| legionella infections: a review of five years of research. | in an attempt to place in perspective the role of legionella pneumophila in human disease, the literature concerning this organism was reviewed. in the five years since the etiology of legionnaires' disease was elucidated, an impressive body of information has been gathered from retrospective investigations of illnesses of previously unidentified etiology and from studies of new cases of nosocomial or community-acquired infection caused by l. pneumophila. topics on which considerable knowledge h ... | 1983 | 6342093 |
| improved facility and sensitivity in the use of guinea pigs for the isolation of legionella pneumophila from cooling tower water. | the established criteria for the determination of the optimum time for the sacrifice of guinea pigs inoculated with samples of cooling tower water were found to be inadequate for the detection of low levels of legionella pneumophila. by ignoring the requirement for fever and by sequentially sacrificing the infected guinea pigs on days 3 through 5 postinoculation, we simplified the procedure, and the sensitivity of detection was improved a great deal. | 1983 | 6342532 |
| legionella pneumophila pneumonia in a renal transplant patient. | | 1983 | 6343293 |
| acute-phase, indirect fluorescent antibody procedure for diagnosis of mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. | an indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) technique was developed to detect igg and igm-specific antibodies to mycoplasma pneumoniae. the presence of igm-specific mycoplasma antibody was interpreted as reflecting active infection in patients with atypical pneumonia or other clinically compatible illness. the procedure is suitable for use in routine clinical laboratories, correlated well with complement fixation test results and did not show cross reaction with legionella pneumophila antibody. the r ... | 1983 | 6344745 |
| prevalence of pneumonias caused by legionella species among patients on whom autopsies were performed. | we wanted to determine the prevalence of pneumonias caused by legionella species among patients on whom autopsies were performed in two medical centers in st louis from january 1976 to june 1981. we screened formaldehyde-fixed deparaffinized lung tissue sections with microscopic evidence of pneumonia from 97 patients with use of the direct immunofluorescence antibody technique with a multivalent antilegionella conjugate containing antibodies to legionella pneumophila serogroups 1 through 4 plus ... | 1983 | 6344838 |
| community-acquired bacterial pneumonia requiring admission to hospital. | patients who develop bacterial pneumonia in the community often require admission to acute-care hospitals. knowledge of the incidence of pneumonia due to different pathogens that are brought into an institution from the community may play a role in determining the patterns of infecting organisms responsible for hospital-acquired pneumonia. for 1 year, we prospectively reviewed the records of patients admitted to our 1000-bed community hospital with community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (cabp). ... | 1983 | 6349427 |
| cell-mediated immunity in legionnaires' disease. | previous studies from this laboratory have suggested a role for cell-mediated immunity in host defense against legionella pneumophila. in this paper, cell-mediated immunity to l. pneumophila in patients recovered from legionnaires' disease was studied by examining patient mononuclear cell responses to l. pneumophila antigens. patient mononuclear cells were assayed both for their capacity to respond to l. pneumophila antigens with the production of cytokines that activate monocytes, as measured b ... | 1983 | 6345589 |
| enhanced primary isolation of legionella pneumophila from clinical specimens by low-ph treatment. | during the 12-month study period, 919 clinical specimens were submitted to the laboratory for culture of legionella pneumophila. all specimens were plated onto nonselective and semiselective media both directly and after treatment with a kcl-hcl solution, ph 2.2. of the 51 specimens (5.5%) positive for l. pneumophila and legionella-like organisms, 20 were recovered by acid pretreatment only, 5 were recovered by direct plating only, and 26 were recovered by both acid pretreatment and direct inocu ... | 1983 | 6348079 |
| new serogroup of legionella pneumophila, serogroup 8. | a strain of legionella pneumophila (designated concord 3) was isolated from a postmortem lung specimen of a patient with pneumonia. direct fluorescent-antibody and immunoelectrophoresis tests, using absorbed and unabsorbed reagents prepared to this and other strains of legionellae, indicated that the concord 3 strain represents a new serogroup of l. pneumophila, serogroup 8. | 1983 | 6345579 |
| diagnosis of legionnaires' disease. an update of laboratory methods with new emphasis on isolation by culture. | a prospective clinical study of 40 cases of legionnaires' disease combined with serial laboratory examinations enabled us to present an update as well as new recommendations concerning the use of diagnostic tests for legionnaires' disease. transtracheal aspirate specimens are the optimal specimen for recovery of legionella pneumophila by culture as well as the most sensitive method for early diagnosis. in addition, with recent improvements in culture media and methodology, l pneumophila can now ... | 1983 | 6352966 |
| isolation of legionella pneumophila from clinical specimens via amoebae, and the interaction of those and other isolates with amoebae. | the development of an amoebal enrichment method, for the recovery of viable legionella pneumophila from clinical materials is described. the method has been used successfully in five of six cases of legionnaires' disease in which l pneumophila was isolated. studies on those l pneumophila isolates led to the discovery that virulent legionellae are attracted to, and attack suitable host amoebae, rather than infection following chance ingestion. | 1983 | 6350372 |
| comparison of microagglutination with the indirect immunofluorescence assay for the diagnosis of infection with legionella pneumophila serogroup 1. | a comparison was made of the indirect immunofluorescence assay and microagglutination in the diagnosis of infections caused by legionella pneumophila serogroup 1. control sera consisted of 709 sera from patients without pneumonia and 99 sera from patients with mycoplasma or chlamydia infection. the 468 test sera were from 51 patients with serologically confirmed or suspected legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 infection, and from 230 patients with pneumonia of unknown aetiology. there was good ag ... | 1983 | 6354714 |
| the chest x-ray in legionella pneumonia (legionnaires' disease). | the authors compared the radiological evolution and patterns of legionella pneumophila pneumonia in 13 immunocompromised and 13 non-immunocompromised patients. apart from the occurrence of cavitation and the longer time it took before consolidations cleared in immunocompromised patients no differences were found between the two groups of patients. | 1983 | 6354717 |
| detection of antibodies against legionella pneumophila serogroups 1 to 6 and the leiden-1 strain by micro elisa and immunofluorescence assay. | one hundred and seventy-five human sera were tested for the presence of type-specific antibodies against l pneumophila serogroups 1 to 6 and the leiden-1 strain by means of an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and compared with the results obtained by the indirect immunofluorescence assay (ifa). a high correlation (correlation coefficient 0.92) between both methods was found. no consistent pattern of igg, iga and igm classes of antibody titres against l pneumophila were found. in the ser ... | 1983 | 6355195 |
| cellular immunity to legionella pneumophila in guinea pigs assessed by direct and indirect migration inhibition reactions in vitro. | spleen cell cultures from guinea pigs given legionella pneumophila vaccine in complete freund adjuvant or as a sublethal infection were inhibited in their migration activity in vitro when incubated with specific antigen. both direct and indirect migration inhibition assays revealed sensitization of the guinea pigs to the bacterium, with demonstrable reactivity 25 to 40 days or more after sensitization. no consistent reactions occurred when the guinea pigs were given the killed legionella vaccine ... | 1983 | 6350180 |
| blastogenic responsiveness of spleen cells from guinea pigs sensitized to legionella pneumophila antigens. | an in vitro leukocyte blastogenic assay was utilized to establish an in vitro correlate of cell-mediated immunity to legionella pneumophila antigen with spleen cells from sensitized guinea pigs. incubation of spleen cells from sensitized but not normal guinea pigs with graded amounts of killed whole cell legionella bacteria or sonicate derived from the bacteria resulted in an antigen-induced blast cell proliferation as evidenced by an increased uptake of [3h]-thymidine into spleen cell cultures. ... | 1983 | 6351091 |
| extracellular proteases from legionella. | bacterial endopeptidase (proteinase) activity can be specifically registered using synthetic chromogenic peptides. this method does not replace, but adds to the previously existing methods for measuring proteolytic activity. the use of concentrated broth filtrates from legionella bacteria on a number of different peptides has permitted the establishment of peptide hydrolysis patterns. to some extent these patterns appear species specific. thus, a close similarity is demonstrated between strains ... | 1983 | 6356708 |
| serological tests for legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 infections. | the indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat) using a formolised yolk sac antigen (fysa) has been shown to be a sensitive, specific test for legionellosis and results obtained on the same serum specimens in different laboratories agree closely. the rapid micro-agglutination test (rmat) has the advantage of being semi-automatable and also sensitive and specific. both tests gave negative results with sera from patients with infections due to mycoplasma pneumoniae, chlamydia psittaci, coxiella burn ... | 1983 | 6356710 |
| autecology of legionella pneumophila. | species of legionella are readily isolated from freshwater aquatic habitats throughout the united states, which are diverse in their physical and chemical parameters. temperature studies indicate that legionella is not present in habitats with temperatures above 63 degrees c, and isolates have been obtained from frozen rivers. the presence of the organism in natural hot springs and man-made thermal habitats suggest that legionella may have been present for a long period of time, but has only rec ... | 1983 | 6356711 |
| monoclonal antibodies to legionella pneumophila serogroup 1: possible applications in diagnostic tests and epidemiologic studies. | monoclonal antibodies were produced against two strains of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1. a panel of nine monoclonal antibodies were selected for their unique specificities observed in indirect fluorescent antibody tests with 130 strains of l. pneumophila serogroup 1. one monoclonal antibody was reactive with an antigen possessed by 128 of 130 strains. two major subgroups were identified and 13 different antigen patterns were observed among the 130 serogroup 1 strains. | 1983 | 6356714 |
| a survey of domestic animals to detect serological responses against legionella spp. by indirect fluorescent antibody. | one hundred ninety-six (196) animal sera were examined for antibodies against heat-killed antigens of legionella pneumophila serogroups 1 to 5, l. bozemanii, l. dumoffii, l. gormanii and l. micdadei by the indirect fluorescent antibody technique. only two animals (1%), both sheep, reacted against l. pneumophila serogroups at a titer of 256. however, 29% of the horses and 24% of the sheep tested were reactive to at least one non-l. pneumophila legionella spp. antigen at a titer of 256. at a titer ... | 1983 | 6357411 |
| epidemiology of infection by nontuberculous mycobacteria. iv. preferential aerosolization of mycobacterium intracellulare from natural waters. | we report here the first laboratory studies simulating the conditions for natural aerosolization of mycobacterium intracellulare and m. scrofulaceum and estimate the yields for this pathway of transfer of pathogenic mycobacteria from water to air; m. intracellulare and m. scrofulaceum were both concentrated in droplets ejected from cell suspensions of densities comparable to those found in natural freshwaters (100 to 2,000 colony-forming units per ml). the enrichment factor (defined as the conce ... | 1983 | 6354024 |
| [the detection of the agent of legionnaires' disease--a confirmation of koch's postulates]. | the genus legionella, belonging to the family of legionellaceae, comprises nowadays seven species, among which legionella pneumophila might be the most important. the identification of the agent is difficult because l. pneumophila is very pretentious requiring peculiar conditions concerning culture medium, temperature, and time. the initial cultivation will succeed the best in an atmosphere enriched with co2. the demonstration of serum antibodies will succeed by means of indirect immunofluoresce ... | 1983 | 6356647 |
| interaction of l. pneumophilia and a free living amoeba (acanthamoeba palestinensis). | co-cultivation of legionella pneumophila serogroup i and acanthamoeba palestinensis in neff's medium at 35 degrees c resulted in the intracellular multiplication of the bacteria as demonstrated by electron microscopy and immunofluorescence. in the closed experimental system used, the number of legionellae rose from 10(7) colony forming units (c.f.u.)/ml initially to a maximum of 10(10) c.f.u./ml on day 5. legionellae were seen in expelled phagosomes, in some amoebae filling the cytoplasm and in ... | 1983 | 6358342 |
| isolation of legionella pneumophila from water supplies: comparison of methods based on the guinea-pig and culture media. | the detection of legionella pneumophila in water via guinea-pig intraperitoneal injection has been compared with direct isolation of these organisms on semiselective bcye alpha media. both techniques were of similar sensitivity, detecting as few as 10(2) l. pneumophila in 10 ml of water. however, at this concentration, detection using guinea-pig intraperitoneal injection was via the indirect parameters of antibody production and immunofluorescent microscopy. isolation of l. pneumophila from guin ... | 1983 | 6358343 |
| indirect immunofluorescence assay (ifa), microagglutination test (ma) and enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay (elisa) in diagnosis of legionellosis. | lipopolysaccharide was extracted with cold phenol water from legionella pneumophila and used as antigen for elisa. igg and igm antibodies were measured with the elisa and the immunofluorescence assay (ifa). agglutinating antibodies were measured by the microagglutination (ma) test. in tests on sera from 27 patients with confirmed legionella infections predominantly due to l. pneumophila serogroup 1 the results with the elisa, the ifa and the ma were compared to each other. antibody titers obtain ... | 1983 | 6356706 |
| serogrouping and subtyping of legionella pneumophila with monoclonal antibodies. | monoclonal antibodies directed against legionella pneumophila serogroups 1 to 6 were produced by fusing splenocytes of balb/c mice with the sp 2/0-ag14 or the nso mouse myeloma cell lines. specificity of these antibodies was determined by indirect fluorescent-antibody staining: 8 reacted with l. pneumophila serogroup 1 and, respectively, 13, 6, 6, 5, and 10 reacted with serogroups 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6; all except 5 were serogroup specific, and none presented cross-reactions with six other species o ... | 1983 | 6358248 |
| oropharyngeal colonization with legionella pneumophila. | a total of 186 volunteers, including 40 hospital patients, participated in a cross-sectional survey of oropharyngeal colonization with legionella pneumophila. colonization was defined as the appearance of any l. pneumophila organisms on culture or a positive direct fluorescent-antibody (fa) test or both in the absence of signs or symptoms of pneumonia. the direct fa tests were performed on throat swabs, using a polyvalent conjugate directed against l. pneumophila serogroups i through iv. throat ... | 1983 | 6358250 |
| susceptibility of legionella pneumophila to chlorine in tap water. | a study was conducted to compare the susceptibility of legionellae and coliforms to disinfection by chlorine. the chlorine residuals used were similar to concentrations that might be found in the distribution systems of large public potable water supplies. the effects of various chlorine concentrations, temperatures, and ph levels were considered. a number of different legionella strains, both environmental and clinical, were tested. the results indicate that legionellae are much more resistant ... | 1983 | 6360045 |
| kinetic-dependent enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies to legionella pneumophila. | a semiautomated, kinetic-dependent, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (k-elisa) was adapted to detect serum antibodies to legionella pneumophila. in a comparative study, 158 human serum samples (79 pairs) were tested by k-elisa and the standard indirect immunofluorescence assay for determination of antibody levels to l. pneumophila serogroup 1. k-elisa determinations were made by using a serogroup-specific antigen or a preparation (unfractionated antigen) which contained both common antigen and ... | 1983 | 6361052 |
| legionella pneumophila-induced blastogenesis of murine lymphoid cells in vitro. | legionella pneumophilia antigen preparations, either killed whole cell vaccine, a soluble sonic extract, or a purified large-molecular-weight somatic antigen, stimulated blastogenic responses by splenocytes from both normal and legionella-sensitized mice. graded amounts of the bacterial preparations, when added to cultures of normal spleen cells, resulted in increased uptake of thymidine into cellular dna, indicating that the preparations were mitogenic for normal mouse splenocytes. spleen cells ... | 1984 | 6360903 |
| symposium on infectious complications of neoplastic disease (part ii). legionnaires' disease. aspects of nosocomial infection. | tremendous progress has been made recently in characterization of legionella pneumophila and infections caused by it. certain areas that are particularly germane to immunosuppressed patients, who are affected more frequently than other patients, and areas that are controversial and merit particular consideration are considered herein. these include pathogenesis and correlation of experimental and clinical evidence, nosocomial outbreaks and almost ubiquitous distribution of l. pneumophila in wate ... | 1984 | 6369980 |
| whole-cell peroxidase test for identification of legionella pneumophila. | a simple combined peroxidase-catalase test has been developed which is applicable to live bacterial cells. known strains of legionella pneumophila were differentiated from other species of legionella by being peroxidase positive and catalase negative. | 1984 | 6365966 |
| interaction of primate alveolar macrophages and legionella pneumophila. | we studied the interaction between legionella pneumophila, which is principally a pulmonary pathogen, with primate alveolar macrophages (am), which are the primary pulmonary cellular defense mechanism. for these studies we used l. pneumophila, type i, which were grown in albumin-yeast extract broth, were greater than 80% viable, and were comparable in virulence for guinea pigs to organisms from guinea pig spleen homogenates. for comparison, avirulent agar-passed l. pneumophila, type i, and a str ... | 1984 | 6373825 |
| infections caused by legionella micdadei and legionella pneumophila among renal transplant recipients. | in an analysis of legionellosis at presbyterian-university hospital in pittsburgh during the 28 months after the original outbreak of pneumonia caused by legionella micdadei , 101 consecutive renal-allograft recipients were studied. the prevalence of elevated titers of antibody to legionella pneumophila or l. micdadei among the patients at the time of transplantation (21.6%) was not significantly different from that among kidney donors (13.4%; p greater than .25). seroconversion occurred in 21 ( ... | 1984 | 6373965 |
| direct demonstration and isolation of legionella pneumophila (serogroup 1) from bathroom water specimens in a hotel. | legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 organisms were isolated from one sample of water originating from a shower head in a bathroom of a hotel. seven of the 16 swab specimens collected from 2 different sites of the hotel bathrooms revealed fluorescing bacteria in direct fluorescent antibody test. the significance of present observations in relation to the cluster of l. pneumophila infections diagnosed recently in berlin among a group of visitors who stayed in this hotel has been discussed. | 1983 | 6367308 |
| legionella pneumophila serogroup 9: a cause of human pneumonia. | a new serogroup of legionella pneumophila was isolated from bronchoscopic washings and an open-lung biopsy specimen of a patient from california with pneumonia. a serologically identical isolate was obtained from tap water of a hospital ward in the netherlands, and a fatal case of pneumonia in a patient from virginia was shown retrospectively to have been caused by this new organism. the type strain of what is now serogroup 9 of l. pneumophila is in-23-g1-c2 (american type culture collection no. ... | 1984 | 6378003 |
| [coexistence of legionnaires' disease and q fever in a single patient]. | a case of legionnaires' disease associated with q fever is presented; this is probably the first reported case of concomitant infections with legionella pneumophila and coxiella burnetii. the pulmonary features of the illness were not typical of either disease. the difficulties of making a diagnosis in such cases are discussed. | 1984 | 6367919 |
| community-acquired bacterial pneumonia in the elderly. | pneumonia remains the leading infectious disease-related cause of death among the elderly. streptococcus pneumoniae is the most frequent pathogen isolated from aged individuals with community-acquired pneumonia. other common bacteria that cause this disease include haemophilus influenzae and legionella pneumophila. manifestations of pneumonia in the elderly can be subtle and result in delayed recognition and treatment. gram stain evaluation and culture of non-contaminated expectorated sputum rem ... | 1984 | 6371723 |
| intracellular growth of legionella pneumophila within acanthamoeba castellanii neff. | acanthamoeba castellanii neff supports the intracellular growth of legionella pneumophila. when acanthamoebae were exposed to l. pneumophila for 1 h and then washed free of unassociated bacteria and placed in liquid culture, levels of viable amoeba-associated legionellae and legionellae free in the culture medium increased by three to four orders of magnitude in 48 to 72 h. however, most of the legionellae remained amoeba-associated and could be cultured only after disruption of the amoebae. fur ... | 1984 | 6376354 |
| the legionellosis. | following the discovery of legionella pneumophila as the cause of an epidemic of pneumonia at an american legion convention in philadelphia, a group of related bacteria were recognized as additional human pathogens. this newly established bacteria genus, legionella, includes the agents of legionnaires' disease, pittsburgh pneumonia and several related infections. a number of researches have been performed in the past few years about these bacteria; many of these data are here summarized to give ... | 1984 | 6380526 |
| pleomorphism of legionella pneumophila. | legionella pneumophila (lp), serogroups 1-6, was grown in vitro on a variety of media, in embryonated hens' eggs, and in guinea pigs. the morphology of the microbe was examined by light, immunofluorescent, and electron microscopy (transmission, scanning, negative staining). the configuration of all serogroups examined differed somewhat on agar media, in liquid media, and in vivo. each serogroup of lp showed pleomorphic features indistinguishable from the others. except for filamentous forms, ple ... | 1984 | 6380068 |
| detection of antibodies to legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 by indirect immunofluorescence and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. | indirect immunofluorescence and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect serum antibodies against legionella pneumophila serotype 1 were compared. a very good agreement was found with the great majority of serum samples (85.07%). for detecting high antibody levels and rise in antibody titres, both methods seem to be suitable, however for the detection of relatively low antibody titres, very important in epidemiological studies, enzyme immunoassay could be more accurate. | 1984 | 6380524 |
| [anti-legionella pneumophila antibody titers in blood from children and adults with lung diseases of unknown etiology]. | 175 sera from children and 101 sera from adults both with respiratory illness of unknown origin were collected between september 1980 and february 1983 and studied by using the indirect immunofluorescence test for legionnaires' disease. by using the criteria of the center for disease control for a positive (fourfold increase in titer over 128 during convalescence) or presumptive (single titer greater than or equal to 256) serological test, 8 samples from adults (7.92%) and 11 samples from childr ... | 1984 | 6380525 |
| cross-reactivity of environmental bacteria with fluorescent-antibody conjugates for legionella pneumophila. | | 1984 | 6381048 |
| legionella pneumophila surface antigens cloned and expressed in escherichia coli are translocated to the host cell surface and interact with specific anti-legionella antibodies. | escherichia coli clones that express legionella pneumophila antigens were isolated from a plasmid genomic library, and their antigens were characterized by immunoblotting with rabbit anti-l. pneumophila sera. because previous studies of l. pneumophila antigens by whole-cell radioimmunoprecipitation suggested that comigrating native antigens were surface localized, we conducted experiments to determine if the cloned antigens were surface expressed in e. coli. aliquots of antisera were absorbed by ... | 1984 | 6384191 |
| legionnaires' disease in a renal transplant recipient. | a case of fatal legionnaires' disease in an immunosuppressed renal transplant recipient is reported. diagnosis was based on the antemortem culture of legionella pneumophila from sputum and pleural aspirate. | 1984 | 6384746 |
| comparison of phenol- and heat-killed antigens in the indirect immunofluorescence test for serodiagnosis of legionella pneumophila group 1 infections. | an antigen prepared with agar-grown legionella pneumophila group 1 killed by 0.5% phenol and suspended in 0.5% yolk sac was examined for use in the indirect immunofluorescence test for legionellosis and compared with a heat-killed antigen. the serological results of the two antigens for single and paired sera agreed well. morphological and staining characteristics were better for phenol-treated organisms. electron microscopy observation showed an apparently well-preserved cell surface. the backg ... | 1984 | 6386881 |
| [legionella pneumophila--an etiological factor in "legionnaires' disease"]. | | 1984 | 6393100 |
| immune responses to legionella pneumophila in athymic nude rats. | athymic nude rats (rnu) were immunized intraperitoneally with the attenuated phil i strain (serogroup 1) of legionella pneumophila. these rats developed a humoral immune response, including the igg class, that was of comparable magnitude to that seen in their non-nude littermates. when the rats were challenged ip with a dose of the virulent strain ld-8 (also serogroup 1) that proved to be lethal in non-immune rnu-rats, none of them developed any signs of disease, but survived well for the observ ... | 1984 | 6393709 |
| correlation of subtypes of legionella pneumophila defined by monoclonal antibodies with epidemiological classification of cases and environmental sources. | twenty-five clinical isolates of legionella pneumophila serogroup i were classified as epidemic or sporadic on epidemiological grounds. all were isolated from patients at the medical center hospital of vermont (mchv) in burlington between 1977 and 1983. these coded isolates were examined with a panel of eight monoclonal antibodies to serogroup 1 and an indirect microimmunofluorescent test. strains from 14 of the 15 mchv epidemic cases had one staining pattern (a); isolates from eight of nine mch ... | 1984 | 6386999 |
| isolation of legionella pneumophila from the blood of a patient with legionnaires' disease. | legionella pneumophila is rarely isolated from blood cultures. presently most cases of legionnaires' disease are diagnosed retrospectively from the results of indirect fluorescent antibody tests, which possess inherent disadvantages. an 81-year-old woman with a history of diabetes mellitus presented symptoms of legionnaires' disease. five hours before her death 1.5 ml of blood was withdrawn from a scalp vein and seeded to a culture medium. following incubation for 3 days l. pneumophila serotype ... | 1984 | 6388781 |
| serologic evidence of legionella infection in horses. | the indirect fluorescent antibody test was used to examine 109 samples of equine sera randomly selected from serum pools. results were compared with titers obtained by the microagglutination (ma) test. a high correlation (r = 0.89) was found between titers measured by the 2 tests. blood samples were obtained serially from a total of 156 horses at a research farm and the sera were tested against legionella pneumophila serogroups 1 through 4 using the ma test; 29 horses (19%) seroconverted to at l ... | 1984 | 6395736 |
| [bacterial agents of hospital infections]. | during the last decades the spectrum of microorganisms causing nosocomial infections has changed. the frequency of streptococci group a decreased and bacteria formerly considered as apathogen now cause serious infections. more and more "new" organisms are responsible for nosocomial infections. especially in immunocompromised patients legionella pneumophila causes infections with often severe and fatal course. clostridium difficile can be isolated in 6% to 48% in the stool of patients with antiba ... | 1984 | 6398796 |
| aerosol infection of animals with strains of legionella pneumophila of different virulence: comparison with intraperitoneal and intranasal routes of infection. | infection of guinea-pigs by intranasal (i.n.) instillation of 10(9) viable organisms of two newly isolated strains of legionella pneumophila (74/81, serogroup 1; 166/81, serogroup 3) did not induce disease, but 10(4) organisms administered as a small particle aerosol (less than 5 microns diameter) produced a fatal widespread broncho-pneumonia within 3 days. milder illness and less extensive bronchopneumonia were also produced in rhesus monkeys and marmosets by one of these two strains (74/81). m ... | 1983 | 6401778 |
| determination of antigenic relationships among legionellae and non-legionellae by direct fluorescent-antibody and immunodiffusion tests. | six isolates, five from water samples and one from a human tracheal swab taken at autopsy, reacted strongly with working dilutions of legionella fluorescent-antibody conjugates. of these, two isolates of pseudomonas fluorescens (eb and cdc93), one isolate of the flavobacterium-xanthomonas group (cdc65), and one isolate of p. alcaligenes (cdc11) reacted with legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 conjugate. p. alcaligenes abb 50 reacted with an l. pneumophila serogroup 3 conjugate and of p. maltophil ... | 1983 | 6403577 |
| cross-reactions between legionella pneumophila (serogroup 1) and twenty-eight other bacterial species, including other members of the family legionellaceae. | cross-reactions between legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 and 28 other bacterial species were studied by various quantitative immunoelectrophoretic techniques. a sonicated l. pneumophila antigen and purified homologous rabbit antibody were used as a reference system. few antigens (0 to 6) cross-reacted with non-legionellaceae, but two were found in nearly all gram-negative bacteria tested (antigens no. 1 and 66). antigen no. 66 of the l. pneumophila reference system was shown to be antigenicall ... | 1983 | 6404825 |
| [evaluation of an immunodiffusion technic for detecting antibodies against legionella pneumophila, serogroups 1-4]. | | 1983 | 6412327 |
| characterization of surfaces involved in adherence of legionella pneumophila to fischerella species. | legionella pneumophila adheres to the slime coat of fischerella spp. this was shown by microscopic examination and by a decline in l. pneumophila cfu in samples removed from coincubation mixtures of both organisms. binding of partially purified fischerella slime by l. pneumophila was most efficient by young, less hydrophobic l. pneumophila cells than by older, more hydrophobic cells. uptake of crystal violet and partitioning into hexadecane were used to measure hydrophobicity of l. pneumophila. ... | 1983 | 6413413 |
| supercritical fluid chromatography. | chromatographic separations with a supercritical fluid as the mobile phase were suggested more than 20 years ago. availability of commercial hardware makes this technique more widely usable today. many separations by this method are now carried out with supercritical carbon dioxide as the mobile phase and packed liquid-chromatography columns as the stationary phase. although carbon dioxide has many practical advantages, including its near-ambient critical temperature and minimal interference wit ... | 1983 | 6414083 |
| cyanobacterial stimulation of growth and oxygen uptake by legionella pneumophila. | a laboratory-adapted strain of legionella pneumophila grew in coculture with fischerella. insoluble fischerella slime contained carbohydrate and protein and was isolated from cultures on filters. slime-free filtrates separated into three 280-nm absorbance peaks on sephadex g-25. peaks 1 and 2 contained protein and carbohydrate and stimulated legionella respiration. peak 3 and slime had no effect. | 1983 | 6414374 |
| production of monoclonal antibodies to legionella pneumophila serogroups 1 and 6. | to better define the surface antigens of legionella pneumophila for clinical and experimental purposes, we have produced monoclonal antibodies to l. pneumophila serogroups 1 and 6. two hybridomas were produced in serogroup 1. one antibody, lp-i-17, recognized a serogroup-common antigen. the second antibody, lp-i-81, was specific for serogroup 1. this antibody was able to agglutinate bacterial cells belonging to the serogroup 1 reference strains. philadelphia and knoxville. microagglutination ass ... | 1983 | 6415102 |
| heat treatment as an aid for the isolation of legionella pneumophila from clinical and environmental samples. | the isolation of legionella's from clinical as well as environmental samples is hindered by the overgrowth of legionella's by the accompanying bacterial flora, which could not be sufficiently suppressed by adding antimicrobial drugs to the bcya alpha. the effect of heat treatment on clinical samples and on water samples concentrated by filtration was investigated. treatment of the samples for 30 minutes at 50 degrees c reduced the number of cfu of the accompanying flora by a factor 10(1.6)-10(3. ... | 1983 | 6415956 |
| comparative adjuvant activities of legionella pneumophila and mycobacterium tuberculosis. | adjuvant activity of heat-killed legionella pneumophila was demonstrated and compared with that of inactivated mycobacterium tuberculosis h37rv. the two species of bacteria were suspended separately in oil and arlacel a. bovine serum albumin (bsa) in saline was then emulsified within the respective adjuvants and injected intradermally into guinea pigs. antibodies to the bsa antigen in the sera of the animals were quantitated with the kinetic-dependent enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (k-elisa). ... | 1984 | 6421749 |
| importance of viruses and legionella pneumophila in respiratory exacerbations of young adults with cystic fibrosis. | from january to april 1980 46 young adults with cystic fibrosis were studied for evidence of infection with a wide variety of microorganisms, including viruses and legionella pneumophila. two groups of patients were investigated: a "deteriorated" group of 24 patients who had experienced an increase in lower respiratory tract symptoms and fall in lung function values in the course of one month before the start of the study and a "stable" group of 22 patients with no such deterioration. all serolo ... | 1984 | 6422578 |
| proliferation of legionella pneumophila as an intracellular parasite of the ciliated protozoan tetrahymena pyriformis. | in a series of experiments, we have determined that legionella pneumophila will proliferate as an intracellular parasite of the ciliated holotrich tetrahymena pyriformis in sterile tap water at 35 degrees c. after 7 days of incubation, serpentine chains of approximately 10(3) l. pneumophila cells were observed throughout the cytoplasm of the protozoan infected initially with 1 to 30 l. pneumophila cells. the overall l. pneumophila population increased from ca. 1.0 x 10(2) to ca. 5.0 x 10(4) cell ... | 1984 | 6424568 |
| diagnostic experience in two cases of legionellosis. | sera of 30 patients with atypical pneumonia were tested for antibodies against the representative strains of legionella pneumophila 1-6 serogroups and 4 species of legionella-like organisms. investigations were carried out with indirect immunofluorescence assay. the sera of 2 patients gave a titre of 2048 and 1024 with serogroup 5 and 4, respectively. the high antilegionella igm titres were indicative of recent infections. legionellae were not detected in transtracheal aspirate and in autopsy ma ... | 1984 | 6430015 |
| [bactericidal effect of disinfectants against legionella pneumophila and legionella bozemanii]. | | 1984 | 6431025 |
| comparison of strains of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 isolated in four amsterdam hospitals from patients and hot-water supplies. | legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 was isolated from patients (14 strains) and hot-water taps (49 strains) in four hospitals in amsterdam. precipitation patterns obtained by reaction of heated cell suspensions and rabbit antisera in the double diffusion test revealed antigenic properties of serogroup 1 strains from water unique to each of the four hospitals. by this method similarity could be demonstrated between strains from patients and hot water in three of the four hospitals. no such relatio ... | 1984 | 6436392 |
| legionnaires' disease and hairy-cell leukemia. an unfortuitous association? | four cases of legionnaires' disease were diagnosed by specific serologic tests in a group of 33 immunocompromised patients admitted to the same hematologic department for acute febrile pneumonitis. the underlying disease of these four patients was hairy-cell leukemia (hcl) in three cases and allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in the other. this article stresses the enhanced susceptibility of patients with hcl to legionella pneumophila and discusses its possible causes, especially monocyte de ... | 1984 | 6391405 |
| inhibition of neisseria meningitidis by alpha-amylase. | alpha-amylase inhibits growth not only of n. gonorrhoeae and legionella pneumophila as obtained in literature (2), but also of n. meningitidis and certain isolates of different bacterial species. therefore, tests for differentiation of gonococci from other species based upon sensitivity to alpha-amylase are of questionable value. | 1984 | 6442507 |
| [severe chlamydia psittaci pneumopathy in an adult]. | a previously well 56 year-old woman presented with an adult respiratory distress syndrome which worsened under penicillin treatment, responding only to erythromycin and rifampicin, as well as cpap ventilation. diagnostic serology was positive to chlamydia psittaci. psittacosis is not a frequent cause of primary extensive pneumonia in intensive care units; other diseases should be looked for in the presence of these non-specific clinical and biological pictures (legionella pneumophila, mycoplasma ... | 1984 | 6393829 |
| simultaneous infection with legionella pneumophila and legionella micdadei in an immunologically intact host. a case report. | the authors reported a case of dual infection with legionella pneumophila and legionella micdadei in an immunologically intact host. the bacteriological and serological data are compatible with a simultaneous recent infection. | 1984 | 6466457 |
| identification of a species-specific antigen in legionella pneumophila by a monoclonal antibody. | a species-specific antigen in legionella pneumophila was identified by a monoclonal antibody in enzyme-linked immunosorbent and immunofluorescence assays of serogroups 1 through 8. the species-specific antigen was heat stable, and the molecular weight of the major band was 29,000 by immunoblot analysis. in direct immunofluorescence assays, the antigen was cryptic or only partly exposed on the surface of the cells but was effectively exposed by treating the cells with detergent and edta. the mono ... | 1984 | 6394609 |
| serogrouping of legionella pneumophila by double diffusion and counter immunoelectrophoresis. | | 1984 | 6438187 |
| pediatric legionnaires' disease: diagnosis by direct immunofluorescent staining of sputum. | legionnaires' disease occurred in a 3-year-old boy with down's syndrome. his illness was characterized by bilateral pneumonia, high fever, and response to erythromycin. the diagnosis was made by demonstrating legionella pneumophila, serogroup 1, in sputum with a direct fluorescent antibody stain. l pneumophila antigen was detected in urine by an enzyme-linked immunospecific assay. the diagnosis was confirmed by a more than fourfold rise in serum antibody titer. although legionnaires' disease app ... | 1981 | 6459562 |
| interaction between the legionnaires' disease bacterium (legionella pneumophila) and human alveolar macrophages. influence of antibody, lymphokines, and hydrocortisone. | we have studied the interaction between virulent legionella pneumophila and human alveolar macrophages, the resident phagocytes at the site of infection in legionnaires' disease. l. pneumophila multiplied 2.5-5 logs within 3 d, as measured by colony forming units, when incubated with freshly explanted alveolar macrophages in monolayer culture. at the peak of bacterial multiplication, the alveolar macrophage monolayers were destroyed. l. pneumophila multiplied more rapidly in 4-d-old than in fres ... | 1984 | 6470140 |
| interaction of legionella micdadei with human monocytes. | we have recently shown that legionella micdadei is ingested, but not killed, by human neutrophils. herein we investigate the role of human monocytes in defense against this organism. serum and monocytes from normal donors having no detectable antibody to l. micdadei were used. egg-passaged l. micdadei organisms multiplied inside these monocytes with a peak growth of 2 log units within 12 h. no growth occurred when monocytes were omitted or when sonicated monocytes were used. electron microscopy ... | 1984 | 6480116 |
| determination of catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase within the genus legionella. | we examined 40 strains of legionella for reduced-oxygen scavenging enzymes. using a simple reaction chamber with a swinney filter for the beers and sizer assay, we determined the catalase activity of live cells grown on buffered charcoal-yeast extract agar. for 29 strains of legionella pneumophila, the apparent first-order rate constants for catalase ranged from 0.000 to 0.005. similarly, low values ranging from 0.001 to 0.005 were observed for legionella wadsworthii, legionella oakridgensis, an ... | 1984 | 6490828 |
| detection of soluble legionella pneumophila antigens in serum and urine specimens by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. | urine and serum specimens from three patients with pneumonia caused by legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 (lp1) were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for lp1-soluble antigen. a three-layer direct elisa with polyclonal antibodies and a four-layer indirect elisa with both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies were used. lp1 antigen was detected in both urine and serum from the three patients. as determined by elisa, the concentration of antigen was 30- to 100-fold less in serum t ... | 1984 | 6490831 |
| onset and duration of urinary antigen excretion in legionnaires disease. | the purposes of this study were to determine whether antigen is excreted by patients with legionnaires disease early enough after the onset of symptoms to be useful for making therapeutic decisions and whether antigen excretion ends when successful treatment is concluded. specific antigen was detected in the urine of 14 (88%) of 16 patients with legionnaires disease during days 1 to 3 of symptoms, 33 (80%) of 41 patients during days 4 to 7, 25 (89%) of 28 patients during days 8 to 14, and 11 of ... | 1984 | 6490846 |
| plasmid transfer into members of the family legionellaceae. | the plasmids rp4 and pph1ji::mu::tn5 were transferred with moderate frequency from escherichia coli to legionella pneumophila (strain bloomington 2) and fluoribacter (legionella) bozemanae (strain wiga). the frequency of transfer to tatlockia (legionella) micdadei (strain tatlock) was much lower. in these transconjugant strains the plasmids were maintained following at least 10 nonselective passages. however, the introduced plasmids could not be transferred from these strains to several other st ... | 1984 | 6491366 |
| vaccination against legionella pneumophila: serum antibody correlates with protection induced by heat-killed or acetone-killed cells against intraperitoneal but not aerosol infection in guinea pigs. | an aerosol model of legionella infection has been established in guinea pigs. infected animals showed growth of legionella in their lungs, dissemination of organisms to the spleen, development of pneumonia and fever, and weight loss. vaccination studies using heat-killed or acetone-killed cells were carried out, and guinea pigs were challenged intraperitoneally or by using the aerosol model of infection. both vaccines were shown to give moderately high levels of protection against intraperitonea ... | 1984 | 6469355 |
| lymphoid cell blastogenesis as an in vitro indicator of cellular immunity to legionella pneumophila antigens. | the lymphocyte blastogenic transformation assay was adapted to study responsiveness of lymphoid cells from animals and humans to legionella pneumophila antigens in vitro. spleen cells from guinea pigs after active immunization with legionella vaccine, but not from normal animals, responded by blast cell transformation when stimulated in vitro with killed legionella whole-cell vaccine, sonic extracts thereof, or a purified somatic antigen. the response was dose dependent. similar lymphocyte blast ... | 1984 | 6470097 |
| survival of legionella pneumophila in a model hot water distribution system. | a virulent strain of legionella pneumophila was inoculated into an enclosed system supplied with unsterilized water from a domestic hot water supply. growth of bacteria was monitored over 10 weeks. an increase in the number of organisms other than legionellas occurred but few amoebae were observed and none could be cultured. viable counts of l. pneumophila in the circulation fluid decreased slightly. however, particles of debris which accumulated in the apparatus and which were stained by the in ... | 1984 | 6470670 |
| isolation of legionella species from drinking water. | three different species of legionella were recovered from samples of water taken from chlorinated public water supplies where no coliform bacteria were simultaneously detected. five of 856 samples yielded legionella isolates. three isolates were identified as legionella pneumophila serogroup 1, the fourth was identified as legionella dumoffii, and the fifth was identified as legionella jordanis. studies to determine the survival of l. pneumophila flint 1 serogroup 1 in tap water at various tempe ... | 1984 | 6508292 |
| sensitivity of legionella pneumophila to sunlight in fresh and marine waters. | studies were carried out to assess the sunlight sensitivity of legionella pneumophila suspended in fresh and marine waters. comparison studies on sunlight sensitivity of lake water bacteria, pseudomonas aeruginosa, escherichia coli and streptococcus faecalis, were also undertaken. the effects of full sunlight and polyacrylic-screened sunlight were monitored in the study. results indicate that l. pneumophila cells are slightly more sensitive to sunlight in seawater than in fresh water. enumeratio ... | 1984 | 6508311 |
| role of stagnation and obstruction of water flow in isolation of legionella pneumophila from hospital plumbing. | the stagnation of water in two of four hospital hot-water storage tanks found to contain legionella pneumophila was reduced by keeping the two tanks continually on-line for 1 year. l. pneumophila colony counts in these two tanks fell quickly to low levels, whereas the organisms persisted in the two tanks that were not in use. l. pneumophila continued to be isolated from 50 to 100% of the hospital showerheads which were sampled during this period. we also examined aerators and other hospital fauc ... | 1984 | 6508313 |
| sinusitis caused by legionella pneumophila in a patient with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. | a patient with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome and legionella pneumophila infection of the maxillary sinus is described. the organism was identified by direct immunofluorescence staining of sinus tissue. because the legionella species are intracellular pathogens, it is not surprising that this patient with a cellular immune defect was infected. however, no other site of legionella infection was found. this appears to be the first reported case of upper respiratory tract infection by a le ... | 1984 | 6496553 |
| legionella pneumophila inhibits acidification of its phagosome in human monocytes. | we used quantitative fluorescence microscopy to measure the ph of phagosomes in human monocytes that contain virulent legionella pneumophila, a bacterial pathogen that multiplies intracellularly in these phagocytes. the mean ph of phagosomes that contain live l. pneumophila was 6.1 in 14 experiments. in the same experiments, the mean ph of phagosomes containing dead l. pneumophila averaged 0.8 ph units lower than the mean ph of phagosomes containing live l. pneumophila, a difference that was hig ... | 1984 | 6501409 |
| serological differences in legionella pneumophila infections. | guinea pigs were infected with two subtypes of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 (uh1 and rh1). seroconversion by indirect fluorescent-antibody assay was demonstrated in 94 to 97% of guinea pigs when the challenge strain was used as the antigen. the standard philadelphia 1 antigen demonstrated seroconversion in 94% uh1-challenged animals, but in only 66% of rh1-challenged animals. | 1984 | 6520232 |
| incidence of legionella organisms in selected ontario (canada) cities. | the distribution of legionella pneumophila in water inside buildings was examined by means of culture methods. cooling tower sumps and condenser valves harboured the organism at the highest frequency and in the highest concentrations. the bacterium was also frequently isolated from potable water systems, including hot and cold mixed taps, drinking water fountains and showers. when water quality parameters were examined, only elevated ph, total particulate nitrogen and alkalinity were correlated ... | 1984 | 6523127 |
| legionella pneumophila in aerosols from shower baths. | routine examination of the water system in an establishment where showers were used by staff after work or leisure activities revealed the presence of legionella pneumophila. descaling and steaming cleared the system but six months later recolonization was found to have occurred. l. pneumophila was isolated from air samples collected in the shower room whilst the shower was in operation. no clinical cases have occurred. serological examination of those using the showers throughout the six month ... | 1984 | 6501881 |
| clinical laboratory differentiation of legionellaceae family members with pigment production and fluorescence on media supplemented with aromatic substrates. | a systematic study of pigment production (browning) and fluorescence (extracellular yellow-green and intracellular blue-white) by nine legionellaceae species was performed. a total of 56 strains representing tatlockia micdadei (pittsburgh pneumonia agent), legionella pneumophila, legionella jordanis, legionella longbeachae, legionella oakridgensis, legionella wadsworthii, fluoribacter bozemanae, fluoribacter gormanii, and fluoribacter dumoffii could be separated on media supplemented with tyrosi ... | 1984 | 6547453 |
| isolation of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 from a fatal case of pneumonia in israel. | | 1984 | 6511346 |
| [a survey on the antibody level against legionella pneumophila among adults in the nanjing area]. | | 1984 | 6509525 |
| [there exists an epidemiology of legionella pneumophila in our country]. | the authors, after a brief relation on contribution given by international publications, relates about their study on legionellosis epidemiology based on seroconversion results obtained comparing six different serotypes, precisely the ones from 1 to 6, over a sample of people living in the areas surrounding the two italian cities of rome and siena. this study has given proof of an high, and unaspected, seroconversion (over 27%) caused by legionella pneumophila. titer was equal to or higher than ... | 1984 | 6545797 |
| legionellosis due to legionella pneumophila serogroup 6: report of three cases. | three cases of legionellosis caused by legionella pneumophila serogroup 6 are reported and a brief review of similar cases in new zealand in 1982 is made. legionellosis appears more common in new zealand than was previously thought. in 1982 50% of reported cases occurred in the wellington region and a uniquely high incidence of legionellosis due to serogroup 6 was observed. | 1984 | 6585711 |
| legionellosis in children with leukemia in relapse. | two children with legionellosis complicating a relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukemia are reported. a 5-year-old boy with pneumonia had legionella pneumophila cultured from a tracheal aspirate following a rapid deterioration in his respiratory status and intubation. this child had severe and irreversible granulocytopenia and died in spite of therapy with erythromycin and rifampin added five days later. combination antimicrobial therapy is suggested for immunosuppressed children with legionellos ... | 1984 | 6587311 |
| legionella pneumonia--a neglected diagnosis? | a brief survey of the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, differential diagnosis and treatment of infections with legionella species is given, with particular emphasis on legionella pneumophila. because of recent epidemiological evidence that this species may be an important cause of both community-acquired and hospital-acquired pneumonia, particularly in the immunosuppressed patient, it is suggested that this microbial agent should be considered more often in the differential diagnosis of pn ... | 1984 | 6594028 |