of the type iii secretion system in a hypervirulent lineage of bordetella bronchiseptica.despite the fact that closely related bacteria can cause different levels of disease, the genetic changes that cause some isolates to be more pathogenic than others are generally not well understood. we use a combination of approaches to determine which factors contribute to the increased virulence of a bordetella bronchiseptica lineage. a strain isolated from a host with b. bronchiseptica-induced disease, strain 1289, was 60-fold more virulent in mice than one isolated from an asymptomatically ...200919596779
th17 cells at the crossroads of innate and adaptive immunity against infectious diseases at the mucosa.t helper type 17 (th17) cells are a distinct lineage of t cells that produce the effector molecules il-17, il-17f, il-21, and il-22. although the role of th17 cells in autoimmunity is well documented, there is growing evidence that the th17 lineage and other interleukin (il)-17-producing cells are critical for host defense against bacterial, fungal, and viral infections at mucosal surfaces. here we summarize recent progress in our understanding of the function of il-17-producing cells as a bridg ...200919587639
septic arthritis due to roseomonas gilardii in an immunocompetent adolescent.the genus roseomonas comprises groups of slow-growing, gram-negative coccobacilli, which only infrequently cause infection in humans. when identified, they are associated with immunocompromised adults, often causing bacteraemia. due to their rarity, members of this genus can be overlooked or misidentified using automated laboratory identification systems. we report on an immunocompetent adolescent patient who developed septic arthritis due to roseomonas gilardii following surgery for a sports in ...200919574413
respiratory disease associated with bordetella bronchiseptica in a hoffmann's two-toed sloth (choloepus hoffmanni).a 2-yr-old female captive-born hoffmann's two-toed sloth (choloepus hoffmanni) presented with respiratory disease. a severe inspiratory dyspnea with nasal congestion was observed with open-mouthed breathing and bilateral mucopurulent nasal exudate. despite initial treatment with broad-spectrum antimicrobial therapy and anti-inflammatory and supportive care, the dyspnea persisted. the animal was anesthetized for bronchoscopy to obtain a deep tracheal sample. based on culture of bordetella bronchi ...200919569489
evidence for horizontal gene transfer of two antigenically distinct o antigens in bordetella bronchiseptica.host immunity is a major driving force of antigenic diversity, resulting in pathogens that can evade immunity induced by closely related strains. here we show that two bordetella bronchiseptica strains, rb50 and 1289, express two antigenically distinct o-antigen serotypes (o1 and o2, respectively). when 18 additional b. bronchiseptica strains were serotyped, all were found to express either the o1 or o2 serotype. comparative genomic hybridization and pcr screening showed that the expression of e ...200919528223
spontaneous pathology of the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) and tamarins (saguinus oedipus, saguinus mystax).marmosets and tamarins are increasingly used in research, but their pathology remains poorly defined compared with old world primates.200919522731
annotating enzymes of uncertain function: the deacylation of d-amino acids by members of the amidohydrolase superfamily.the catalytic activities of three members of the amidohydrolase superfamily were discovered using amino acid substrate libraries. bb3285 from bordetella bronchiseptica, gox1177 from gluconobacter oxidans, and sco4986 from streptomyces coelicolor are currently annotated as d-aminoacylases or n-acetyl-d-glutamate deacetylases. these three enzymes are 22-34% identical to one another in amino acid sequence. substrate libraries containing nearly all combinations of n-formyl-d-xaa, n-acetyl-d-xaa, n-s ...200919518059
clinical and laboratory evidence for neisseria meningitidis biofilms.neisseria meningitidis is the etiologic agent of meningococcal meningitis. carriage of the organism is approximately 10% while active disease occurs at a rate of 1:100,000. recent publications demonstrate that n. meningitidis has the ability to form biofilms on glass, plastic or cultured human bronchial epithelial cells. microcolony-like structures are also observed in histological sections from patients with active meningococcal disease. this review investigates the possible role of meningococc ...200919492966
vibriobactin antibodies: a vaccine strategy.a new target strategy in the development of bacterial vaccines, the induction of antibodies to microbial outer membrane ferrisiderophore complexes, is explored. a vibriobactin (vib) analogue, with a thiol tether, 1-(2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl)-5,9-bis[[(4s,5r)-2-(2,3-dihydroxyphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-5-methyl-4-oxazolyl]carbonyl]-14-(3-mercaptopropanoyl)-1,5,9,14-tetraazatetradecane, was synthesized and linked to ovalbumin (ova) and bovine serum albumin (bsa). the antigenicity of the vib microbial iron che ...200919492834
bordetella bronchiseptica infection in cats. abcd guidelines on prevention and management.overview: bordetella bronchiseptica is a gram-negative bacterium that colonises the respiratory tract of mammals and is considered to be a primary pathogen of domestic cats. it is sensible to consider b bronchiseptica as a rare cause of zoonotic infections. the bacterium is susceptible to common disinfectants. infection: the bacterium is shed in oral and nasal secretions of infected cats. dogs with respiratory disease are an infection risk for cats. the microorganism colonises the ciliated epith ...200919481041
comparative genomic characterization of francisella tularensis strains belonging to low and high virulence subspecies.tularemia is a geographically widespread, severely debilitating, and occasionally lethal disease in humans. it is caused by infection by a gram-negative bacterium, francisella tularensis. in order to better understand its potency as an etiological agent as well as its potential as a biological weapon, we have completed draft assemblies and report the first complete genomic characterization of five strains belonging to the following different francisella subspecies (subsp.): the f. tularensis sub ...200919478886
new yeast recombineering tools for bacteria.recombineering with saccharomyces cerevisiae is a powerful methodology that can be used to clone multiple unmarked pieces of dna to generate complex constructs with high efficiency. here, we introduce two new tools that utilize the native recombination enzymes of s. cerevisiae to facilitate the manipulation of dna. first, yeast recombineering was used to make directed nested deletions in a bacteria-yeast shuttle plasmid using only one or two single stranded oligomers, thus obviating the need for ...200919477196
comparison of side effects between buprenorphine and meloxicam used postoperatively in dutch belted rabbits (oryctolagus cuniculus).one of the challenges facing veterinarians and investigators who use rabbits (oryctolagus cuniculus) as a surgical model in biomedical research is choosing an appropriate and efficacious postoperative analgesic without systemic complications and side effects. the objective of this study was to evaluate the gastrointestinal side effects associated with the postoperative use of buprenorphine in dutch belted rabbits. we also evaluated the analgesic meloxicam as an alternative to opioid administrati ...200919476717
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