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concentration of giardia lamblia cysts, legionella pneumophila, clostridium perfringens, human enteric viruses, and coliphages from large volumes of drinking water, using a single filtration.poliovirus, coliphages, giardia lamblia cysts, clostridium perfringens spores, and legionella pneumophila were concentrated simultaneously in a single pass by sequential filtration of large volumes of drinking water through 3- and 1-micron wound electronegative fiberglass cartridge filters (25.4 cm). filtration was performed under acidic conditions (ph 3.5) in the presence of 0.001 m aluminum chloride to enhance adsorption. elution of all the microorganisms entrapped or adsorbed to the filters w ...19892555036
molecular cloning and expression in escherichia coli of the reca gene of legionella pneumophila.interspecific complementation of an escherichia coli reca mutant with a legionella pneumophila genomic library was used to identify a recombinant plasmid encoding the l. pneumophila reca gene. recombinant e. coli strains harbouring the l. pneumophila reca gene were isolated by replica-plating bacterial colonies on medium containing methyl methanesulphonate (mms). mms-resistant clones were identified as encoding the l. pneumophila reca analogue by their ability to protect e. coli hb101 from uv ex ...19892559147
comparison of ozone inactivation, in flowing water, of hepatitis a virus, poliovirus 1, and indicator organisms.in steadily flowing water at 20 degrees c and ph 7, five organisms had the following order of resistance to ozone (at constant levels of ozone): poliovirus 1 (pv1) less than escherichia coli less than hepatitis a virus (hav) less than legionella pneumophila serogroup 6 less than bacillus subtilis spores. the tests were repeated at 10 degrees c with hav, pv1, and e. coli. ozone inactivation of hav and e. coli was faster at 10 degrees c than at 20 degrees c. at 20 degrees c, 0.25 to 0.38 mg of o3 ...19892560362
cloning and temperature-dependent expression in escherichia coli of a legionella pneumophila gene coding for a genus-common 60-kilodalton antigen.all legionella species express a 60-kilodalton (kda) protein which contains a genus-specific epitope recognized by murine monoclonal antibody gw2x4b8b2h6. a genomic cosmid library of legionella pneumophila chromosomal dna was constructed in phc79 and screened for 60-kda antigen-expressing clones with the monoclonal antibody. a 3.2-kilobase ecori fragment from cosmid 14b11 expressing a 60-kda protein was subcloned into puc19 (psh16), and deletion of a 1.2-kilobase hindiii fragment (psh16a) genera ...19892566581
legionella spp. in a hospital hot water system: effect of control measures.potential sources of legionella spp. in a university hospital were investigated over 3 years in order to gain better understanding of the ecology and transmission of this organism to hospitalized patients. the survey highlighted the contamination of the hot water system with high concentrations of legionellas (up to 10(6) cfu 1(-1]. legionella pneumophila serogroup 6 was predominant followed by l. pneumophila serogroup 10. serogroup 1 and other species (l. longbeachae, l. micdadei) were rarely i ...19892567304
atypical legionellosis: isolation of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 from a patient with aspiration pneumonia.it has been suspected that the number of legionella pneumophila infections is substantially higher than commonly reported, due to subclinical infections. we report a patient where the diagnosis of a legionella infection was made only because of a large-scale surveillance programme for legionellosis. the case demonstrates the possibility of legionellas being involved in lung disease though not necessarily causing overt legionellosis.19892567312
endemicity of legionella pneumophila serogroup 3 in a hospital water supply.a microbiological and epidemiological investigation at the infectious diseases hospital in turin, italy, demonstrated legionella pneumophila serogroup 3 at 10(2) to greater than 4 x 10(3) cfu l-1 from 24 of 32 hot water samples collected from hand-basins in six separate buildings. a sample taken from the public water supply, and a hot water sample (80 degrees c) collected from hot water tanks, did not yield legionellas. legionella pneumophila serogroup 3 was found in samples taken at the first p ...19892567758
legionella pneumophila serogroup 12 pneumonia in a renal transplant recipient: case report and environmental observations.we describe the first reported case of pneumonia due to legionella pneumophila serogroup 12 in the uk. this hospital-associated infection occurred in an immuno-incompetent patient and coincided with a change in character of the local environmental strains of legionellas. the patient produced a serological response both to her own isolate and to l. pneumophila serogroups 1-6. thus serodiagnosis was attainable using the usual screening antigens.19892567762
an update on the efficacy of ciprofloxacin in animal models of infection.although animal models of infection are associated with certain limitations in interpretation, properly performed studies provide important information for evaluating the efficacy of new antimicrobial agents in the treatment of human disease. the antibacterial efficacy of the newer quinolones, particularly ciprofloxacin, has undergone extensive evaluation in several animal models. efficacy has been demonstrated in animal models of pneumonia, endocarditis, meningitis, skin and soft-tissue infecti ...19892589379
the application of molecular and immunologic techniques to study the epidemiology of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1.we applied monoclonal antibody typing and restriction endonuclease analysis of plasmid dna to study 28 clinical and 35 environmental (potable water) isolates of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 from three hospitals in iowa between 1981 and 1986. monoclonal antibody typing employed a panel of seven antibodies and delineated eight different subtypes. plasmids were present in 57% of the isolates including 12 of 28 (43%) clinical and 25 of 35 (69%) potable water isolates. the plasmids ranged in si ...19892591166
penetration of macrolides into human polymorphonuclear leucocytes.five 14c-labelled macrolide antibiotics (erythromycin, josamycin, clarithromycin (te-031), rokitamycin and roxithromycin) were studied for their transport into human polymorphonuclear leucocytes. intracellular/extracellular concentration ratios (transport ratios) of these macrolides were quite high: erythromycin, 6.6; josamycin, 15.5; clarithromycin, 16.4; rokitamycin, 30.5; and roxithromycin, 21.9. when polymorphonuclear leucocytes were pre-treated with formaldehyde or incubated at 4 degrees c, ...19892599996
[fatal legionellosis in an infant treated with acth].a new case of fatal systemic legionnaires' disease is reported in an infant. this 8 month-old boy was given a protracted treatment with adrenocorticotropic hormones for infantile spasms. legionella pneumophila type i was found in tracheal secretions and there was multivisceral involvement at autopsy. the mode of contamination and the severity of the disease are discussed in the light of the immunosuppressive properties of the glucocorticoids administered over a period of 4 weeks.19892604513
chemical composition of a lipopolysaccharide from legionella pneumophila.lipopolysaccharide isolated from legionella pneumophila (phil. 1) was examined for chemical composition. the polysaccharide split off by mild acid hydrolysis contained rhamnose, mannose, glucose, quinovosamine, glucosamine and 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate, in molar proportions 1.6:1.8:1.0:1.5:4.1:2.7. heptoses were absent and glucose was probably mainly phosphorylated. the carbohydrate backbone of the lipid a part consisted of glucosamine, quinovosamine and glycerol, in the molar ratios 3.9:1.0:3.4, w ...19892610584
isolation of legionella pneumophila serogroup 3 from pericardial fluid in a case of pericarditis.a 43-year-old woman was hospitalized for fulminant pericarditis. during diagnostic work-up, an as yet unknown bronchial carcinoma was detected. in the pericardial exudate legionella pneumophila serogroup 3 was demonstrated by direct fluorescent antibody technique and by culture. in a lung biopsy l. pneumophila serogroup 3 was found, too. using an antigen-elisa for l. pneumophila serogroup 1, antigenuria was demonstrated. in cases of pericarditis negative for common bacterial pathogens, all diagn ...19892613328
tetracycline and erythromycin distribution in pathological lungs of humans and rat.tetracycline and erythromycin concentrate highly in pulmonary tissues in humans as well as in the rat. their binding to the lung, whatever the species and the pathological state, is weak. their intrapulmonary concentrations could be explained by a passive diffusion which depends on the ph variation between the intra- and extratissue compartments, the percentage of un-ionized form present, and their liposolubility. the importance of retention of tetracycline and erythromycin by plasma proteins is ...19892614691
[treatment of severe respiratory infection. legionella pneumonia].this paper discusses the evaluation of new macrolides and new quinolones for the treatment of legionnaires' disease in in vitro susceptibility test, penetration to polynuclear leukocytes and treatment in an animal model. some kinds of biological response modifier (brms) such as granulocyte colony stimulating factor (gcsf), monocyte csf (m-csf), gm-csf, recombinant interleukin-1 (il-1) and il-2 were also evaluated. the antimicrobial activity (mic) of new macrolides to legionella pneumophila (45 s ...19892615084
opportunistic infection and antineutrophil cytoplasm antibodies in wegener's granulomatosis.antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (anca) are of established value in the diagnosis of wegener's granulomatosis allowing early introduction of therapy. these patients are at risk of opportunistic infection, especially whilst receiving immunosuppressive drugs and this may mimic reactivation of disease. we present three cases of wegener's granulomatosis complicated by opportunistic infection and assess the value of anca detection. two presented with symptoms compatible with disease reactivation ...19892616825
win 57273 is bactericidal for legionella pneumophila grown in alveolar macrophages.the in vitro antimicrobial activity of win 57273, a new quinolone antimicrobial agent, was determined for 21 legionella strains, using broth macrodilution and agar dilution testing methods; ciprofloxacin and erythromycin were tested as well. three different buffered yeast extract media were used for the agar dilution studies, two of which were made with starch rather than charcoal. broth macrodilution susceptibility testing was performed with buffered yeast extract broth and two legionella pneum ...19892619277
efficacy of copper and silver ions and reduced levels of free chlorine in inactivation of legionella pneumophila.water disinfection systems utilizing electrolytically generated copper and silver ions (200 and 20, 400 and 40, or 800 and 80 micrograms/liter) and low levels of free chlorine (0.1 to 0.4 mg/liter) were evaluated at room (21 to 23 degrees c) and elevated (39 to 40 degrees c) temperatures in filtered well water (ph 7.3) for their efficacy in inactivating legionella pneumophila (atcc 33155). at room temperature, a contact time of at least 24 h was necessary for copper and silver (400 and 40 microg ...19892619303
[a community outbreak of legionnaires' disease in barcelona: clinical and microbiological study].in february and march 1989 a community-acquired outbreak of legionnaires' disease developed in barcelona, involving at least 56 patients (48 males and 8 females) with a mean age of 60 years (range 22-87). 70% were smokers, 20% alcohol abusers, 50% had chronic bronchitis and 20% were immunologically depressed. the most common signs and symptoms were: fever (100%), features of lung condensation (77%), cough (51%), stupor (27%), diarrhea (18%), thoracic pain (18%, hyponatremia (53%), increased seru ...19892622251
[a community outbreak of legionnaires' disease in barcelona: epidemiologic and environmental study].the investigation of the outbreak of legionellosis which developed in barcelona in february 1988 included: 1) a case-control study, with the patients with legionella pneumophila pneumonia (n = 56) and those with pneumonia by other organisms (n = 109) in the hospital clínic i provincial (hcp); 2) a review of refrigeration towers and the water supply system; 3) a meteorological study, and 4) a survey of the construction works being carried out in the hcp area. the cases lived in the urban district ...19892622252
interaction of legionella pneumophila with tissue culture cells. 19892628105
[legionellosis in meat-packing combines of the lithuanian ssr].the article presents the results of a study of legionella pneumophila morbidity in lithuanian meat-processing factory workers, as well as the specific position of legionellosis in the fever diseases structure among the workers of the industry. the technique showed that legionella pneumophila 1st serogroup seropositive reaction was traced among the healthy workers in 0.2% (antibody titer 1:64). rather high percentage (7.1%) of persons with specific antibodies was found among those who had suffere ...19892628216
[a serological survey of legionnaires' disease in domestic fowls and animals in chengdu area].a serological survey of antibodies against legionella pneumophila (lp) serotypes in chengdu area by microagglutination test showed that there were high levels of antibodies against serotypes lp1 and lp6 in healthy domestic fowls and animals (rabbits, pigs, chickens, ducks and geese). in rabbits, antibodies against serotypes lp1-lp6 were determined, showing positive rates (titer greater than or equal to 1:16) ranging 6.3-23.8%. among them only the serotype lp3 did not show any positive one. the h ...19892630424
nosocomial legionnaires' disease.the first proved outbreak of nosocomial legionnaires' disease occurred in a psychiatric hospital in washington d.c. in 1965, but the diagnosis was not established until determination of serum antibodies against legionella pneumophila by the indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) test was undertaken, using the bacterial antigen isolated from patients with legionnaires' disease in the 1976 outbreak in philadelphia. the second nosocomial outbreak of legionnaires' disease occurred in three immunocompro ...19892634459
a live avirulent mutant legionella pneumophila vaccine induces protective immunity against lethal aerosol challenge.we have examined the capacity of a live avirulent mutant form of the intracellular bacterial pathogen legionella pneumophila to induce immune responses and protective immunity in guinea pigs. the mutant l. pneumophila is nonlethal to guinea pigs and does not revert to virulence with passage through guinea pigs. in contrast, exposure of guinea pigs to aerosols containing wild-type l. pneumophila induces a pneumonic illness that clinically and pathologically resembles legionnaires' disease in huma ...19892646318
disease due to the legionellaceae (other than legionella pneumophila). historical, microbiological, clinical, and epidemiological review.more than 20 species of the legionellaceae family of bacteria have been discovered since the discovery of legionella pneumophila. thirteen have been implicated as causative agents of pneumonia including the pittsburgh pneumonia agent (tatlockia micdadei, legionella micdadei). although outbreaks of nosocomial pneumonia in immunosuppressed hosts have been well-described, most cases have occurred sporadically in the community. the spectrum of disease ranges from severe life-threatening pneumonia to ...19892646508
epidemic of nosocomial legionnaires' disease in renal transplant recipients: a case-control and environmental study.an outbreak of legionella pneumophila pneumonia occurred in 6 of 49 new renal transplant recipients over the course of 13 months. we compared infected patients (cases) and uninfected patients (controls) with respect to potential risk factors. corticosteroid use, need for hemodialysis and number of days of hemodialysis were significantly greater among the cases. logistic regression analysis identified corticosteroid dosage and number of days of hemodialysis as independent risk factors. lymphopeni ...19892650836
roxithromycin. a review of its antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and clinical efficacy.roxithromycin is an acid-stable orally administered antibacterial macrolide structurally related to erythromycin. it has an in vitro antibacterial profile similar to that of erythromycin, with activity against staphylococcus aureus, s. epidermidis, streptococcus pneumoniae, s. pyogenes, branhamella catarrhalis, mycoplasma pneumoniae, legionella pneumophila, chlamydia trachomatis, gardnerella vaginalis, haemophilus ducreyi, some anaerobes and other less common pathogens. roxithromycin has a pharm ...19892651088
taxonomic investigation of legionella pneumophila using monoclonal antibodies.a panel of 19 monoclonal antibodies was used to produce patterns of immunofluorescent staining of 468 isolates of legionella pneumophila. twelve monoclonal antibodies were selected that divided l. pneumophila into 17 phenons which, in the majority of cases, conform to serogroup divisions. these phenons are more easily defined than the present serogroups, and isolates can be placed in them with little ambiguity. the standardized set of monoclonal antibodies was also used to define the subgroups o ...19892654183
detection of urinary antigens of legionella pneumophila serogroup 12 by broad-spectrum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.the first canadian case of legionella pneumophila serogroup 12 infection is reported. the initial diagnosis was made with a urine specimen by a broad-spectrum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; further serogrouping was done by indirect fluorescent-antibody and tube agglutination tests. this case emphasizes the importance of multivalent urinary antigen detection for the diagnosis of legionellosis.19892656751
high-dose corticosteroid therapy for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.overwhelming pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) carries a poor prognosis. patients who require mechanical ventilation have up to a 90% mortality rate despite vigorous treatment. although there are theoretic contraindications to steroid use in severely immunocompromised individuals, case reports of aids patients with pcp either inadvertently or intentionally given steroids have shown benefit. we report a series of seven patients whose a ...19892660289
a rapid method for purification of homogeneous legionella pneumophila cytotoxic protease using fast protein liquid chromatography.a purification method was developed to isolate legionella pneumophila cytotoxic protease in a form suitable for biological assays. culture supernatant of a clinical isolate of l. pneumophila, knoxville 1 strain, was used as the starting material. the protease was purified by fplc on a mono q column followed by ultrafiltration. the isolated proteolytic enzyme has a specific activity of 90 azocasein units/mg protein and is a 42 kda monomeric protein as determined by sds-page and gel filtration chr ...19892661321
clinical efficacy of ciprofloxacin in lower respiratory tract infections.the sputum pharmacokinetics and clinical efficacy of ciprofloxacin in lower respiratory tract infections is reviewed. following intravenous administration, ciprofloxacin penetrates rapidly into bronchial tissue; the elimination half life is between 3 and 4 h and a dose dependency is seen. following oral intake, the time to reach maximal concentrations is approximately two hours and after a dose of 750 mg the concentration may reach 1.7 mg/l in patients without cystic fibrosis and range from 0.5 ...19892667111
lack of antibodies to legionella pneumophila and legionella micdadei in hemodialysis patients.in 231 adult hemodialysis patients and 134 healthy adults, we measured antibodies to legionella pneumophila (serogroups 1-6) and legionella micdadei by indirect immunofluorescent antibody tests to assess the risk of legionnaires' disease. one of the patients had a titer of 1:512 to legionella pneumophila but he had no history of legionnaires' disease. two had a titer of 1:64 to legionella pneumophila, and none had a titer of greater than or equal to 1:64 to legionella micdadei. by contrast, none ...19892667115
genetic, immunological, and cytotoxic comparisons of legionella proteolytic activities.several strains of legionella pneumophila and other species of legionella with proteolytic activities were compared by assays, including southern hybridizations and western immunoblots, to determine their proteolytic, hemolytic, and cytotoxic activities. only proteases from strains of l. pneumophila were both hemolytic and cytotoxic, and proteolytic activities extracted from other species of legionella possessed only hemolytic activity. a 4.0-kilobase dna sequence encoding the 38-kilodalton meta ...19892668184
use of fluoroquinolones for intracellular pathogens.current microbiologic techniques (determinations of minimal inhibitory and/or microbicidal concentrations) are unable to delineate the true role of anti-infectious drugs in the treatment of human infections due to intracellular pathogens. the prediction and evaluation of the efficacy of quinolones against intracellular pathogens requires information on four different steps. (1) quinolones should be able to penetrate phagocytes; intramacrophagic concentration is highly dependent on serum pharmaco ...19892672263
[microbial contamination of water by pipe and tube materials. 3. behavior of e. coli, citrobacter freundii and klebsiella pneumoniae].materials water comes into contact with can promote the microbial growth as it could be shown before. the reaction of an unspecific microorganism flora and of legionella pneumophila in pipes and hoses has been described in the two previous communications. the investigation with l. pneumophila has shown that even a pathogen organism can grow upon the materials. therefore it was of special interest to prove whether indicator organisms for the testing of drinking water can grow in pipes and hoses a ...19892673263
detection of legionella pneumophila in environmental water samples using a fluorescein conjugated monoclonal antibody.sixty-three environmental water samples from various sources were examined for the presence of legionella pneumophila with a commercially available direct fluorescent monoclonal antibody (gs), an indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat) and culture. gs detected l. pneumophila in 94% and 100% of environmental water samples which were culture and ifat positive for l. pneumophila, respectively. ifat detected 69% of l. pneumophila culture positive samples. cultures of l. pneumophila serogroups 1 to ...19892673821
plaque assay for virulent legionella pneumophila.methods of assessing virulence of legionella pneumophila, the etiologic agent of legionnaires disease, include the infection of guinea pigs, fertile chicken eggs, and mammalian and protozoan cell cultures. guinea pig assays, in particular, are expensive, laborious, or unsuitable for routine screening of legionella isolates. we have developed a virulence assay that requires the enumeration of viruslike plaques which are the result of virulent l. pneumophila infecting mouse l929 cells. each plaque ...19892674192
legionnaires' disease. a clinical review.legionnaires' disease is an acute bacterial pneumonia caused by legionella pneumophila and related subtypes. in endemic areas legionnaires' disease accounts for between 2% and 15% of community-acquired pneumonias in adults admitted to hospital. the diagnosis of this disease may be difficult and therefore a high index of suspicion should exist. the clinical features of legionnaires' disease are reviewed.19892675339
laboratory diagnosis of pneumonia.laboratory techniques for the diagnosis of pneumonia are discussed. gram's stain and culture of the sputum are still the most useful techniques for the diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia. antigen detection can provide a rapid diagnosis and contribute to the initial choice of therapy in infections caused by haemophilus influenzae, legionella pneumophila, chlamydia psittaci and pneumocystis carinii.19892677980
the specificity of a rapid method of assay for the presence of legionella species in water.a rapid method of assay, using a monoclonal antibody linked to alkaline phosphatase, was used for the detection of the pontiac subgroup of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1. it was tested for its specificity against 53 strains of legionella recently isolated from the environment in singapore and malaysia. the specificity and sensitivity of this method of assay was confirmed, though there is some concern that the specificity was too narrow, and there are reservations about the criteria suggested ...19892679337
acute and chronic legionnaires' disease and co-existent tuberculosis: a trial of erythromycin.to assess the prevalence of legionnaires' disease, 115 patients with 'difficult-to-treat' chest infections were screened for legionnella pneumophila. the results were positive in 10 (37%) of 27 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, 15 (22%) of 68 with a recent onset acute respiratory infection, and 7 (35%) of 20 patients with history of a chronic respiratory infection. these 32 patients were enrolled in an open therapeutic trial of erythromycin. less severe cases (17 of 32) received erythromycin ...19892680287
legionnaires' disease and the sick-building syndrome.in october 1985, six cases of legionnaires' disease were associated with a police headquarters building. four were amongst staff who worked in or visited the communications wing of the headquarters and two cases occurred in the local community. a case-control study implicated the operations room of the communications wing as the main area associated with infection. this wing was air-conditioned and smoke tracer studies showed that drift from the exhaust as well as from the base of the cooling to ...19892680548
laboratory and clinical evaluation of a commercial dna probe for the detection of legionella spp.we prospectively compared a commercially available legionella dna probe with culture and direct immunofluorescence. the analytical sensitivities of the dna probe and direct immunofluorescence were equal. both tests detected 4 x 10(3) cfu of legionella pneumophila or legionella micdadei per ml in the pulmonary secretions of experimentally infected guinea pigs. the diagnostic sensitivity of the reagent was evaluated by using 809 samples of respiratory secretions. of 51 dna probe-positive specimens ...19892685031
legionnaires' disease in south australia, 1979-1988.laboratory investigations supported the diagnosis of legionella pneumonia in 108 patients in south australia over the past 10 years. legionella pneumophila was responsible for 91 infections: the serogroup-1 strain caused 81 of these. l. pneumophila serogroup 2 was the only other strain of l. pneumophila that was isolated from patients; it caused infection in eight patients. in two patients, the serological results did not distinguish between infection with l. pneumophila serogroup 1 and serogrou ...19892687665
[treatment of pneumonia caused by legionella, mycoplasma, chlamydiae and rickettsia using ofloxacin].to asses the efficacy and the safety of ofloxacin as therapy of pneumonia caused by intracellular pathogens, 35 patients were studied (26 male, 9 female, mean age: 52.5 +/- 16.6 years). causative pathogens were chlamydia psittaci (n = 13), legionella pneumophila (n = 10), mycoplasma pneumoniae (n = 7) and coxiella burnetii (n = 5). ofloxacin was administered orally in 32 cases (200 mg b.i.d. in 80% of cases) and by i.v. route in 3 cases. all patients were cured without any side effects. in concl ...19892691969
[monoclonal antibodies to legionella pneumophila cytolysin].the fusion of spleen cells, taken from balb/c mice immunized with the purified preparation of l. pneumophila cytolysin, with cells sp2/0 and np has been carried out. as a result, hybridoma cells producing igg1, igg3 and igm antibodies to this protein have been obtained. all monoclonal antibodies (mcab) thus obtained react with l. pneumophila strain lysates in the precipitation test, while igg3 and igm antibodies react with erythrocyte diagnostic agents prepared from the lysate of l. pneumophila ...19892692353
bactericidal effect of lactoferrin on legionella pneumophila: effect of the physiological state of the organism.lactoferrin has been previously shown to be bactericidal for legionella pneumophila. the current study showed that cacl2, mg(no3)2, and mgcl2, but not nacl, blocked killing. activity was ph dependent with the greatest activity at 5.0. sensitivity of the organism was dramatically affected by the growth conditions. log phase 12 h, broth-grown cells were most sensitive, with older cultures becoming more resistant. plate-grown cells were completely resistant. lactoferrin binding, as detected by immu ...19892692799
genetics and molecular pathogenesis of legionella pneumophila, an intracellular parasite of macrophages.in addition to providing a powerful approach for identifying bacterial factors required for full infectivity and disease production, genetic analysis of legionella pathogenesis should also lend critical insight into the biology of the macrophage and into the pathogenesis of other intracellular parasites. the interaction between l. pneumophila and the macrophage exhibits many features found in a wide variety of prokaryotic and eukaryotic intracellular human pathogens. for example, binding to comp ...19892696860
[legionella pneumophila associated with acute respiratory insufficiency. 1st isolation in brazil].isolation of legionella pneumophila sero-group 1 with serological evidence of present infection is reported from a 40 year-old male with serious respiratory infection which developed into acute respiratory failure. it was characterized by severe hypoxemia resistant to high inspired oxygen concentrations and radiographically by diffuse infiltrates in both lungs suggesting the clinical aspect of ards. following the introduction of clindamycin, amikacin, ceftriaxone, volume-cycled ventilator and po ...19892701194
[serologic prevalence of legionella pneumophila in a chilean population]. 19892701623
pneumonia due to legionella pneumophila and pneumococcal pneumonia: similarities and differences on presentation.we compared clinical, radiological and laboratory data from 32 cases of community-acquired pneumonia due to legionella pneumophila, with 37 cases of pneumococcal pneumonia (pp). this study revealed few clinical differences between the two types of pneumonia: in our experience legionnaire's disease presents like a "typical" bacterial pneumonia. given the difficulty of making a diagnosis on clinical data alone, we propose early aetiological diagnostic measures and recommend that the choice of init ...19892703042
isolation of a legionella pneumophila restriction mutant with increased ability to act as a recipient in heterospecific matings.the ability of legionella pneumophila to act as a recipient of incp and incq plasmids in matings with escherichia coli varies widely from strain to strain. we found that the low efficiency of mating of the philadelphia-1 strain is due to a type ii restriction-modification system, and we isolated and characterized a philadelphia-1 mutant that lacks the restriction enzyme activity.19892703472
isolation of legionella pneumophila from hotels of greece.twenty water samples collected from 6 hotels situated in various areas of greece were examined for the presence of legionella pneumophila and legionella-like organisms. five of the six hotels included in this investigation were associated with cases of legionellosis. legionella pneumophila serogroups 1 and 8 were isolated from four of six hotels, mainly from the hot water supply system. this is the first isolation and identification of l. pneumophila in greece.19892707395
legionnaires' disease in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis treated with cyclosporine.we report a patient with long-standing rheumatoid arthritis (ra) treated with cyclosporine a; she developed a flare of her arthritis and evidence of vasculitis, cavitary pulmonary disease, nephritis and hepatitis, and was found to have legionella pneumophila serotype i infection. cyclosporine is a relatively new and investigational therapy in ra. thus, it is important that any unusual complications in patients with ra treated with cyclosporine should be documented.19892715999
[treatment of atypical pneumonia with josamycin].in the present study the clinical efficacy and tolerance of josamycin (1 g every 12 hours) was prospectively evaluated for the empirical therapy of patients below 70 years with community acquired pneumonia of atypical presentation (ap), without respiratory failure, radiological cavitation or risk factors of pharyngeal colonization by gram-negative bacilli. during a 28-month period 168 patients adequate for the study were included. the etiological diagnosis was established in 56 cases (33.3%); in ...19892716415
characterization of the selective inhibition of growth of virulent legionella pneumophila by supplemented mueller-hinton medium.the phenotypic difference between virulent and avirulent legionella pneumophila with regard to growth on supplemented mueller-hinton (smh) agar was investigated. defined populations of virulent and avirulent l. pneumophila were inoculated onto hybrid growth media containing the combination of smh agar components with potassium phosphate-buffered charcoal-yeast extract agar. the casein acid hydrolysate component of smh agar was found to be inhibitory to the growth of virulent but not avirulent ce ...19892722245
antigenic and genetic variation in legionella pneumophila serogroup 6.legionella pneumophila subsp. pneumophila serogroup 6 is second in importance only to l. pneumophila serogroup 1 as a cause of legionellosis. monoclonal antibody (mab) reactivity and multilocus enzyme electrophoretic analyses were used to subtype serogroup 6 isolates as a potential aid for epidemiologic and virulence studies. forty-eight serogroup 6 isolates submitted to the centers for disease control from 1980 to 1985 were examined by these methods. the isolates were divided into two groups ba ...19892723038
legionella pneumophila isolated in pure culture from the ascites of a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. 19892729346
comparative in vitro activity of ciprofloxacin and other unrelated antimicrobials against bacterial respiratory tract pathogens.ciprofloxacin is a new fluorinated 4-quinolone with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity which includes both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. in this study the in vitro activity of ciprofloxacin has been determined against bacteria associated with respiratory tract infections and compared with that of other antimicrobial agents used in the therapy of such infections. ciprofloxacin (mic90 0.008 mg/l) was highly active against haemophilus influenzae, including isolates producing bet ...19892737080
agglutination of legionella pneumophila by antiserum is accelerated in an ultrasonic standing wave.the agglutination of legionella pneumophila (lp) by diluted anti-lp whole rabbit serum has been compared in conventional microwell plates and in capillary containers where the suspension was exposed to a 1 mhz ultrasonic standing wave field. a positive reaction in the standing wave field was detected as a series of cell agglutinates, separated by half an acoustic wavelength (0.75 mm), distributed along the length of the capillary. agglutination occurred in 60 s or less with ultrasound, while the ...19892738412
nosocomial legionnaires disease in a children's hospital.between august 1982 and december 1985, seven patients at a children's hospital developed hospital-acquired pneumonia caused by legionella pneumophila. demographic data included the following: mean age 12.3 years (range 9 months to 20.5 years); male/female ratio 5:2; all patients were white. some previously identified risk factors present in our patients included high-dose corticosteroid therapy (five patients), other immunosuppressive therapy (four), and chronic lung (five) or kidney (three) dis ...19892738794
bactericidal effects of amoxycillin/clavulanic acid against legionella pneumophila.the antibacterial activities of amoxycillin, clavulanic acid and the combination of both agents against legionella spp. were compared in serial-dilution tests, time-kill curve studies and in turbidimetric studies in a continuous recording biophotometer. both beta-lactam compounds showed high levels of activity against l. pneumophila in serial dilution tests, clavulanic acid (mic 0.1-0.25 mg/l) being two-fold more active than amoxycillin. the combination of amoxycillin and clavulanic acid was mor ...19892745255
bactericidal effects of amoxycillin/clavulanic acid against intracellular legionella pneumophila in tissue culture studies.the bactericidal effects of amoxycillin, clavulanic acid and amoxycillin plus clavulanic acid were determined against legionella pneumophila growing intracellularly in mrc-5 human fetal lung fibroblast cells. the strain of l. pneumophila was shown to be growing within the cells by transmission electron microscopy and this was confirmed by the results of bactericidal tests in which gentamicin was shown to be ineffective in preventing growth of the organism in the tissue culture system. amoxycilli ...19892745260
genetic typing in a cluster of legionella pneumophila infections.legionella pneumophila strains isolated from six patients, three air-conditioning- and cooling tower-derived strains, and three hot water supply-derived strains were analyzed by three genetic typing methods. the results of the whole-cell dna restriction endonuclease analysis and the restriction patterns based on genes coding for rrna correlated with each other and demonstrated that the patient isolates were indistinguishable from the air-conditioning- and cooling tower-derived isolates but diffe ...19892745685
[pleural empyema caused by legionella pneumophila].although pleural effusion is not uncommon in legionellosis, the development of empyema and the demonstration of the organism in pleural fluid are exceptional. we report four patients with pleural empyema with isolation of legionella pneumophila in the pleural fluid culture. the patients were three males and one female, with ages ranging from 36 and 83 years. all had left pleuritic pain, fever and pleural effusion. the appearance of pleural effusion was purulent in two cases and serofibrinous in ...19892747322
[community-acquired pneumonia].community-acquired pneumonia accounts for about 1 p. 100 of all lower respiratory infections, i.e. 1 to 10 cases per 1,000 adults annually, depending on the country and the year. the causative organism is seldom identified since there is no simple, specific, non-invasive and cheap laboratory diagnostic method. treatment therefore is empirical. it rests upon epidemiological and clinical data as well as upon a set of criteria concerning the acceptability of antibiotics and variations in bacterial ...19892749147
legionella infection of the colon presenting as acute attack of ulcerative colitis.a 42-yr-old woman with long-standing ulcerative colitis of the descending colon, sigmoid, and rectum presented with bloody diarrhea, tenesmus, and high fever. endoscopic findings were compatible with an acute attack of ulcerative colitis, which proved to be resistant to systemic corticosteroid treatment. in the presence of an acute abdomen with ascites and double-contoured colonic wall, hemicolectomy was performed. postoperatively, high temperature, hyponatremia, and elevated liver enzyme levels ...19892753334
species-specific detection of legionella pneumophila in water by dna amplification and hybridization.a sensitive detection system specific for legionella pneumophila in water was developed. this system is based on amplification of a chromosomal dna sequence from l. pneumophila by the polymerase chain reaction, followed by detection of the amplified product by hybridization of a radiolabeled oligodeoxynucleotide. after 35 cycles of amplification, a water sample which had been seeded with 35 cfu of l. pneumophila contained sufficient amplified dna to be detected on dot blots. bacteria of other ge ...19892754000
[use of uv rays for the disinfection of water. iii. uv sensitivity of legionella pneumophila of different ages in cold and warm drinking water].in drinking water the sensitivity of l. pneumophila serogroup 1 type philadelphia and l. pneumophila serogroup 5 type dallas were studied with a flowthrough u.v. light treatment apparatus. by washing purified cells from broth cultures were used as inoculum directly ( = young cultures) or kept 2-3 weeks in drinking water in the dark ( = old cultures). a decrease of 99,9999% was found after u.v. treatment by 19 mws/cm2 for young cultures and by 15 mws/cm2 for old cultures. reductions of 99,9999% w ...19892757740
impaired clearance of aerosolized legionella pneumophila in corticosteroid-treated rats: a model of legionnaires' disease in the compromised host.to develop a model of legionnaires' disease in a host with defective cell-mediated immunity, rats were treated with subcutaneous cortisone acetate and exposed to aerosolized legionella pneumophila. bacterial clearance, histopathology, cell recovery by bronchoalveolar lavage, serology, and splenocyte blastogenesis to heat-killed l. pneumophila were studied in cortisone-treated rats and normal controls. corticosteroid administration resulted in a dosage-related defect in the clearance of l. pneumo ...19892760483
community-acquired legionnaires' disease associated with a cooling tower: evidence for longer-distance transport of legionella pneumophila.in the period august 10-29, 1986, 29 confirmed cases of legionnaires' disease occurred in sheboygan, wisconsin; two cases were fatal. no common source of indoor exposure was identified. water specimens were obtained from all known cooling tower units in sheboygan; legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 was isolated at 1 x 10(6) colony-forming units per liter from a specimen obtained august 27 at plant a. this isolate was identical to the only clinical isolate by monoclonal antibody and isoenzyme sub ...19892764000
rapid detection and identification of legionella pneumophila by a membrane immunoassay.legionella pneumophila was detected and identified by an immunoblot assay using a monoclonal antibody specific to serogroups 1 to 8. samples containing l. pneumophila were plated on buffered charcoal yeast extract agar supplemented with glycine, vancomycin, and polymyxin b. after incubation at 35 degrees c for 3 days, colonies were transferred to nitrocellulose membranes by blotting. simultaneous detection and identification of l. pneumophila were done by treating the membrane with the monoclona ...19892764570
bacterial infection (legionella pneumophila) stimulates fever, metabolic rate and brown adipose tissue activity in the guinea pig.the objective of this study was to assess whether bacterial infection stimulates oxygen consumption and brown adipose tissue (bat) activity. guinea pigs infected with legionella pneumophila showed marked fever and a significant (33%) increase in resting oxygen consumption (vo2), 24h after infection. at this time, food intake and body weight were normal and the in vitro thermogenic activity of bat taken from infected animals was elevated by 64% above that of control guinea pigs. vo2 and bat activ ...19892770424
co-infection with legionella pneumophila and pneumocystis carinii in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia.a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia was found to have pneumonitis caused by a simultaneous pneumocystis carinii and legionella pneumophila infection. although both microorganisms frequently cause pulmonary infections in immunocompromised patients, co-infection has not been reported. this patient responded to antimicrobial therapy, but superinfection with candida albicans led to his death. as there are numerous infective and noninfective causes of pneumonia in such patients, this case ill ...19892786153
induction of interleukin 1 by legionella pneumophila in murine peritoneal macrophage cultures.legionella pneumophila-induced production of both membrane-associated and secreted interleukin 1 (mil-1 and sil-1, respectively) was examined utilizing peritoneal macrophages from balb/c mice. the legionella preparations for these studies included viable bacteria and formalin-killed whole cell preparations. both of the preparations induced mil-1 and sil-1 in a dose-dependent fashion. however, the viable bacteria required about 1 log lower concentrations than the formalin-killed bacteria to induc ...19892787029
lpni, from legionella pneumophila, is a neoschizomer of haeii. 19892788873
in vitro activity of lomefloxacin (sc 47111 or ny-198) against isolates of legionella spp.the in vitro activity of lomefloxacin (sc-47111 or ny-198) was compared with those of erythromycin and rifampin against a total of 180 legionella spp. strains isolated from nosocomial or acquired respiratory tract infections and from environmental sources. rifampin was the most active agent tested (mic90, 0.008 microgram/ml) against legionella spp. however, lomefloxacin was found 2-to-4-fold more active than erythromycin against most legionella strains tested. against legionella pneumophila, lom ...19892791504
legionella: an infrequent cause of adult community acquired pneumonia in dublin.the commonest infectious agents identified in community acquired pneumonia (cap) amongst 50 patients admitted to a dublin hospital were streptococcus pneumoniae and haemophilis influenzae. legionella pneumophila pneumonia occurred in only one patient who acquired infection abroad. a serological screen of blood bank donors and renal transplant recipients failed to detect antibody to legionella pneumophila supporting the clinical findings of a low prevalence of infection in this community. it is c ...19892793404
legionella pneumophila grows adherent to surfaces in vitro and in situ.legionella pneumophila continues to play a role in both community- and nosocomially-acquired pneumonia. we investigated the ability of l pneumophila to adhere to various types of materials such as those found in the hospital air-cooling and portable water distribution systems. through the use of a unique sampling apparatus, we were able to regularly acquire planktonic and sessile samples and determine the numbers of bacteria present in both populations, in vitro and in situ. portions of these ap ...19892794466
[nosocomial legionellosis: study of 51 cases].we report the features of 51 cases of hospital-acquired legionella pneumophila pneumonia (hlp), diagnosed in our hospital during a period of about 5 years. mean age was 64.6 years, and the male:female ratio 1.6. 29% of hlp involved patients who were not admitted to the hospital at the time of diagnosis. the monthly distribution showed a maximal incidence in july and august. only 6% of cases involved patients without underlying diseases. the most common underlying diseases were chronic obstructiv ...19892796435
[legionnaires' disease in children].during the first nine months of 1987, the bacteriological and virological tests as well as the indirect fluorescence test to legionella pneumophila were performed in 40 children with bronchopneumonia (one- or both-sided) or pleuropneumonia and in 10 children with protracted bronchitis. in a 15 month old boy we have proved (by titer dynamics) the infection with legionella pneumophila serotype 5, and in a 15 month old girl and in a 16 month old boy serotype 1. the infection was sporadic and the po ...19892796576
[pulmonary manifestations in patients with aids].in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) the pulmonary opportunistic infections are due to the depression of cellular immunity and they are found in more than 50% of patients. most frequently the infection is due to pneumocystis carinii, cytomegalovirus, cryptococcus neoformans and mycobacterium avium-intracellulare. non-opportunistic infections in aids are mostly due to the mycobacterium tuberculosis and legionella pneumophila. in kaposi sarcoma in aids the lungs may be involved into pulmon ...19892798562
legionella species, serogroups and subgroups found in the environment in singapore.over a period of seven months, 87 samples of water collected from 48 air-conditioning cooling-towers on 15 sites in singapore yielded 19 strains of legionella. legionellas were found in 7 of the 15 sites. the strains isolated fell into 7 species, serogroups or subgroups of the genus legionella. only 11% of them belonged to the more pathogenic pontiac subgroup of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1.19892802506
pathogenesis and chemotherapy of experimental legionella pneumophila infection in the chick embryo.the pathogenicity of legionella pneumophila, serogroup 1, strain nottingham n7, was assessed in terms of ld50 data and the ability of the organism to induce pathological lesions in the fertile hen's egg. histopathological examination of embryo organs after inoculation with 1, 10, 100 and 1000 times the yolk sac ld50 revealed a disseminated infection. systemic spread of the organism resulted in widespread necrosis and evidence of consolidation together with generation of copious amounts of oedema ...19892803457
macrophage-activating t-cell factor(s) produced in an early phase of legionella pneumophila infection in guinea pigs.protective immunity of guinea pigs against legionella pneumophila was studied by infecting the animals with a sublethal dose (about 2 x 10(4) cfu) of the organism. the bacteria multiplied in the liver, spleen, and lungs up to day 4 after the intraperitoneal infection. the live bacteria in these organs decreased quickly thereafter and were eliminated by day 7. a delayed-type skin reaction and lymphoproliferation of spleen cells to formalin-killed l. pneumophila were detected from days 5 and 6, re ...19892807531
electron microscopy of the pathology and chemotherapy of legionella pneumophila infection in the chick embryo.the ultrastructural pathology induced in organs of chick embryos previously infected with 100 times the yolk sac ld50 of legionella pneumophila was examined by electron microscopy. subtle pathological changes were observed three days post-inoculation while more extensive cellular and sub-cellular necrosis occurred at four days post-inoculation. selected antimicrobial agents were administered three days after infection and evaluated for their ability to reduce or reverse ultrastructural lesions. ...19892818797
legionella pneumophila in a hospital in torino, italy. a retrospective one-year study.legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 was isolated from post mortem specimens from 13 out of 58 patients with pneumonia diagnosed at autopsy. the results of a study undertaken in the hospital environment showed that the water plumbing system was colonized with l. pneumophila serogroup 1 which could also be isolated from respiratory devices filled with tap water. control measures instituted are described.19892917615
exposure to legionellaceae at a hot spring spa: a prospective clinical and serological study.following the occurrence of five cases of legionnaires' disease among patients and therapists at a french hot spring spa, a series of cleansing procedures and an epidemiological study were undertaken. during a 3-month period, the spring water was repeatedly sampled. serum samples were taken from 689 randomly selected patients, 230 therapists, 134 administrative staff and a control group of 904 blood donors. legionellaceae were present in the spring water at concentrations of 10(3)-10(5) colony f ...19892917616
characterization of a legionella pneumophila extracellular protease exhibiting hemolytic and cytotoxic activities.a preliminary screening of selected legionella species for proteolytic and hemolytic phenotypes suggested a correlation between these activities. to investigate the relationship of these phenotypes, a mutant strain of legionella pneumophila deficient in the expression of a 38-kilodalton (kda) exoprotease was isolated and characterized. this strain, designated prt8, was also found to be nonhemolytic when screened on blood agar composed of 5% canine or guinea pig erythrocytes. strain prt8 was sero ...19892917785
engulfment of the philadelphia strain of legionella pneumophila within pseudopod coils in human phagocytes. comparison with other legionella strains and species.in this paper we report our ultrastructural studies of the early phagocytosis of two different strains of l. pneumophila serogroup (sg) 1 (philadelphia 1 and knoxville 1) and of l. micdadei. these bacteria replicate, in vivo as well as in vitro, in eukaryotic cells e.g. in monocytes and macrophages. whether or not the mode of entry of these organisms in phagocytes contributes to their intracellular survival is presently unknown. whilst internalization of bacteria of the philadelphia 1 strain occ ...19892920101
[legionella pneumophila infection in hotel aktizeus in heraklion on crete?]. 19892922085
a legionella pneumophila gene encoding a species-specific surface protein potentiates initiation of intracellular infection.to investigate the pathogenesis of legionnaires disease at a molecular level, we mutated by directed allelic exchange a gene encoding a legionella pneumophila-specific 24,000-dalton (da) surface protein. southern hybridization and immunoblot analyses demonstrated that the predicted dna rearrangement occurred in l. pneumophila with a specific loss of 24-kda antigen expression. compared with its isogenic parent, the mutant was significantly impaired in its ability to infect transformed u937 cells, ...19892925251
dna sequence of mip, a legionella pneumophila gene associated with macrophage infectivity.in a previous study, a 24-kilodalton (kda) protein surface antigen of legionella pneumophila was cloned into escherichia coli and found to be expressed on the host cell surface. subsequently, a site-directed mutation in this gene (designated mip) in l. pneumophila was found to impair the capacity of this bacterium to initiate intracellular infection in human macrophages. the work presented here indicates that the antigenic gene product is distinct from the 24- to 29-kda major outer membrane prot ...19892925252
multiple organ involvement by legionella pneumophila in a fatal case of legionnaires' disease. 19892926176
vaccination with the major secretory protein of legionella pneumophila induces cell-mediated and protective immunity in a guinea pig model of legionnaires' disease.we have examined the capacity of the major secretory protein (msp) of legionella pneumophila to induce humoral, cell-mediated, and protective immunity in a guinea pig model of legionnaires' disease. msp was purified to homogeneity by ammonium sulfate precipitation, molecular sieve chromatography, and ion-exchange chromatography. the purified msp was nonlethal and nontoxic to guinea pigs upon subcutaneous administration. guinea pigs immunized with a sublethal dose of aerosolized l. pneumophila or ...19892926324
long-term pulmonary sequelae after legionella pneumophila infection in the hamster.it has been reported that infections with legionella pneumophila can lead to chronic inflammatory and fibrotic reactions in the human lung. to better characterize the nature of the residual abnormalities caused by this bacterium, we inoculated syrian hamsters intratracheally with 10(8) serotype 1 l. pneumophila organisms and assessed histologic, functional, and biochemical changes at intervals up to 180 days. acutely, l. pneumophila caused an intense alveolar macrophage (am) and polymorphonuclea ...19892930077
bactericidal effects of amoxycillin/clavulanic acid (augmentin) against legionella pneumophila in vitro and in tissue culture studies. 198916312315
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