| selenium-enriched medium for legionella pneumophila. | we found that sodium selenate added to f-g cysteine iron agar enhanced the growth of legionella pneumophila (philadelphia 1 strain), with visible colonies at 18 h of incubation. the optimum enhancement of growth was found to occur at a concentration of 5 to 10 microgram of selenium per ml as sodium selenate; enhanced growth, up to 22 times the number of colonies on f-g cysteine iron agar without selenate, was observed at 36 h. | 1980 | 7419699 |
| [severe pneumopathy with serology positive for legionella pneumophila]. | | 1980 | 7422494 |
| susceptibility of legionella pneumophila to twenty antimicrobial agents. | thirty-three isolates of legionella pneumophila, all except one of which were clinical isolates, were tested against 20 antimicrobial agents by using an agar dilution technique. erythromycin, rifamp]in, and rosaramycin were the most active agents tested. aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, and cefoxitin also inhibited the organisms at low concentrations. other agents, including moxalactam, cefoperazone, and cephalosporins, exhibited moderate to little activity. tetracycline, doxycycline and minocy ... | 1980 | 7425611 |
| a plasmid in legionella pneumophila. | sixteen strains from the six serogroups of legionella pneumophila were examined for the presence of extrachromosomal genetic elements by a modified cleared lysate procedure, dye-buoyant centrifugation, and agarose gel electrophoresis. two strains, atlanta-1 and atlanta-2 from serogroup ii, each contained a plasmid of cryptic function with a molecular weight of ca. 30 megadaltons. | 1980 | 7429628 |
| antimicrobial susceptibility of legionella pneumophila serogroups i--iv. | strains of legionella pneumophila from 10 geographic areas were evaluated for their in vitro susceptibility to 14 antimicrobial agents. included in this study were clinical and environmental isolates as well as strains from all 4 known serogroups. the minimal inhibitory concentration was established by agar dilution with a steers replicator. the inhibitory index was then calculated considering the mean peak serum level for the associated antibiotic. rifampicin, cefoxitin, chloramphenicol, ticarc ... | 1980 | 7433921 |
| rapid development of massive pleural effusion in legionnaires' disease. | the rapid development of a massive exudative pleural effusion was documented in a case of legionnaires' disease. this clinical event can be considered an established though unusual feature of the widening clinical spectrum of infection by legionella pneumophila. | 1980 | 7434053 |
| cold agglutinin disease in a patient with legionnaires' disease. | we present a case of legionnaires' disease complicated by cold agglutinin disease. therapy with erythromycin gluceptate was associated with resolution of both the pneumonia and the hemolysis. complement-fixing antibody levels to mycoplasma pneumoniae, influenza a, and adenoviruses were measured repeatedly throughout the clinical illness and were persistently nondiagnostic. the cold agglutinin present in the patient's serum was characterized as an igm that demonstrated anti-i specificity. thus, l ... | 1980 | 7436651 |
| legionella pneumophila serotype 3. a newly recognized pathogen. | | 1980 | 7436653 |
| background prevalence of microagglutination antibodies to legionella pneumophila serogroups 1, 2, 3, and 4. | the background prevalence of microagglutination antibodies to legionella pneumophila was determined by testing the sera of 517 individuals who lived or worked in a small iowa town. in this population, the upper limit of normal microagglutination titer for serogroups 1, 3, and 4 was 1:16, and that for serogroup 2 was 1:8. the prevalence of microagglutination titers of greater than or equal to 1:32 against any serogroup of l. pneumophila was only 7.4% and did not vary significantly with age or sex ... | 1980 | 7439997 |
| legionella pneumophila: growth inhibition by human pharyngeal flora. | several bacterial isolated from human pharyngeal cultures specifically inhibited the growth of legionella pneumophila. the inhibitory substance from two strains (streptococcus species 1-3 and staphylococcus saprophyticus kc) was isolated from a broth supernatant. the inhibitor was active against all strains of l. pneumophilia tested, including five strains of l. pneumophila serogroup 1 and one strain each of serogroups 2, 3, and 4. the substance did not inhibit growth of 18 fresh clinical and la ... | 1980 | 7441002 |
| antibiotic-induced filament formation of legionella pneumophila. | | 1980 | 7446496 |
| pyelonephritis associated with legionella pneumophila, serogroup 4. | a patient with bladder carcinoma metastatic to lung and brain died of pneumonia. autopsy examination showed a confluent bronchopneumonia with several small abscesses and acute pyelonephritis with abscess formation. legionella pneumophila, serogroup 4, was isolated in pure culture from lung tissue postmortem and was also shown by direct immunofluorescence in the kidney and spleen. in the kidney, the organism was noted in areas of acute pyelonephritis. this represents the first case of an extratho ... | 1980 | 7447190 |
| preliminary report on the pathogenicity of legionella pneumophila for freshwater and soil amoebae. | legionella pneumophila, the causative organism of legionnaires' disease, is pathogenic for free living, ubiquitous, freshwater, and soil amoebae of the genera acanthamoeba and naegleria. some species support the growth of strains from serogroups 1 to 6, others only strains from certain serogroups. initial studies with seeded material indicate that amoebal enrichment could be utilised for the isolation of legionellae from clinical specimens and natural habitats. it is suggested that a vacuole, or ... | 1980 | 7451664 |
| ultrathin needle aspiration of the lung in infectious and malignant disease. | fifty patients with either malignant (n = 25) or infectious/inflammatory (n = 25) chest lesions had lung aspirations using ultrathin needles, 24 to 25 gauge. the procedure's overall sensitivity was 87%, and the specificity was 100%. the diagnostic yield was 90% (9/10) from peripheral malignant coin lesions, 100% (3/3) from malignant cavities, and 42% (5/12) from infected, nonmalignant cavities. antimicrobial therapy probably contributed to poor microbiologic results in the latter group. twenty-t ... | 1981 | 7458076 |
| seroepidemiology of legionella pneumophila. a study of adults from memphis, tennessee, u. s. a. | sera of 1,000 adults (aged 50 to 104) from memphis, tennessee were tested by the microagglutination procedure for antibodies to legionella pneumophila (philadelphia 1 strain). of the 1,000 sera tested, 53 (5.3%) had titers of 1:16 or greater to l. pneumophila. | 1981 | 7468524 |
| legionnaires' disease among pneumonias in iowa (fy 1972-1978) ii. epidemiologic and clinical features of 30 sporadic cases of l. pneumophila infection. | we reviewed retrospectively the clinical records of 30 cases of sporadic legionella pneumophila infection that occurred in iowa between fy 1972 and 1978. cases occurred throughout the year, most between may and december. twenty-one male patients and 9 female patients ranging in age from 5-80 years were infected. half the patients smoked or had an underlying illness; five were receiving corticosteroids or immunosuppressive therapy. occupations and exposures related to hospitals, construction and ... | 1981 | 7468637 |
| sporadic legionellosis in the united states: the first thousand cases. | as of 30 september 1979, 1005 confirmed cases of sporadic legionellosis caused by legionella pneumophila serogroups 1 to 4 in u.s. residents had been reported to the centers for disease control; 19% were fatal. all but 2% of the 1005 cases were associated with pneumonia documented by chest radiograph. about 75% of the cases occurred in june through october. the risk of acquiring sporadic legionellosis was increased among males and persons 50 years or older; persons with renal disease necessitati ... | 1981 | 7469207 |
| isolation of legionella pneumophila from hospital shower heads. | legionella pneumophila serogroup 6 was isolated from nine of 16 shower heads in a chicago hospital ward where three patients had contracted legionnaires' disease caused by serogroup 6 l. pneumophila. each patient had showered there 2 to 10 days before the onset of disease symptoms. we also isolated the bacteria in two other hospitals, and found the same serogroups as had been causing legionnaires' disease in those hospitals: serogroup 1 in pittsburgh and serogroups 1 and 4 in los angeles. howeve ... | 1981 | 7469211 |
| inhibitory and bactericidal activities of levofloxacin, ofloxacin, erythromycin, and rifampin used singly and in combination against legionella pneumophila. | the susceptibilities of 56 legionella pneumophila isolates (43 clinical and 15 environmental isolates) to levofloxacin, ofloxacin, erythromycin, and rifampin were studied with buffered charcoal yeast extract (bcye) agar (inoculum, 10(4) cfu per spot), and the susceptibilities of five isolates were studied with buffered yeast extract (bye) broth (inoculum, 10(5) cfu/ml). the mics inhibiting 90% of strains tested on bcye agar were 0.125, 0.25, 1.0, and < or = 0.004 micrograms/ml for levofloxacin, ... | 1995 | 7486896 |
| intergenic 16s rrna gene (rdna)-23s rdna sequence length polymorphisms in members of the family legionellaceae. | a method based on pcr amplification of the 16s rrna gene (rdna)-23s rdna intergenic regions was developed for the identification of species within the family legionellaceae. the sizes of the pcr products varied from 1,353 to 350 bp. strains of legionella pneumophila were characterized as having products of approximately 900 and 530 bp, and l. birminghamensis had products of 1,390, 960, and 380 bp. of the 38 species of legionellae examined, only 7 were indistinguishable (l. erythra from l. rubril ... | 1995 | 7494031 |
| community-acquired pneumonia: is there difference in etiology between hospitalized and out-patients? | since march 1991 a prospective 1-year study of patients with community-acquired, radiologically verified, pneumonia (cap) was performed at the divisione pneumologica, ospedali riuniti bergamo, and at the centro pneumo-allergologico, bergamo, italy. the study included 119 out-patients and 60 in-patients, with a median age of 37.4 and 49.8 years respectively. there were not statistically significant differences between the patients included with respect to the various months. the most common under ... | 1995 | 7501224 |
| delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol injection induces cytokine-mediated mortality of mice infected with legionella pneumophila. | delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (thc) injection modulates immune cell function, but the significance of this in altering host resistance to infection is not understood. in addition, exposure to thc and other drugs of abuse during infection is associated with an acute mortality syndrome. we examined the effect of thc injection on the survival of mice infected with legionella pneumophila (lp). mice given two injections of thc (8 mg/kg)-one 24 hr before and the second 24 hr after a sublethal lp infect ... | 1993 | 7504099 |
| miocamycin. a review of its antimicrobial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic potential. | miocamycin is an orally administered 16-membered macrolide antimicrobial drug. it has a spectrum of in vitro activity similar to that of erythromycin, inhibiting a range of gram-positive and gram-negative organisms, atypical microbes and some anaerobes. importantly, miocamycin demonstrates greater in vitro potency than erythromycin against several pathogens including legionella pneumophila, mycoplasma hominis, and ureaplasma urealyticum. equally noteworthy is its activity against erythromycin-re ... | 1993 | 7506653 |
| characterization of mip proteins of legionella pneumophila. | the mip ('macrophage infectivity potentiator') protein of legionella pneumophila has been shown to be an essential virulence factor, exhibiting peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase (ppiase) activity that can be inhibited by the immunosuppressant fk506. the cloning and sequencing of mip genes from three different l. pneumophila strains revealed a single amino acid substitution which did not affect the isomerase property of the enzyme. mip proteins isolated from two wild-type l. pneumophila strains ... | 1994 | 7516906 |
| nitric oxide has an immunoregulatory role other than antimicrobial activity in legionella pneumophila infected macrophages. | | 1994 | 7521603 |
| a homodimer represents an active species of the peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase fkbp25mem from legionella pneumophila. | the molecular mass of the native fk506-binding peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase (ppiase) fkbp25mem from legionella pneumophila (mip (macrophage infectivity potentiator) protein) was determined by two methods. by gel-permeation chromatography we found no indication of the presence of the monomeric enzyme. however, an oligomeric state with a molecular mass of about 62 kda was detected. by cross-linking with dimethyl pimelimidate and subsequent sds-page of either the surface proteins of intact l ... | 1994 | 7523184 |
| immunophilins: structure-function relationship and possible role in microbial pathogenicity. | immunophilins are housekeeping proteins present in a wide variety of organisms. members of two protein superfamilies, cyclophilins (cyps) and fk506-binding proteins (fkbps) belong to this class of immunophilins. despite the fact that the amino acid sequences of cyp and fkbps do not exhibit noticeable homology to each other, proteins of both classes are able to ligate immunosuppressive peptide derivatives. cyps form complexes with the cyclic undercapeptide cyclosporin a and fkbps are able to bind ... | 1993 | 7526121 |
| roxithromycin. an update of its antimicrobial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use. | roxithromycin is a derivative of the macrolide antibacterial erythromycin with in vitro antibacterial activity resembling that of the parent compound. the drug has activity against some staphylococcus spp., many streptococcus spp., moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis, mycoplasma pneumoniae, legionella pneumophila and chlamydia trachomatis as well as many less common organisms. measured using recently proposed guidelines, roxithromycin has in vitro activity against haemophilus influenzae. in comp ... | 1994 | 7527329 |
| epidemiological typing of legionella pneumophila with ribotyping. report of two clinical cases. | the ribotyping method, adapted to the strains of legionella pneumophila in our possession, was tested in two separate cases of legionellosis and in the associated finding of legionella pneumophila in the water, from different sources, with which these patients had come into contact. determination of the serogroup enabled us to carry out a preliminary analysis of the strains, which was then confirmed by application of the ribotyping procedure: the ribosomal profile of the strains found in the two ... | 1994 | 7532136 |
| detection of mip-like sequences and mip-related proteins within the family rickettsiaceae. | the mip surface protein, a prokaryotic analog of the fk506-binding proteins, enhances the ability of legionella pneumophila to infect macrophages and protozoa. using mip-specific probes and low-stringency southern hybridizations, we have detected dna sequences homologous to mip within coxiella burnetii and rochalimaea quintana. using specific anti-mip antisera and immunoblot analysis, we also detected mip-related proteins within these bacteria as well as within rickettsia and ehrlichia species. ... | 1995 | 7532505 |
| in situ identification of legionellaceae using 16s rrna-targeted oligonucleotide probes and confocal laser scanning microscopy. | bacteria of the family legionellaceae form a monophyletic group within the gamma-subclass of proteobacteria. based on comparative sequence analysis we constructed two oligonucleotide probes complementary to regions of 16s rrna characteristic for legionellaceae. probe specificities were tested by whole-cell or dot-blot hybridization against 14 serogroups of legionella pneumophila, 22 different legionella spp. and 72 non-legionellae reference strains. using optimized conditions both probes hybridi ... | 1995 | 7534589 |
| monoclonal antibodies to legionella mip proteins recognize genus- and species-specific epitopes. | monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against the virulence-associated mip protein of legionella spp. were raised by immunizing balb/c mice with (i) legionella pneumophila, (ii) legionella micdadei, and (iii) purified recombinant native mip protein cloned from l. pneumophila philadelphia 1. following screening of seeded wells by immunoblot analysis with homologous antigens, eight mip-specific mabs were found. these mabs were chosen to investigate the antigenic diversity of mip proteins in the genus legio ... | 1995 | 7535177 |
| restriction fragment length polymorphism of rrna genes for molecular typing of members of the family legionellaceae. | typing of legionella pneumophila remains important in the investigation of outbreaks of legionnaires' disease and in the control of organisms contaminating hospital water. we found that the discriminatory power of a nonradioactive ribotyping method could be improved by combining results obtained with four restriction enzymes (hindiii, ncii, clai, and psti). fifty-eight clinical and environmental l. pneumophila strains including geographically unrelated as well as epidemiologically connected isol ... | 1995 | 7536215 |
| escherichia coli and other species of the enterobacteriaceae encode a protein similar to the family of mip-like fk506-binding proteins. | a newly identified gene in escherichia coli, fkpa, encodes a protein with extensive similarity to the macrophage infectivity potentiator (mip) proteins of legionella pneumophila and chlamydia trachomatis. the fkpa protein may be a new member of the family of fk506-binding proteins (fkbps) because its carboxyl domain includes a sequence that matches the consensus fk506-binding motif in 40 of 48 positions, including those amino acids at the active site that form hydrogen bonds with the drug fk506. ... | 1995 | 7540828 |
| immunoblot cross-reactions among rickettsia, proteus spp. and legionella spp. in patients with mediterranean spotted fever. | sera from patients suffering from mediterranean spotted fever (i.e. an infection due to rickettsia conorii) were studied by immunoblot to investigate cross-reactivity. a prevalence of igm antibodies to proteus ox 19, proteus ox 2, to the rickettsia typhus group, to legionella pneumophila serovars 4 and 5, to l. bozemanii wiga and to l. micdadei tatlock was found. western blot confirmed that the antibodies were directed against the lipopolysaccharide as demonstrated by proteinase k digestion of t ... | 1995 | 7541270 |
| enzyme-linked immunoassay for detection of pcr-amplified dna of legionellae in bronchoalveolar fluid. | a nonradioactive method is described that detects 10 to 100 legionellae in 1 ml of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. dna is purified by a proteinase k-phenol protocol or with a commercial dna preparation kit and amplified by pcr with amplimers specific for the 16s rrna gene of legionella pneumophila. the upstream primer is 5' biotinylated. the amplification product is immobilized on streptavidin-coated microtiter plates. because of the high binding capacity, no removal of nonincorporated biotin from ... | 1995 | 7542266 |
| molecular characterization of a virulence-associated epitope on the lipopolysaccharide of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1. | for identification of lipopolysaccharide (lps)-associated epitopes of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1, lps of strain philadelphia 1 was investigated using monoclonal antibodies (mabs). the o-specific chain of lps is a homopolymer of 5-acetamidino-7-acetamido-8-o-acetyl-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxy-d-glycero- l-galacto- nonulosonic acid. at least four immunoaccessible epitopes were recognized by different mabs on the intact lps. after o-deacetylation of lps, the reactivity of one of the mabs (mab 3/1) w ... | 1995 | 7543861 |
| chemically defined medium for legionella pneumophila growth. | a chemically defined medium containing 18 amino acids, inorganic salts, rhamnose, choline, and ferric pyrophosphate has been developed. the final concentrations of salts and amino acids were modeled after yeast extract. this medium supported the growth of four serogroups of legionella pneumophila. growth in shake cultures at 37 degrees c produced a lag time of approximately 5 h and a generation time of 4 h with a maximum growth yield of 10 9 colony-forming units per ml. a soluble brown pigment w ... | 1981 | 7462408 |
| hippurate hydrolysis by legionella pneumophila. | strains of legionella pneumophila were shown to hydrolyze sodium hippurate in an overnight test system, but strains of l. bozemanii, l. micdadei, l. dumoffii, and some other organisms similar to the legionellae did not. although only a small number of strains of legionellae other than l. pneumophila have been classified and tested, the results indicate that the hippurate hydrolysis test may prove useful for differentiating among legionella species. | 1981 | 7462418 |
| serogroup-specific and serogroup-cross-reactive epitopes of legionella pneumophila. | a panel of monoclonal antibodies was used to serotype 343 legionella pneumophila isolates, using the indirect immunofluorescence test and elisa. in addition, the isolates were typed by means of absorbed rabbit antisera to provide a reference procedure. as shown by a comparison of reaction patterns, serogroup-specific monoclonal antibodies were found for serogroups 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, and 10. monoclonal subtypes were found to exist within serogroups 1, 2, 5, and 6. using the monoclonal antibody ... | 1994 | 7528581 |
| spatial learning impairment in mice infected with legionella pneumophila or administered exogenous interleukin-1-beta. | the effect of interleukin-1 beta (il 1 beta) on spatial learning was examined. in one experiment, c57bl/6 mice were given daily injections (100 ng/mouse) of recombinant murine il1 beta prior to training on the morris water maze. in another experiment, mice were infected with a sublethal dose of a gram-negative bacterium (legionella pneumophila; lp). mice rendered ill by the infection were given either anti-il1 beta antibodies (100 micrograms/mouse) or saline and then trained on the water maze. r ... | 1995 | 7549035 |
| small-angle x-ray solution scattering study on the dimerization of the fkbp25mem from legionella pneumophila. | the dimerization of the fk506-binding peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans-isomerase (ppiase) fkbp25mem (mip (macrophage infectivity potentiator) protein) from legionella pneumophila was studied by small-angle x-ray solution scattering. a value of 44 kda, independent on the protein concentration between 2 and 13 mg/ml, confirming that fkbp25mem is a dimer was found for the molecular mass of the protein. the radius of gyration of the protein is 3.3 nm and the porod volume 87 nm3. a model of the shape of fkb ... | 1995 | 7556662 |
| [genomic dna fingerprints of legionella pneumophila serogroup 2 strains as an epidemiologic marker]. | using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, dna fingerprints of eleven legionella pneumophila isolates of serogroup 2 were generated. it was shown that two strains from a patient suffering from pneumonia as well as three environmental strains isolated from the shower in the hotel where the patient stayed 5 days before his illness were identical. six strains of the same serogroup isolated from other sources were clearly separated. thus, dna fingerprints by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis are excelle ... | 1995 | 7558118 |
| combined therapy with co-amoxiclav and erythromycin against intracellular legionella pneumophila in cell culture and in an experimental respiratory infection in neutropenic rats. | | 1995 | 7559201 |
| comparison of culture methods for monitoring legionella species in hospital potable water systems and recommendations for standardization of such methods. | a lack of standardization of environmental monitoring techniques for legionella spp. complicates the interpretation of results and comparisons of results from different institutions. a comparative assessment of techniques recommended by the centers for disease control and prevention, the hygiene institute (graz, austria), and our laboratory was performed. variables investigated were sampling method (swabbing and collection of water samples [250 ml] before and after swabbing), method of concentra ... | 1995 | 7559959 |
| diagnosis of legionella pneumophila infection by polymerase chain reaction. | we examined the application of the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for the diagnosis of legionellosis. eight intratracheal aspirates were collected from a patient with pneumonia caused by legionella pneumophila serogroup 2, and serial 10-fold dilutions of the samples were obtained. two samples were positive for l. pneumophila by the direct fluorescent antibody (dfa) method down to a 10(-2) concentration, and one was positive down to a 10(-4) concentration. pcr was positive for all eight samples, ... | 1995 | 7578732 |
| subtyping of legionella pneumophila isolates by arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction. | arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (ap-pcr) was used to differentiate strains of legionella pneumophila isolated from different water sources in a resort hotel in benidorm, alicante, spain, where an outbreak of legionnaires' disease occurred among a group of tourists between 65 and 80 years of age. all isolates were l. pneumophila serogroup 1, subtype pontiac (knoxville 1). five different patterns (p1 to p5) were obtained by ap-pcr. the number of bands per pattern varied between 4 and ... | 1995 | 7585361 |
| cloning and transcription regulation of the ferric uptake regulatory gene of campylobacter jejuni tgh9011. | a campylobacter jejuni (cj) tgh9011 (atcc 43431) gene homologous to the escherichia coli ferric uptake regulatory gene (fur) has been cloned and characterized. cj fur encodes a polypeptide consisting of 157 amino acids (aa) (18.1 kda). the 5'-flanking region of the cj fur gene contains two putative catabolite activator protein (cap)-binding sequences and four fur boxes or fur-binding sequences (fbs), implicating camp and autogenous regulation respectively. a major and a minor transcription start ... | 1995 | 7590316 |
| influence of iron-limited continuous culture on physiology and virulence of legionella pneumophila. | a virulent strain of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1, subgroup pontiac, was grown in continuous culture at a constant growth rate under iron-replete and iron-limited conditions. iron limitation was achieved by the removal of ferrous sulfate and hemin from the chemically defined medium. residual contaminating iron, 0.45 microm, was sufficient to support iron-limited growth. typical iron-replete cultures metabolized 3.3 microm iron. serine provided the principal source of carbon and energy for ... | 1995 | 7591051 |
| influence of site specifically altered mip proteins on intracellular survival of legionella pneumophila in eukaryotic cells. | legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of legionnaires' disease, is able to survive intracellularly in eukaryotic cells such as monocytes, macrophages, and protozoan organisms. the mip (macrophage infectivity potentiator) protein represents a factor of l. pneumophila necessary for optimal intracellular survival. interestingly, mip belongs to the substance class of fk 506-binding proteins and exhibits peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase (ppiase) activity that can be inhibited by the immunosu ... | 1995 | 7591108 |
| association of flagellum expression and intracellular growth of legionella pneumophila. | we examined the role of the flagella of legionella pneumophila in the infection of amoebae and human monocyte-like cells. insertional mutants were constructed with mini-tn10. ten mutants (f-) which did not react with polyclonal l. pneumophila antiflagellar antisera were identified. ten randomly selected mutants (f+) that did react with the polyclonal antiflagellar antiserum were also identified. the infectivity of these 20 mutants in hartmannella vermiformis and human u937 cells was characterize ... | 1995 | 7591159 |
| antibody-independent binding of complement component c1q by legionella pneumophila. | incubation of legionella pneumophila philadelphia 1 in normal human serum depleted of either classical-pathway component c1q or alternative-pathway component factor b resulted in activation of the complement system. experiments focused on the role of the classical pathway in complement activation revealed that legionellae bound c1q independently of antibody. purified preparations of l. pneumophila major outer membrane protein but not serogroup 1 lipopolysaccharide bound c1q independently of anti ... | 1995 | 7591161 |
| al072, a novel anti-legionella antibiotic produced by streptomyces sp. | al072 is a potent anti-legionella antibiotic produced by streptomyces strain al91. the compound was isolated from the fermentation broth with 1 volume of isopropyl alcohol, followed by an ethyl acetate extraction and subsequent concentration under reduced pressure. purification was performed on an octadecyl silica gel column followed by preparative hplc. al072 purified as mentioned above showed extremely specific activity only towards legionella pneumophila. no antibacterial activity against any ... | 1995 | 7592020 |
| aetiology of community-acquired pneumonia: a prospective study among adults requiring admission to hospital. | the prevalence of microorganisms causing community-acquired pneumonia in patients who required admission to hospital was investigated and the percentage of cases whose aetiology remained unknown due to the study design and logistical problems estimated. | 1995 | 7597669 |
| lgn1, a gene that determines susceptibility to legionella pneumophila, maps to mouse chromosome 13. | the intracellular pathogen legionella pneumophila is unable to replicate in macrophages derived from most inbred mouse strains. here, we report the mapping of a gene, called lgn1, that determines whether mouse macrophages are permissive for the intracellular replication of l. pneumophila. although lgn1 has been previously reported to map to mouse chromosome 15, we show here that it actually maps to chromosome 13, between d13mit128 and d13mit70. in the absence of any regional candidates for lgn1, ... | 1995 | 7607666 |
| correlation of mab subgroups with genotype in closely related legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 strains from a cooling tower. | legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 strains isolated from a cooling tower during the investigation of an outbreak of legionnaires' disease were shown previously to be related closely or indistinguishable by hybridisation-based restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. however, these strains could be differentiated into five different mab subgroups by comparison of their reactivity patterns with a recognised panel of monoclonal antibodies (mabs). pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) of ... | 1995 | 7608956 |
| [an outbreak of pontiac fever due to legionella pneumophila serogroup 7. i. clinical aspects]. | in august 1994, an epidemic of acute febrile illness occurred at the education center building of a company in shibuya-ku, tokyo. all 43 trainees attended in two groups and 2 staff members of the center fell ill. the 45 patients came to one of our hospitals in two groups, and 35 patients were treated. the patients were 4 males and 31 females, and the average age was 29.0 years. the duration until falling ill was 36 to 90 hours after entering the center. symptoms were fever, lumbago arthralgia, h ... | 1995 | 7616010 |
| [an outbreak of pontiac fever due to legionella pneumophila serogroup 7. ii. epidemiological aspects]. | from august 20 to 22, 1994, an outbreak of acute febrile illness occurred in a training center building of a company in shibuya-ku, tokyo. all 43 trainees attended in two groups and 2 center staffs were attacked. illness was self- limiting, generally lasting three days. though strains of legionellae, isolated from the water of the cooling tower located at the top of the building, were identified as legionella pneumophila by microplate dna-dna hybridization, they failed to agglutinate with antise ... | 1995 | 7616011 |
| treatment of legionella pneumophila lung abscess with clindamycin. | clindamycin was used to successfully treat a lung abscess caused by legionella pneumophila. the activity of clindamycin, erythromycin, and rifampin against cell-associated growth of l. pneumophila in human monocytes was determined by broth time-kill methodology. more killing of cell-associated growth of l. pneumophila was achieved with clindamycin than with erythromycin. synergy with rifampin was demonstrated with both erythromycin and clindamycin. | 1995 | 7619992 |
| reevaluation of the definition of legionnaires' disease: use of the urinary antigen assay. community based pneumonia incidence study group. | cases of legionnaires' disease have been categorized as definitive and presumptive. the sensitivity and specificity of antibody titers of > or = 256 and of urinary antigen ratios of > or = 3 were evaluated in 68 patients with "definitive" legionnaires' disease and in 636 patients with pneumonia who had negative cultures and did not have fourfold rises in titers of antibody to legionella pneumophila. an acute-phase antibody titer of > or = 256 did not discriminate between cases and noncases (10% ... | 1995 | 7620012 |
| characterization of a legionella micdadei mip mutant. | the pathogenesis of legionella micdadei is dependent upon its ability to infect alveolar phagocytes. to better understand the basis of intracellular infection by this organism, we examined the importance of its mip surface protein. in legionella pneumophila, mip promotes infection of both human macrophages and freshwater protozoa. southern hybridization and immunoblot analyses demonstrated that mip sequences were present and expressed within a panel of virulent l. micdadei strains. using allelic ... | 1995 | 7622203 |
| pneumonia with pleural effusion due to legionella pneumophila serogroup lansing 3. | we describe a case of pneumonia with pleural effusion due to legionella pneumophila serogroup lansing 3 in a human immunodeficiency virus-infected person. the 55-year-old man had been treated with immunosuppressive agents for hypersensitivity pneumonitis. | 1995 | 7628188 |
| environmental surveillance of legionella species in thailand. | legionellae was found in 57 per cent of 94 cooling towers and 21.8 per cent of 78 other environmental sources. these figures reveal that the existence of legionellae in cooling towers is more prevalent than that found in other environmental sources. legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 was the most prevalent organism among the legionellae found in cooling towers and other environmental sources. the recovery of legionellae in each province was seasonally independent and was found throughout the yea ... | 1995 | 7629446 |
| q-fever pneumonia in the negev region of israel: a review of 20 patients hospitalised over a period of one year. | three-hundred and forty-six patients with community acquired pneumonia were included in a prospective study of patients hospitalised over a 12-month period in the soroka medical center in beer-sheva, israel. q-fever pneumonia (qfp) was diagnosed in 20 patients (5.8%). a detailed epidemiological and clinical description of this disease, is presented. | 1995 | 7636279 |
| [legionella pneumophila in the hot water system of danish hospitals and institutions. a questionnaire study and a random sample test]. | hitherto, nosocomial epidemic outbreaks of legionnaire's disease have not been reported in denmark. only sporadic cases have been described. a survey of 75 danish hospitals concerning the dimensions and operation of the hot-water systems revealed that only 13% had a hot water tank temperature above the recommended 60 degrees c. temperatures of coldest tap water and of returning water were above 50 degrees c in only 31% and 24% respectively. twelve representative hospitals with 35 independent wat ... | 1995 | 7638914 |
| [nosocomial legionella pneumophila infection in a nephrology department]. | during the autumn and winter of 1993-94 four cases of legionellosis were diagnosed in a department of nephrology. three of the patients were kidney transplanted patients. two of the patients died. the diagnosis was based on positive culture in two patients and by positive urinary antigen test in the other two patients. serology was negative for all four patients. legionella pneumophila was initially found in the cold and hot shower water, in ice-water from the ice machine, from the hot water tan ... | 1995 | 7638915 |
| relationship between legionella spp. and antibody titres at a therapeutic thermal spa in portugal. | the presence of legionella spp. in the water of a portuguese spa was ascertained during the spa season, between may and november. simultaneously the prevalence of anti-legionella antibodies in people attending the spa was also investigated. the antibody titres of 172 randomly selected patients and 42 therapists were determined, and compared with a control group of 503 blood donors. legionellae were present in the spa water at low concentrations, generally lower than 10(3) c.f.u./l. a total of 92 ... | 1995 | 7641840 |
| in vivo regulation of replicative legionella pneumophila lung infection by endogenous tumor necrosis factor alpha and nitric oxide. | the in vivo role of endogenous tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha) and reactive nitrogen intermediates (rnis) in modulation of growth of legionella pneumophila in the lung was assessed using a murine model of replicative l. pneumophila lung infection. intratracheal inoculation of mice with l. pneumophila resulted in induction of endogenous tnf-alpha, which preceded clearance of l. pneumophila from the lung. inhibition of endogenous tnf-alpha activity, via in vivo administration of tnf-alpha ... | 1995 | 7642253 |
| association of legionella pneumophila with the macrophage endoplasmic reticulum. | legionella pneumophila replicates within a membrane-bounded compartment that is studded with ribosomes. in this study we investigated whether these ribosomes originate from the cytoplasmic pool or are associated with host endoplasmic reticulum (er). immunofluorescence and electron microscopic localization studies of er proteins in macrophages infected with l. pneumophila indicated that the bacteria reside in a compartment surrounded by er. an l. pneumophila mutant that grows slowly in macrophage ... | 1995 | 7642298 |
| precision and accuracy of recovery of legionella pneumophila from seeded tap water by filtration and centrifugation. | determination of the concentration of legionella pneumophila in environmental water sites may be useful for the prediction of the risk of a particular site's causing legionnaires' disease as well as for experimental studies of environmental growth or remediation. the precision and accuracy of recovery of two different l. pneumophila strains from seeded tap water samples were studied, with either filtration or centrifugation used to concentrate the bacteria. l. pneumophila grown on bcye alpha aga ... | 1995 | 7646019 |
| dna polymorphisms in strains of legionella pneumophila serogroups 3 and 4 detected by macrorestriction analysis and their use for epidemiological investigation of nosocomial legionellosis. | genomic dnas of clinical and environmental isolates of legionella pneumophila belonging to serogroups 3 and 4 were analyzed by macrorestriction analysis by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. the restriction enzymes sfii and noti allowed easy visual separation of epidemiologically unrelated serogroup 3 strains. three unrelated serogroup 3 strains that were isolated from different locations were identical by this genome mapping technique. five unrelated serogroup 4 strains were separable by this te ... | 1995 | 7646036 |
| [a case of legionella pneumophila pneumonia]. | legionella pneumophila is an uncommon cause of pneumonia, mainly in children. we present a case with aggressive disease and unfavourable outcome. the diagnosis was established by serum antibody detection and immunofluorescence and culture of a fragment of lung tissue obtained at necropsy. we focus the importance of this aetiology in nosocomial pneumonia and community-acquired pneumonia with an atypical evolution. the need for specific therapy and some preventive measures are also stressed. | 1995 | 7653292 |
| use of amplified fragment length polymorphism in molecular typing of legionella pneumophila and application to epidemiological studies. | a novel method for molecular typing of organisms, amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis, was tested for its suitability in epidemiological studies in medical microbiology. amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis, originally developed for typing crop plants, consists of a simple restriction-ligation reaction and a subsequent pcr amplification. in a single-step reaction, the genomic dna is digested and the restriction fragments are ligated to specially constructed adapters. pcr a ... | 1995 | 7665634 |
| combined monoclonal antibody typing, multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, soluble protein profiles and plasmid analysis of clinical and environmental legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 isolated in a portuguese hospital. | sixteen strains of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 isolated from patients and the environment at santa cruz hospital were examined using four typing methods. monoclonal antibodies showed that all the isolates belonged to subgroup pontiac and mainly to subtype allentown. with multilocus enzyme electrophoresis nine subtypes (ets) were revealed; each strain had the same profile with electrophoresis of soluble proteins, and plasmid analysis revealed that only two of the strains studied contained ... | 1995 | 7673683 |
| electric showers as a control measure for legionella spp. in a renal transplant unit in são paulo, brazil. legionellosis study team. | after an outbreak of legionnaires' disease legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 in a renal transplant unit in são paulo, brazil, periodic hyperchlorination and flushing of pipes were instituted as control measures. these were only partially effective as every two to five months water cultures turned positive or new cases of the disease occurred. in november 1993 the hot water was disconnected from the unit and small, plastic electric showers were installed in each bathroom. over a period of 12 mon ... | 1995 | 7673686 |
| legionella pneumophila-induced visual learning impairment reversed by anti-interleukin-1 beta. | infecting mice with the opportunistic intracellular pathogen legionella pneumophila markedly inhibited place learning of infected c57bl/6 mice as determined by the morris water maze test. mice infected with l. pneumophila evinced much less ability to learn the position of a hidden platform than did normal noninfected mice, which quickly learned the location of the hidden platform and escaped from the cool water of the pool with increasing efficiency. however, infected mice treated with anti-inte ... | 1995 | 7675801 |
| chlamydia trachomatis mip-like protein has peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase activity that is inhibited by fk506 and rapamycin and is implicated in initiation of chlamydial infection. | the mip-like protein of chlamydia trachomatis has sequence similarity with both the mip protein of legionella pneumophila, a virulence factor necessary for optimal intracellular infection, and fk506-binding proteins (fkbps) of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic origin. fkbps contain a site for peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase activity, which is blocked upon binding of the drugs, fk506 or rapamycin. in this paper we report that the recombinant chlamydial mip-like protein exhibits a peptidyl-proly ... | 1993 | 7682281 |
| treatment of legionnaires' disease. current recommendations. | legionnaires' disease is a relatively common cause of community-acquired pneumonia and of some outbreaks of hospital-acquired pneumonia. moreover, legionella pneumophila is frequently involved in the aetiology of the subset of pneumonias that is characterised by severe clinical course and high mortality. no sure clinical, radiographical or analytical features are useful in differentiating legionella infection from other aetiologies of pneumonia. on the basis of these data, a rational initial the ... | 1993 | 7691508 |
| [molecular typing of legionella for determining the source of infection]. | the ubiquitous occurrence of legionellae requires an exact typing of isolated strains in order to demonstrate the source of infection. monoclonal antibodies, analysis of genomic and plasmid dnas, and the typing of alloenzymes are suitable for this purpose. typing of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 strains by using monoclonal antibodies was found to be a rapid and adequate method. other serogroups of l. pneumophila and non-pneumophila species are of considerably less antigenic diversity, so th ... | 1995 | 7698807 |
| occurrence of legionellae in hot water distribution systems of finnish apartment buildings. | the occurrence of legionellae in the hot water distribution systems of 67 buildings located in different parts of finland was studied. most of the buildings were apartment buildings. they had different hot water temperatures, and some received their cold potable water from surface water plants and some from ground water plants. hot water samples were taken from taps, showers, and water mains just before and after the heat exchanger. legionella pneumophila was isolated from 30% of the distributio ... | 1994 | 7704835 |
| potable water and nosocomial legionnaires' disease--check water from all rooms in which patient has stayed. | we studied 7 patients with nosocomial legionnaires' disease to determine the relationship between isolates of legionella pneumophila recovered from potable water and those recovered from patients. potable water was cultured from all rooms in which patients had stayed prior to the diagnosis of legionnaires' disease. the 38 isolates of l. pneumophila (31 environmental, 7 patient) were resolved into 9 distinct patterns by pulse-field gel electrophoresis (pfge), 3 by plasmid content and 2 each with ... | 1995 | 7705490 |
| effect of monensin on the invasiveness and multiplication of legionella pneumophila. | the polyether antibiotic monensin exhibited bacteriostatic activity against a clinical isolate of legionella pneumophila in vitro. experiments designed to test the effect of the compound on the invasiveness and multiplication of l. pneumophila in hela cells showed that, in the presence of the antibiotic, legionellas that penetrated the cells did not multiply. however, monensin did not alter the characteristics of phagosomes that contained ingested legionellas. in the presence of monensin, infect ... | 1995 | 7707335 |
| acute exacerbations of asthma in adults: role of chlamydia pneumoniae infection. | respiratory infections precipitate wheezing in many asthmatic patients and may be involved in the aetiopathogenesis of asthma. several studies have demonstrated that viral infections may provoke asthma. bacterial infections seem to play a minor role. however, chlamydia pneumoniae has been recently reported as a possible cause of asthma. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of c. pneumoniae infection in acute exacerbations of asthma in adults. seventy four adult out-patients with ... | 1994 | 7713198 |
| quantitative reverse transcription-pcr analysis of legionella pneumophila-induced cytokine mrna in different macrophage populations by high-performance liquid chromatography. | cytokine production in macrophages infected by bacteria is critical for the course of infection. however, it is not known how infection of macrophages with opportunistic bacteria leads to cytokine production in different populations of cells. since it is possible that cytokine genes may be differentially regulated by attachment rather than by active infection, the levels of various cytokine mrnas were measured in alveolar macrophages (ams), peritoneal resident macrophages (rms), and peritoneally ... | 1995 | 7719907 |
| intracellular multiplication of legionella pneumophila in hl-60 cells functionally differentiated in response to 22-oxacalcitriol. | the agent 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d3 (d3) induces the differentiation of hl-60 human leukemia cells into functional monocyte-like cells that can support the intracellular multiplication of legionella pneumophila. 22-oxacalcitriol (oct), a synthetic analogue of d3, exhibits greater differentiation-inducing activity than d3 in wehi-3 mouse leukemia cells and has been suggested to be clinically more useful because of its lower hypercalcemic activity. the abilities of oct and d3 to induce the function ... | 1995 | 7722417 |
| detection of legionella dna in human and guinea pig urine samples by the polymerase chain reaction. | a detection system for legionella dna in urine samples based on the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was developed and tested on infected guinea pigs and patients suffering from pneumonia. results were compared with standard methods for diagnosis of legionnaires' disease. a primer system was selected which amplifies a 108 bp dna fragment of the 5s rrna gene. the sensitivity of the pcr system was one femtogram of extracted legionella dna. three methods were tested for pretreatment of urine samples ... | 1995 | 7729449 |
| regulation of macrophage activation and human immunodeficiency virus production by invasive salmonella strains. | salmonellae possess the ability to adhere to and invade macrophages and in so doing trigger a number of intracellular events that are associated with cellular activation. as an initial approach to defining the mechanisms by which invasive salmonellae alter macrophage function, we have explored the impact of salmonella infection on the production of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in u1 cells, a promonocytic cell line latently infected with the virus. infection of u1 cells with a pathogenic st ... | 1995 | 7729890 |
| isolation of a legionella pneumophila strain serologically distinguishable from all known serogroups. | a legionella pneumophila strain (jena-1) was isolated from a water sample collected from the hot water system of a scientific institution in jena, germany. protein profile, ubiquinone and fatty acid content of the outer membrane were in accordance with those described for other legionella pneumophila serogroups. dna extracted from strain jena-1 gave a positive amplification by using an l. pneumophila (mip)-specific commercially available pcr-kit confirming that the isolate belonged to the specie ... | 1995 | 7734827 |
| detection of mycobacterium tuberculosis in clinical specimens by polymerase chain reaction method. | an insertion sequence repeated multiple times in the chromosome of mycobacterium tuberculosis was used as a target for amplification using the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay for detecting mycobacterium tuberculosis in clinical specimens. the sequences of primers were 5'-cctgcgagcgtaggcgtcgg-3' (primer 1) and 5'-ctcgtccagcgccgcttcgg-3' (primer 2). one cycle of amplification consisted of denaturing at 94 degrees c for 2 min, primer annealing at 68 degrees c for 2 min, and extension at 72 de ... | 1995 | 7745303 |
| legionella contamination of dental-unit waters. | water samples collected from 28 dental facilities in six u.s. states were examined for the presence of legionella pneumophila and other legionella spp. by the pcr-gene probe, fluorescent-antibody microscopic, and viable-plate-count detection methods. the pcr and fluorescent-antibody detection methods, which detect both viable and viable nonculturable legionella spp., gave higher counts and rates of detection than the plate count method. by the pcr-gene probe detection method, legionella spp. wer ... | 1995 | 7747943 |
| characterisation of legionella pneumophila antigen in urine of guinea pigs and humans with legionnaires' disease. | to study and develop the urinary antigen detection assay, urine was obtained from aerosol infected guinea pigs. the appearance of legionella pneumophila antigen in guinea pig urine was then compared with that detected in urine from human legionnaires' disease (ld) cases. this study demonstrated that the antigen expressed in the experimental model of ld was of identical molecular weight, reacted almost identically in an elisa based assay and in western blots with the antigen found in human urine. ... | 1995 | 7751659 |
| [identification of legionella pneumophila strains by polymerase chain reaction method which isolated from cooling tower water]. | we studied the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method with 5 strains of legionella pneumophila serogroup 4, 7 strains of l. pneumophila serogroup 5, 7 strains of l. pneumophila ut and 15 strains of legionella like organisms (llo). we used mip-primers reported by mahbubani et al and leg-primers reported by starnbach et al. positive pcr results were obtained by all strains of l. pneumophila serogroup 4, l. pneamophila serogroup 5, l. pneumophila ut and 11 strains of llo using mip-primers. using le ... | 1995 | 7751740 |
| nosocomial legionellosis in three heart-lung transplant patients: case reports and environmental observations. | organ transplant recipients are at high risk of contracting legionnaires' disease in a hospital environment contaminated with legionellae. this study describes the first cases of culture-verified legionella infections with an established link to potable hospital water in denmark; three patients operated on at the cardiopulmonary transplant unit, rigshospitalet, copenhagen, became infected with legionellae. environmental and clinical isolates of legionella pneumophila serogroups 1 and 6 were inve ... | 1995 | 7758494 |
| detecting legionella pneumophila in water systems: a comparison of various dental units. | the authors sampled 194 dental units over a 44-month period to detect the presence of legionella pneumophila. they found l. pneumophila, usually in very low numbers, in 25 percent of the units over this time. however, higher counts were collected from 4 percent of the units, primarily from one model. the authors document colony counts collected from nine different models and those collected from air/water syringes vs. high-speed outlets, and they describe the effectiveness of disinfection. | 1995 | 7759685 |
| association of legionnaires' disease with construction: contamination of potable water? | to describe two cases of nosocomial legionellosis and discuss the epidemiology of this infection. | 1995 | 7759822 |
| random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) profiling of legionella pneumophila. | dna (rapd) profiling of legionella pneumophila by pcr can be used to provide a simple and efficient comparison of clinical and environmental isolates. rapd profiling is quicker and cheaper to perform than restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) typing, eliminating the need for blotting, hybridization and detection. for some isolates, rapd profiling is more discriminatory than rflp typing, being able to distinguish between isolates with identical rflp types. | 1994 | 7765393 |
| infectivity of legionella pneumophila mip mutant for alveolar epithelial cells. | legionella pneumophila can invade and grow within explanted alveolar epithelial cells. given its potential clinical significance, an examination of the molecular basis of epithelial cell infection was initiated. the mip gene encodes a 24-kilodalton surface protein that promotes macrophage infection and virulence. to determine whether this gene is required for pneumocyte infection, we tested a strain bearing a mip null mutation for its ability to infect both explanted type ii cells and type i-lik ... | 1995 | 7765898 |
| cross-reacting lipopolysaccharide antigens in legionella pneumophila serogroups 1 to 14. | immunological cross-reactions among legionella species were investigated with sonicated, proteinase k-digested cell lysates. the antigens separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were either analyzed for lipopolysaccharides (lpss) by silver staining or transferred to nitrocellulose membranes for serological characterization with rabbit antibodies directed against legionella pneumophila serogroups 1 and 5. when antiserum prepared against serogroup 5 was used to probe ... | 1995 | 7768596 |
| delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cytokines, and immunity to legionella pneumophila. | the major psychoactive component of marijuana, delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (thc), has been shown to suppress the functions of various immune cells. however, the relationship of these findings to thc-induced suppression of host resistance to infection has not been firmly established. in this report, we review the literature concerning thc's effects on cytokine production and resistance to infection with legionella pneumophila (lp). recent reports have linked thc-induced immunomodulation with dru ... | 1995 | 7777582 |
| [pleuropericarditis as the only manifestation of legionella pneumophila infection]. | pleural effusion caused by legionella is seen fairly frequently but is hardly ever of great clinical significance. pericardial involvement has been described only rarely. we present a case of pleuropericarditis as the only sign of infection by legionella pneumophila in a 66-years-old man with no prior history of disease. the patient came to the hospital with chest pain suggestive of pleurisy, low-grade fever, dry cough and dyspnea. the etiology was not suspected and the diagnosis was made retros ... | 1995 | 7788088 |