Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| Murine Model of Chronic Respiratory Inflammation. | The respiratory mucosa is exposed to the external environment each time we breathe and therefore requires a robust and sophisticated immune defense system. As with other mucosal sites, the respiratory mucosal immune system must balance its response to pathogens while also regulating inflammatory immune cell-mediated tissue damage. In the airways, a failure to tightly control immune responses to a pathogen can result in chronic inflammation and tissue destruction with an overzealous response bein ... | 2012 | 21842370 |
| Protracted bacterial bronchitis in young children: association with airway malacia. | To examine associated findings and clinical outcome in young children with prolonged cough, wheeze, and/or noisy breathing in whom high colony counts of potentially pathogenic bacteria were cultured from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) during diagnostic flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy. | 2012 | 21868031 |
| 23-gauge transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy in treatment of post-operative endophthalmitis. | purpose: to report the safety and efficacy of 23-gauge (23-g) transconjunctival vitrectomy (tsv) in the surgical management of postoperative endophthalmitis. materials and methods: ten consecutive patients underwent a 23-g tsv in 2008-2010 after cataract surgery (n = 5) or filtrating surgery (n = 5), and were prospectively studied with a minimum follow-up of 6 months. tsv was performed within a median delay of 1 ... | 2012 | 22270218 |
| a role for tlrs in moraxella-superantigen induced polyclonal b cell activation. | a number of microorganisms are capable of binding immunoglobulins (igs) in a manner, which excludes binding to conventional antigen binding sites. interaction of such bacterial proteins with surface immunoglobulins leads to polyclonal activation of b-lymphocytes. a recent example is moraxella catarrhalis that binds to b lymphocytes in an igd-dependent manner and induces proliferation and differentiation of b lymphocytes leading to the production of unspecific igs. the activation is mediated by m ... | 2012 | 22202107 |
| Antibacterial spectrum and cytotoxic activities of serrulatane compounds from the Australian medicinal plant Eremophila neglecta. | Aims: To determine the antibacterial spectrum and cytotoxic activities of serrulatane compounds from the Australian plant Eremophila neglecta. Methods and Results: Antimicrobial activities of serrulatane compounds 8,19-dihydroxyserrulat-14-ene (1) and 8-hydroxyserrulat-14-en-19-oic acid (2) were tested against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria including human and veterinary pathogens and some multidrug-resistant isolates. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal ... | 2012 | 21988135 |
| bronchoscopic findings in children with chronic wet cough. | objectives:protracted bacterial bronchitis is defined as the presence of more than 4 weeks of chronic wet cough that resolves with appropriate antibiotic therapy, in the absence of alternative diagnoses. the diagnosis of protracted bacterial bronchitis is not readily accepted within the pediatric community, however, and data on the incidence of bacterial bronchitis in children are deficient. the objective of this study was to determine the frequency of bacterial bronchitis in children with chron ... | 2012 | 22232311 |
| first case report of moraxella osloensis diarrhea in a hemolytic uremic syndrome/acute renal failure child from rural coastal india-manipal, karnataka. | the authors report a rare case of diarrhea caused by moraxella osloensis in a pediatric child with hemolytic uremic syndrome/acute renal failure (hus/arf). a 6-y-old boy was referred to the pediatric unit with a 3 d history of bloody diarrhea with mucus and fever and decreased urine output for 6 d. microbiological investigations were done as per clsi guidelines. his diarrhea, and the subsequent renal failure resolved with appropriate treatment. to the best of authors' knowledge and pubmed search ... | 2012 | 22231773 |
| evaluation of cytokines as adjuvants of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis vaccines. | in this work two cytokines were used in combination with inactivated bacteria (bacterin) to test the bovine conjuctival immune response to the pathogen moraxella bovis, the causative agent of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (ibk). treatments using the bacterin vaccine combined with interleukin-2 and interferon-α as adjuvants (group a), the bacterin vaccine only (group b), and controls without treatment (group c), were applied by ocular spraying to evaluate the local immune response in the ... | 2012 | 22264735 |
| Cloning and expression of a gene with phospholipase B activity from Pseudomonas fluorescens in Escherichia coli. | A gene from Pseudomonasfluorescens BIT-18 encoding a protein with phospholipase B activity (Pf-PLB) was cloned in E. coli BL21 (DE3). The open reading frame consists of 1272bp and potentially encodes a protein of 423 amino acid residues with a calculated molecular mass of 45.8kDa. The nucleotide sequence of Pf-PLB is 45%, 42%, 41%, 40%, 33%, and 31% identical to that of Bifidobacteriumanimals, Mycobacteriumparascrofulaceum, Acidobacteriumcapsulatum, Lactobacillusjohnsonii, Moraxellabovis, and Mo ... | 2012 | 22078969 |
| high detection rates of nucleic acids of a wide range of respiratory viruses in the nasopharynx and the middle ear of children with a history of recurrent acute otitis media. | both bacteria and viruses play a role in the development of acute otitis media, however, the importance of specific viruses is unclear. in this study molecular methods were used to determine the presence of nucleic acids of human rhinoviruses (hrv; types a, b, and c), respiratory syncytial viruses (rsv; types a and b), bocavirus (hbov), adenovirus, enterovirus, coronaviruses (229e, hku1, nl63, and oc43), influenza viruses (types a, b, and c), parainfluenza viruses (types 1, 2, 3, 4a, and 4b), hu ... | 2011 | 21915878 |
| intranasal immunization of the combined lipooligosaccharide conjugates protects mice from the challenges with three serotypes of moraxella catarrhalis. | there are no licensed vaccines available against moraxella catarrhalis, a significant human respiratory pathogen. lipooligosaccharide (los) based conjugate vaccines derived from individual serotype m. catarrhalis only showed partial protection coverage. a vaccine combining los conjugates of two or three serotypes might provide a broader protection. | 2011 | 22216312 |
| the neisseria meningitidis znud zinc receptor contributes to interactions with epithelial cells and supports heme utilization when expressed in escherichia coli. | neisseria meningitidis employs redundant heme acquisition mechanisms, including tonb receptor-dependent and receptor-independent uptakes. the tonb-dependent zinc receptor znud shares significant sequence similarity to huma, a heme receptor of moraxella catarrhalis, and contains conserved motifs found in many heme utilization proteins. we present data showing that, when expressed in escherichia coli, znud allowed heme capture on the cell surface and supported the heme-dependent growth of an e. co ... | 2011 | 22083713 |
| Effect of nasal mometasone furoate on the nasal and nasopharyngeal flora. | OBJECTIVE: Mometasone furoate (MF) is one of the commonly used topical steroids, particularly for patients with allergic rhinitis. However, its effect on the colonization of bacteria that may cause superinfections by suppressing the local immunity is not known. Thus, we investigated the effect of MF use on the nasal and nasopharyngeal microbial flora. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Swab samples were taken from 35 patients who required MF monotherapy, just before and after one month of the treatment. Sam ... | 2011 | 21889281 |
| Quantification of polyphenols during retting and characterization of bacteria from the Kadinamkulam Backwaters, Kerala. | The retting environment which provides a competitive niche for specialized microbes is speculated to harbour a variety of microbes with high biodegradation potential. In this context, an effort has been made to isolate and identify bacterial species having high tolerance to phenol In vitro. Maximum polyphenol (1.897 mg l(-1)) as observed during the initial period of retting, which decreased as retting proceeded. Based on biochemical characterization, the isolated bacterial strains were identifie ... | 2011 | 21888245 |
| moraxella catarrhalis as a respiratory pathogen. | background: moraxella catarrhalis is gaining significance as a pathogen over few decades because of increased rate of isolation in respiratory specimens and due to emergence of multidrug resistant strains. therefore, appropriate antimicrobial agents are required for eradication and prevention of spread of the organism. material and methods: -the study was conducted over 1-year period inpatients of lower respiratory tract infections (l.r.t.i.) in p.g.i.m.s. rohtak (haryana) . assessment of clinic ... | 2011 | 22234107 |
| efficacy and safety of moxifloxacin for community-acquired bacterial pneumonia based on pharmacokinetic analysis. | moxifloxacin is a respiratory quinolone that is expected to be useful for treating community-acquired bacterial pneumonia, but few clinical studies and not a detailed evaluation of its pharmacokinetics have been conducted in japan in patients with pneumonia. we assessed the efficacy and safety of moxifloxacin in 18 patients with community-acquired bacterial pneumonia using pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis. there was significant improvement in body temperature, white blood cell count, c-r ... | 2011 | 21847518 |
| microbiology of acute and chronic maxillary sinusitis in smokers and nonsmokers. | we evaluated the microbiology of sinus aspirates of smokers and nonsmokers with acute and chronic maxillary sinusitis. | 2011 | 22224311 |
| the microbial flora associated with oral carcinomas. | changes in the microbial flora on the oral mucosa after cancerous alteration may lead to both local and systemic infections. in this study, we assessed the microbial flora associated with the surfaces of oral squamous cell carcinoma. a comparative evaluation of these microbial contents was made with that of the contralateral healthy mucosa and control (healthy) mucosa. we also assessed the microbial flora from the saliva culture in subjects with oral squamous cell carcinoma and healthy controls. | 2011 | 21909494 |
| validating t-rflp as a sensitive and high-throughput approach to assess bacterial diversity patterns in human anterior nares. | while recent works aimed to thoroughly characterize the bacterial community of the human anterior nares of a few candidates, this work sought to analyse a greater cross-section by sampling 100 volunteers. after optimizing and validating the method of terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism against six previously pyrosequenced samples, abundant species could be discriminated and their relative abundances measured in a high-throughput manner. the 100 volunteers could be statistically clu ... | 2011 | 22066869 |
| clinical spectrum of acute rhinosinusitis among atopic and nonatopic children in taiwan. | rhinitis and sinusitis are very common medical conditions and have been shown to be frequently associated. the role of allergies in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis has been confirmed; however, the role of allergies in acute rhinosinusitis is debatable. nonetheless, allergies are an important factor in the development of rhinosinusitis. | 2011 | 22051141 |
| a randomized clinical trial evaluating a farm-of-origin autogenous moraxella bovis vaccine to control infectious bovine keratoconjunctivis (pinkeye) in beef cattle. | a randomized, masked, 2-arm parallel trial was conducted to assess the efficacy of a moraxella bovis (m. bovis) autogenous vaccine to prevent naturally occurring infectious bovine keratoconjunctivis (ibk) in beef calves. | 2011 | 22092641 |
| staphylococcus aureus: is it a pathogen of acute bacterial sinusitis in children and adults? | streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis are the etiologic agents of acute bacterial sinusitis (abs). staphylococcus aureus has been an uncommon cause of abs despite its frequent occupancy within the anterior nares. a quantitative culture of a maxillary sinus aspirate is the gold standard for determining etiology of abs. cultures of the middle meatus cannot be used as a surrogate for a maxillary sinus aspirate in children with abs, although they may be used in ... | 2011 | 22198792 |
| Bacterial translocation in cirrhosis is not caused by an abnormal small bowel gut microbiota. | Sepsis is common in liver cirrhosis, and animal studies have shown the gut to be the principal source of infection, through bacterial overgrowth and translocation in the small bowel. A total of 33 patients were recruited into this study, 10 without cirrhosis and 23 with cirrhotic liver disease. Six distal duodenal biopsies were obtained and snap frozen for RNA and DNA extraction, or frozen for FISH. Peripheral venous bloods were obtained from 30 patients, including 17 chronic liver disease patie ... | 2011 | 22092561 |
| correlation of in situ mechanosensitive responses of the moraxella catarrhalis adhesin uspa1 with fibronectin and receptor ceacam1 binding. | bacterial cell surfaces are commonly decorated with a layer formed from multiple copies of adhesin proteins whose binding interactions initiate colonization and infection processes. in this study, we investigate the physical deformability of the uspa1 adhesin protein from moraxella catarrhalis, a causative agent of middle-ear infections in humans. uspa1 binds a range of extracellular proteins including fibronectin, and the epithelial cellular receptor carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesi ... | 2011 | 21876142 |
| Ventilator-associated pneumonia in children after cardiac surgery in The Netherlands. | We conducted a retrospective cohort study in an academic tertiary care center to characterize ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in pediatric patients after cardiac surgery in The Netherlands. | 2011 | 21877210 |
| [determination of causative agents in ocular infection of external adnexa and anterior segments--multicenter study of causative agents and drug sensitivity of ocular infection by the japanese association for ocular infection part i]. | to determine the causative agents of ocular infection of external adnexa and anterior segments due to selected criteria. | 2011 | 22073597 |
| use of the chinchilla model for nasopharyngeal colonization to study gene expression by moraxella catarrhalis. | young adult chinchillas were atraumatically inoculated with m. catarrhalis via the nasal route. detailed histopathologic examination of nasopharyngeal tissues isolated from these m. catarrhalis-infected animals revealed the presence of significant inflammation within the epithelium. absence of similar histopathologic findings in sham-inoculated animals confirmed that m. catarrhalis was exposed to significant host-derived factors in this environment. twenty-four hr after inoculation, viable m. ca ... | 2011 | 22184412 |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae exposure is associated with human metapneumovirus seroconversion and increased susceptibility to in vitro HMPV infection. | It remains largely unknown which factors determine the clinical outcome of human metapneumovirus (HMPV) infections. The aim of the present study was to analyse whether exposure to bacterial pathogens can influence HMPV infections. From 57 children, serum samples and colonization data for Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae were collected at 1.5, 6, 14 and 24 months of age. Seroconversion rates to HMPV were determined and related to ba ... | 2011 | 21883660 |
| wheeze in preschool age is associated with pulmonary bacterial infection and resolves after antibiotic therapy. | neonates with airways colonized by haemophilus influenzae, streptococcus pneumoniae or moraxella catarrhalis are at increased risk for recurrent wheeze which may resemble asthma early in life. it is not clear whether chronic colonization by these pathogens is causative for severe persistent wheeze in some preschool children and whether these children might benefit from antibiotic treatment. we assessed the relevance of bacterial colonization and chronic airway infection in preschool children wit ... | 2011 | 22140482 |
| Bacterial tracheitis: a varied entity. | The objective of the study was to highlight the different presentations of bacterial tracheitis (BT), a potential life-threatening cause of airway obstruction in children. | 2011 | 21975496 |
| Frequency of Alloicoccus otitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Haemophilus influenzae in children with otitis media with effusion (OME) in Iranian patients. | OBJECTIVE: To determine the presence of common bacterial agents of otitis media with effusion (OME), together with investigation these agent in the adenoid tissue and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of isolated bacteria in Iranian children with OME. METHODS: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and bacterial culture methods were used for detection and isolation of Alloicoccus otitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Haemophilus influenzae in 63 middle ear fluid samples and 4 ... | 2011 | 21868180 |
| c4-alkylthiols with activity against moraxella catarrhalis and mycobacterium tuberculosis. | antimicrobial resistance represents a global threat to healthcare. the ability to adequately treat infectious diseases is increasingly under siege due to the emergence of drug-resistant microorganisms. new approaches to drug development are especially needed to target organisms that exhibit broad antibiotic resistance due to expression of β-lactamases which is the most common mechanism by which bacteria become resistant to β-lactam antibiotics. we designed and synthesized 20 novel monocyclic β-l ... | 2011 | 22014754 |
| Studies on the antibacterial effects of statins--in vitro and in vivo. | Statin treatment has been associated with a beneficial outcome on respiratory tract infections. In addition, previous in vitro and in vivo experiments have indicated favorable effects of statins in bacterial infections. | 2011 | 21912631 |
| dynamics of moraxella bovis infection and humoral immune response to bovine herpes virus type 1 during a natural outbreak of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis in beef calves. | infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (ibk) is an acute disease caused by moraxella bovis (mb). several factors may predispose animals to an ibk outbreak; one commonly observed is infection with bovine herpes virus type 1 (bhv-1). the aim of this study was to investigate the dynamics of bhv-1 virus infection and its relation with clinical cases of ibk in weaned calves from a beef herd with a high prevalence of lesions caused by mb. sampling was carried out in six stages and included conjunctiva ... | 2011 | 22122901 |
| minimum inhibitory concentrations of selected antimicrobial agents for moraxella bovoculi associated with infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. | infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (ibk) has been associated with ocular infections by moraxella bovis, the established etiologic agent of ibk, and more recently, moraxella bovoculi, a recently described species of moraxella. to assist in designing rational treatment regimens for m. bovoculi infections associated with ibk, the in vitro susceptibilities of 57 m. bovoculi field isolates cultured from eyes of cattle with ibk in california from 2002 through 2007 were determined. the minimum inhi ... | 2011 | 21908289 |
| the first report described as an important study: the association of mannose-binding lectin gene 2 polymorphisms in children with down syndrome. | mannose-binding lectin gene 2 (mbl2) plays a very important role in the first line of host immune response in down syndrome (ds). the importance of mbl2 gene polymorphisms in children with ds is unclear, and no research has addressed mbl2 gene polymorphisms in patients with ds. this is the first report describing an important association between mbl2 gene polymorphisms and infections in children with ds. | 2011 | 22090714 |
| Viruses and bacteria in sputum samples of children with community-acquired pneumonia. | Clin Microbiol Infect ABSTRACT: Few comprehensive studies have searched for viruses and bacteria in children with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). We identified 76 children hospitalized for pneumonia. Induced sputum samples were analysed for 18 viruses by antigen detection and PCR, and for six bacteria by culture and PCR. Viruses were found in 72% of samples, bacteria in 91%, and both in 66%. Rhinovirus (30%), human bocavirus (18%) and human metapneumovirus (14%) were the most commonly detect ... | 2011 | 21851481 |
| Clinical Significance of Serum S100A12 in Acute Otitis Media in Young Children. | BACKGROUND: S100A12 is a calcium-binding protein predominantly expressed in neutrophil granulocytes in response to infections or inflammation. Acute otitis media (AOM) is a local infection mainly caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn), nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) and/or Moraxella catarrhalis (Mcat). METHODS: To study if S100A12 values could serve as a diagnostic marker, serum S100A12 concentrations were tested in young children before, at onset and after recovery from AOM. RESULT ... | 2011 | 22198825 |
| passive smoking and nasopharyngeal colonization by streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis in daycare children. | exposure to tobacco smoke may be associated with higher risk of nasopharyngeal colonization and infection by streptococcus pneumoniae (sp), haemophilus influenzae (hi), and moraxella catarrhalis (mc). this study was done to determine the influence of passive smoking on s. pneumoniae, h. influenzae, and m. catarrhalis colonization rates among children. this is a prospective cross-sectional study. tertiary referral centers with accredited otorhinolaryngology-head and neck surgery and microbiology ... | 2011 | 22033573 |
| nasopharyngeal bacterial colonization and gene polymorphisms of mannose-binding lectin and toll-like receptors 2 and 4 in infants. | human nasopharynx is often colonized by potentially pathogenic bacteria. gene polymorphisms in mannose-binding lectin (mbl), toll-like receptor (tlr) 2 and tlr4 have been reported. the present study aimed to investigate possible association between nasopharyngeal bacterial colonization and gene polymorphisms of mbl, tlr2 and tlr4 in healthy infants. | 2011 | 22022564 |
| antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial pathogens associated with community-acquired respiratory tract infections in asia: report from the community-acquired respiratory tract infection pathogen surveillance (cartips) study, 2009-2010. | a multicentre resistance surveillance study [community-acquired respiratory tract infection pathogen surveillance (cartips)] investigating the susceptibilities of 2963 clinical isolates of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, klebsiella pneumoniae, meticillin-susceptible staphylococcus aureus (mssa) and streptococcus spp. from asia against 12 antimicrobial agents was undertaken from 2009 to 2010. based on the breakpoints for oral penicillin v recommended by th ... | 2011 | 21880469 |
| antimicrobial resistance of moraxella catarrhalis isolates in taiwan. | background/purpose: the prevalence of ampicillin-resistant moraxella catarrhalis has been higher in taiwan than in other countries, with reports of 97.7% in the 1990s. the aims of this study were to assess resistance trends for m. catarrhalis, which causes respiratory tract infections, against several classes of oral antibiotics and to compare the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) of antimicrobial agents against m. catarrhalis isolates between 1993-1994 and 2001-2004. methods: clinical isol ... | 2011 | 22154675 |
| culture independent survey of the microbiota of the glassy-winged sharpshooter (homalodisca vitripennis) using 454 pyrosequencing. | the glassy-winged sharpshooter, homalodisca vitripennis (germar), is an invasive pest that has spread across the southern and western united states. h. vitripennis is highly polyphagous and voracious, feeding on at least 100 plant species and consuming up to 100 times its weight in xylem fluid daily. the insect is a vector of the phytopathogen xylella fastidiosa (wells), which is the causative agent of pierce's disease in grapevines. to evaluate the microbial flora associated with h. vitripenni ... | 2011 | 22182607 |
| viral-bacterial interactions and risk of acute otitis media complicating upper respiratory tract infection. | acute otitis media (aom) is a common complication of upper respiratory tract infection whose pathogenesis involves both viruses and bacteria. we examined risks of acute otitis media associated with specific combinations of respiratory viruses and acute otitis media bacterial pathogens. data were from a prospective study of children ages 6 to 36 months and included viral and bacterial culture and quantitative pcr for respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), human bocavirus, and human metapneumovirus. r ... | 2011 | 21900518 |
| Effect of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on nasopharyngeal carriage with Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis in a randomized controlled trial. | Seven-valent CRM197-conjugated pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7(CRM197)) reduces both vaccine serotype nasopharyngeal colonization and vaccine serotype acute otitis media by 50-60%. However, overall pneumococcal carriage and impact on otitis media are partly offset by concomitant increase of nonvaccine serotypes. We investigated in a randomized controlled trial the impact of 2-doses and 2+1-doses of PCV7(CRM197) on carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae and of other nasopharyngeal commensals a ... | 2011 | 21893151 |
| descriptive epidemiology of moraxella bovis, moraxella bovoculi and moraxella ovis in beef calves with naturally occurring infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (pinkeye). | problem addressed: infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (ibk) is an ocular disease that causes substantial weight loss in beef calves. objective: the objective of this study was to evaluate the association between moraxella bovoculi, moraxella bovis and moraxella ovis and ibk incidence. methods and approach: a cohort design was used. from 239 calves and 478 eyes, 77 randomly chosen eyes were monitored for m. bovoculi, m. bovis, m. ovis and ibk incidence over 4 months. one hypothesis tested was ... | 2011 | 21962410 |
| effect of denture adhesive on the micro-organisms in vivo. | gerodontology 2011; doi: 10.1111/j.1741-2358.2010.00381.x effect of denture adhesive on the micro-organisms in vivo background: denture adhesives increase the retention and stability of dentures in edentulous patients, especially in cases where salivary flow is impaired or in the management of traumatised oral mucosa. objectives: the effect of a denture adhesive on the oral flora at different time intervals. method: thirty denture-wearing patients were involved in this study. while half of th ... | 2011 | 22098056 |
| otitis media with effusion in lebanese children: prevalence and pathogen susceptibility. | objective:to determine the prevalence and resistance profile of bacterial pathogens present in the middle ear of children with otitis media with effusion, and to report beta-lactamase-negative, ampicillin-resistant bacteria for the first time in lebanese children.method:we included 62 patients younger than 12 year (107 ears), who underwent myringotomy with tympanostomy tube placement for persistent otitis media with effusion. bacteria were identified by gram staining and biochemical tests, and a ... | 2011 | 21838958 |
| potential role of tigecycline in the treatment of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia. | tigecycline is a member of the glycylcycline class of antimicrobials, which is structurally similar to the tetracycline class. it demonstrates potent in vitro activity against causative pathogens that are most frequently isolated in patients with community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (cabp), including (but not limited to) streptococcus pneumoniae (both penicillin-sensitive and -resistant strains), haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis (including +¦-lactamase-producing strains), klebs ... | 2011 | 21694911 |
| detection of bacteria in normal adult nasal cavity based on polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. | this study investigated the bacterial diversity in a normal adult nasal cavity using polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (pcr-dgge) of 16s ribosomal rna (rrna) gene fragments and compared the results with those of a culture-based method. | 2011 | 21711966 |
| comparative ceftaroline activity tested against pathogens associated with community-acquired pneumonia: results from an international surveillance study. | to document the spectrum of activity of ceftaroline, the active form of the prodrug, ceftaroline fosamil, a new cephalosporin with anti-methicillin-resistant staphylococcal activity, against a surveillance collection of clinical isolates obtained from the usa and europe during 2008-09. | 2011 | 21482572 |
| viral-bacterial co-infection in australian indigenous children with acute otitis media. | abstract: background: acute otitis media with perforation (aomwip) affects 40% of remote indigenous children during the first 18 months of life. streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis are the primary bacterial pathogens of otitis media and their loads predict clinical ear state. our hypothesis is that antecedent respiratory viral infection increases bacterial density and progression to perforation. methods: a total of 366 nasopharyngeal swabs from 114 indigeno ... | 2011 | 21649905 |
| microbial contamination of musical wind instruments. | retrospective and prospective studies were used to assess the numbers, types and persistence of microbes that contaminate wind instruments. all previously played instruments (n = 20) harbored viable bacteria as well as mold and/or yeast. reedinstruments consistently carried higher microbial loads than did flutes or trumpets. instruments played within the previous three days bore typical mouth flora, while bacteria recovered after 72 h following play consisted of normal environmental flora. prosp ... | 2011 | 21745020 |
| Prediction of the pathogens that are the cause of pneumonia by the battlefield hypothesis. | Commensal organisms are frequent causes of pneumonia. However, the detection of these organisms in the airway does not mean that they are the causative pathogens; they may exist merely as colonizers. In up to 50% cases of pneumonia, the causative pathogens remain unidentified, thereby hampering targeting therapies. In speculating on the role of a commensal organism in pneumonia, we devised the battlefield hypothesis. In the "pneumonia battlefield," the organism-to-human cell number ratio may be ... | 2011 | 21909436 |
| monophosphoryl lipid a induced innate immune responses via tlr4 to enhance clearance of nontypeable haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis from the nasopharynx in mice. | acute otitis media (aom) is one of the most common infectious diseases in children. nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) and moraxella catarrhalis, gram-negative bacteria, are considered major pathogens of aom and respiratory tract infections. in this study, we used monophosphoryl lipid a (mpl) as a toll-like receptor (tlr4) agonist to induce innate immune responses before challenge with nthi and m. catarrhalis to enhance bacterial clearance from the nasopharynx. mice were intranasally admi ... | 2011 | 22092567 |
| the effect of pneumococcal vaccination on nasopharyngeal carriage of s. pneumoniae, h. influenzae, m. catarrhalis, and s. aureus in fijian children. | the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (pcv7) reduces carriage of vaccine type streptococcus pneumoniae but leads to replacement by non-vaccine serotypes and may affect carriage of other respiratory pathogens. we investigated nasopharyngeal carriage of s. pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, and staphylococcus aureus in fijian infants participating in a pneumococcal vaccine trial using quantitative pcr. vaccination did not affect pathogen carriage rates or densities, w ... | 2011 | 22170924 |
| Pharmacodynamic evaluation of commonly prescribed oral antibiotics against respiratory bacterial pathogens. | Upper and lower respiratory tract infections (RTIs) account for a substantial portion of outpatient antibiotic utilization. However, the pharmacodynamic activity of commonly used oral antibiotic regimens has not been studied against clinically relevant pathogens. The objective of this study was to assess the probability of achieving the requisite pharmacodynamic exposure for oral antibacterial regimens commonly prescribed for RTIs in adults against bacterial isolates frequently involved in these ... | 2011 | 22026724 |
| Synthesis of a novel pentasaccharide core component from the lipooligosaccharide of Moraxella catarrhalis. | The novel pentasaccharide [p-(trifluoroacetamido)phenyl]ethyl 3-O-ß-D-glucopyranosyl-4-O-ß-D-glucopyranosyl-6-O-[2-O-(a-D-glucopyranosyl)-ß-D-glucopyranosyl]-a-D-glucopyranoside (1), which includes a linker moiety to enable facile coupling to an antigenic protein, was synthesised as a component of a potential vaccine candidate against the Gram-negative bacterium Moraxella catarrhalis. This microorganism is one of three principal causative agents of otitis media in children. The pentasaccharide r ... | 2011 | 22074676 |
| mobile genetic elements in moraxella catarrhalis. | moraxella catarrhalis is a gram-negative diplococcus that is a strict human pathogen, which for a long period of time was regarded as a simple commensal. research now shows that this organism is a pathogen its own right and is associated with both upper and lower respiratory tract infections. further, there appears to be a dichotomy in the pathogenic potential of m. catarrhalis with upper respiratory tract infections mainly occurring in children, and lower respiratory tract infections mainly occ ... | 2011 | 22016866 |
| Nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Alloiococcus otitidis in young children in the era of pneumococcal immunization, Taiwan. | We applied a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and culture to detect Streptococcus pneumoniae and detected 3 other respiratory pathogens--Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Alloiococcus otitidis--simultaneously by PCR, in the nasopharynx of 386 children aged under 5 y. S. pneumoniae was the most common pathogen carried by children in all age groups, with the rate ranging from 15.8% in children aged 3-4 y to 28.6% in children aged 2-3 y. H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis sh ... | 2011 | 21892897 |
| a multicentre surveillance study on the characteristics, bacterial aetiologies and in vitro antibiotic susceptibilities in patients with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. | antimicrobial resistance is a global problem and the prevalence is high in many asian countries. | 2011 | 21299688 |
| diagnostic utility of flexible bronchoscopy in recipients of solid organ transplants. | solid organ transplant (sot) recipients are prone to develop pulmonary complications (pc) due to their immunocompromised state. flexible bronchoscopy (fb) is frequently performed to diagnose the nature of these complications. the aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic utility of fb in sot recipients with suspected pc. | 2011 | 21440756 |
| cigarette smoke modulates pge(2) and host defence against moraxella catarrhalis infection in human airway epithelial cells. | airway bacterial infections pose a significant challenge to the management of copd, a disease mainly caused by cigarette smoking. however, the mechanisms of impaired airway mucosal innate immunity against bacteria in copd remain unclear. we examined the effect of cigarette smoke on prostaglandin e(2) (pge(2)) and downstream epithelial host defence mechanisms including the antimicrobial substance human β-defensin-2 (hbd-2). | 2011 | 21199162 |
| a 7-month-old boy with breathing problems. | 2011 | 21210593 | |
| in vitro antibacterial activity of modithromycin, a novel 6,11-bridged bicyclolide, against respiratory pathogens, including macrolide-resistant gram-positive cocci. | the in vitro activities of modithromycin against gram-positive and -negative respiratory pathogens, including macrolide-resistant cocci with different resistance mechanisms, were compared with those of other macrolide and ketolide agents. mics were determined by the broth microdilution method. all 595 test strains used in this study were isolated from japanese medical facilities. the erm (ribosome methylase) and/or mef (efflux pump) gene, which correlated with resistance to erythromycin as well ... | 2011 | 21220534 |
| differential effects of frozen storage on the molecular detection of bacterial taxa that inhabit the nasopharynx. | 2011 | 21261963 | |
| moraxella catarrhalis - pathogen or commensal? | moraxella catarrhalis is an exclusively human commensal and mucosal pathogen. its role as a disease-causing organism has long been questioned. today, it is recognized as one of the major causes of acute otitis media in children, and its relative frequency of isolation from both the nasopharynx and the middle ear cavity has increased since the introduction of the heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, which is associated with a shift in the composition of the nasopharyngeal flora in infants ... | 2011 | 21120723 |
| mechanisms of bacterial resistance to antibiotics in infections of copd patients. | a key characteristic of airway inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) is the persistent presence of bacteria in the lower airways. the most commonly isolated bacteria in the lower respiratory tract of copd patients are nontypeable haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis and streptococcus pneumoniae, with growing evidence of the significance of pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in severe copd disease. this review focuses on the antibiotic resistant mechanisms associate ... | 2011 | 21194403 |
| comparative analysis and supragenome modeling of twelve moraxella catarrhalis clinical isolates. | m. catarrhalis is a gram-negative, gamma-proteobacterium and an opportunistic human pathogen associated with otitis media (om) and exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd). with direct and indirect costs for treating these conditions annually exceeding $33 billion in the united states alone, and nearly ubiquitous resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics among m. catarrhalis clinical isolates, a greater understanding of this pathogen's genome and its variability among isolates i ... | 2011 | 21269504 |
| sitafloxacin: in bacterial infections. | sitafloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibacterial with in vitro activity against a broad range of gram-positive and -negative bacteria, including anaerobic bacteria, as well as against atypical pathogens. it is approved in japan for use in a number of bacterial infections caused by sitafloxacin-susceptible strains of staphylococcus spp., streptococcus pneumoniae, other streptococcus spp., enterococcus spp., moraxella catarrhalis, escherichia coli, citrobacter spp., klebsiella spp., enterobacter sp ... | 2011 | 21504249 |
| immune evasion of moraxella catarrhalis involves ubiquitous surface protein a-dependent c3d binding. | the complement system plays an important role in eliminating invading pathogens. activation of complement results in c3b deposition (opsonization), phagocytosis, anaphylatoxin (c3a, c5a) release, and consequently cell lysis. moraxella catarrhalis is a human respiratory pathogen commonly found in children with otitis media and in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. the species has evolved multiple complement evasion strategies, which among others involves the ubiquitous surface pro ... | 2011 | 21270401 |
| in vitro antibacterial activity of ceftobiprole against clinical isolates from french teaching hospitals: proposition of zone diameter breakpoints. | the aims of this study were to determine the in vitro activity profile of ceftobiprole, a pyrrolidinone cephalosporin, against a large number of bacterial pathogens and to propose zone diameter breakpoints for clinical categorisation according to the european committee on antimicrobial susceptibility testing (eucast) minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) breakpoints. mics of ceftobiprole were determined by broth microdilution against 1548 clinical isolates collected in eight french hospitals. d ... | 2011 | 21295447 |
| a novel method for the measurement of elemental selenium produced by bacterial reduction of selenite. | the measurement of elemental selenium (se(0)) is needed to assess the rate and magnitude of bacteria reduction of selenite or selenate. we have developed a spectrophotometric method for the measurement se(0) that is rapid and can be employed to measure the quantity of se(0) produced by bacterial cultures. this method employs the use of 1m na(2)s to convert the insoluble elemental selenium to a red-brown solution and with this method there is a direct correlation between concentration of elementa ... | 2011 | 21536079 |
| moraxella keratitis: risk factors, presentation, and management. | 2011 | 19930213 | |
| pathogen yield and antimicrobial resistance patterns of chronic rhinosinusitis patients presenting to a tertiary rhinology centre. | to examine the yield and resistance profile of pathogens in chronic rhinosinusitis (crs) patients receiving culture-directed management and to pay particular attention to the prevalence of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) in this population. | 2011 | 21518646 |
| microbial keratitis after penetrating keratoplasty: impact of sutures. | purpose: to determine the impact of presence or absence of sutures in cases with post-penetrating keratoplasty (pkp) microbial keratitis. design: a 10-year retrospective chart review of post-pkp patients admitted with microbial keratitis at the royal victorian eye and ear hospital, melbourne, between january 1998 and december 2008 was undertaken. methods: patients were categorized in 2 groups, "sutures present" and "sutures absent." main parameters evaluated were clinical and microbiological pro ... | 2011 | 21624557 |
| microbiology of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in children with acute nonresponding or recurrent community-acquired pneumonia: identification of nontypeable haemophilus influenzae as a major pathogen. | background. precise etiologic diagnosis in pediatric community-acquired pneumonia (cap) remains challenging. methods. we conducted a retrospective study of cap etiology in 2 groups of pediatric patients who underwent flexible bronchoscopy (fob) with bronchoalveolar lavage (bal); children with acute nonresponsive cap (nr-cap; n = 127) or recurrent cap (rec-cap; n = 123). procedural measures were taken to limit contamination risk and quantitative bacterial culture of bal fluid (significance cutoff ... | 2011 | 21628484 |
| infective endocarditis caused by moraxella nonliquefaciens in a percutaneous aortic valve replacement. | first case of infective endocarditis on a percutaneous aortic valve replacement due to moraxalla nonliquefaciens in 64 year old woman. it was successfully treated medically with antibiotics. she had not suitable for surgical aortic valve replacement due to 3 sternotomies for thymoma resection and subsequent radiotherapy with blocked major thoracic veins. due to her azathioprine immunosuppresion (myasthenia) she may have been at increased endocarditis risk. we suggest prophylactic antibiotics at ... | 2011 | 21640938 |
| [prevalence of serotypes of streptococcus pneumoniae and other agents that cause acute otitis media in children in latin america. a systematic review of the literature]. | acute otitis media (aom) is a common diagnosis in children. streptococcus pneumoniae remains the most prevalent agent worldwide, followed by haemophilus influenzae. however, the introduction of pneumococcal vaccines has changed the microbiology of aom. | 2011 | 21660385 |
| evaluation of anti-moraxella bovis pili immunoglobulin-a in tears following intranasal vaccination of cattle. | infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (ibk) is a highly contagious ocular disease of cattle caused by moraxella bovis (mb). parenterally administered immunogens used to prevent the disease do not offer complete protection possibly because they stimulate a poor ocular mucosal secretory response, in which locally secreted immunoglobulin-a (siga) is one of the main components. the principal aim of this study was to evaluate by an indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), the local ocular ... | 2011 | 21664636 |
| ceftaroline: a new cephalosporin with activity against methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa). | microbial resistance has reached alarming levels, threatening to outpace the ability to counter with more potent antimicrobial agents. in particular, methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) has become a leading cause of skin and soft-tissue infections and pvl-positive strains have been associated with necrotizing pneumonia. increasing reports of growing resistance to glycopeptides have been noted, further limiting the efficacy of standard antibiotics, such as vancomycin. ceftaroline i ... | 2011 | 21785568 |
| physiologic cold shock of moraxella catarrhalis affects the expression of genes involved in the iron acquisition, serum resistance and immune evasion. | abstract: | 2011 | 21838871 |
| early acquisition and high nasopharyngeal co-colonisation by streptococcus pneumoniae and three respiratory pathogens amongst gambian new-borns and infants. | although haemophilus influenzae type b (hib), staphylococcus aureus and moraxella catarrhalis are important causes of invasive and mucosal bacterial disease among children, co-carriage with streptococcus pneumoniae during infancy has not been determined in west africa. | 2011 | 21689403 |
| elderly patients with community-acquired pneumonia: optimal treatment strategies. | community-acquired pneumonia (cap) is a common infectious disease that still causes substantial morbidity and mortality. elderly people are frequently affected, and several issues related to care of this condition in the elderly have to be considered. this article reviews current recommendations of guidelines with a special focus on aspects of the care of elderly patients with cap. the most common pathogen in cap is still streptococcus pneumoniae, followed by other pathogens such as haemophilus ... | 2011 | 21721597 |
| vaccine preventable community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized children in northwest china. | community-acquired pneumonia (cap) is a major cause of morbidity in industrialized countries and morbidity/mortality in developing countries. in china, comprehensive studies of the etiology of cap in children aged between 2 months and 14 years who are serious enough to require hospitalization are lacking. previous studies have been limited in child age range, focused on fatal cases, and/or limited in etiologies sought. an understanding of the etiologies is needed for development of best preventi ... | 2011 | 20625346 |
| characterization of a moraxella species that causes epistaxis in macaques. | bacteria of the genus moraxella have been isolated from a variety of mammalian hosts. in a prior survey of bacteria that colonize the rhesus macaque nasopharynx, performed at the tulane national primate research center, organisms of the moraxella genus were isolated from animals with epistaxis, or "bloody nose syndrome." they were biochemically identified as moraxella catarrhalis, and cryopreserved. another isolate was obtained from an epistatic cynomolgus macaque at the u.s. army medical resear ... | 2011 | 20667430 |
| association between nasopharyngeal load of streptococcus pneumoniae, viral coinfection, and radiologically confirmed pneumonia in vietnamese children. | the interplay between nasopharyngeal bacterial carriage, viral coinfection, and lower respiratory tract infections (lrtis) is poorly understood. we explored this association in vietnamese children aged less than 5 years. | 2011 | 20686433 |
| incidence of bacterial coinfection with respiratory syncytial virus bronchopulmonary infection in pediatric inpatients. | bacterial coinfection occurs in pediatric bronchopulmonary infections caused by respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), but the incidence is uncertain. our subjects are 188 pediatric inpatients having rsv bronchopulmonary infection in two hospitals in chiba prefecture between 2005 and 2007. on admission, antigen detection kits using nasopharyngeal aspirate were performed to detect rsv infection and washed sputum bacterial culture was performed to detect bacterial infection. of the 188 pediatric inpat ... | 2011 | 20700753 |
| colonization of healthy children by moraxella catarrhalis is characterized by genotype heterogeneity, virulence gene diversity and co-colonization with haemophilus influenzae. | the colonization dynamics of moraxella catarrhalis were studied in a population comprising 1079 healthy children living in rotterdam, the netherlands (the generation r focus cohort). a total of 2751 nasal swabs were obtained during four clinic visits timed to take place at 1.5, 6, 14 and 24 months of age, yielding a total of 709 m. catarrhalis and 621 haemophilus influenzae isolates. between january 2004 and december 2006, approximate but regular 6-monthly cycles of colonization were observed, w ... | 2011 | 20847012 |
| antibacterial activity of carbapenems against clinical isolates of respiratory bacterial pathogens in the northeastern region of japan in 2007. | as the increasing prevalence of resistant strains of respiratory bacterial pathogens has recently been reported, continuous monitoring of the susceptibility of clinical isolates to antibacterial agents is important. we performed a surveillance study focusing on the susceptibility of major respiratory bacterial pathogens in the northeastern region of japan to carbapenems and control drugs. a total of 168 bacterial strains isolated from patients with respiratory tract infections in 2007 were colle ... | 2011 | 20839026 |
| risk factors for otitis media in children with special emphasis on the role of colonization with bacterial airway pathogens: the generation r study. | acute otitis media is the most frequent diagnosis in children visiting physicians' offices. risk factors for otitis media have been widely studied. yet, the correlation between bacterial carriage and the development of otitis media is not entirely clear. our aim was to study in a population-based prospective cohort the risk factors for otitis media in the second year of life with special emphasis on the role of colonization with streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella cata ... | 2011 | 20821039 |
| sepsis with prolonged hypotension due to moraxella osloensis in a non-immunocompromised child. | we report a case of septicaemia with prolonged, refractory hypotension related to moraxella osloensis isolated in a non-immunocompromised paediatric patient. | 2011 | 20829400 |
| comparative analyses of the moraxella catarrhalis type-iv pilus structural subunit pila. | moraxella catarrhalis is a gram-negative aerobic diplococcus that is a mucosal pathogen of the upper and lower respiratory tracts in humans. in order to colonize the human host and establish an infection, m. catarrhalis must be able to effectively attach to the respiratory mucosal epithelia. although little is known about m. catarrhalis pathogenesis, our laboratory has previously shown that expression of type iv pili (tfp) contributes to mucosal colonization. tfp are filamentous surface appendag ... | 2011 | 21256201 |
| time-kill activity of the streptogramin nxl 103 against gram-positive and -negative bacteria. | against 33 gram-positive and -negative bacteria, nxl 103 mics were 0.03 to 1 μg/ml. nxl 103 was bactericidal by 12 h at 2 × mic against all 5 pneumococci and at 2 × mic after 24 h against all 5 group a and b β-hemolytic streptococci. nxl 103 was bactericidal against all 8 haemophilus influenzae strains at 2 × mic and all 5 moraxella catarrhalis strains at 4 × mic after 24 h but was mainly bacteriostatic against 5 methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus strains. after the exposure of one stra ... | 2011 | 21245439 |
| intragenomic and intraspecific heterogeneity of the 16s rrna gene in seven bacterial species from the respiratory tract of cystic fibrosis patients assessed by pcr-temporal temperature gel electrophoresis. | 16s rrna gene-based cultivation-independent methods are increasingly used to study the diversity of microbiota during health and disease. one bias of these methods is the variability of 16s rrna gene that may exist among strains of a same species (intraspecific heterogeneity) or between rrs copies in a genome (intragenomic heterogeneity). we evaluated the level of intraspecific and intragenomic 16s rdna variability in seven species frequently encountered in respiratory tract samples in cystic fi ... | 2011 | 21621347 |
| multistep resistance development studies of ceftaroline in gram-positive and -negative bacteria. | ceftaroline, the active component of the prodrug ceftaroline fosamil, is a novel broad-spectrum cephalosporin with bactericidal activity against gram-positive and -negative isolates. this study evaluated the potential for ceftaroline and comparator antibiotics to select for clones of streptococcus pneumoniae, streptococcus pyogenes, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, klebsiella pneumoniae, staphylococcus aureus, and enterococcus faecalis with elevated mics. s. pneumoniae and s. pyoge ... | 2011 | 21343467 |
| antibiogram pattern of moraxella catarrhalis isolates in acute exacerbation chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. | 2011 | 21346354 | |
| effects of bacterial infection on airway antimicrobial peptides and proteins in copd. | pathogenic bacteria colonize the airways of 30% to 40% of patients with copd and cause approximately 50% of exacerbations. new strains of nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) and moraxella catarrhalis are associated with exacerbations. antimicrobial protein/peptides (amps) play important roles in innate lung defense against pathogens. to our knowledge, the changes in amp baseline levels in respiratory secretions during bacterial colonization and exacerbation have not been described. the obj ... | 2011 | 21349930 |
| microbiology of sinusitis. | most sinus infections are viral, and only a small proportion develops a secondary bacterial infection. rhinoviruses, influenza viruses, and parainfluenza viruses are the most common causes of sinusitis. the most common bacteria isolated from pediatric and adult patients with community-acquired acute purulent sinusitis are streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, and streptococcus pyogenes. staphylococcus aureus and anaerobic bacteria (prevotella and porphyromonas, ... | 2011 | 21364226 |
| clinical and microbiological evaluation of hemodialysis-associated pneumonia (hdap): should hdap be included in healthcare-associated pneumonia? | although hemodialysis-associated pneumonia (hdap) was included among the healthcare-associated pneumonias (hcap) in the 2005 american thoracic society (ats)/infectious diseases society of america (idsa) guideline, little information relevant to clinical epidemiology, especially microbiological characteristics, is available. this study aimed to reveal microbiological characteristics and clinical outcomes of hdap and to assess whether hdap should be included in the hcap category. we retrospectivel ... | 2011 | 21369775 |