| isolation of legionella pneumophila from hotels of greece. | twenty water samples collected from 6 hotels situated in various areas of greece were examined for the presence of legionella pneumophila and legionella-like organisms. five of the six hotels included in this investigation were associated with cases of legionellosis. legionella pneumophila serogroups 1 and 8 were isolated from four of six hotels, mainly from the hot water supply system. this is the first isolation and identification of l. pneumophila in greece. | 1989 | 2707395 |
| cellular fatty acid compositions and isoprenoid quinone contents of 23 legionella species. | the cellular fatty acid compositions and ubiquinone contents of 182 legionella strains representing 23 species were determined by capillary gas-liquid chromatography and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, respectively. except for the type strain of legionella erythra (atcc 35303t), all legionella species contained large (40 to 90%) amounts of branched-chain fatty acids and only trace to small (less than 0.5 to 5%) amounts of ester-linked hydroxy acids. the 23 species were plac ... | 1989 | 2715320 |
| legionnaires' disease in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis treated with cyclosporine. | we report a patient with long-standing rheumatoid arthritis (ra) treated with cyclosporine a; she developed a flare of her arthritis and evidence of vasculitis, cavitary pulmonary disease, nephritis and hepatitis, and was found to have legionella pneumophila serotype i infection. cyclosporine is a relatively new and investigational therapy in ra. thus, it is important that any unusual complications in patients with ra treated with cyclosporine should be documented. | 1989 | 2715999 |
| [treatment of atypical pneumonia with josamycin]. | in the present study the clinical efficacy and tolerance of josamycin (1 g every 12 hours) was prospectively evaluated for the empirical therapy of patients below 70 years with community acquired pneumonia of atypical presentation (ap), without respiratory failure, radiological cavitation or risk factors of pharyngeal colonization by gram-negative bacilli. during a 28-month period 168 patients adequate for the study were included. the etiological diagnosis was established in 56 cases (33.3%); in ... | 1989 | 2716415 |
| characterization of the selective inhibition of growth of virulent legionella pneumophila by supplemented mueller-hinton medium. | the phenotypic difference between virulent and avirulent legionella pneumophila with regard to growth on supplemented mueller-hinton (smh) agar was investigated. defined populations of virulent and avirulent l. pneumophila were inoculated onto hybrid growth media containing the combination of smh agar components with potassium phosphate-buffered charcoal-yeast extract agar. the casein acid hydrolysate component of smh agar was found to be inhibitory to the growth of virulent but not avirulent ce ... | 1989 | 2722245 |
| antigenic and genetic variation in legionella pneumophila serogroup 6. | legionella pneumophila subsp. pneumophila serogroup 6 is second in importance only to l. pneumophila serogroup 1 as a cause of legionellosis. monoclonal antibody (mab) reactivity and multilocus enzyme electrophoretic analyses were used to subtype serogroup 6 isolates as a potential aid for epidemiologic and virulence studies. forty-eight serogroup 6 isolates submitted to the centers for disease control from 1980 to 1985 were examined by these methods. the isolates were divided into two groups ba ... | 1989 | 2723038 |
| legionella pneumophila isolated in pure culture from the ascites of a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. | | 1989 | 2729346 |
| incidence and clinical features of community-acquired legionellosis in hospitalized patients. | in a two-year prospective study of patients hospitalized because of community-acquired pneumonia, the incidence of legionellosis was found to be 3.8% (17/442 cases). after s. pneumoniae, m. pneumoniae and influenzae viruses, legionellae were the fourth most frequently identified pneumonia agents. we evaluated the clinical data from 41 cases with legionellosis, 17 diagnosed in this prospective study and 24 prior to the study. the age range of all patients (22 women, 19 men) was 24-78 yrs (median ... | 1989 | 2731604 |
| [modified ifa assay in diagnosis of legionellosis]. | ifa and modified ifa assay were used for the antigen-antibody reaction between l. pneumophila type i, ii to vi and their anti-sera as well as anti-sera of other related bacteria, and between 31 strains of pneumonic pathogens and various types of lp-antisera. the same results were obtained by using these two methods. 46 pneumonia cases with paired sera and 116 normal sera were examined for lp-antibody. the results obtained by both were almost the same. it was shown that the modified ifa assay was ... | 1989 | 2736612 |
| comparative in vitro activity of ciprofloxacin and other unrelated antimicrobials against bacterial respiratory tract pathogens. | ciprofloxacin is a new fluorinated 4-quinolone with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity which includes both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. in this study the in vitro activity of ciprofloxacin has been determined against bacteria associated with respiratory tract infections and compared with that of other antimicrobial agents used in the therapy of such infections. ciprofloxacin (mic90 0.008 mg/l) was highly active against haemophilus influenzae, including isolates producing bet ... | 1989 | 2737080 |
| agglutination of legionella pneumophila by antiserum is accelerated in an ultrasonic standing wave. | the agglutination of legionella pneumophila (lp) by diluted anti-lp whole rabbit serum has been compared in conventional microwell plates and in capillary containers where the suspension was exposed to a 1 mhz ultrasonic standing wave field. a positive reaction in the standing wave field was detected as a series of cell agglutinates, separated by half an acoustic wavelength (0.75 mm), distributed along the length of the capillary. agglutination occurred in 60 s or less with ultrasound, while the ... | 1989 | 2738412 |
| nosocomial legionnaires disease in a children's hospital. | between august 1982 and december 1985, seven patients at a children's hospital developed hospital-acquired pneumonia caused by legionella pneumophila. demographic data included the following: mean age 12.3 years (range 9 months to 20.5 years); male/female ratio 5:2; all patients were white. some previously identified risk factors present in our patients included high-dose corticosteroid therapy (five patients), other immunosuppressive therapy (four), and chronic lung (five) or kidney (three) dis ... | 1989 | 2738794 |
| a prospective hospital study of the aetiology of community-acquired pneumonia. | in a one-year prospective study of 106 adults (mean age, 60 years) who were admitted to hospital with community-acquired pneumonia, an aetiological diagnosis was made in 82 (77%) patients. streptococcus pneumoniae was considered to be responsible for 44 (42%) and respiratory viruses for 19 (18%) infections. other aetiological agents that were found in a smaller number of patients included haemophilus influenzae (9% of patients), enteric gram-negative bacilli (8% of patients), staphylococcus aure ... | 1989 | 2739613 |
| legionnaires' disease. the clinical picture. | | 1989 | 2740043 |
| legionnaires' disease. water services and maintenance systems. | | 1989 | 2740044 |
| bactericidal effects of amoxycillin/clavulanic acid against legionella pneumophila. | the antibacterial activities of amoxycillin, clavulanic acid and the combination of both agents against legionella spp. were compared in serial-dilution tests, time-kill curve studies and in turbidimetric studies in a continuous recording biophotometer. both beta-lactam compounds showed high levels of activity against l. pneumophila in serial dilution tests, clavulanic acid (mic 0.1-0.25 mg/l) being two-fold more active than amoxycillin. the combination of amoxycillin and clavulanic acid was mor ... | 1989 | 2745255 |
| bactericidal effects of amoxycillin/clavulanic acid against intracellular legionella pneumophila in tissue culture studies. | the bactericidal effects of amoxycillin, clavulanic acid and amoxycillin plus clavulanic acid were determined against legionella pneumophila growing intracellularly in mrc-5 human fetal lung fibroblast cells. the strain of l. pneumophila was shown to be growing within the cells by transmission electron microscopy and this was confirmed by the results of bactericidal tests in which gentamicin was shown to be ineffective in preventing growth of the organism in the tissue culture system. amoxycilli ... | 1989 | 2745260 |
| genetic typing in a cluster of legionella pneumophila infections. | legionella pneumophila strains isolated from six patients, three air-conditioning- and cooling tower-derived strains, and three hot water supply-derived strains were analyzed by three genetic typing methods. the results of the whole-cell dna restriction endonuclease analysis and the restriction patterns based on genes coding for rrna correlated with each other and demonstrated that the patient isolates were indistinguishable from the air-conditioning- and cooling tower-derived isolates but diffe ... | 1989 | 2745685 |
| [pleural empyema caused by legionella pneumophila]. | although pleural effusion is not uncommon in legionellosis, the development of empyema and the demonstration of the organism in pleural fluid are exceptional. we report four patients with pleural empyema with isolation of legionella pneumophila in the pleural fluid culture. the patients were three males and one female, with ages ranging from 36 and 83 years. all had left pleuritic pain, fever and pleural effusion. the appearance of pleural effusion was purulent in two cases and serofibrinous in ... | 1989 | 2747322 |
| [an epidemic of legionnaires' disease in a hotel]. | an outbreak of legionnaires' disease and epidemic control measures taken at one of our hotels are described. twenty (1% morbidity) hotel guests were affected with one dying. as a result of field investigations and survey the hot water supply system has been identified as the source of infection. control measures which created conditions unfavourable to legionella growth and replication in the hot water system stopped the outbreak. | 1989 | 2747409 |
| [community-acquired pneumonia]. | community-acquired pneumonia accounts for about 1 p. 100 of all lower respiratory infections, i.e. 1 to 10 cases per 1,000 adults annually, depending on the country and the year. the causative organism is seldom identified since there is no simple, specific, non-invasive and cheap laboratory diagnostic method. treatment therefore is empirical. it rests upon epidemiological and clinical data as well as upon a set of criteria concerning the acceptability of antibiotics and variations in bacterial ... | 1989 | 2749147 |
| legionella infection of the colon presenting as acute attack of ulcerative colitis. | a 42-yr-old woman with long-standing ulcerative colitis of the descending colon, sigmoid, and rectum presented with bloody diarrhea, tenesmus, and high fever. endoscopic findings were compatible with an acute attack of ulcerative colitis, which proved to be resistant to systemic corticosteroid treatment. in the presence of an acute abdomen with ascites and double-contoured colonic wall, hemicolectomy was performed. postoperatively, high temperature, hyponatremia, and elevated liver enzyme levels ... | 1989 | 2753334 |
| phylogenetic diversity of the rickettsiae. | small subunit rrna sequences have been determined for representative strains of six species of the family rickettsiaceae: rickettsia rickettsii, rickettsia prowazekii, rickettsia typhi, coxiella burnetii, ehrlichia risticii, and wolbachia persica. the relationships among these sequences and those of other eubacteria show that all members of the family rickettsiaceae belong to the so-called purple bacterial phylum. the three representatives of the genus rickettsia form a tight monophyletic cluste ... | 1989 | 2753854 |
| species-specific detection of legionella pneumophila in water by dna amplification and hybridization. | a sensitive detection system specific for legionella pneumophila in water was developed. this system is based on amplification of a chromosomal dna sequence from l. pneumophila by the polymerase chain reaction, followed by detection of the amplified product by hybridization of a radiolabeled oligodeoxynucleotide. after 35 cycles of amplification, a water sample which had been seeded with 35 cfu of l. pneumophila contained sufficient amplified dna to be detected on dot blots. bacteria of other ge ... | 1989 | 2754000 |
| [use of uv rays for the disinfection of water. iii. uv sensitivity of legionella pneumophila of different ages in cold and warm drinking water]. | in drinking water the sensitivity of l. pneumophila serogroup 1 type philadelphia and l. pneumophila serogroup 5 type dallas were studied with a flowthrough u.v. light treatment apparatus. by washing purified cells from broth cultures were used as inoculum directly ( = young cultures) or kept 2-3 weeks in drinking water in the dark ( = old cultures). a decrease of 99,9999% was found after u.v. treatment by 19 mws/cm2 for young cultures and by 15 mws/cm2 for old cultures. reductions of 99,9999% w ... | 1989 | 2757740 |
| impaired clearance of aerosolized legionella pneumophila in corticosteroid-treated rats: a model of legionnaires' disease in the compromised host. | to develop a model of legionnaires' disease in a host with defective cell-mediated immunity, rats were treated with subcutaneous cortisone acetate and exposed to aerosolized legionella pneumophila. bacterial clearance, histopathology, cell recovery by bronchoalveolar lavage, serology, and splenocyte blastogenesis to heat-killed l. pneumophila were studied in cortisone-treated rats and normal controls. corticosteroid administration resulted in a dosage-related defect in the clearance of l. pneumo ... | 1989 | 2760483 |
| opportunist pulmonary infection with legionella bozemanii. | three cases of pulmonary legionella bozemanii infection in immunocompromised patients are described. the diagnosis was made by culture in each case and would not otherwise have been made, and it is recommended that a culture specific for legionella species should be included in the investigation of patients with suspected opportunist pulmonary infections. | 1989 | 2763246 |
| community-acquired legionnaires' disease associated with a cooling tower: evidence for longer-distance transport of legionella pneumophila. | in the period august 10-29, 1986, 29 confirmed cases of legionnaires' disease occurred in sheboygan, wisconsin; two cases were fatal. no common source of indoor exposure was identified. water specimens were obtained from all known cooling tower units in sheboygan; legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 was isolated at 1 x 10(6) colony-forming units per liter from a specimen obtained august 27 at plant a. this isolate was identical to the only clinical isolate by monoclonal antibody and isoenzyme sub ... | 1989 | 2764000 |
| rapid detection and identification of legionella pneumophila by a membrane immunoassay. | legionella pneumophila was detected and identified by an immunoblot assay using a monoclonal antibody specific to serogroups 1 to 8. samples containing l. pneumophila were plated on buffered charcoal yeast extract agar supplemented with glycine, vancomycin, and polymyxin b. after incubation at 35 degrees c for 3 days, colonies were transferred to nitrocellulose membranes by blotting. simultaneous detection and identification of l. pneumophila were done by treating the membrane with the monoclona ... | 1989 | 2764570 |
| bacterial infection (legionella pneumophila) stimulates fever, metabolic rate and brown adipose tissue activity in the guinea pig. | the objective of this study was to assess whether bacterial infection stimulates oxygen consumption and brown adipose tissue (bat) activity. guinea pigs infected with legionella pneumophila showed marked fever and a significant (33%) increase in resting oxygen consumption (vo2), 24h after infection. at this time, food intake and body weight were normal and the in vitro thermogenic activity of bat taken from infected animals was elevated by 64% above that of control guinea pigs. vo2 and bat activ ... | 1989 | 2770424 |
| [legionellosis at intensive care units: study of 30 cases]. | a prospective study during 44 months has been carried out in order to establish the incidence of pneumonia due to legionella sp. in our hospital's intensive care unit (icu). thirty cases of legionellosis were diagnosed (22.2% of the studied pneumonias) two of them were acquired in the icu and 76.6% were caused by l. pneumophila serotype. the most evident symptomatology was intense dyspnea, neurological disorders, acute respiratory and renal failure. the biochemical alterations, most commonly enc ... | 1989 | 2772293 |
| pleural infection caused by legionella anisa. | the first case of infection caused by legionella anisa with isolation of the organism is reported here. the presence of l. anisa in the water supply of the hospital and the isolation of this species in the pleural fluid of a patient suffering from nosocomial pleurisy confirm the potential pathogenicity of this legionella species. | 1989 | 2778073 |
| co-infection with legionella pneumophila and pneumocystis carinii in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. | a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia was found to have pneumonitis caused by a simultaneous pneumocystis carinii and legionella pneumophila infection. although both microorganisms frequently cause pulmonary infections in immunocompromised patients, co-infection has not been reported. this patient responded to antimicrobial therapy, but superinfection with candida albicans led to his death. as there are numerous infective and noninfective causes of pneumonia in such patients, this case ill ... | 1989 | 2786153 |
| induction of interleukin 1 by legionella pneumophila in murine peritoneal macrophage cultures. | legionella pneumophila-induced production of both membrane-associated and secreted interleukin 1 (mil-1 and sil-1, respectively) was examined utilizing peritoneal macrophages from balb/c mice. the legionella preparations for these studies included viable bacteria and formalin-killed whole cell preparations. both of the preparations induced mil-1 and sil-1 in a dose-dependent fashion. however, the viable bacteria required about 1 log lower concentrations than the formalin-killed bacteria to induc ... | 1989 | 2787029 |
| lpni, from legionella pneumophila, is a neoschizomer of haeii. | | 1989 | 2788873 |
| comparative in vitro activity of lomefloxacin, a difluoro-quinolone. | lomefloxacin is a new difluoro-quinolone. in this study, we have determined the in vitro activity of lomefloxacin against a wide range of clinical bacterial isolates and compared it with that of other fluoro-quinolones and some unrelated antimicrobials. lomefloxacin was very active against enterobacteriaceae (mic90, 0.5 micrograms/ml) with activity comparable to that of ofloxacin (mic90, 0.25 micrograms/ml). lomefloxacin was moderately active against isolates of pseudomonas aeruginosa (mic90, 4 ... | 1989 | 2791500 |
| in vitro activity of lomefloxacin (sc 47111 or ny-198) against isolates of legionella spp. | the in vitro activity of lomefloxacin (sc-47111 or ny-198) was compared with those of erythromycin and rifampin against a total of 180 legionella spp. strains isolated from nosocomial or acquired respiratory tract infections and from environmental sources. rifampin was the most active agent tested (mic90, 0.008 microgram/ml) against legionella spp. however, lomefloxacin was found 2-to-4-fold more active than erythromycin against most legionella strains tested. against legionella pneumophila, lom ... | 1989 | 2791504 |
| in vitro activity of lomefloxacin (ny-198 or sc 47111), ciprofloxacin, and erythromycin against 100 clinical legionella strains. | agar dilution minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) of lomefloxacin (lo), ciprofloxacin (ci), and erythromycin (er) were determined for 100 clinical isolates of legionella using buffered charcoal yeast extract medium supplemented with alpha-ketoglutarate (bcyea). the legionella strains tested included 84 l. pneumophila, 2 l. micdadei, 6 l. dumoffii, 4 l. longbeachae, and one each of l. bozemanii, l. hackeliae, l. wadsworthii, and l. maceachernii. geometric mean mics microgram/ml were 0.56 for ... | 1989 | 2791505 |
| [community-acquired pneumonia]. | in a prospective study 212 patients were analysed who, between 1. 10. 1982-31.12. 1983 and 1. 10. 1985-31. 12. 1986, had been admitted to hospital because of pneumonia. the causative organism was identified in 127 of the 212 patients (60%). pneumococcus was the most common organism (n = 64), as demonstrated by culture and immunological techniques of determining antigen or antibody. next most common was legionella (n = 15) of various species. mixed infections were found in 11 patients, in all ins ... | 1989 | 2791899 |
| legionella: an infrequent cause of adult community acquired pneumonia in dublin. | the commonest infectious agents identified in community acquired pneumonia (cap) amongst 50 patients admitted to a dublin hospital were streptococcus pneumoniae and haemophilis influenzae. legionella pneumophila pneumonia occurred in only one patient who acquired infection abroad. a serological screen of blood bank donors and renal transplant recipients failed to detect antibody to legionella pneumophila supporting the clinical findings of a low prevalence of infection in this community. it is c ... | 1989 | 2793404 |
| legionella pneumophila grows adherent to surfaces in vitro and in situ. | legionella pneumophila continues to play a role in both community- and nosocomially-acquired pneumonia. we investigated the ability of l pneumophila to adhere to various types of materials such as those found in the hospital air-cooling and portable water distribution systems. through the use of a unique sampling apparatus, we were able to regularly acquire planktonic and sessile samples and determine the numbers of bacteria present in both populations, in vitro and in situ. portions of these ap ... | 1989 | 2794466 |
| [nosocomial legionellosis: study of 51 cases]. | we report the features of 51 cases of hospital-acquired legionella pneumophila pneumonia (hlp), diagnosed in our hospital during a period of about 5 years. mean age was 64.6 years, and the male:female ratio 1.6. 29% of hlp involved patients who were not admitted to the hospital at the time of diagnosis. the monthly distribution showed a maximal incidence in july and august. only 6% of cases involved patients without underlying diseases. the most common underlying diseases were chronic obstructiv ... | 1989 | 2796435 |
| [legionnaires' disease in children]. | during the first nine months of 1987, the bacteriological and virological tests as well as the indirect fluorescence test to legionella pneumophila were performed in 40 children with bronchopneumonia (one- or both-sided) or pleuropneumonia and in 10 children with protracted bronchitis. in a 15 month old boy we have proved (by titer dynamics) the infection with legionella pneumophila serotype 5, and in a 15 month old girl and in a 16 month old boy serotype 1. the infection was sporadic and the po ... | 1989 | 2796576 |
| [pulmonary manifestations in patients with aids]. | in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) the pulmonary opportunistic infections are due to the depression of cellular immunity and they are found in more than 50% of patients. most frequently the infection is due to pneumocystis carinii, cytomegalovirus, cryptococcus neoformans and mycobacterium avium-intracellulare. non-opportunistic infections in aids are mostly due to the mycobacterium tuberculosis and legionella pneumophila. in kaposi sarcoma in aids the lungs may be involved into pulmon ... | 1989 | 2798562 |
| [plasmid profile of strains of various legionella species]. | the plasmid profile of legionella strains of different origin has been studied. 15 out of 32 legionella cultures belonging to different strains have been found to contain plasmid dna in an amount of 1 or 2 plasmids, with the exception of l. feelei having 6 plasmids. only 1 out of 3 legionella strains isolated in the ussr has been found to possess a plasmid with a molecular weight of about 80 md. plasmids with this molecular weight have been found in 13 legionella strains under study, such plasmi ... | 1989 | 2800791 |
| legionella species, serogroups and subgroups found in the environment in singapore. | over a period of seven months, 87 samples of water collected from 48 air-conditioning cooling-towers on 15 sites in singapore yielded 19 strains of legionella. legionellas were found in 7 of the 15 sites. the strains isolated fell into 7 species, serogroups or subgroups of the genus legionella. only 11% of them belonged to the more pathogenic pontiac subgroup of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1. | 1989 | 2802506 |
| in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of at-4140, a new broad-spectrum quinolone. | at-4140, 5-amino-1-cyclopropyl-6,8-difluoro-1,4-dihydro-7-(cis-3,5- dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-4-oxoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid, showed broad and potent antibacterial activity. its mics for 90% of the strains tested were 0.1 to 0.78 micrograms/ml against gram-positive organisms, such as members of the genera staphylococcus, streptococcus, and enterococcus, and 0.0125 to 1.56 micrograms/ml against gram-negative organisms, such as members of the family enterobacteriaceae and the genera pseudomonas, b ... | 1989 | 2802544 |
| pathogenesis and chemotherapy of experimental legionella pneumophila infection in the chick embryo. | the pathogenicity of legionella pneumophila, serogroup 1, strain nottingham n7, was assessed in terms of ld50 data and the ability of the organism to induce pathological lesions in the fertile hen's egg. histopathological examination of embryo organs after inoculation with 1, 10, 100 and 1000 times the yolk sac ld50 revealed a disseminated infection. systemic spread of the organism resulted in widespread necrosis and evidence of consolidation together with generation of copious amounts of oedema ... | 1989 | 2803457 |
| macrophage-activating t-cell factor(s) produced in an early phase of legionella pneumophila infection in guinea pigs. | protective immunity of guinea pigs against legionella pneumophila was studied by infecting the animals with a sublethal dose (about 2 x 10(4) cfu) of the organism. the bacteria multiplied in the liver, spleen, and lungs up to day 4 after the intraperitoneal infection. the live bacteria in these organs decreased quickly thereafter and were eliminated by day 7. a delayed-type skin reaction and lymphoproliferation of spleen cells to formalin-killed l. pneumophila were detected from days 5 and 6, re ... | 1989 | 2807531 |
| production of procoagulant activity, tissue factor-like, by human mononuclear cells and its role in the pathogenesis of legionella prosthetic valve endocarditis. | the production of procoagulant activity, tissue factor-like, by human mononuclear phagocytes stimulated by legionella microorganisms is here hypothesized as a key moment in the pathogenesis of legionella prosthetic valve endocarditis. | 1989 | 2811716 |
| legionella gormanii pneumonia in a child with chronic granulomatous disease. | | 1989 | 2812918 |
| electron microscopy of the pathology and chemotherapy of legionella pneumophila infection in the chick embryo. | the ultrastructural pathology induced in organs of chick embryos previously infected with 100 times the yolk sac ld50 of legionella pneumophila was examined by electron microscopy. subtle pathological changes were observed three days post-inoculation while more extensive cellular and sub-cellular necrosis occurred at four days post-inoculation. selected antimicrobial agents were administered three days after infection and evaluated for their ability to reduce or reverse ultrastructural lesions. ... | 1989 | 2818797 |
| molecular epidemiology of legionella species by restriction endonuclease and alloenzyme analysis. | as part of an ongoing investigation into nosocomial legionella infections at stanford university medical center (sumc), we applied the technique of restriction endonuclease analysis (rea) to determine strain differences among three species, including legionella pneumophila, legionella dumoffii, and legionella micdadei. a total of 26 human and environmental water isolates from sumc were selected for rea and compared with control strains that were not epidemiologically linked to sumc. rea results ... | 1987 | 2822760 |
| pneumonia in the immunocompromised child. | certain types and causes of pneumonia are unique to the immunocompromised host. the most frequent causes are cytomegalovirus, pneumocystis carinii, varicella zoster virus, candida species and aspergillus species. lymphoid interstitial pneumonia has recently been recognized in children with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. with the exception of varicella-zoster pneumonitis, an invasive procedure, such as open lung biopsy, is required to establish a definitive diagnosis. infrequent causes o ... | 1987 | 2825316 |
| cloning of genes encoding a 15,000-dalton peptidoglycan-associated outer membrane lipoprotein and an antigenically related 15,000-dalton protein from haemophilus influenzae. | we have cloned and expressed in escherichia coli a gene encoding a 15,000-apparent-molecular-weight peptidoglycan-associated outer membrane lipoprotein (pal) of haemophilus influenzae. the nucleotide sequence of this gene encodes an open reading frame of 153 codons with a predicted mature protein of 134 amino acids. the amino acid composition and sequence of the predicted mature protein agree with the chemically determined composition and partial amino acid sequence of pal purified from h. influ ... | 1988 | 2828309 |
| subtyping of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 isolates by monoclonal antibody and plasmid techniques. | a group of environmental and clinical legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 isolates was subtyped by monoclonal antibody dot immunoblotting and plasmid analysis. monoclonal antibody analysis defined seven subtypes within three major groups. plasmid analysis (including restriction endonuclease digestion) revealed 10 subtypes. by combining plasmid and monoclonal techniques, all 16 strains were shown to be distinct. plasmid profiles and monoclonal antibody reactivities of selected strains were stable ... | 1987 | 2828413 |
| modulation of human neutrophil and monocyte oxidative burst by legionella pneumophila sonic extract. | the effect of legionella pneumophila sonic extract on human neutrophil and monocyte oxidative burst was studied by superoxide anion release and luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence assays. legionella pneumophila sonic extract by itself did not stimulate neutrophils and monocytes. the sonic extract at 8-2000 micrograms/ml primed neutrophils for enhanced superoxide release and, at 8-62.5 micrograms/ml, for enhanced chemiluminescence. monocytes were only primed for enhanced chemiluminescence at very ... | 1987 | 2831044 |
| [interaction of legionella pneumophila with human phagocytes]. | | 1987 | 2836529 |
| the pathology of aids. | the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) is a devastating new disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). this retrovirus causes profound immunoincompetence in its infected hosts, who are thereafter susceptible to develop myriad severe and relapsing protozoal, fungal, bacterial, viral, and arthropodal opportunistic infections, as well as unusual malignancies. the more than 50,000 patients who have developed aids in the united states have produced a sudden unexpected deluge of ... | 1988 | 2836878 |
| analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage specimens from immunocompromised patients with a protocol applicable in the microbiology laboratory. | several studies have concluded that bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) is a useful technique for diagnosing pulmonary disease in immunocompromised patients, but implementation of a protocol for obtaining, processing, and analyzing bal specimens in a clinical microbiology laboratory has not been reported. we determined the utility of a laboratory protocol by analyzing 100 bal specimens from 94 immunocompromised patients. each bal specimen was cultured quantitatively for bacteria. a concentrate of each ... | 1988 | 2838515 |
| in vitro activities of azithromycin (cp 62,993), clarithromycin (a-56268; te-031), erythromycin, roxithromycin, and clindamycin. | the in vitro activity of azithromycin (cp 62,993 or xz-450) against haemophilus influenzae was greater than that of three other macrolides. however, azithromycin was four- to eightfold less active than erythromycin against the gram-positive cocci and against listeria monocytogenes. erythromycin and azithromycin were similar in their activity against legionella pneumophila, neisseria gonorrhoeae, neisseria meningitidis, and branhamella catarrhalis. | 1988 | 2840016 |
| legionella micdadei phosphatase catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in human neutrophils. | the legionellae are facultative intracellular bacterial pathogens which multiply in host phagocytes. legionella micdadei cells contain an acid phosphatase (acp2) which blocks superoxide anion production by human neutrophils stimulated with formyl-met-leu-phe (fmlp) [a. k. saha, et al. (1985) arch. biochem. biophys. 243, 150-160]. in the present study, we have purified the legionella phosphatase to homogeneity as indicated by the finding of a single 68,000-da band following sodium dodecyl sulfate ... | 1988 | 2843104 |
| similar dna restriction endonuclease profiles in strains of legionella pneumophila from different serogroups. | dna of strains of legionella pneumophila serogroups 1, 3, 4, and 6, isolated from patients and environmental sources, was examined by restriction endonuclease analysis (rea). major differences in profiles enabled subtyping in many strains with the same serogroup antigen. however, a cluster of l. pneumophila strains, originating from all the examined serogroups, had similar restriction endonuclease profiles, sometimes with minor differences. this suggests that the genetic similarity between strai ... | 1988 | 2846649 |
| demonstration of two protein kinases in extracts of legionella micdadei. | protein kinases i (pk i) and ii (pk ii) were purified 253- and 13.5-fold, respectively, from an extract of sonically disrupted cells of legionella micdadei by ion-exchange chromatography on qae-sephadex, by histone affinity chromatography, and by hplc-gel filtration chromatography. both enzymes catalysed the phosphorylation of calf thymus histones, with a km of 2.7 mg ml-1 for pk i and 2.9 mg ml-1 for pk ii. histone h2b was the best protein kinase substrate for both pk i and pk ii. the ph optima ... | 1988 | 2848925 |
| further development of simple tests to differentiate the legionellas. | current methods for the identification of the legionellaceae to species level are suitable only for the specialist or research laboratory. as part of a continuing taxonomic study 42 simple biochemical tests were screened for their ability to differentiate species of legionella. only 23 of these were of practical use. these tests are able to differentiate 21 of 23 recognized species of legionella and six new species. phenotypic screening with these tests may prove useful to the routine microbiolo ... | 1988 | 2851580 |
| interactions of virulent and avirulent legionella pneumophila with human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. | isogenic virulent/avirulent variants of legionella pneumophila (lp) were examined in vitro for their effect on pmn function as determined by measurement of peak chemiluminescence and superoxide anion production. when exposed to virulent/avirulent strains of lp, pmn function was less than that seen following exposure to e. coli, the reduction of the oxidative burst being more pronounced with virulent lp strains in both assays. to determine whether differences in reduced pmn function correlate wit ... | 1988 | 2854187 |
| genetics of legionella pneumophila. | legionella pneumophila is a facultative intracellular pathogen capable of entering and growing in a variety of phagocytic cells including free-living amoebae as well as alveolar macrophages and monocytes. a genetic analysis of l. pneumophila should facilitate the identification of bacterial factors that promote the intracellular lifestyle of this organism. | 1988 | 2856299 |
| community-acquired pneumonia: etiology, diagnosis, and treatment. | pneumonia is an important cause of morbidity and mortality. a variety of conditions that damage the airways and weaken host defense mechanisms increase the susceptibility of the individual to bacterial colonization of the pulmonary tree. because the clinician frequently cannot determine the etiologic agent, pneumonia is often treated empirically. cefonicid, a long-acting cephalosporin, is a useful and cost-effective antibiotic that is active against many of the common pathogens that cause commun ... | 1988 | 2856599 |
| efficacy of imipenem in experimental legionnaires' disease. | | 1985 | 2857963 |
| engraving and risk of legionellosis. | | 1985 | 2860312 |
| nosocomial legionellosis in surgical patients with head-and-neck cancer: implications for epidemiological reservoir and mode of transmission. | a prospective pneumonia study was conducted simultaneously on head-and-neck surgery wards at two hospitals over 2 years; one hospital had a water supply contaminated with legionella pneumophila but no record of having had a case of legionella pneumonia, and the other had just decontaminated its water supply because of known endemic nosocomial legionellosis. special laboratory tests for legionella were done on all cases of nosocomial pneumonia irrespective of clinical impression. over the first 1 ... | 1985 | 2862467 |
| legionella in power station cooling waters. | | 1985 | 2862486 |
| [the saprophytic phase in the ecology of the causative agents of infectious diseases]. | | 1985 | 2863907 |
| legionella in hotels and hospitals. | | 1985 | 2864503 |
| legionellas in water. | | 1985 | 2865286 |
| interferon-gamma induction by lipopolysaccharide: dependence on interleukin 2 and macrophages. | bacterial lipopolysaccharide (lps) induced fresh murine splenocytes to produce interferon (ifn)-alpha/beta presumably by stimulation of the b lymphocytes and macrophages. however, when the splenocytes were "aged" for 24 to 72 hr in culture before addition of the lps, the ifn response was significantly increased and was determined to be predominantly ifn-gamma. because low levels of interleukin 2 (il 2) were found to be spontaneously produced by the unstimulated splenocytes during the "aging" pro ... | 1986 | 2867114 |
| legionnaires' disease in stafford: management of an epidemic. | | 1986 | 2868215 |
| treatment of experimental legionnaires' disease by aerosol administration of rifampicin, ciprofloxacin, and erythromycin. | | 1986 | 2869238 |
| effect of rubbers and their constituents on proliferation of legionella pneumophila in naturally contaminated hot water. | the proliferation of legionella pneumophila serogroups 1, 9, and 10 in naturally contaminated hot potable water was measured after the addition of various rubbers and their constituents. when compared with controls 9/14 rubbers and 15/30 constituents shortened lag time for growth of l pneumophila at 37 degrees c and, produced a 10-100 000 fold increase in the number of l pneumophila organisms. in most experiments this increase was due mainly to the growth of l pneumophila serogroup 10, which pre ... | 1986 | 2873437 |
| rapid microagglutination test for legionella. | | 1986 | 2873466 |
| outbreak of legionellosis in a community. report of an ad-hoc committee. | of 33 patients infected in an outbreak of legionellosis in glasgow in 1984, 26 lived in the dennistoun district and the remainder either worked in or visited there. there were three main clusters of cases, the onset of illness being in early and mid june in two clusters and early september in the third. most patients were not severely ill, but 1 patient died. the likely source of infection was a cooling tower from which legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 was isolated. strains indistinguishable f ... | 1986 | 2874378 |
| latex agglutination test for legionella antibody. | | 1986 | 2874454 |
| rubbers, water, and legionella. | | 1986 | 2875315 |
| control of legionella in hospitals. | legionellas are present in water distribution systems and cooling towers of many hospitals. no firm data are available regarding the need for prophylactic disinfection of these contaminated systems. disinfection of water systems and cooling towers is an accepted and effective means of ending nosocomial legionnaires' disease, but it should be performed in conjunction with good epidemiological and microbiological studies to pinpoint environmental reservoirs and disseminators. chlorination, pasteur ... | 1986 | 2876026 |
| legionella micdadei pneumonia in normal hosts. | | 1986 | 2877142 |
| cholestasis and fatal agranulocytosis complicating sulfasalazine therapy: case report and review of the literature. | a 55-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis in overlap with polymyositis received sulfasalazine for control of synovitis. cholestatic jaundice, fever, urticaria and agranulocytosis developed after 20 days of treatment and culminated in fatal adult respiratory distress syndrome secondary to legionella pneumophila. the increasing use of sulfasalazine in the therapy of rheumatoid arthritis mandates that the clinician be aware of this idiosyncratic drug reaction. | 1986 | 2880997 |
| prospective study of the aetiology and outcome of pneumonia in the community. | a prospective one-year study of community pneumonia was conducted in nottingham. 236 of 251 episodes of pneumonia (defined as an acute lower respiratory tract infection, for which antibiotics were prescribed, associated with new focal signs on examination of the chest) were investigated. acute radiographic changes were present in 93 (39%). a pathogen was identified in 129 (55%) episodes, with streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and influenza viruses those most frequently identified ... | 1987 | 2882091 |
| cross-reactions in legionella antisera with bordetella pertussis strains. | while preparing slide agglutination test antisera and immunofluorescence conjugates for the identification of legionella species and serogroups, we found that several of the reagents cross-reacted with bordetella pertussis strains. to determine the extent of this problem and to estimate the specificity of legionella reagents, we tested slide agglutination test antisera against 22 species and 35 serogroups with 92 bacterial strains representing 19 genera. the only cross-reactions observed were wi ... | 1987 | 2883198 |
| subgroups of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1. | | 1987 | 2883420 |
| nosocomial legionellosis associated with use of oxygen bubble humidifiers and underwater chest drains. | in 1 year 12 of 48 patients who developed fatal pneumonia following admission with non-respiratory disorders to the hospital molinette, torino, yielded legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 from lung at autopsy. patients were hospitalized on seven different wards for different conditions; only two of the wards had air conditioning but legionellas were not isolated from these. all patients were in poor health or immunocompromised. some patients had inhaled humidified oxygen from piped supplies and t ... | 1987 | 2888811 |
| efficacy of bromine biocide in cooling-water systems. | | 1988 | 2893119 |
| production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies directed against bordetella pertussis lipopolysaccharide. | hybrid cell lines producing monoclonal antibodies against bordetella pertussis lipopolysaccharide (lps) were established. the specificity of the antibodies was ascertained by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and elisa-inhibition experiments with lps and delipidated polysaccharide fragments (ps-1 and ps-2) prepared from b. pertussis lps. monoclonal antibody 9-1-h5 reacted with b. pertussis lps only, whereas monoclonal antibodies 6-4-h6 and 9-2-a8 reacted with ps-1 and ps-2 as well as b. ... | 1988 | 2893806 |
| opportunistic pneumonia caused by legionella bozemanii. | | 1988 | 2893891 |
| legionella: a case for culture. | | 1988 | 2895869 |
| nosocomial legionnaires' disease: a global perspective. | nosocomial legionnaires' disease is a worldwide problem. the lack of prospective surveys using sensitive diagnostic means, such as culture, has resulted in ignorance about the exact magnitude of the problem except at a handful of individual hospitals. contaminated hospital hot water systems, cooling towers, and non-sterile tap water used for respiratory therapy may all cause disease. culture diagnosis is the preferred method of case ascertainment, and provides bacterial isolates which can be use ... | 1988 | 2896704 |
| how to deal with a hospital outbreak of legionnaires' disease. | the outbreak of legionnaires' disease in glasgow royal infirmary is discussed together with the problems such an outbreak poses to the microbiologist. the importance of early diagnosis is stressed. the outbreak was managed by a team drawn up from various disciplines within the hospital. frank daily reports to the press, together with regular staff meetings with staff representatives helped to allay public anxiety. the subsequent maintenance and monitoring of the wet cooling tower required for th ... | 1988 | 2896705 |
| nosocomial legionnaires' disease--advances in diagnosis and typing. | the impact of new methodologies on the routine diagnosis of legionella pneumonia has been limited but the potential for advance is considerable. antigen detection immunoassays have not yet reached the stage where they are used in routine practice. monoclonal antibodies have been successfully used for direct fluorescence of bronchial aspirates. nucleic acid hybridization techniques have yet to find a role in diagnosis. serology remains the most commonly used method in the diagnosis of legionnaire ... | 1988 | 2896706 |
| legionella: a case for culture. | | 1988 | 2897532 |
| legionella: a case for culture. | | 1988 | 2898691 |
| evaluation of ultraviolet light for disinfection of hospital water contaminated with legionella. | an epidemic of nosocomial legionella micdadei pneumonia occurred among renal transplant patients in the university of virginia hospital between 1978 and 1982. although no further cases were diagnosed after 1982, filters and ultraviolet light (uvl) fittings were installed in 1985 as an attempt to disinfect water piped to rooms of transplant patients, because of concern about persistence of l micdadei in hospital water. water samples were obtained from eight uvl-treated rooms and eight control roo ... | 1988 | 2901526 |