Publications

bordetella bronchiseptica-induced porcine atrophic rhinitis.		1962	14024006
prevention of acute bordetella bronchiseptica pneumonia in a guinea pig colony.		1965	14319537
isolation of bordetella bronchiseptica from horses.		1965	14331451
[a family epidemic caused by the whooping-cough bacterium bordetella bronchiseptica].		1962	14459712
retrospective analysis of etiologic agents associated with respiratory diseases in pigs.	twenty-eight hundred and seventy-two cases of respiratory disease in pigs were analyzed for their etiologic agents. two or more pathogens were detected from 88.2% of the cases, indicating that porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) or swine influenza virus (siv) combined with other bacterial agents was a common cause for porcine respiratory diseases in the mid-western usa.	2003	14524628
real-time pcr assay targets the 23s-5s spacer for direct detection and differentiation of legionella spp. and legionella pneumophila.	a real-time pcr for the abi prism 7000 system targeting the 23s-5s spacer of legionella spp. was developed. simultaneous detection and differentiation of legionella spp. and legionella pneumophila within 90 min and without post-pcr melting-curve analysis was achieved using two taqman probes. in sputum samples from 23 controls and 17 patients with legionellosis, defined by positive culture, urinary antigen testing, or seroconversion, 94% sensitivity and 100% specificity were observed.	2003	14532229
identification of quorum-sensing-regulated genes of burkholderia cepacia.	quorum sensing is a regulatory mechanism (operating in response to cell density) which in gram-negative bacteria usually involves the production of n-acyl homoserine lactones (hsl). quorum sensing in burkholderia cepacia has been associated with the regulation of expression of extracellular proteins and siderophores and also with the regulation of swarming and biofilm formation. in the present study, several quorum-sensing-controlled gene promoters of b. cepacia atcc 25416 were identified and ch ...	2003	14563881
pertussis toxin plays an early role in respiratory tract colonization by bordetella pertussis.	in this study, we sought to determine whether pertussis toxin (pt), an exotoxin virulence factor produced exclusively by bordetella pertussis, is important for colonization of the respiratory tract by this pathogen by using a mouse intranasal infection model. by comparing a wild-type tohama i strain to a mutant strain with an in-frame deletion of the ptx genes encoding pt (deltapt), we found that the lack of pt confers a significant peak (day 7) colonization defect (1 to 2 log(10) units) over a ...	2003	14573656
humoral immunity against bordetella pertussis: antibodies or b cells?		2003	14573698
[biotyping and molecular phenotypic characterization of bordetella bronchiseptica].	in the present study biochemical tests and outer membrane protein profile (omp) capacity for typing bordetella bronchiseptica field isolates were evaluated. the biochemical tests were performed by api 20ne system. omp enriched fractions were obtained from cultures under virulent and modulated conditions and were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page). we have identified five patterns by differences in the bands in the 85-95 kda region (alpha, beta, gamma ...	2003	14587371
identification and characterization of a unique adenosine kinase from mycobacterium tuberculosis.	adenosine kinase (ak) is a purine salvage enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of adenosine to amp. in mycobacterium tuberculosis, ak can also catalyze the phosphorylation of the adenosine analog 2-methyladenosine (methyl-ado), the first step in the metabolism of this compound to an active form. purification of ak from m. tuberculosis yielded a 35-kda protein that existed as a dimer in its native form. adenosine (ado) was preferred as a substrate at least 30-fold (km = 0.8 +/- 0.08 microm) ...	2003	14594827
a golden age for microbial genomics.		2003	14611656
pfge and pertactin gene sequencing suggest limited genetic variability within the finnish bordetella parapertussis population.	the outer-membrane protein pertactin (prn) of bordetella pertussis, bordetella parapertussis and bordetella bronchiseptica is believed to function as an adhesin and is an important immunogen. the emergence of b. pertussis and b. bronchiseptica prn variants has been reported. the aim of this study was to determine whether similar variation is found in b. parapertussis prn and to characterize finnish clinical b. parapertussis isolates that were collected in 1982-2000. of 76 b. parapertussis isolat ...	2003	14614063
effective methods for the production of immunoglobulin y using immunogens of bordetella bronchiseptica, pasteurella multocida and actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae.	swine respiratory diseases induce severe economic losses in the swine industry worldwide. several methods have been developed and applied to control these diseases. however, there are still problems of disease control in the swine industry. recently, egg yolk antibodies have been found to offer several advantages for disease control in animals and humans. in a previous study (24), antibodies to several causative pathogens of swine respiratory diseases were developed. however, several problems re ...	2002	14614272
analysis of bvgr expression in bordetella pertussis.	bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of whooping cough, produces a wide array of factors that are associated with its ability to cause disease. the expression and regulation of these virulence factors are dependent upon the bvg locus, which encodes three proteins: bvga, a 23-kda cytoplasmic protein; bvgs, a 135-kda transmembrane protein; and bvgr, a 32-kda protein. it is hypothesized that bvgs responds to environmental signals and interacts with bvga, a transcriptional regulator, which upon ...	2003	14617654
serum acute phase proteins and swine health status.	the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between swine health status and the concentration of the serum acute phase proteins, haptoglobin (hp), and c-reactive protein (crp). a total of 378 clinically healthy pigs from farms a and b, plus 20 pigs culled from farm a due to poor growth, were used in this experiment. each pig was examined and blood samples were collected during slaughter. the hp concentration was measured by using an hp-hemoglobin binding assay. the crp concentr ...	2003	14620865
functional bvgas virulence control system in bordetella bronchiseptica is necessary for induction of ca2+ transients in ciliated tracheal epithelial cells.	to study initial bordetella bronchiseptica-tracheal epithelial cell interactions, we coincubated b. bronchiseptica with rabbit tracheal explant cultures and assayed bacterial adherence and host cell ca(2+) signaling. wild-type b. bronchiseptica (rb50) preferentially adhered to cilia and induced ciliated host cell ca(2+) transients within 2 min of coincubation, whereas coincubation with an avirulent strain (rb57) resulted in limited binding and ca(2+) signaling. the described cell system allows f ...	2003	14638818
bopb is a type iii secreted protein in bordetella bronchiseptica and is required for cytotoxicity against cultured mammalian cells.	the cytotoxicity of bordetella bronchiseptica to infected cells is known to be dependent on a b. bronchiseptica type iii secretion system. although the precise mechanism of the type iii secretion system is unknown, bopn, bopd and bsp22 have been identified as type iii secreted proteins. in order to identify other proteins secreted via the type iii secretion machinery in bordetella, a type iii mutant was generated, and its secretion profile was compared with that of the wild-type strain. the resu ...	2003	14641181
molecular and antigenic characterization of bordetella bronchiseptica isolated from a wild southern sea otter (enhydra lutris nereis) with severe suppurative bronchopneumonia.	bordetella bronchiseptica was isolated in pure culture from the lung, abdomen, and intestine of a wild free-ranging southern sea otter (enhydra lutris nereis) with severe, suppurative bronchopneumonia. immunohistochemistry, using antiserum raised to b. bronchiseptica, revealed strong positive staining of bacteria attached to bronchial ciliated epithelia as well as scattered positive staining in affected alveoli. western blot analysis demonstrated that virulence factors, filamentous hemagglutinin ...	2003	14667021
role of siderophore biosynthesis in virulence of staphylococcus aureus: identification and characterization of genes involved in production of a siderophore.	molecular determinants underlying the production of siderophores in the human and animal pathogen staphylococcus aureus and the contribution of siderophore production to the virulence of this bacterium have, until now, remained undefined. here, we show that s. aureus strains rn6390 and newman produce siderophore when the cells are starved for iron. we further identified and characterized a nine-gene, iron-regulated operon, designated sbn and situated between sirabc and gale on the s. aureus chro ...	2004	14688077
structure of hrcqb-c, a conserved component of the bacterial type iii secretion systems.	type iii secretion systems enable plant and animal bacterial pathogens to deliver virulence proteins into the cytosol of eukaryotic host cells, causing a broad spectrum of diseases including bacteremia, septicemia, typhoid fever, and bubonic plague in mammals, and localized lesions, systemic wilting, and blights in plants. in addition, type iii secretion systems are also required for biogenesis of the bacterial flagellum. the hrcq(b) protein, a component of the secretion apparatus of pseudomonas ...	2004	14694203
structure of hrcqb-c, a conserved component of the bacterial type iii secretion systems.	type iii secretion systems enable plant and animal bacterial pathogens to deliver virulence proteins into the cytosol of eukaryotic host cells, causing a broad spectrum of diseases including bacteremia, septicemia, typhoid fever, and bubonic plague in mammals, and localized lesions, systemic wilting, and blights in plants. in addition, type iii secretion systems are also required for biogenesis of the bacterial flagellum. the hrcq(b) protein, a component of the secretion apparatus of pseudomonas ...	2004	14694203
detection of the bacillus anthracis gyra gene by using a minor groove binder probe.	identification of chromosomal markers for rapid detection of bacillus anthracis is difficult because significant chromosomal homology exists among b. anthracis, bacillus cereus, and bacillus thuringiensis. we evaluated the bacterial gyra gene as a potential chromosomal marker for b. anthracis. a real-time pcr assay was developed for the detection of b. anthracis. after analysis of the unique nucleotide sequence of the b. anthracis gyra gene, a fluorescent 3' minor groove binding probe was tested ...	2004	14715750
bordetella bronchiseptica infection in pediatric lung transplant recipients.	bordetella bronchiseptica are small, pleomorphic gram-negative coccobacilli which are commensal organisms in the upper respiratory tract of many wild and domestic animals ('kennel cough' in dogs). while it is common for health care providers to ask about exposure to ill family/friends, most do not routinely inquire about the health or immunization status of household pets. we report two cases of b. bronchiseptica pneumonia in lung transplant recipients [cystic fibrosis (cf); ages 10 and 15 yr; o ...	2003	14738306
rhur, an extracytoplasmic function sigma factor activator, is essential for heme-dependent expression of the outer membrane heme and hemoprotein receptor of bordetella avium.	genes involved in iron (fe) acquisition often are regulated in response to the local availability of fe. in many bacteria, fe-dependent responsiveness is mediated by fur, a global fe-dependent transcriptional repressor. tighter regulatory control of fur-responsive genes is afforded by incorporating additional regulators into fur-dependent regulatory cascades. rhui, a fur-dependent extracytoplasmic function sigma factor of bordetella avium, in response to the dual stimulation of fe starvation and ...	2004	14742534
synthesis, and antiprotozoal and antibacterial activities of s-substituted 4,6-dibromo- and 4,6-dichloro-2-mercaptobenzimidazoles.	the synthesis and some germicidal activities in vitro of two congener series of s-substituted 4,6-dihalogeno-2-mercapto-1h-benzimidazoles are reported. there was no substantial difference between antibacterial activities of corresponding 4,6-dichloro- and 4,6-dibromo-derivatives. the present results confirm lower susceptibility to substituted benzimidazoles of gram-negative compared to gram-positive bacteria. minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) of a majority of the novel derivatives ranged ...	2004	14757505
integration of environmental signals controls expression of bordetella heme utilization genes.	the bordetella pertussis heme utilization gene cluster hurir bhurstuv encodes regulatory and transport functions required for assimilation of iron from heme and hemoproteins. expression of the bhu genes is iron regulated and heme inducible. the putative extracytoplasmic function (ecf) sigma factor, huri, is required for heme-responsive bhu gene expression. in this study, transcriptional activation of b. pertussis bhu genes in response to heme compounds was shown to be dose dependent and specific ...	2004	14761988
smallpox and pan-orthopox virus detection by real-time 3'-minor groove binder taqman assays on the roche lightcycler and the cepheid smart cycler platforms.	we designed, optimized, and extensively tested several sensitive and specific real-time pcr assays for rapid detection of both smallpox and pan-orthopox virus dnas. the assays are based on taqman 3'-minor groove binder chemistry and were performed on both the rapid-cycling roche lightcycler and the cepheid smart cycler platforms. the hemagglutinin (ha) j7r, b9r, and b10r genes were used as targets for the variola virus-specific assays, and the ha and dna polymerase-e9l genes were used as targets ...	2004	14766823
antibody-mediated bacterial clearance from the lower respiratory tract of mice requires complement component c3.	to assess the contribution of complement to respiratory immunity in the context of a natural bacterial infection, we used mice genetically deficient in complement components and the murine pathogen bordetella bronchiseptica. complement component c3 was not required for the control of bacterial infection or for the generation of infection-induced protective immunity. however, c3-deficient (c3(-/-)) mice were severely defective, compared to wild type, in vaccine-induced protective immunity. adopti ...	2004	14971044
genomic and genetic analysis of bordetella bacteriophages encoding reverse transcriptase-mediated tropism-switching cassettes.	liu et al. recently described a group of related temperate bacteriophages that infect bordetella subspecies and undergo a unique template-dependent, reverse transcriptase-mediated tropism switching phenomenon (liu et al., science 295: 2091-2094, 2002). tropism switching results from the introduction of single nucleotide substitutions at defined locations in the vr1 (variable region 1) segment of the mtd (major tropism determinant) gene, which determines specificity for receptors on host bacteria ...	2004	14973019
bordetella pertussis infection of primary human monocytes alters hla-dr expression.	bordetella pertussis is the causative agent of whooping cough, a potentially lethal respiratory disease in children. in immunocompetent individuals, b. pertussis infection elicits an effective adaptive immune response driven by activated cd4(+) t cells. however, live b. pertussis persists in the host for 3 to 4 weeks prior to clearance. thus, b. pertussis appears to have evolved short-term mechanisms for immune system evasion. we investigated the effects of b. pertussis wild-type strain bp338 on ...	2004	14977950
antibody response in sows and piglets following vaccination against mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, toxigenic pasteurella multocida, and actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae.	the aim of the experimental study was to compare the humoral immune response and occurrence of adverse effects following single or multiple simultaneous vaccination of sows against mycoplasma hyopneumonia, toxigenic pasteurella multocida, and actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. in addition, passively transferred antibodies to piglets were studied until weaning at 3 weeks of age. fever was seen in a few sows within the first 12 hours after the 1st and 2nd vaccination. no difference in the occurrence ...	2004	14979438
microarray-based identification of bacteria in clinical samples by solid-phase pcr amplification of 23s ribosomal dna sequences.	the rapid identification of the bacteria in clinical samples is important for patient management and antimicrobial therapy. we describe a dna microarray-based pcr approach for the quick detection and identification of bacteria from cervical swab specimens from mares. this on-chip pcr method combines the amplification of a variable region of bacterial 23s ribosomal dna and the simultaneous sequence-specific detection on a solid phase. the solid phase contains bacterial species-specific primers co ...	2004	15004052
real-time multiplex pcr assay for detection of brucella spp., b. abortus, and b. melitensis.	the identification of brucella can be a time-consuming and labor-intensive process that places personnel at risk for laboratory-acquired infection. here, we describe a real-time pcr assay for confirmation of presumptive brucella isolates. the assay was designed in a multiplex format that will allow the rapid identification of brucella spp., b. abortus, and b. melitensis in a single test.	2004	15004098
prior infection with bordetella bronchiseptica increases nasal colonization by haemophilus parasuis in swine.	the objective of this study was to determine whether bordetella bronchiseptica would predispose to colonization or disease with haemophilus parasuis. three experiments were completed. in the first experiment, three groups of pigs (10 pigs/group) were inoculated intranasally with either b. bronchiseptica, h. parasuis, or with b. bronchiseptica followed by h. parasuis 1 week later. a fourth group of 10 pigs served as a non-infected control group. the second experiment was like the first, except th ...	2004	15019114
antibacterial screening of plants used in iranian folkloric medicine.	fifty methanolic plant extracts belonging to 44 plant species of 33 families finding use in iranian folkloric medicine were screened for antibacterial activity. thirty samples, including 28 species in 20 families, had antibacterial activity against at least on one of the bacteria. among the active plants, 32.6% were active against g(-), 62% against g(+), and 47.3% against both g(-) and g(+) bacteria. dianthus coryophyllus was active against all tested g(-) and g(+) bacteria except micrococcus lu ...	2004	15030933
the lspb protein is involved in the secretion of the lspa1 and lspa2 proteins by haemophilus ducreyi.	the lspa1 and lspa2 proteins of haemophilus ducreyi 35000 are two very large macromolecules that can be detected in concentrated culture supernatant fluid. both of these proteins exhibit homology with the n-terminal region of the bordetella pertussis filamentous hemagglutinin (fha), which is involved in secretion of the latter macromolecule. the lspa2 open reading frame is flanked upstream by a gene, lspb, that encodes a predicted protein with homology to the b. pertussis fhac outer membrane pro ...	2004	15039306
molecular cloning and characterization of cgt, the brucella abortus cyclic beta-1,2-glucan transporter gene, and its role in virulence.	the animal pathogen brucella abortus contains a gene cgt, which complemented sinorhizobium meliloti nodule development (ndva) and agrobacterium tumefaciens chromosomal virulence (chva) mutants. complemented strains recovered the presence of anionic cyclic beta-1,2-glucan, motility, tumor induction in a. tumefaciens, and nodule occupancy in s. meliloti, all traits strictly associated with the presence of cyclic beta-1,2-glucan in the periplasm. nucleotide sequencing revealed that b. abortus cgt c ...	2004	15039351
comparative genomics of gene-family size in closely related bacteria.	the wealth of genomic data in bacteria is helping microbiologists understand the factors involved in gene innovation. among these, the expansion and reduction of gene families appears to have a fundamental role in this, but the factors influencing gene family size are unclear.	2004	15059260
a 12-base-pair deletion in the flagellar master control gene flhc causes nonmotility of the pathogenic german sorbitol-fermenting escherichia coli o157:h- strains.	an atypical, stx2-producing, pathogenic escherichia coli o157:h(-) strain has been isolated with increasing frequency from hemolytic uremic syndrome patients in germany. the lack of the h7 antigen coupled with the strain's ability to ferment sorbitol and express beta-glucuronidase have complicated its detection and identification. in this study, we have determined that the loss of motility in these german sorbitol-fermenting (sf) o157 strains is due to a 12-bp in-frame deletion in flhc that is r ...	2004	15060034
urease-encoding genes in ammonia-oxidizing bacteria.	many but not all ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (aob) produce urease (urea amidohydrolase, ec 3.5.1.5) and are capable of using urea for chemolithotrophic growth. we sequenced the urease operons from two aob, the beta-proteobacterium nitrosospira sp. strain npav and the gamma-proteobacterium nitrosococcus oceani. in both organisms, all seven urease genes were contiguous: the three structural urease genes ureabc were preceded and succeeded by the accessory genes ured and ureefg, respectively. green f ...	2004	15066830
rapid and sensitive method using multiplex real-time pcr for diagnosis of infections by influenza a and influenza b viruses, respiratory syncytial virus, and parainfluenza viruses 1, 2, 3, and 4.	laboratory diagnosis of viral respiratory infections is generally performed by virus isolation in cell culture and immunofluorescent assays. reverse transcriptase pcr is now recognized as a sensitive and specific alternative for detection of respiratory rna viruses. a rapid real-time multiplex pcr assay was developed for the detection of influenza a and influenza b viruses, human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), parainfluenza virus 1 (piv1), piv2, piv3, and piv4 in a two-tube multiplex reactio ...	2004	15071005
controlled release of bordetella bronchiseptica dermonecrotoxin (bbd) vaccine from bbd-loaded chitosan microspheres in vitro.	chitosan microspheres were prepared by ionic gelation process with sodium sulfate for nasal vaccine delivery. bordetella bronchiseptica dermonecrotoxin (bbd) as a major virulence factor of a causative agent of atrophic rhinitis (ar) was loaded to the chitosan microspheres for vaccination. morphology of bbd-loaded chitosan microspheres was observed as spherical shapes. the average particle sizes of the bbd-loaded chitosan microspheres were about 2.69 microm. more bbd was released with an increase ...	2004	15089042
a signal-arrest-release sequence mediates export and control of the phage p1 endolysin.	the lyz endolysin of bacteriophage p1 was found to cause lysis of the host without a holin. induction of a plasmid-cloned lyz resulted in lysis, and the lytic event could be triggered prematurely by treatments that dissipate the proton-motive force. instead of requiring a holin, export was mediated by an n-terminal transmembrane domain (tmd) and required host sec function. exported lyz of identical sds/page mobility was found in both the membrane and periplasmic compartments, indicating that per ...	2004	15090650
use of florfenicol in non-human primates.	studies were undertaken to determine if florfenicol, an antimicrobial agent structurally similar to chloramphenicol, could be used as an effective broad spectrum antibiotic for the treatment of bacterial infections in primates. florfenicol was developed as an injectable antibiotic for use in cattle on an every other day dosing schedule. its broad spectrum activity, long duration of action following i.m. administration, and its safety as compared with chloramphenicol made it an attractive antibio ...	2004	15102069
pagp is required for resistance to antibody-mediated complement lysis during bordetella bronchiseptica respiratory infection.	to efficiently colonize and persist in the lower respiratory tract, bacteria must survive multiple host immune mechanisms. bordetella bronchiseptica is a gram-negative respiratory pathogen that naturally infects mice and persists in the lower respiratory tract for up to 49 days postinoculation. in this work, we examined the effect of mutation of the pagp gene on the persistence of b. bronchiseptica in the lower respiratory tract of mice. the pagp gene encodes a palmitoyl transferase that is resp ...	2004	15102794
lower respiratory tract infections in cats: 21 cases (1995-2000).	twenty-one lower respiratory tract infections diagnosed in cats at university of sydney veterinary centre between 1995 and 2000 were identified retrospectively. patient records were analysed to determine historical, clinical, clinicopathologic and radiographic features of lower respiratory tract infections. response to therapy was also assessed. infectious agents identified were mycoplasma spp., pasteurella spp., bordetella bronchiseptica, salmonella typhimurium, pseudomonas sp., mycobacterium t ...	2004	15135354
a retrospective analysis of feline bronchoalveolar lavage cytology and microbiology (1995-2000).	a retrospective study of 88 bronchoalveolar lavage specimens from 80 cats presenting to the university of sydney veterinary centre between 1995 and 2000 was performed. bronchoalveolar lavage cytology and microbiology in conjunction with other diagnostic aids and patient records were used to classify cases as lower respiratory tract infections (ltris), lrti revisits, feline bronchial disease, cardiac disease, neoplastic disease and multisystemic disease. cases for which a definitive diagnosis cou ...	2004	15135356
cloning and functional analysis by gene disruption of a gene encoding a gamma-butyrolactone autoregulator receptor from kitasatospora setae.	gamma-butyrolactone autoregulator receptors of the genus streptomyces have a common activity as dna-binding transcriptional repressors, controlling secondary metabolism and/or morphological differentiation. a gene encoding a gamma-butyrolactone autoregulator receptor was cloned from a bafilomycin b1 producer, kitasatospora setae, for the first time from a non-streptomyces genus of actinomycetes, and its function was evaluated by in vitro and in vivo analyses. the gene fragment was initially clon ...	2004	15150228
suppression of serum antibody responses by pertussis toxin after respiratory tract colonization by bordetella pertussis and identification of an immunodominant lipoprotein.	pertussis toxin (pt), a virulence factor secreted by bordetella pertussis, contributes to respiratory tract infection and disease caused by this pathogen. by comparing a wild-type (wt) b. pertussis strain to a mutant strain with an in-frame deletion of the ptx genes encoding pt (deltapt), we recently found that the lack of pt confers a significant defect in respiratory tract colonization in mice after intranasal inoculation. in this study, we analyzed serum antibody responses in mice infected wi ...	2004	15155640
the rmint1 group ii intron has two different retrohoming pathways for mobility using predominantly the nascent lagging strand at dna replication forks for priming.	sinorhizobium meliloti rmint1 is an efficient mobile group ii intron that uses an unknown reverse transcriptase priming mechanism as the intron ribonucleoprotein complex can reverse splice into dna target substrates but cannot carry out site-specific second strand cleavage due to the lack of a c-terminal dna endonuclease domain. we show here that, like other mobile group ii introns, rmint1 moves around by an efficient rna-based retrohoming mechanism. we found evidence of two distinct rmint1 retr ...	2004	15155857
a placebo-controlled trial of two intranasal vaccines to prevent tracheobronchitis (kennel cough) in dogs entering a humane shelter.	a placebo-controlled field trial was conducted to compare the effectiveness of intranasal (in) vaccines containing bordetella bronchiseptica and canine-parainfluenza virus, with (in-bpa) or without (in-bp) canine-adenovirus type 2, for prevention of kennel cough at a humane shelter. dogs were examined on admission to the shelter and those without respiratory signs of disease were assigned daily, on a rotating basis, to receive one of three vaccines. we enrolled 972 healthy dogs. dogs were monito ...	2004	15156996
canine distemper and related diseases: report of a severe outbreak in a kennel.	an outbreak of canine distemper in a kennel of german shepherds in the province of bari is reported. six 42-day-old pups developed typical signs of canine distemper (fever, conjunctivitis, respiratory distress and enteritis) and died within 7-10 days. neurological symptoms were observed only in one pup. four additional pups, which had shown no sign of illness, were separated and vaccinated, but two of these developed a severe, fatal nervous form 15 days later. post-mortem examination, carried ou ...	2004	15164629
the type iii secreted protein bopd in bordetella bronchiseptica is complexed with bopb for pore formation on the host plasma membrane.	the cytotoxicity of bordetella bronchiseptica to infected cells is known to be dependent on a b. bronchiseptica type iii secretion system. although bopb, bopn, bopd, and bsp22 have been identified as type iii secreted proteins, these proteins remain to be characterized. in this study, in order to clarify the function of bopd during bordetella infection, a bopd mutant was generated. although secretion of bopd into the culture supernatant was completely abolished by the bopd mutation, the secretio ...	2004	15175294
identification of an outer membrane protein required for the transport of lipopolysaccharide to the bacterial cell surface.	lipopolysaccharide (lps), also known as endotoxin due to its severe pathophysiological effects in infected subjects, is an essential component of the outer membrane (om) of most gram-negative bacteria. lps is synthesized in the bacterial inner membrane, a process that is now well understood. in contrast, the mechanism of its transport to the outer leaflet of the om has remained enigmatic. we demonstrate here that the om protein, known as increased membrane permeability (imp) or organic solvent t ...	2004	15192148
the louse-borne human pathogen bartonella quintana is a genomic derivative of the zoonotic agent bartonella henselae.	we present the complete genomes of two human pathogens, bartonella quintana (1,581,384 bp) and bartonella henselae (1,931,047 bp). the two pathogens maintain several similarities in being transmitted by insect vectors, using mammalian reservoirs, infecting similar cell types (endothelial cells and erythrocytes) and causing vasculoproliferative changes in immunocompromised hosts. a primary difference between the two pathogens is their reservoir ecology. whereas b. quintana is a specialist, using ...	2004	15210978
identification of burkholderia cenocepacia genes required for bacterial survival in vivo.	burkholderia cenocepacia (formerly burkholderia cepacia complex genomovar iii) causes chronic lung infections in patients with cystic fibrosis. in this work, we used a modified signature-tagged mutagenesis (stm) strategy for the isolation of b. cenocepacia mutants that cannot survive in vivo. thirty-seven specialized plasposons, each carrying a unique oligonucleotide tag signature, were constructed and used to examine the survival of 2,627 b. cenocepacia transposon mutants, arranged in pools of ...	2004	15213146
evidence that the algi/algj gene cassette, required for o acetylation of pseudomonas aeruginosa alginate, evolved by lateral gene transfer.	pseudomonas aeruginosa strains, isolated from chronically infected patients with cystic fibrosis, produce the o-acetylated extracellular polysaccharide, alginate, giving these strains a mucoid phenotype. o acetylation of alginate plays an important role in the ability of mucoid p. aeruginosa to form biofilms and to resist complement-mediated phagocytosis. the o-acetylation process is complex, requiring a protein with seven transmembrane domains (algi), a type ii membrane protein (algj), and a pe ...	2004	15231808
where does bacterial replication start? rules for predicting the oric region.	three methods, based on dna asymmetry, the distribution of dnaa boxes and dnaa gene location, were applied to identify the putative replication origins in 120 chromosomes. the chromosomes were classified according to the agreement of these methods and the applicability of these methods was evaluated. dna asymmetry is the most universal method of putative oric identification in bacterial chromosomes, but it should be applied together with other methods to achieve better prediction. the three meth ...	2004	15258248
the homogentisate pathway: a central catabolic pathway involved in the degradation of l-phenylalanine, l-tyrosine, and 3-hydroxyphenylacetate in pseudomonas putida.	pseudomonas putida metabolizes phe and tyr through a peripheral pathway involving hydroxylation of phe to tyr (phhab), conversion of tyr into 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate (tyrb), and formation of homogentisate (hpd) as the central intermediate. homogentisate is then catabolized by a central catabolic pathway that involves three enzymes, homogentisate dioxygenase (hmga), fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (hmgb), and maleylacetoacetate isomerase (hmgc), finally yielding fumarate and acetoacetate. whereas t ...	2004	15262943
bordetella type iii secretion and adenylate cyclase toxin synergize to drive dendritic cells into a semimature state.	bordetella bronchiseptica establishes persistent infection of the murine respiratory tract. we hypothesize that long-term colonization is mediated in part by bacteria-driven modulation of dendritic cells (dcs) leading to altered adaptive immune responses. bone marrow-derived dcs (bmdcs) from c57bl/6 mice infected with live b. bronchiseptica exhibited high surface expression of mhcii, cd86, and cd80. however, b. bronchiseptica-infected bmdcs did not exhibit significant increases in cd40 surface e ...	2004	15265927
airways infection with virulent mycobacterium tuberculosis delays the influx of dendritic cells and the expression of costimulatory molecules in mediastinal lymph nodes.	despite tuberculosis resurgence and extensive dendritic cell (dc) research, there are no in vivo studies evaluating dc within regional lymphoid tissue during airways infection with virulent mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb) h37rv. using dc-specific antibodies, immunocytochemistry, flow cytometry and ziehl-neelsen (zn) for bacilli staining, we searched for mtb and dc changes within mediastinal lymph nodes, after intratracheal (itt) inoculation of virulent mtb. zn and immunocytochemistry in frozen ...	2004	15270738
icm/dot-independent entry of legionella pneumophila into amoeba and macrophage hosts.	legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of legionnaires' disease, expresses a type ivb secretion apparatus that translocates bacterial proteins into amoeba and macrophage hosts. when stationary-phase cultures are used to infect hosts, the type ivb apparatus encoded by the icm/dot genes is required for entry, delay of phagosome-lysosome fusion, and intracellular multiplication within host cells. null mutants with mutations in icm/dot genes are defective in these phenotypes. here a new model i ...	2004	15271914
a hydrocarbon ruler measures palmitate in the enzymatic acylation of endotoxin.	the ability of enzymes to distinguish between fatty acyl groups can involve molecular measuring devices termed hydrocarbon rulers, but the molecular basis for acyl-chain recognition in any membrane-bound enzyme remains to be defined. pagp is an outer membrane acyltransferase that helps pathogenic bacteria to evade the host immune response by transferring a palmitate chain from a phospholipid to lipid a (endotoxin). pagp can distinguish lipid acyl chains that differ by a single methylene unit, in ...	2004	15272304
multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis of dutch bordetella pertussis strains reveals rapid genetic changes with clonal expansion during the late 1990s.	bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of whooping cough, has remained endemic in the netherlands despite extensive nationwide vaccination since 1953. in the 1990s, several epidemic periods have resulted in many cases of pertussis. we have proposed that strain variation has played a major role in the upsurges of this disease in the netherlands. therefore, molecular characterization of strains is important in identifying the causes of pertussis epidemiology. for this reason, we have developed ...	2004	15292152
polymorphisms in the pertussis toxin promoter in bordetella bronchiseptica veterinary isolates from argentina.	five restriction patterns (including a novel one) could be defined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism on the pertussis toxin (pt) promoter region in local veterinary isolates, suggesting that pt gene analysis is a potential molecular marker for bordetella bronchiseptica detection and typing.	2004	15313525
the bvg virulence control system regulates biofilm formation in bordetella bronchiseptica.	bordetella species utilize the bvgas (bordetella virulence gene) two-component signal transduction system to sense the environment and regulate gene expression among at least three phases: a virulent bvg+ phase, a nonvirulent bvg- phase, and an intermediate bvgi phase. genes expressed in the bvg+ phase encode known virulence factors, including adhesins such as filamentous hemagglutinin (fha) and fimbriae, as well as toxins such as the bifunctional adenylate cyclase/hemolysin (acy). previous stud ...	2004	15317773
evaluation of antibacterial properties of some medicinal plants used in iran.	forty-five species of 29 plant families used in the traditional medicine by iranian people, showed antibacterial activities against one or more of the bacterial species: bacillus cereus, bacillus pumilus, bordetella bronchiseptica, escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, micrococcus luteus, pseudomonas aeruginosa, pseudomonas fluorescens, serratia marcescens, staphylococcus aureus and staphylococcus epidermidis. no plant showed activity against serratia marcescens; bordetella bronchiseptica bei ...	2004	15325735
ciliostasis is a key early event during colonization of canine tracheal tissue by bordetella bronchiseptica.	the primary site of infection for bordetella bronchiseptica, bordetella pertussis and bordetella parapertussis is the ciliated respiratory epithelium. previous studies have implicated adherence of bacteria to cilia, induction of mucus production, induction of ciliostasis and damage to the ciliated epithelium in bordetella pathogenesis. this paper describes the use of an air-interface organ culture system using canine tracheal tissue infected with b. bronchiseptica to assess the temporal relation ...	2004	15347744
evaluation of a ceftiofur-washed whole cell streptococcus suis bacterin in pigs.	the efficacy of currently available washed whole cell streptococcus suis bacterins is generally poor. we developed and tested the efficacy of a novel ceftiofur-washed whole cell bacterin. sixty-six, 2-week-old specific pathogen free (spf) pigs were randomly divided into 5 groups. three groups were vaccinated 28 and 14 d prior to challenge. the 3 ceftiofur-washed whole cell bacterins each contained 1 of 3 different adjuvants (montanide isa 25, montanide isa 50, and saponin). pigs exhibiting sever ...	2004	15352553
serological response to pasteurella multocida nanh sialidase in persistently colonized rabbits.	pasteurella multocida is a mucosal pathogen that colonizes the upper respiratory system of rabbits. respiratory infections can result, but the bacteria can also invade the circulatory system, producing abscesses or septicemia. p. multocida produces extracellular sialidase activity, which is believed to augment colonization of the respiratory tract and the production of lesions in an active infection. previously, it was demonstrated that some isolates of p. multocida contain two unique sialidase ...	2004	15358639
complete genomic sequence of bacteriophage b3, a mu-like phage of pseudomonas aeruginosa.	bacteriophage b3 is a transposable phage of pseudomonas aeruginosa. in this report, we present the complete dna sequence and annotation of the b3 genome. dna sequence analysis revealed that the b3 genome is 38,439 bp long with a g+c content of 63.3%. the genome contains 59 proposed open reading frames (orfs) organized into at least three operons. of these orfs, the predicted proteins from 41 orfs (68%) display significant similarity to other phage or bacterial proteins. many of the predicted b3 ...	2004	15375138
enteric pathogens as vaccine vectors for foreign antigen delivery.		2004	15385450
strain-dependent role of brka during bordetella pertussis infection of the murine respiratory tract.	bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of whooping cough, expresses many virulence factors believed to be involved in infection and disease progression. while these factors as a group are required for infection, deletion of individual virulence factor genes generally has limited effects on the ability of b. pertussis to efficiently infect the respiratory tract of mice, suggesting they may perform noncritical or redundant functions. we have recently observed that a b. pertussis strain, putativ ...	2004	15385494
prediction of dtxr regulon: identification of binding sites and operons controlled by diphtheria toxin repressor in corynebacterium diphtheriae.	the diphtheria toxin repressor, dtxr, of corynebacterium diphtheriae has been shown to be an iron-activated transcription regulator that controls not only the expression of diphtheria toxin but also of iron uptake genes. this study aims to identify putative binding sites and operons controlled by dtxr to understand the role of dtxr in patho-physiology of corynebacterium diphtheriae.	2004	15447793
in vitro study of the immune stimulating activity of an atrophic [correction of athrophic] rhinitis vaccine associated to chitosan microspheres.	chitosan microspheres (cms) were prepared by an ionic gelation process with tripolyphosphate and characterized. bordetella bronchiseptica dermonecrotoxin (bbd), a major virulence factor of a causative agent of atrophic rhinitis (ar), was loaded on to the cms for nasal vaccination. bbd-loaded cms were observed as aggregated shapes although unloaded cms were observed as relatively spherical ones. the average particle size of the bbd-loaded cms was 4.39 microm. the lower the molecular weight of chi ...	2004	15451520
pasteurella multocida toxin as a tool for studying gq signal transduction.	pasteurella multocida toxin (pmt) stimulates and subsequently uncouples phospholipase c (plc) signal transduction through its selective action on the galphaq subunit. this review summarizes what is currently known about the molecular action of pmt on gq and the resulting cellular effects. examples are presented illustrating the use of pmt as a powerful tool for dissecting the molecular mechanisms involving pertussis toxin (pt)-insensitive heterotrimeric g proteins.	2004	15455260
comparative genomics of the ftsk-hera superfamily of pumping atpases: implications for the origins of chromosome segregation, cell division and viral capsid packaging.	recently, it has been shown that a predicted p-loop atpase (the hera or mlaa protein), which is highly conserved in archaea and also present in many bacteria but absent in eukaryotes, has a bidirectional helicase activity and forms hexameric rings similar to those described for the trwb atpase. in this study, the ftsk-hera superfamily of p-loop atpases, in which the hera clade comprises one of the major branches, is analyzed in detail. we show that, in addition to the ftsk and hera clades, this ...	2004	15466593
longitudinal study of viruses associated with canine infectious respiratory disease.	in this investigation a population of dogs at a rehoming center was monitored over a period of 2 years. despite regular vaccination of incoming dogs against distemper, canine adenovirus type 2 (cav-2), and canine parainfluenza virus (cpiv), respiratory disease was endemic. tissue samples from the respiratory tract as well as paired serum samples were collected for analysis. the development of pcr assays for the detection of cpiv, canine adenovirus types 1 and 2, and canine herpesvirus (chv) is d ...	2004	15472304
intranasal immunisation against tetanus with an attenuated bordetella bronchiseptica vector expressing frgc: improved immunogenicity using a bvg-regulated promoter to express frgc.	mice were immunised intranasally with live bordetella bronchiseptica aroa strains possessing plasmids encoding fragment c (frgc) of tetanus toxin. frgc was expressed either from a constitutive tac promoter (strain gvb120) or the bvg-dependent fhab promoter (strain gvb1543). serum anti-frgc antibody titres were detected in all mice immunised with gvb1543 and gvb120 but the average titres were higher and the responses to frgc were more consistent in gvb1543 immunised animals. this was reflected in ...	2004	15474722
[comparison of antimicrobial resistance pattern of selected respiratory tract pathogens isolated from different animal species].	the antibiotic resistance pattern of respiratory tract pathogens isolated of different animal species suffering from respiratory tract diseases has been investigated by antibiograms performed by agar diffusion test. the results show that the resistance situation in switzerland is favourable compared with studies from other countries. however, high resistance rates were found in certain species: 61% of streptococcus spp. were resistant to erythromycin and 44% to tetracycline, 59% of bordetella br ...	2004	15481587
[bordetella bronchiseptica pneumonia in patients with hiv].		2004	15482696
the bfer regulator mediates enterobactin-inducible expression of bordetella enterobactin utilization genes.	utilization of the enterobactin siderophore by the respiratory pathogens bordetella pertussis and bordetella bronchiseptica is dependent on the bfea outer membrane receptor. this study determined that production of bfea was increased significantly in iron-starved bacteria upon supplementation of cultures with enterobactin. a 1.01-kb open reading frame, designated bfer, encoding a predicted positive transcriptional regulator of the arac family was identified upstream and divergently oriented from ...	2004	15489442
maturation of the unusual single-cysteine (xxxch) mitochondrial c-type cytochromes found in trypanosomatids must occur through a novel biogenesis pathway.	the c-type cytochromes are characterized by the covalent attachment of haem to the polypeptide via thioether bonds formed from haem vinyl groups and, normally, the thiols of two cysteines in a cxxch motif. intriguingly, the mitochondrial cytochromes c and c1 from two euglenids and the trypanosomatidae contain only a single cysteine within the haem-binding motif (xxxch). there are three known distinct pathways by which c-type cytochromes are matured post-translationally in different organisms. th ...	2004	15500440
toll-like receptor 4-dependent early elicited tumor necrosis factor alpha expression is critical for innate host defense against bordetella bronchiseptica.	toll-like receptor 4 (tlr4) mediates the response to lipopolysaccharide, and its activation induces the expression of a large number of inflammatory genes, many of which are also induced by other pathogen-associated molecular patterns. interestingly, the subset of genes that are dependent on tlr4 for optimal expression during gram-negative bacterial infection has not been determined. we have previously shown that tlr4-deficient mice rapidly develop acute pneumonia after inoculation with bordetel ...	2004	15501798
genetically distant american canine distemper virus lineages have recently caused epizootics with somewhat different characteristics in raccoons living around a large suburban zoo in the usa.	mortality rates have differed during distemper outbreaks among free-ranging raccoons (procyon lotor) living around a large chicago-area zoo, and appeared higher in year 2001 than in 1998 and 2000. we hypothesized that a more lethal variant of the local canine distemper virus (cdv) lineage had emerged in 2001, and sought the genetic basis that led to increased virulence. however, a more complex model surfaced during preliminary analyses of cdv genomic sequences in infected tissues and of virus is ...	2004	15507154
comparative sequence analysis of bordetella bronchiseptica pertactin gene (prn) repeat region variants in swine vaccines and field isolates.	the product of the bordetella bronchiseptica pertactin gene, prn, has been implicated as an adhesin and a protective immunogen in swine. recent studies demonstrate prn sequence heterogeneity in swine isolates and vaccine strains within and surrounding the region 1 amino acid repeat ggxxp(n) and the region 2 amino acid repeat pqp(n). however, only a few isolates have been evaluated. allelic variation between vaccine strains and field isolates may affect vaccine efficacy, since region 2 is known t ...	2004	15519707
functional characterization of the bvgas two-component system of bordetella holmesii.	the bvgas two-component system is the master regulator of virulence gene expression in the mammalian pathogens bordetella pertussis, bordetella parapertussis and bordetella bronchiseptica. this paper reports the partial cloning and characterization of the bvgas loci of the 'new' bordetella species bordetella holmesii, bordetella trematum and bordetella hinzii, which are increasingly recognized as opportunistic pathogens in humans. it is demonstrated that the cytoplasmic signalling domains of the ...	2004	15528658
detection of campylobacter spp. in chicken fecal samples by real-time pcr.	a real-time pcr assay for detecting thermophilic campylobacter spp. directly in chicken feces has been developed. dna was isolated from fecal material by using magnetic beads followed by pcr with a prealiquoted pcr mixture, which had been stored at -18 degrees c. campylobacter could be detected in less than 4 h, with a detection limit of 100 to 150 cfu/ml, in a fecal suspension. a bacterial internal control was added before dna extraction to control both dna isolation and the presence of pcr inh ...	2004	15528705
identification of two mycobacterium marinum loci that affect interactions with macrophages.	mycobacterium marinum is closely related to mycobacterium tuberculosis, the cause of tuberculosis in humans. m. marinum has become an important model system for the study of the molecular mechanisms involved in causing tuberculosis in humans. through molecular genetic analysis of the differences between pathogenic and nonpathogenic mycobacteria, we identified two loci that affect the ability of m. marinum to infect macrophages, designated mel(1) and mel(2). in silico analyses of the 11 putative ...	2004	15557611
interactions of pulmonary collectins with bordetella bronchiseptica and bordetella pertussis lipopolysaccharide elucidate the structural basis of their antimicrobial activities.	surfactant proteins a (sp-a) and d (sp-d) play an important role in the innate immune defenses of the respiratory tract. sp-a binds to the lipid a region of lipopolysaccharide (lps), and sp-d binds to the core oligosaccharide region. both proteins induce aggregation, act as opsonins for neutrophils and macrophages, and have direct antimicrobial activity. bordetella pertussis lps has a branched core structure and a nonrepeating terminal trisaccharide. bordetella bronchiseptica lps has the same st ...	2004	15557636
antimicrobial susceptibility of bordetella bronchiseptica isolates from porcine respiratory tract infections.	mics for 349 bordetella bronchiseptica isolates from respiratory tract infections of swine were determined by broth microdilution. the lowest mic at which 90% of isolates tested are inhibited (mic90) was that of tetracycline and enrofloxacin (0.5 microg/ml), whereas the highest mic90s were those of tilmicosin and cephalothin (32 microg/ml) as well as streptomycin (256 microg/ml).	2004	15561878
evolutionary relationships of fusobacterium nucleatum based on phylogenetic analysis and comparative genomics.	the phylogenetic position and evolutionary relationships of fusobacteria remain uncertain. especially intriguing is their relatedness to low g+c gram positive bacteria (firmicutes) by ribosomal molecular phylogenies, but their possession of a typical gram negative outer membrane. taking advantage of the recent completion of the fusobacterium nucleatum genome sequence we have examined the evolutionary relationships of fusobacterium genes by phylogenetic analysis and comparative genomics tools.	2004	15566569
genes involved in the synthesis and degradation of matrix polysaccharide in actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae biofilms.	biofilms are composed of bacterial cells embedded in an extracellular polysaccharide matrix. a major component of the escherichia coli biofilm matrix is pga, a linear polymer of n-acetyl-d-glucosamine residues in beta(1,6) linkage. pga mediates intercellular adhesion and attachment of cells to abiotic surfaces. in this report, we present genetic and biochemical evidence that pga is also a major matrix component of biofilms produced by the human periodontopathogen actinobacillus actinomycetemcomi ...	2004	15576769
real-time pcr assay for a unique chromosomal sequence of bacillus anthracis.	real-time pcr has become an important method for the rapid identification of bacillus anthracis since the 2001 anthrax mailings. most real-time pcr assays for b. anthracis have been developed to detect virulence genes located on the pxo1 and pxo2 plasmids. in contrast, only two published chromosomal targets exist, the rpob gene and the gyra gene. in the present study, subtraction-hybridization with a plasmid-cured b. anthracis tester strain and a bacillus cereus driver was used to find a unique ...	2004	15583318
characterization of hemolytic escherichia coli strains in ferrets: recognition of candidate virulence factor cnf1.	diseases associated with escherichia coli infection are the subject of renewed interest due to emerging conditions such as hemolytic uremia syndrome. a collection of 15 strains of beta-hemolytic e. coli was isolated from diarrheic feces and diseased tissues of ferrets. all 15 strains were positive in specific pcr assays for the presence of hlya, pap1, and cnf1. seven of the cnf1-positive isolates were tested and shown to have a cytopathic effect on hela cell monolayers. the pathogenesis of these ...	2004	15583337
[the prevalence of antimicrobial susceptibility of veterinary pathogens isolated from cattle and pigs: national antibiotic resistance monitoring 2002/2003 of the bvl].	the national antimicrobial resistance monitoring determines the current quantitative resistance level of life-stock pathogens, in order to permit the evaluation and surveillance of the distribution of resistances on a valid basis. during the examination period from june 2002 to july 2003, a total of 1849 pathogens was collected, following a representative german-wide pattern in collaboration with 29 laboratories. the selection of examined bacterial strains included different specimen causing res ...	2004	15584430
mitochondrial cytochrome c1 is a collapsed di-heme cytochrome.	cytochrome c(1) from mitochondrial complex iii and the di-heme cytochromes c in the corresponding enzyme from epsilon-proteobacteria have so far been considered to represent unrelated cytochromes. a missing link protein discovered in the genome of the hyperthermophilic bacterium aquifex aeolicus, however, provides evidence for a close evolutionary relationship between these two cytochromes. the mono-heme cytochrome c(1) from a. aeolicus contains stretches of strong sequence homology toward the e ...	2004	15591339
depolymerization of beta-1,6-n-acetyl-d-glucosamine disrupts the integrity of diverse bacterial biofilms.	polymeric beta-1,6-n-acetyl-d-glucosamine (poly-beta-1,6-glcnac) has been implicated as an escherichia coli and staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm adhesin, the formation of which requires the pgaabcd and icaabcd loci, respectively. enzymatic hydrolysis of poly-beta-1,6-glcnac, demonstrated for the first time by chromatography and mass spectrometry, disrupts biofilm formation by these species and by yersinia pestis and pseudomonas fluorescens, which possess pgaabcd homologues.	2005	15601723
role of bordetella bronchiseptica adenylate cyclase in nasal colonization and in development of local and systemic immune responses in piglets.	two bordetella bronchiseptica mutants, lacking the adenylate cyclase (cya) or both cya and pertactin (prn), were compared with their parental strain nl1013 in their abilities to colonize the nose of neonate piglets and to induce local and systemic antibody responses against filamentous hemagglutinin (fha) after intranasal (i.n.) inoculation. the number of bacteria recovered and the duration of infection in the nasal secretions were greater for the wild-type parent strain than for the cya-deficie ...	2005	15610724