| immunological and biochemical relationships among flagella isolated from legionella pneumophila serogroups 1, 2, and 3. | flagella were isolated from virulent legionella pneumophila serogroups 1, 2, and 3. antiserum made against purified serogroups 1 flagellin agglutinated live, flagellated serogroups 1, 2, and 3 but not heat-killed or nonflagellated bacteria. a single line of identity was seen in immunodiffusion slides between the flagella isolated from the three serogroups and antibody to flagellin isolated from serogroups 1, 2, and 3. indirect immunoperoxidase staining showed that antibody to flagellin isolated ... | 1981 | 6792082 |
| simultaneous infection with legionella pneumophila and pittsburgh pneumonia agent. clinical features and epidemiologic implications. | nosocomial pneumonia caused simultaneously by two organisms, legionella pneumophila and the pittsburgh pneumonia agent, was documented in seven patients in one institution. in all seven cases, both organisms were demonstrated by isolation from culture or visualization by direct immunofluorescence. four patients died as a result of pneumonia, including two who received erythromycin therapy. the hospital water distribution system appeared to be the reservoir for both l. pneumophila and pittsburgh ... | 1983 | 6837589 |
| crossed immunoelectrophoretic analysis of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 antigens. | by crossed immunoelectrophoresis, 85 different antigens were demonstrated in sonicated preparations of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 (lp1). the precipitin patterns of 82 anodic-migrating antigens were numbered and were designated the lp1 reference system. eleven antigens were stable to boiling, and seven of these were shown to be surface antigens. one heat-stable surface antigen (antigen no. 61) was highly reactive with limulus amoebocyte lysates and formed a precipitin resembling lipopolys ... | 1983 | 6840845 |
| coinfections of mycoplasma pneumoniae and legionella pneumophila with influenza a virus. | serum samples from patients with documented influenza a virus infections were examined for antibodies to legionella pneumophila and mycoplasma pneumoniae to determine whether simultaneous or sequential infections with l. pneumophila and m. pneumoniae were complicating factors in influenza. when the frequency of copositivity of sera to influenza a virus and l. pneumophila was compared with the expected frequency for each infection alone, the difference was not statistically significant. however, ... | 1983 | 6826698 |
| changes in iron and transferrin levels and body temperature in experimental airborne legionellosis. | guinea pigs were infected with either 5 or 100 cfu of legionella pneumophila by aerosol exposure. between two and 10 days after infection, groups of animals were killed, and their lungs and spleen were removed and cultured quantitatively. l. pneumophila multiplied in the lungs and spread to the spleen; the organisms were cleared first from the spleen and then the lungs. significant changes were demonstrated in serum iron and transferrin levels and body temperature. the body temperature correlate ... | 1983 | 6827146 |
| [an epidemic of pneumonia caused by legionella pneumophila in a dutch hospital]. | | 1983 | 6835415 |
| an outbreak of legionnaires' disease in sweden: report of sixty-eight cases. | from august 27 to september 21, 1979, 58 patients fell ill with legionnaires' disease (ld) in the town västerås, sweden. all patients had been staying in the town some time during 2 weeks preceding their illness, as had 10 ld patients who fell ill from mid-june to mid-august the same year. clinically, high fever, headache, dizziness and gastrointestinal symptoms were dominating. respiratory symptoms were moderate, radiologically verified pneumonia was seen in 59 of 64 patients examined. one pati ... | 1983 | 6844878 |
| pneumonia and multiple lung abscesses caused by dual infection with legionella micdadei and legionella pneumophila. | an immunocompromised patient developed pneumonia in which both legionella micdadei and l. pneumophila, serogroup 6, were isolated from transtracheal aspirates in the absence of any other bacteria. unusual features included the development of disseminated intravascular coagulation and multiple pulmonary abscesses during treatment with erythromycin, and relapse of the legionellosis after extended therapy with both erythromycin and rifampin, which was heralded by septic shock. because simultaneous ... | 1983 | 6849535 |
| rapid diagnosis of legionnaires' disease by latex agglutination. | we developed a latex agglutination test to detect antigen(s) of serogroup 1 legionella pneumophila in urine and evaluated its ability to diagnose legionnaires' disease. antigen was detected in 46, or 70%, of 66 patients with serogroup 1 legionnaires' disease but in none of 51 patients with various bacteremic infections nor 60 with urinary tract infections. one of 50 patients with other pulmonary infections was antigen-positive, an immunosuppressed patient with pneumocystis carinii infection. sev ... | 1983 | 6846937 |
| susceptibilities of algae and legionella pneumophila to cooling tower biocides. | nine algal strains and nine legionella pneumophila strains were tested in laboratory culture for their susceptibility to inhibition by a variety of commercially available microbiocides. the responses ranged from ineffective to effective at 1/100 the manufacturers' recommended pulse doses. tests were also performed to determine whether the action of the microbiocide was bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal. | 1983 | 6859846 |
| agar microdroplet assay for delayed hypersensitivity to legionella pneumophila serogroup 1. | an agarose microdroplet technique was utilized to assess the cellular immunity of guinea pig lymphoid cells to legionella pneumophila antigen in vitro. both direct and indirect migration inhibition procedures were shown to be capable of detecting sensitization of guinea pigs to l. pneumophila antigens. animals injected with adjuvant alone or unrelated antigens did not yield spleen cells responsive to l. pneumophila, indicating the specificity of the response. migration inhibition factor inductio ... | 1983 | 6863501 |
| survival of virulent legionella pneumophila in aerosols. | aqueous suspensions of virulent legionella pneumophila grown on solid medium retained virulence and aerosol survival characteristics for several months. significant numbers of viable organisms were recovered from aerosols held at various relative humidities (r.h.) for up to 2 h. the organisms survived best at 65% r.h. and were least stable at 55% r.h. exponential phase broth-grown organisms survived poorly in aerosols in comparison with stationary phase broth cultures or organisms grown on solid ... | 1983 | 6863914 |
| intracellular multiplication of legionnaires' disease bacteria (legionella pneumophila) in human monocytes is reversibly inhibited by erythromycin and rifampin. | we have previously reported that virulent egg yolk-grown legionella pneumophila, philadelphia 1 strain, multiplies intracellularly in human blood monocytes and only intracellularly under tissue culture conditions. in this paper, we have investigated the effect of erythromycin and rifampin on l. pneumophila-monocyte interaction in vitro; erythromycin and rifampin are currently the drugs of choice for the treatment of legionnaires' disease. the intracellular multiplication of l. pneumophila is inh ... | 1983 | 6848556 |
| experimental infections of horses with legionella pneumophila. | attempts to infect horses with legionella pneumophila were undertaken to determine pathogenicity and to evaluate the possibility that horses serve as a reservoir for the organism. a previous study showed that the prevalence of antibodies to l pneumophila in the equine population exceeded 30% of over 600 sera examined. horses were infected experimentally with the philadelphia 1 or bloomington 2 strain of l pneumophila iv or by aerosolization. signs of clinical illness were restricted to a transie ... | 1983 | 6869962 |
| detection of legionella pneumophila antigen by elisa in urine or experimentally infected guinea-pigs. | guinea-pigs were experimentally infected with legionella pneumophila. l. pneumophila antigen was detected in urine samples by a double antibody sandwich elisa. urinary antigen was present from the beginning of the acute phase of the disease. in two out of five cases, this antigen was found with no antibody detectable in sera by indirect immunofluorescence staining. | 1983 | 6870084 |
| nosocomial legionnaires' disease uncovered in a prospective pneumonia study. | most hospitals have yet to record a case of nosocomial legionnaires' disease; the importance of isolation of legionella pneumophila in the water system of such an institution is unclear. we undertook a prospective pneumonia study in tandem at a veterans hospital where legionnaires' disease was known to be endemic and a community teaching hospital where legionnaires' disease had never been documented. legionella serological tests were performed on all patients with pneumonia; selective culture me ... | 1983 | 6854847 |
| ultrastructure of pulmonary alveoli and macrophages in experimental legionnaires' disease. | guinea pigs, rhesus monkeys and marmosets infected with legionella pneumophila in small particle aerosols developed an acute fibrinopurulent bronchopneumonia. changes from 24 hr included exudation into alveoli of protein-rich, often fibrinous fluid and many polymorphonuclear leucocytes (pmn) and macrophages. damage to alveolar capillary endothelium consisted of widespread cytoplasmic swelling and vesiculation, but necrosis of endothelium and the associated alveolar epithelium was focal and less ... | 1983 | 6854436 |
| electron microscopic examination of the inflammatory response of guinea pig neutrophils and macrophages to legionella pneumophila. | | 1983 | 6869091 |
| legionnaires' disease associated with a hospital water system: a cluster of 24 nosocomial cases. | over a 10-month period, 24 cases of legionnaires' disease pneumonia occurred among patients admitted to an iowa hospital, most of whom were immunosuppressed. eleven patients died. twenty-one patients were admitted to a recently completed hospital addition, 16 of these to a new hematology-oncology unit. legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 was isolated from the patients, water outlets, and hot water in the new addition. water quality variables in the hospital addition were adequate. shock chlorinat ... | 1983 | 6881771 |
| electrophoretic characterization of soluble protein extracts of legionella pneumophila and other members of the family legionellaceae. | the soluble peptides of strains of legionella pneumophila, tatlockia micdadei, fluoribacter bozemanae, fluoribacter dumoffii, and fluoribacter gormanii were studied by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. characteristic patterns were seen for legionella and tatlockia strains, whereas the patterns for the fluoribacter strains were variable as would be expected for this genetically heterogeneous group. grouping by peptide pattern was consistent with proposed taxons based on dna-dna homology. by usi ... | 1983 | 6874904 |
| hybridoma-derived monoclonal immunoglobulin m antibodies to legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 with diagnostic potential. | mouse hybridomas were isolated by fusing p3-x63-ag 8.653 myeloma cells with spleen cells from mice that had been repeatedly immunized with legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 organisms. in one fusion, three independent hybridoma cultures which secreted antibodies that reacted with the immunizing strain in the indirect immunofluorescent-antibody test were selected for cloning. representative continuously growing clones, one of each hybridoma, which remained stable in producing high-titer antibodie ... | 1983 | 6874913 |
| sporadic legionnaires' disease. a pathologic study of 23 fatal cases. | twenty-three fatal sporadic cases of serogroup 1 legionella pneumophila pneumonia have been analyzed. bilateral consolidating fibrinopurulent pneumonia was evident in most cases. in four leukopenic immunosuppressed subjects, and acute fibrinoserous pneumonia with a remarkable lack on inflammation was present. the bacterium was found at extrathoracic sites in 27% of the cases. involvement of the spleen (25%), bone marrow (13%), and kidneys (4.5%) suggests that hematogenous spread of the infection ... | 1981 | 6894076 |
| recommended precautions for patients with legionnaires' disease. | as diagnostic techniques for the identification of legionella species have become readily available, recognition of the pneumonic form of legionellosis has increased. in particular, cases of hospital-acquired legionella pneumophila are being identified and this has led to concern over possible person-to-person transmission. in most epidemiologic investigations where a source has been identified, water has been implicated. person-to-person transmission has not been convincingly documented. theref ... | 1982 | 6922835 |
| legionnaires' disease in wellington. | legionella pneumophila was demonstrated by serological immunocytological and histological techniques in a wellington man who died of a severe pneumonia. this is the first demonstration of disease produced by this organism in new zealand. | 1980 | 6930020 |
| legionnaires' disease and other newly recognized legionella-like causes of bacterial pneumonia. | three "new" pneumonias have recently been recognized which are old diseases whose etiology has only been newly-recognized. legionella pneumophila (legionnaires' disease), pittsburgh pneumonia agent (ppa), and legionella-like organisms (the family legionellaceae) are "rickettsia-like" bacteria which require special media for cultivation. they can each cause nosocomial pneumonia in immunosuppressed patients and all but ppa cause community-acquired pneumonia. the legionellaceae reside in the enviro ... | 1980 | 6943261 |
| legionnaires' disease in a patient with polymyositis. | a 29 year old woman with polymyositis treated with azathioprine presented with pneumonia. rising serum antibody titres have confirmed a diagnosis of legionnaires' disease. infection with legionella pneumophila must now be considered in new zealand when patients present with pneumonia and severe pyrexia, especially if they show known risk factors. | 1980 | 6967573 |
| cellular immunity in typhoid fever, legionnaires' disease, amebiasis: role of transfer factor and levamisole in typhoid fever. | typhoid fever is an infectious disease commonly seen in the tropics, with multisystem involvement and a high morbidity and mortality rate. legionnaires' disease: a newly described acute respiratory infection by unusual aerobic gram-negative micro-organisms namely legionella pneumophila. cellular immunity: in vitro and in vivo evaluations of cellular immunity using e-rosette formation (e) and 2.4-dinitrochlorobenzene (d) reaction were made in typhoid fever, amebiasis and legionnaires' disease. re ... | 1983 | 6873476 |
| prevalence of antibody to serogroups 1-4 of legionella pneumophila: a seroepidemiologic study using the indirect hemagglutination test. | an indirect hemagglutination test was used to determine the prevalence of antibody to serogroups 1-4 of legionella pneumophila in sera from 1200 apparently healthy michigan residents. serogroup 1 was the most prevalent; 71 (11.8%) of 600 sera collected during the winter months (january-april, 1980) and 131 (21.8%) of 600 sera collected during the summer period (july-september, 1980) had serogroup 1 titers. this seasonal difference was independent of sex and was statistically significant in four ... | 1982 | 6979243 |
| legionnaires' pneumonia after aerosol exposure in guinea pigs and rats. | we developed an animal model of legionnaires' pneumonia to permit study of aerosol infection, pathogenesis, and pulmonary host defense mechanisms in this disease. guinea pigs and rats were exposed in a nose-only inhalation facility for 30 min to an aerosol of burlington serogroup 1 legionella pneumophila. lungs contained 10(3) to 10(4) l. pneumophila immediately after exposure. both guinea pigs and rats developed pneumonia, with 100% infectivity by microbiologic, histologic, and serologic criter ... | 1982 | 6983846 |
| the rickettsia-like organisms tatlock (1943) and heba (1959): bacteria phenotypically similar to but genetically distinct from legionella pneumophila and the wiga bacterium. | two "rickettsia-like organisms," tatlock and heba, isolated from human blood via guinea pigs and embryonated eggs in 1943 and 1959, respectively, have been cultured on artificial media (charcoal yeast extract agar) for the first time and characterized. tatlock and heba have identical cultural, biochemical, and antigenic characteristics, as well as identical cellular fatty-acid composition and antimicrobial susceptibilities. these two bacteria have most of the cultural and biochemical characteris ... | 1980 | 6985783 |
| "pittsburgh pneumonia agent": a bacterium phenotypically similar to legionella pneumophila and identical to the tatlock bacterium. | the "pittsburgh pneumonia agent," isolated by pasculle and co-workers from human lung tissue, has been cultured on artificial media and characterized. the "pittsburgh" bacterium and the tatlock and heba bacteria have identical cultural, biochemical, and antigenic characteristics. they also have the same cellular fatty-acid composition, and dna relatedness indicates that they belong to the same species. | 1980 | 6985784 |
| thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura complicating legionnaires' disease. | a case of legionella pneumophila infection complicated by thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (ttp) was confirmed at autopsy by the demonstration of the organism in lung tissue, and by the finding of widespread intravascular and subendothelial thrombi associated with microinfarctions in all major organs examined. in addition to the typical hematologic abnormalities of ttp, the patient was found to have a low serum c3 level and elevated levels of immune complexes as measured by the liquid phase c ... | 1982 | 6890793 |
| effect of clavulanic acid on minimal inhibitory concentrations of 16 antimicrobial agents tested against legionella pneumophila. | a total of 15 legionella pneumophilia isolated were tested against 16 antimicrobial agents used singly and in combination with clavulanic acid. when combined with clavulanic acid, 4 of the 16 antimicrobial agents produced no enhanced effect. however, the minimal inhibitory concentrations of 12 of the antimicrobial agents were reduced by one-half to one-third when in combination with clavulanic acid. these reductions reflected only a one-dilution decrease, however, in the original minimal inhibit ... | 1980 | 6969575 |
| proteolytic action of legionella pneumophila on human serum proteins. | proteolysis by four strains of legionella pneumophila, the etiological agent of legionnaires disease, was studied by the method of immunoelectrophoresis. twenty-three human serum proteins were tested as substrates. five proteins were degraded: alpha 1-acid glycoprotein, alpha 1-antichymotrypsin, beta-lipoprotein, beta 1e-globulin, and beta 2-glycoprotein-i. moreover, the degradation of alpha 1-antichymotrypsin was demonstrated by investigation of an enzyme-blocking test. it is suggested that the ... | 1980 | 6987177 |
| laboratory diagnosis of legionnaires' disease. | legionnaires' disease was diagnosed in 32 patients with nosocomially acquired pneumonia by using direct immunofluorescence examination of respiratory tract secretions, indirect immunofluorescence determinations of antibody titer, and/or culture of legionella pneumophila from respiratory tract secretions. cultures of specimens for legionella pneumophila were positive for 13 of 21 patients for whom appropriate specimens were submitted. using a positive culture as a definition of legionnaires' dise ... | 1980 | 6987923 |
| pathogenesis of acute legionnaires' disease pneumonia. | immunofluorescent study of the lungs in cases of fatal suspected acute legionnaires' disease enabled confirmation of the presence of legionella pneumophila. in addition, probable pathogenetic mechanisms that had not been as clearly visualized by light microscopy became apparent: the retrograde involvement of the larger bronchioles and proximal airways, invasion of the interstitium, extension to pleura, and lymphatic and hematogenous spread. organisms were demonstrated to occur in the liver and s ... | 1980 | 6989229 |
| immunologic diagnosis of legionnaires' disease: cross-reactions with anaerobic and microaerophilic organisms and infections caused by them. | the hundred twenty-four isolates of anaerobic and microaerophilis organisms were examined with a polyvalent direct immunofluorescent antibody (dfa) reagent directed against legionella pneumophila, serogroups (sg) i-iv. three of 53 isolates of bacteroides fragilis cross-reated with the sg i component of the reagent. rabbit antisera to three sg i strains of l. pneumophila cross-reacted with these three b. fragilis isolates, and cross-reactivity was not due to preexisting rabbit antibodies; antiser ... | 1980 | 6989933 |
| unrecognized legionnaires' disease as a cause of fatal illness. | lungs from 224 patients, obtained at autopsy, were examined for legionella pneumophila by fluorescent antibody (fa) staining. of 121 patients who died with pneumonia, l pneumophila was present in eight cases (6.6%). (two of the eight patients exhibited no important respiratory symptoms or fever, although pneumonia contributed considerably to their deaths. preexisting underlying disease was present in all cases. legionnaires' disease (ld), endemic in the central ohio area, may cause up to 3.6% of ... | 1980 | 6990037 |
| legionnaire's disease in postoperative neurosurgical patients. | legionella pneumophila postoperative pneumonia may be an important cause of morbidity and mortality in selected surgical patients. this report presents five postoperative neurosurgical patients in whom the diagnosis of legionnaires' disease was made. their clinical course and treatment are presented. clinical manifestations, methods of diagnosis, and treatment of l. pneumophila pneumonia are discussed. it is pointed out that neurosurgical patients who have received high doses of corticosteroids ... | 1983 | 6886778 |
| legionnaires' disease in south australia. prevalence and diagnosis. | legionella pneumophila was successfully isolated from sputum, and from respiratory secretions obtained by tracheal aspiration, of two patients with legionnaires' disease by means of guinea pigs and charcoal yeast extract agar. direct culture of lung tissue from one of these patients gave a pure growth of l. pneumophila. in both cases, legionellas were isolated from specimens which were collected several days after treatment with erythromycin began. direct fluorescent antibody tests on these spec ... | 1980 | 6993890 |
| direct immunofluorescent detection of legionella pneumophila in respiratory specimens. | respiratory secretions from patients with clinically suspected legionnaires pneumonia were examined by direc immunofluorescent tests at the medical center hospital of vermont and at the center for disease control. no fluorescent bacteria were found by either laboratory in eight specimens from eight patients who were seronegative. twenty specimens were obtained from seven patients who had serologically confirmed legionnaires disease. four of the seven cases were identified at the medical center h ... | 1980 | 6986404 |
| identification of a cytotoxin produced by legionella pneumophila. | culture filtrates of legionella pneumophila were cytotoxic for chinese hamster ovary cells. the cytotoxin was found to be methanol soluble, heat stable, and stable from ph 5 through 8. | 1980 | 6995339 |
| new methods for the isolation of legionella pneumophila. | some new methods for the isolation of legionella pneumophila are described which have been successful in recovering this organism from 6/10 patients with clinical evidence of legionnaires' disease. the increased sensitivity of these methods combined with speedier isolation of the organisms than has hitherto been possible will hopefully lead to eventual isolation of this organism as a routine procedure in diagnostic microbiology laboratories. | 1980 | 6995496 |
| legionnaires' disease serology. effect of antigen preparation on specificity and sensitivity of the indirect fluorescent antibody test. | sera from 31 legionnaires' disease (ld) survivors of the philadelphia outbreak, 31 legionnaire (l) controls, and 300 additional controls were examined for the presence of specific antibodies to five antigen preparations of legionella pneumophila (serogroup 1) to determine the effect of antigen preparation on the sensitivity and specificity of the indirect immunofluorescence test. diagnostic levels were determined for each antigen at the upper limit of normal value (ulnv) titre, which established ... | 1980 | 6995497 |
| isolation of legionella pneumophila from clinical specimens: salutary effects of lung tissue dilution. | diagnosis of legionnaires' disease is seldom confirmed by isolation of legionella pneumophila. in 2 cases, isolates were obtained using inoculums of diluted lung tissue suspension, even though no growth ocurred when undiluted suspensions were used. it is speculated that tissue dilution decreases the concentration of antimicrobial agents and antibacterial properties associated with lung host defense mechanisms, which allows improved recovery rates. this technique is recommended when attempting is ... | 1980 | 6996548 |
| legionnaires' disease: unusual clinical and laboratory features. | during a nosocomial epidemic of legionnaires' disease, clinical and laboratory observations led to the recognition of remarkable aspects in six patients. features included two episodes of disease, dual or sequential infections with legionella pneumophila and other pathogens; transient deafness with erythromycin therapy, and legionnaires' disease with a pleural effusion but no pulmonary infiltrate. expectorated sputum culture yielded two serogroups of l. pneumophila in one patient. cultures of tr ... | 1980 | 6996551 |
| relapse of legionnaires' disease in a renal transplant recipient. | we describe a 44-year-old man who recently received a cadaveric renal transplant and had a relapse of legionnaires' disease after an appropriate course of therapy. the relapse occurred within two weeks after completion of a three-week course of therapy with erythromycin stearate. a transbronchial biopsy specimen was positive for legionella pneumophila by direct immunofluorescence, although the dieterle silver impregnation stain was negative. the patient responded to a repeated course of erythrom ... | 1980 | 6992727 |
| liquid medium for growth of legionella pneumophila. | the medium described is a simple yeast extract broth capable of growing large number of legionella neumophila, the causative organism of legionnaires disease. filtration was chosen as a means of sterilization, since medium that was autoclaved did not support growth without the presence of norite a. the filtered medium gave rapid cell growth and maintained the initial antigen production. the observed generation time was 99 min with a maximum cell population of 2 x 10(2) colony-forming units per m ... | 1980 | 6986400 |
| legionnaires' disease. | legionella pneumophila infections frequently manifest themselves as a multisystem disease with acute pneumonia. certain clinical and laboratory features are helpful in diagnosis but none are pathognomonic. diagnosis frequently must be made clinically and erythromycin given presumptively because of the delay in seroconversion but culture and direct fluorescent antibody testing are quite useful for rapid diagnosis. epidemiologic and laboratory investigations will undoubtedly yield considerable inf ... | 1980 | 6994607 |
| the diagnosis of legionnaires' disease by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. | counterimmunoelectrophoresis (cie) was found to be a rapid, specific method for detecting circulating antibodies to legionella pneumophila, the aetiologic agent of legionnaires' disease in human sera. optimum conditions for performing the test are given. better precipitin lines are observed when the gel support is neutral, and a result may be obtained in 90 to 180 minutes. comparison of results of cie and indirect fluorescent antibody tests on 22 sera from patients with legionnaires' disease and ... | 1980 | 7005268 |
| immunoperoxidase staining for the serotype-specific demonstration of legionella pneumophila. | | 1981 | 7005675 |
| pneumonia due to legionella pneumophila: the first imported case in finland. | the first imported case of legionnaires' disease in finland is reported. a 64-year-old woman fell ill 1 day after returning from a holiday in mallorca. chest film revealed a bronchopneumonic infiltrate; however, the patient had no respiratory symptoms at all during her illness. the course of disease was benign, possibly due to early onset of treatment with erythromycin. | 1980 | 7006066 |
| legionnaires' disease: report of sixty-five nosocomially acquired cases of review of the literature. | sixty-five cases of nosocomially acquired legionnaires' disease are reported and the world literature is reviewed. the etiologic agent, legionnella pneumophila, has been isolated from several environmental sources at outbreak sites. legionnaires' disease appears to be acquired by inhalation and is primarily manifested by severe, potentially fatal, pneumonia. characteristic clinical disease consists of high fever with relative bradycardia, dry cough, chills, diarrhea, and pleuritic pain. although ... | 1980 | 6997673 |
| legionnaires' disease bacterium: prevalence of antibody reacting with the organism in patients suspected of having infection with pneumocystis carinii. | using indirect immunofluorescence, we examined 713 serum specimens submitted for pneumocystis carinii serologic studies from 566 patients for antibody to the legionnaires' disease bacterium. this group was chosen because it presumably consisted largely of immunosuppressed patients with acute respiratory illnesses. of patients tested, 3.4% had titers of 1:128 or greater to legionella pneumophila. four (3.7%) of 107 patients for whom multiple specimens were submitted showed diagnostic increases in ... | 1980 | 6998333 |
| dye-containing buffered charcoal-yeast extract medium for differentiation of members of the family legionellaceae. | the addition of 0.001% bromocresol purple and 0.001% bromothymol blue to buffered charcoal-yeast extract agar allowed differentiation between members of the family legionellaceae. on this medium, legionella pneumophila grew as relatively flat, pale green colonies, whereas tatlockia micdadei (gen. nov., comb. nov., pittsburgh pneumonia agent) produced blue-gray colonies. fluoribacter spp. (gen. nov., atypical legionella-like organisms) developed glistening colonies which were brighter green than ... | 1981 | 7009642 |
| indirect immunofluorescence antibodies to legionella pneumophila: frequency in a rural community. | the background prevalence of indirect immunofluorescence antibody to legionella pneumophila in a rural community was determined by testing sera from 517 volunteers. the upper limit of normal antibody titer was found to be 1:64 with l. pneumophila serogroup 1 (philadelphia 1) used as antigen. high titers (greater than or equal to 1:128) were found in 13.2% of the sera and occurred with similar frequencies in males and females. in individuals 40 years of age and older, however, high titers were 2. ... | 1980 | 7012167 |
| legionella pneumophila serogroup six: isolation from cases of legionellosis, identification by immunofluorescence staining, and immunological response to infection. | isolates of legionella pneumophila that are serologically different from strains of serogroups 1 through 5 were obtained from lung biopsy tissue or pleural fluid from three renal transplant recipients in chicago, ill. these strains were placed in a newly designated l. pneumophila serogroup, serogroup 6, on the basis of fluorescent-antibody staining characteristics. an l. pneumophila strain obtained from bethesda, md., one from houston, tex., and one from oxford, england, also belong to this new ... | 1980 | 7012173 |
| pretibial rash in legionella pneumophila pneumonia. | legionella pneumophila pneumonia developed in a 46-year-old man, 23 days after receiving a cadaveric renal homograft. a painful, nonpruritic, macular, erythematous rash limited to the pretibial surfaces of both legs appeared on the fifth day of illness. fever, pneumonia, and rash resolved in association with erythromycin lactobionate therapy. | 1981 | 7012392 |
| [legionella pneumophila and legionella-like agents. current classification]. | | 1981 | 7012472 |
| bacteria newly recognized as nosocomial pathogens. | bacteria recently recognized as nosocomial pathogens generally fall into three categories: those that grow slowly, those that are fastidious in their nutritional or atmospheric requirements and those that resemble commensals. each characteristic has contributed to the delay in perceiving their importance. mycobacterium chelonei and myco. fortuitum--which grow slowly, although characterized as "rapid-growing" mycobacteria--cause sternal osteomyelitis, pericarditis and endocarditis after cardiac s ... | 1981 | 7008590 |
| validation of legionella pneumophila indirect immunofluorescence assay with epidemic sera. | sera from six outbreaks of legionellosis and four outbreaks of pneumonia of other etiologies were tested with the indirect immunofluorescence assay (ifa) as currently performed. the current ifa is at least as sensitive as the original test in detecting cases of legionnaires disease (78 to 91%). by using center for disease control criteria for a positive (fourfold increase in titer during convalescence to greater than or equal to 128) or presumptive (single titer greater than or equal to 256) ser ... | 1981 | 7007417 |
| negative enrichment procedure for isolation of legionella pneumophila from seeded cooling tower water. | a negative enrichment procedure was developed which was capable of isolating legionella pneumophila directly from seeded air-conditioning cooling tower water onto laboratory media. this procedure was based on an 8-h incubation under conditions that were bactericidal to the indigenous water microflora but merely bacteriostatic to l. pneumophila. | 1980 | 7000000 |
| direct immunofluorescence in the diagnosis of legionnaires' disease. | over a 2 1/2 year period, 61 clinical specimens from 41 patients with pneumonia of uncertain etiology were evaluated for the presence of legionella pneumophila (serogroups 1 to 4) by immunofluorescent antibody techniques. in 13 of 19 patients with legionnaires' disease, the diagnosis was established by fluorescent antibody (fa) staining of lung biopsies, pleural fluids, or respiratory tract secretions. in the 19 patients with legionnaires' disease, the diagnosis was confirmed by isolation of l p ... | 1981 | 7014123 |
| intracellular replication of legionella pneumophila. | legionella pneumophila was inoculated onto tissue culture monolayers of mrc-5, hela, hep 2, and mccoy cells. fresh and conditioned medium without cells served as controls. cultures were harvested at various times after inoculation, serial log10 dilutions were performed, and growth of l. pneumophila was quantitated either by direct immunofluorescence or by counting colony-forming units on feeley-gorman agar. growth in monolayers was demonstrated using both techniques. within 72--96 hr after inocu ... | 1981 | 7014732 |
| ecological distribution of legionella pneumophila. | bacteria were concentrated 500-fold from 20-liter water samples collected from 67 different lakes and rivers in the united states. the data suggest that legionella pneumophila is part of the natural aquatic environment and that the bacterium is capable of surviving extreme ranges of environmental conditions. the data further demonstrate the effectiveness of the direct fluorescent-antibody technique for detecting l. pneumophila in natural aquatic systems. smears of the concentrated samples were s ... | 1981 | 7013702 |
| legionnaires' disease in children. | in a retrospective survey of sera collected from 126 patients under the age of 10 years, seroreactivity was first detected at 1 year of age when the geometric mean titer rose from 12 to 24. this activity increased to a titer of 102 in the 4- to 6-year-old group and was maintained in the 7- to 9-year-old group. at the time of serum collection, at least 25% of those sampled had a titer of 256 or greater, a level currently thought to be presumptive evidence of infection at some undetermined time. ... | 1981 | 7017574 |
| [legionnaire's disease contracted in brussels. one case (author's transl)]. | a 71-year-old patient living in a street where major road works were taking place developed diffuse bronchopneumonia with changes in hepatic and renal biochemical tests. since neutrophilia was moderate and all bacteriological investigations were negative, the patient was given erythromycin and was tested for antibodies directed against legionella pneumophila. the titers of these antibodies rose from 32 to 2048 after one month. the patient was cured. | 1980 | 7017598 |
| interaction of the legionnaires' disease bacterium (legionella pneumophila) with human phagocytes. i. l. pneumophila resists killing by polymorphonuclear leukocytes, antibody, and complement. | we have previously reported that virulent egg yolk-grown legionella pneumophila, philadelphia 1 strain, multiplies intracellularly in human blood monocytes. we now report on the interaction between virulent l. pneumophila and human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmn), antibody, and complement, in vitro, under antibiotic-free conditions. l. pneumophila in concentrations ranging from 10(3) to 10(6) colony forming units (cfu)/ml are completely resistant to the bactericidal effects of 0-50 percent fr ... | 1981 | 7017062 |
| primary isolation of a new strain of the tatlock/pittsburgh pneumonia agent (legionella micdadei). | pneumonia, empyema and lung abscesses developed in a patient following a neurosurgical procedure and associated short-term corticosteroid therapy. an organism identical to the tatlock/pittsburgh pneumonia agent (legionella micdadei) was the only organism isolated from multiple specimens from lung aspirates and chest tube drainage. the organism was isolated directly on charcoal yeast extract (cye) agar and classified as identical to the tatlock bacterium by direct immunofluorescent staining and b ... | 1981 | 7020252 |
| legionnaires' disease: an update. | legionella pneumophila is transmitted by aerosolization of water or dust from soil. there are six serotypes and four newly recognized related organisms. sporadic cased of legionnaires; disease are more common than epidemic case and are less likely to be suspected . most reporters cases are characterized by severe pneumonia. bacteriologic culture is the preferred method of diagnosis, but most cases are identified by the indirect fluorescent antibody method. erythromycin is the drug of choice. | 1981 | 7020390 |
| long-term followup of two patients with pulmonary cavitation caused by legionella pneumophila. | two patients with cavitary pneumonia caused by legionella pneumophila were followed by several months. both patients had positive sputum cultures for l. pneumophila; one patient had positive respiratory tract cultures for 18 days after initiation of erythromycin. slow resolution of the cavities occurred in both patients after 1 to 2 months of antimicrobial therapy. | 1981 | 7020508 |
| isolation of legionella pneumophilia from cooling tower water by filtration. | methods are described for detection of legionella pneumophila in cooling tower water or other water sources by direct fluorescent-antibody staining. a procedure for isolation of legionella bacteria from water samples by guinea pig inoculation is described. two different serogroups of l. pneumophila were isolated repeatedly from one of the cooling towers. | 1981 | 7020594 |
| legionella micdadei (pittsburgh pneumonia agent): direct fluoresent-antibody examination of infected human lung tissue and characterization of clinical isolates. | legionella micdadei (pittsburgh pneumonia agent) was identified by direct fluorescent-antibody (dfa) examination of lung tissue in six of seven persons diagnosed previously as having l. micdadei pneumonia only by histopathology and in four persons who also had positive cultures of the organism. no cross-reactions occurred with monospecific dfa conjugates prepared against legionella pneumophila serogroups 1 to 6, legionella bozemanii, legionella dumoffii, and legionella gormanii. one person had l ... | 1981 | 7014621 |
| legionellosis in an infant: first case in italy. | among several children admitted in hospital with febrile acute pneumonia, it has been found - by indirect immunofluorescence assay a significant seroconversion for legionella pneumophila serogroup 1, compatible with a recent infection, in an 18-month-old boy. the clinical course of the disease was favourable, and a prompt recovery as observed after administration of an antibiotic (cefuroxime) stable to the bacterial beta-lactamase. | 1981 | 7023501 |
| prevalence of antibodies to legionella pneumophila and legionella micadei in renal transplant recipients. | | 1981 | 7025376 |
| detection of antibodies to legionella pneumophila in immune guinea pig serum by solid-phase immunofluorescence. | a semiautomated solid-phase immunofluorescence apparatus (fiax; international diagnostic technology, santa clara, calif.) was utilized to develop a rapid method for detection of antibody to legionella pneumophila. the sera from guinea pigs immunized with a mixture of killed l. pneumophila and freund complete adjuvant displayed markedly enhanced antibody activity as measured by fiax when compared with that obtained from adjuvant-injected or unimmunized animals. a correlation was observed between ... | 1981 | 7014622 |
| the demonstration, by immunofluorescence, of legionella pneumophila organisms in human lung tissue embedded in epoxy resin. | legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 has been demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence in human lung tissue fixed in 10% formal saline and embedded in epoxy resin. the organism was visualised using rabbit serogroup 1 antibody and sheep anti rabbit fluorescein conjugate. the fluorescent labelled organism was found distributed throughout the tissue with focal areas in alveolar spaces and also visualised by electron microscopy in the same tissue. this method therefore enables specific identificati ... | 1981 | 7021483 |
| antibodies to legionella pneumophila serotype 1 among the healthy new zealand population. | the antibody levels to legionella pneumophila, serotype 1 in two groups of healthy new zealanders have been determined by the indirect fluorescent antibody test. these have been compared with antibody levels obtained from patients' sera submitted for l. pneumophila antibody levels. significant levels of antibody have been found among the healthy people. the lower age groups demonstrated greater levels of immunity than those of patients suspected of having the disease. | 1981 | 7019781 |
| extrathoracic localization of legionella pneumophila in legionnaires' pneumonia. | extrathoracic organs of 12 fatal cases of legionnaires' disease from the 1977 vermont epidemic were reviewed for the presence of legionella pneumophila. the bacteria were identified by direct immunofluorescence microscopy of paraffin-embedded spleen, liver, lymph node, and kidney tissue. extrathoracic bacteria were demonstrated in six of the 12 cases (3/7 spleens, 2/9 livers, and 2/10 kidneys). in the liver and spleen, the legionellae were associated with cells of the reticuloendothelial system. ... | 1981 | 7032278 |
| [isolation and characterization of the three first strains of "legionella pneumophila" found in france (author's transl)]. | the technical methods of culture and identification of the three first strains isolated in france of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1, are described. in two patients, bacilli were seen by the direct fluorescent antibody (dfa) method, either during the course of the disease (case 1) or at postmortem examination (case 3). the causal strain was cultivated after guinea-pig inoculation or directly from either bronchial aspirate or postmortem lung. identification of l. pneumophila required the deter ... | 1981 | 7036824 |
| comparison of liquid growth media for legionella pneumophila. | ten liquid media were compared under standard conditions for their ability to support the growth of legionella pneumophila. modified gonococcal-ferric cysteine broth (without sodium chloride) supplemented with 1% yeast extract yielded the best overall growth of the one strain of l. pneumophila examined. growth rates were independent of ph changes which occurred during incubation. the growth rates of 10 different strains of l.pneumophila were compared in this medium. there appeared to be little d ... | 1981 | 7037831 |
| [clinical demonstrations. legionnaires' disease. tumor-associated nephrotic syndrome. primary oxalosis]. | in a clinical demonstration, case reports on 3 patients are presented: 1. in a 27-year-old male who developed severe multicentric atypical pneumonia, cns, liver and renal involvement and signs of rhabdomyolyses suggested infection with legionella pneumophila. diagnosis was confirmed by the presence of dieterle-stain positive organisms and positive culture of lung biopsy tissue. antibiotic treatment, especially erythromycin, and prolonged mechanical respiration produced complete recovery. 2. the ... | 1981 | 7036333 |
| diagnosis of legionella pneumophila infections by means of formolised yolk sac antigens. | formolised yolk sac antigens of legionella pneumophila serogroups 1-6 were used to test 1792 serum specimens from 1431 patients with respiratory illness of serological evidence of legionnaires' disease (ld). thirty-five patients showed titres against the serogroup 1 antigen diagnostic for ld. only two further cases were considered to have non-serogroup i infections (both serogroup 4) indicating that such infections are rare. titres of greater than 1/16 against the serogroup 1 antigen occur in on ... | 1982 | 7040484 |
| immunoperoxidase staining of legionella pneumophila. | immunoperoxidase staining has been applied to sections of pneumonic lung from a previously published case of legionnaires' disease. specific staining of legionella pneumophila was accomplished with sub-group i antiserum, which also revealed staining of phagosomes, and in some areas diffuse background staining of 'soluble' antigen. some organisms remained unstained with the specific antiserum, and these were revealed by progressive haemalum staining. in other sections, some organisms stained spec ... | 1982 | 7042513 |
| in vitro production of an extracellular protease by legionella pneumophila. | extracellular protease activity was measured in liquid cultures of representative strains from six serotypes of legionella pneumophila. a variety of substrates were degraded, including denatured casein, skim milk, gelatin, and hide powder azure, but not elastin. | 1981 | 7028630 |
| an elisa test for the detection of antibodies to legionella pneumophila. | an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) test has been developed to detect antibodies to legionella pneumophila serogroup 1. there is good correlation between indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) and elisa titres but elisa is more sensitive. | 1982 | 7045167 |
| [ultrastructural localization of type-specific antigen of legionella pneumophila]. | cell suspensions of legionella pneumophila, a virulent philadelphia i strain, were incubated with rabbit antiserum to type-specific heat-sensitive antigen iii having toxic properties with the use of the indirect immunoferritin technique. antigen iii was localized in the outer fibrillar microcapsule-like layer 12-20 mm thick. in the direct immunoperoxidase test antigen iii had globular localization on the cell wall surface. the layer described is unlikely to be a true microcapsule, since it does ... | 1982 | 7046833 |
| comparison of specific immunoglobulin g, m and agglutinating antibodies against legionella pneumophila. | sera from 25 patients showing a 4-fold or greater rise in polyvalent ifa titer against legionella pneumophila were examined for the presence of agglutinating antibodies and the titers of specific igg and igm immunoglobulins. agglutinating antibodies were detected in 20 patients (80%) at titers paralleling and amounts of specific igm present. in sera from the remaining 5 patients (20%), agglutinating antibodies and specific igm were absent. in this study the class of antibody produced following i ... | 1981 | 7031860 |
| [detection of anti-legionella pneumophila microagglutinating antibodies and their epidemiological significance]. | | 1981 | 7038787 |
| polyvalent heat-killed antigen for the diagnosis of infection with legionella pneumophila. | a polyvalent antigen composed of heat-killed agar-grown legionella pneumophila serogroups 1-4 suspended in a suspension of yolk-sac from embryonated hens' eggs has been examined for use in the indirect fluorescent antibody test for legionella infection. the serological response detected by monovalent antigen correlated well with that detected by polyvalent antigen. the use of polyvalent antigen forms a useful screening test for the detection of antibody to l pneumophila, but positive results mus ... | 1982 | 7042762 |
| the effects of legionella pneumophila toxin on oxidative processes and bacterial killing of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. | the effect of legionella pneumophila toxin on selected functions of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes was investigated. amounts of l. pneumophila toxin that had no effect on leukocyte viability or phagocytosis significantly decreased hexose monophosphate shunt activity and o2 consumption during phagocytosis and bacterial iodination and killing in a dose-dependent fashion. the mechanism of action of this toxin appears to be unique among bacterial products thus far studied. | 1982 | 7050255 |
| rapid diagnosis of pneumonia due to legionella pneumophila serogroup 1. | | 1982 | 7050258 |
| [isolation of legionella pneumophila from 3 patients with pneumonia]. | | 1982 | 7050736 |
| isolation of a serogroup 1-specific antigen from legionella pneumophila. | outer membrane material was extracted from a serogroup 1 strain of legionella pneumophila using ethylenediaminetetraacetate. ferritin-conjugated antiserum reacted only at the surface of the organism, as seen by electron microscopy. outer membrane material was fractionated into five peaks by molecular sieve chromatography using a gel that had been equilibrated in a buffer containing sodium deoxycholate. one resolved peak (approximately 4x10(4) daltons) was highly active serologically. when rechro ... | 1982 | 7054324 |
| the role of indoor and outdoor occupations in the seroepidemiology of legionella pneumophila. | exposure to disturbed soil has been postulated as a source of l. pneumophila in relation to outbreaks of legionnaires' disease [1]. using serum samples from 588 healthy individuals engaged in indoor and outdoor occupations in ohio, we performed indirect fluorescent antibody tests for l. pneumophila serogroups 1 and 2. reciprocal and geometric mean titers were compared between indoor and outdoor occupational groups. we found 19.2 of the outdoor workers to be positive (titer, greater than or equal ... | 1982 | 7054331 |
| electron microscopic examination of the inflammatory response to legionella pneumophila in guinea pigs. | we have described the ultrastructural morphology of splenic and pulmonary exudates from guinea pigs infected intranasally and intraperitoneally by legionella pneumophila. legionella pneumophila produced pneumonia and splenitis by both routes of inoculation. the microbe was also disseminated to other organs. within neutrophils, legionella pneumophila typically displayed degenerating forms, suggesting that this intracellular environment is somewhat hostile to the bacterium. by contrast, macrophage ... | 1982 | 7054588 |
| evaluation of a solid-phase immunofluorescence assay for detection of antibodies to legionella pneumophila. | a semiautomated solid-phase immunofluorescence technique (fiax) was compared with the standard indirect immunofluorescence assay (ifa) for the determination of antibody levels to legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 in paired human serum samples. the fiax method was in agreement with the ifa test for 91.8% of the serum pairs but gave evidence of a recent legionella infection significantly fewer times than did the ifa. these results suggest that the fiax technique may eventually be a useful alterna ... | 1982 | 7050163 |
| isolation of legionella pneumophila from hospital potable water specimens: comparison of direct plating with guinea pig inoculation. | eighty-five potable water samples were analyzed for the presence of legionella pneumophila by direct plating and by guinea pig inoculation methods. direct plating methods utilized antimicrobial-containing media with and without acid treatment of specimens before inoculation. thirty-three specimens were culture positive for l. pneumophila by one or both techniques. a total of 14 specimens were positive for l. pneumophila by direct plating only, and 2 specimens were positive for l. pneumophila by ... | 1982 | 7050146 |
| antiserum-agar plate method for simultaneous detection and direct isolation of legionella species in clinical and environmental specimens. | colonies of legionella pneumophila serotypes 1 through 6, l. micdadei, l. bozemanii, l. dumoffii, and l. gormanii, which were developed on filtered yeast extract agar containing polyvalent antiserum, were surrounded by distinct, specific precipitin rings. | 1982 | 7050153 |
| failure of legionella pneumophila sensitivities to predict culture results from disinfectant-treated air-conditioning cooling towers. | the disinfection of cooling towers based on manufacturers' treatment protocols, as employed in units installed at various public gathering places in dallas, tex. (hotels, municipal auditorium), and at the city health department, was evaluated for effectiveness in controlling legionella pneumophila and compared with previous laboratory studies. in specimens collected in september and december, 1978, l. pneumophila was isolated from 2 of 4 specimens from untreated cooling towers, 2 of 4 specimens ... | 1982 | 7055374 |