| analysis of a cloned sequence of legionella pneumophila encoding a 38 kd metalloprotease possessing haemolytic and cytotoxic activities. | the dna encoding the zinc metalloprotease of legionella pneumophila philadelphia 1 has been isolated and expressed in escherichia coli. this protein, which is 38,000 daltons in size, possesses immunological and biochemical properties identical to those previously described for the purified l. pneumophila protease. periplasmic extracts of e. coli clones expressing the recombinant protease are also capable of causing the haemolysis of canine erythrocytes and the cytotoxic destruction of cho cells. ... | 1989 | 2546010 |
| cytomegalovirus the predominant cause of pneumonia in renal transplant patients. a two-year study of pneumonia in renal transplant recipients with evaluation of fiberoptic bronchoscopy. | the microbiological etiology of pneumonia in 34 renal transplant patients with clinical and x-ray evidence of pulmonary parenchymal disease was studied. fiberoptic bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (bal), transbronchial lung biopsy (tbb) and brushing was performed on 18 patients. laboratory evaluation included histological and cytological methods, cultures for bacteria, fungus and virus and immunofluorescence techniques for the detection of pneumocystis carinii, cytomegalovirus (cmv) and ... | 1989 | 2547242 |
| legionella micdadei protein kinase catalyzes phosphorylation of tubulin and phosphatidylinositol. | legionella micdadei, a pathogen which enters into host phagocyte phagolysosomal structures, contains at least two protein kinases. we have purified to homogeneity the predominant, nucleotide-independent protein kinase and examined its ability to catalyze the transfer of phosphate from atp to acceptors in human neutrophils. the l. micdadei protein kinase catalyzed the phosphorylation of proteins of 11.5, 14, 19, 23, 28, 34, and 38 kilodaltons (kda) present in a triton x-100 extract of neutrophil ... | 1989 | 2549013 |
| application of numerical systematics to the phenotypic differentiation of legionellae. | a total of 163 strains, including 106 strains of legionella pneumophila, 28 strains of tatlockia micdadei, and 29 strains of other legionellae (including members of the proposed genus fluoribacter), were studied. ten tests which together could distinguish the genera previously proposed were identified. these tests included catalase-peroxidase, gelatinase, hippurate hydrolysis, starch hydrolysis, medium browning, acetoin production, oxidase, medium fluorescence, colony fluorescence, and the bromc ... | 1989 | 2550514 |
| interaction of azithromycin and human phagocytic cells. uptake of the antibiotic and the effect on the survival of ingested bacteria in phagocytes. | 14c-labeled azithromycin, a new macrolide antibiotic, was accumulated by various phagocytic cells isolated from volunteers or patients. the concentration of the antibiotic in monocytes, polymorphonuclear leucocytes (pmnls), and alveolar macrophages was greater than that in the surrounding medium by a factor of between 200 and 668. azithromycin penetrated somewhat more rapidly into pmnls and monocytes than into alveolar macrophages. on the other hand the final concentration in the alveolar macrop ... | 1989 | 2551303 |
| concentration of giardia lamblia cysts, legionella pneumophila, clostridium perfringens, human enteric viruses, and coliphages from large volumes of drinking water, using a single filtration. | poliovirus, coliphages, giardia lamblia cysts, clostridium perfringens spores, and legionella pneumophila were concentrated simultaneously in a single pass by sequential filtration of large volumes of drinking water through 3- and 1-micron wound electronegative fiberglass cartridge filters (25.4 cm). filtration was performed under acidic conditions (ph 3.5) in the presence of 0.001 m aluminum chloride to enhance adsorption. elution of all the microorganisms entrapped or adsorbed to the filters w ... | 1989 | 2555036 |
| in vitro activity of at-4140 against clinical bacterial isolates. | the activity of at-4140, a new fluoroquinolone, was evaluated against a wide range of clinical bacterial isolates and compared with those of existing analogs. at-4140 had a broad spectrum and a potent activity against gram-positive and -negative bacteria, including legionella spp. and bacteroides fragilis. the activity of at-4140 against gram-positive and -negative cocci, including acinetobacter calcoaceticus, was higher than those of ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and norfloxacin. its activity again ... | 1989 | 2558617 |
| molecular cloning and expression in escherichia coli of the reca gene of legionella pneumophila. | interspecific complementation of an escherichia coli reca mutant with a legionella pneumophila genomic library was used to identify a recombinant plasmid encoding the l. pneumophila reca gene. recombinant e. coli strains harbouring the l. pneumophila reca gene were isolated by replica-plating bacterial colonies on medium containing methyl methanesulphonate (mms). mms-resistant clones were identified as encoding the l. pneumophila reca analogue by their ability to protect e. coli hb101 from uv ex ... | 1989 | 2559147 |
| comparison of ozone inactivation, in flowing water, of hepatitis a virus, poliovirus 1, and indicator organisms. | in steadily flowing water at 20 degrees c and ph 7, five organisms had the following order of resistance to ozone (at constant levels of ozone): poliovirus 1 (pv1) less than escherichia coli less than hepatitis a virus (hav) less than legionella pneumophila serogroup 6 less than bacillus subtilis spores. the tests were repeated at 10 degrees c with hav, pv1, and e. coli. ozone inactivation of hav and e. coli was faster at 10 degrees c than at 20 degrees c. at 20 degrees c, 0.25 to 0.38 mg of o3 ... | 1989 | 2560362 |
| rrna gene restriction patterns of legionella species: a molecular identification system. | a total of 28 species of legionella could be differentiated by rrna gene restriction patterns generated after cleavage of total dna with either ecorv or hindiii restriction endonucleases, and hybridization of fragments with 32p-labelled escherichia coli 16 + 23s rrna. different species gave different fragment patterns. when several isolates of a species were tested, the patterns obtained were often identical. however, more than one pattern was often observed when more than one serotype was consi ... | 1989 | 2560580 |
| lochgoilhead fever: outbreak of non-pneumonic legionellosis due to legionella micdadei. | analysis of case histories from 187 people who had visited a hotel and leisure complex in lochgoilhead, a village on the west coast of scotland, indicated that 170 had had an acute illness characterised by headache, fatigue, arthralgia, myalgia, cough, and breathlessness. these symptoms were consistent with pontiac fever-like illness. legionella micdadei was isolated from the leisure complex whirlpool spa at the time that 60 of 72 individuals with symptoms seroconverted to l micdadei antigen. th ... | 1989 | 2563467 |
| cloning and temperature-dependent expression in escherichia coli of a legionella pneumophila gene coding for a genus-common 60-kilodalton antigen. | all legionella species express a 60-kilodalton (kda) protein which contains a genus-specific epitope recognized by murine monoclonal antibody gw2x4b8b2h6. a genomic cosmid library of legionella pneumophila chromosomal dna was constructed in phc79 and screened for 60-kda antigen-expressing clones with the monoclonal antibody. a 3.2-kilobase ecori fragment from cosmid 14b11 expressing a 60-kda protein was subcloned into puc19 (psh16), and deletion of a 1.2-kilobase hindiii fragment (psh16a) genera ... | 1989 | 2566581 |
| legionella spp. in a hospital hot water system: effect of control measures. | potential sources of legionella spp. in a university hospital were investigated over 3 years in order to gain better understanding of the ecology and transmission of this organism to hospitalized patients. the survey highlighted the contamination of the hot water system with high concentrations of legionellas (up to 10(6) cfu 1(-1]. legionella pneumophila serogroup 6 was predominant followed by l. pneumophila serogroup 10. serogroup 1 and other species (l. longbeachae, l. micdadei) were rarely i ... | 1989 | 2567304 |
| atypical legionellosis: isolation of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 from a patient with aspiration pneumonia. | it has been suspected that the number of legionella pneumophila infections is substantially higher than commonly reported, due to subclinical infections. we report a patient where the diagnosis of a legionella infection was made only because of a large-scale surveillance programme for legionellosis. the case demonstrates the possibility of legionellas being involved in lung disease though not necessarily causing overt legionellosis. | 1989 | 2567312 |
| endemicity of legionella pneumophila serogroup 3 in a hospital water supply. | a microbiological and epidemiological investigation at the infectious diseases hospital in turin, italy, demonstrated legionella pneumophila serogroup 3 at 10(2) to greater than 4 x 10(3) cfu l-1 from 24 of 32 hot water samples collected from hand-basins in six separate buildings. a sample taken from the public water supply, and a hot water sample (80 degrees c) collected from hot water tanks, did not yield legionellas. legionella pneumophila serogroup 3 was found in samples taken at the first p ... | 1989 | 2567758 |
| nosocomial legionella micdadei pneumonia: 10 years experience and a case-control study. | sixteen patients with nosocomial legionella micdadei pneumonia, diagnosed between 1977 and 1988, were studied retrospectively to define clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the disease. also, a case-control study was performed comparing the five patients with l. micdadei pneumonia during a cluster of cases in 1982, with uninfected patients with the same underlying diagnoses. no significant differences were noted in the case-control study with regard to age, presence of leucopenia, int ... | 1989 | 2567759 |
| legionella pneumophila serogroup 12 pneumonia in a renal transplant recipient: case report and environmental observations. | we describe the first reported case of pneumonia due to legionella pneumophila serogroup 12 in the uk. this hospital-associated infection occurred in an immuno-incompetent patient and coincided with a change in character of the local environmental strains of legionellas. the patient produced a serological response both to her own isolate and to l. pneumophila serogroups 1-6. thus serodiagnosis was attainable using the usual screening antigens. | 1989 | 2567762 |
| cytomegalovirus and legionella species as the cause of liver enzyme elevations in haemodialysis patients. | we conclude that reinfection or recurrent infection with cmv or legionella may be responsible for serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (sgpt) elevations in up to one fourth of haemodialysis patients. since nanb infection or asymptomatic coinfection with these agents cannot be discounted with certainty, it seems prudent to maintain haemodialysis patients with abnormal liver-function tests on body fluid precautions, even if they remain asymptomatic. | 1989 | 2572640 |
| purification of legionella pneumophila major outer membrane protein and demonstration that it is a porin. | we have purified the major outer membrane protein (momp) of legionella pneumophila, determined that it is associated with peptidoglycan, and characterized it as a porin. to purify the momp, we used a simple, rapid, three-step procedure that gave us the protein in high yield. the first step of the purification procedure involved selectively extracting the momp from whole bacterial cells with calcium and zwitterionic detergent. the second and third steps achieved purification by ion-exchange and m ... | 1985 | 2579942 |
| clinical chemical responses to experimental airborne legionellosis in the guinea-pig. | legionella pneumophila infection of guinea-pigs by the aerosol route with either of two strains, one (serogroup i) giving an acute the other (serogroup 3) giving a protracted illness, induced a pyrexia and similar pneumonic lesions. with both strains there was a bacteraemia with early decreases in serum iron and zinc and increases in serum copper concentrations. marked changes in other serum components were evident only in those animals which had protracted illness (serogroup 3-infected animals) ... | 1985 | 2580546 |
| [bacteriologic investigation of the hospital air-conditioning water]. | we have isolated a pathogenic strain of ldb from the water of the hospital cooling-water storage tank for air-conditioning system. at the same time, other bacteria were also isolated with pseudomonas and flavobacterium being predominant, most of these organisms in the water of air-conditioning system were resistant to antibacterial drugs. a proposal to improve architectural design and to sterilize air-conditioning water was suggested. | 1989 | 2582921 |
| [isolation of legionella spp. from cooling tower water and the effect of microbicides]. | legionella spp., the causative organism of legionnaires' disease, were isolated from more than 80% of water samples in cooling towers before washing. therefore, we evaluated the effect of microbicide treatment of cooling tower water on legionella spp., other bacteria and protozoa. 2-bromo-2-nitropane-1,3-dial, 2,4-dibromo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin or silver nitrate-treated silica gel was added to cooling tower water. the isolation rate of legionella spp. in the cooling tower water was 50% after micr ... | 1989 | 2585755 |
| an update on the efficacy of ciprofloxacin in animal models of infection. | although animal models of infection are associated with certain limitations in interpretation, properly performed studies provide important information for evaluating the efficacy of new antimicrobial agents in the treatment of human disease. the antibacterial efficacy of the newer quinolones, particularly ciprofloxacin, has undergone extensive evaluation in several animal models. efficacy has been demonstrated in animal models of pneumonia, endocarditis, meningitis, skin and soft-tissue infecti ... | 1989 | 2589379 |
| the application of molecular and immunologic techniques to study the epidemiology of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1. | we applied monoclonal antibody typing and restriction endonuclease analysis of plasmid dna to study 28 clinical and 35 environmental (potable water) isolates of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 from three hospitals in iowa between 1981 and 1986. monoclonal antibody typing employed a panel of seven antibodies and delineated eight different subtypes. plasmids were present in 57% of the isolates including 12 of 28 (43%) clinical and 25 of 35 (69%) potable water isolates. the plasmids ranged in si ... | 1989 | 2591166 |
| penetration of macrolides into human polymorphonuclear leucocytes. | five 14c-labelled macrolide antibiotics (erythromycin, josamycin, clarithromycin (te-031), rokitamycin and roxithromycin) were studied for their transport into human polymorphonuclear leucocytes. intracellular/extracellular concentration ratios (transport ratios) of these macrolides were quite high: erythromycin, 6.6; josamycin, 15.5; clarithromycin, 16.4; rokitamycin, 30.5; and roxithromycin, 21.9. when polymorphonuclear leucocytes were pre-treated with formaldehyde or incubated at 4 degrees c, ... | 1989 | 2599996 |
| which atypical pneumonia? | | 1989 | 2600450 |
| [fatal legionellosis in an infant treated with acth]. | a new case of fatal systemic legionnaires' disease is reported in an infant. this 8 month-old boy was given a protracted treatment with adrenocorticotropic hormones for infantile spasms. legionella pneumophila type i was found in tracheal secretions and there was multivisceral involvement at autopsy. the mode of contamination and the severity of the disease are discussed in the light of the immunosuppressive properties of the glucocorticoids administered over a period of 4 weeks. | 1989 | 2604513 |
| the line blot: an immunoassay for monoclonal and other antibodies. its application to the serotyping of gram-negative bacteria. | a procedure is described for assaying antibodies based on the application of antigen to nitrocellulose as a line with an ink pen point. the method requires no expensive apparatus, is easy to perform, and requires less than 0.25 micrograms of antigen per assay. more than 45 antigens can be assayed simultaneously with a single antibody. antigens can be applied as purified proteins, extracts, or sodium dodecyl sulfate solubilized extracts. the application of the line blot assay for the detection of ... | 1989 | 2607166 |
| chemical composition of a lipopolysaccharide from legionella pneumophila. | lipopolysaccharide isolated from legionella pneumophila (phil. 1) was examined for chemical composition. the polysaccharide split off by mild acid hydrolysis contained rhamnose, mannose, glucose, quinovosamine, glucosamine and 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate, in molar proportions 1.6:1.8:1.0:1.5:4.1:2.7. heptoses were absent and glucose was probably mainly phosphorylated. the carbohydrate backbone of the lipid a part consisted of glucosamine, quinovosamine and glycerol, in the molar ratios 3.9:1.0:3.4, w ... | 1989 | 2610584 |
| isolation of legionella pneumophila serogroup 3 from pericardial fluid in a case of pericarditis. | a 43-year-old woman was hospitalized for fulminant pericarditis. during diagnostic work-up, an as yet unknown bronchial carcinoma was detected. in the pericardial exudate legionella pneumophila serogroup 3 was demonstrated by direct fluorescent antibody technique and by culture. in a lung biopsy l. pneumophila serogroup 3 was found, too. using an antigen-elisa for l. pneumophila serogroup 1, antigenuria was demonstrated. in cases of pericarditis negative for common bacterial pathogens, all diagn ... | 1989 | 2613328 |
| [a strain of pseudomonas vesicularis isolated from shower hose which supports the multiplication of legionella]. | in japan, a fatal case due to legionella micdadei was first recognized in our laboratory in 1986. on the epidemiological study just after the case, no legionella was detected from the environmental samples of the patient's residence, such as shower water, tank water and so on. in the course of prospective investigations, no legionella was isolated, but many organisms were grown on bcye alpha and mwy agar plates. in the retrospective study, one of these organisms was found to support satellite gr ... | 1989 | 2614089 |
| tetracycline and erythromycin distribution in pathological lungs of humans and rat. | tetracycline and erythromycin concentrate highly in pulmonary tissues in humans as well as in the rat. their binding to the lung, whatever the species and the pathological state, is weak. their intrapulmonary concentrations could be explained by a passive diffusion which depends on the ph variation between the intra- and extratissue compartments, the percentage of un-ionized form present, and their liposolubility. the importance of retention of tetracycline and erythromycin by plasma proteins is ... | 1989 | 2614691 |
| [treatment of severe respiratory infection. legionella pneumonia]. | this paper discusses the evaluation of new macrolides and new quinolones for the treatment of legionnaires' disease in in vitro susceptibility test, penetration to polynuclear leukocytes and treatment in an animal model. some kinds of biological response modifier (brms) such as granulocyte colony stimulating factor (gcsf), monocyte csf (m-csf), gm-csf, recombinant interleukin-1 (il-1) and il-2 were also evaluated. the antimicrobial activity (mic) of new macrolides to legionella pneumophila (45 s ... | 1989 | 2615084 |
| opportunistic infection and antineutrophil cytoplasm antibodies in wegener's granulomatosis. | antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (anca) are of established value in the diagnosis of wegener's granulomatosis allowing early introduction of therapy. these patients are at risk of opportunistic infection, especially whilst receiving immunosuppressive drugs and this may mimic reactivation of disease. we present three cases of wegener's granulomatosis complicated by opportunistic infection and assess the value of anca detection. two presented with symptoms compatible with disease reactivation ... | 1989 | 2616825 |
| [diagnosis of legionella pneumonia by detection of antigenuria using an enzyme immunoassay with 6 antibody specificities]. | in patients with microbiologically and clinically suspected legionella caused pneumonia antigenuria was investigated by means of a direct two-site binding assay (elisa) with polyclonal antibodies against legionella (l.) pneumonia serogroup 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6 and l. micdadei. by application of antibodies only against l. pneumonia serogroup 1 antigenuria was found in 27 of 66 patients (= 41%). the expanding of the used specificities of antibodies in 47 out of this cases resulted in an increase of po ... | 1989 | 2618111 |
| win 57273 is bactericidal for legionella pneumophila grown in alveolar macrophages. | the in vitro antimicrobial activity of win 57273, a new quinolone antimicrobial agent, was determined for 21 legionella strains, using broth macrodilution and agar dilution testing methods; ciprofloxacin and erythromycin were tested as well. three different buffered yeast extract media were used for the agar dilution studies, two of which were made with starch rather than charcoal. broth macrodilution susceptibility testing was performed with buffered yeast extract broth and two legionella pneum ... | 1989 | 2619277 |
| efficacy of copper and silver ions and reduced levels of free chlorine in inactivation of legionella pneumophila. | water disinfection systems utilizing electrolytically generated copper and silver ions (200 and 20, 400 and 40, or 800 and 80 micrograms/liter) and low levels of free chlorine (0.1 to 0.4 mg/liter) were evaluated at room (21 to 23 degrees c) and elevated (39 to 40 degrees c) temperatures in filtered well water (ph 7.3) for their efficacy in inactivating legionella pneumophila (atcc 33155). at room temperature, a contact time of at least 24 h was necessary for copper and silver (400 and 40 microg ... | 1989 | 2619303 |
| [a community outbreak of legionnaires' disease in barcelona: clinical and microbiological study]. | in february and march 1989 a community-acquired outbreak of legionnaires' disease developed in barcelona, involving at least 56 patients (48 males and 8 females) with a mean age of 60 years (range 22-87). 70% were smokers, 20% alcohol abusers, 50% had chronic bronchitis and 20% were immunologically depressed. the most common signs and symptoms were: fever (100%), features of lung condensation (77%), cough (51%), stupor (27%), diarrhea (18%), thoracic pain (18%, hyponatremia (53%), increased seru ... | 1989 | 2622251 |
| [a community outbreak of legionnaires' disease in barcelona: epidemiologic and environmental study]. | the investigation of the outbreak of legionellosis which developed in barcelona in february 1988 included: 1) a case-control study, with the patients with legionella pneumophila pneumonia (n = 56) and those with pneumonia by other organisms (n = 109) in the hospital clínic i provincial (hcp); 2) a review of refrigeration towers and the water supply system; 3) a meteorological study, and 4) a survey of the construction works being carried out in the hcp area. the cases lived in the urban district ... | 1989 | 2622252 |
| invasion strategies and intracellular growth of bacterial pathogens. | | 1989 | 2628104 |
| interaction of legionella pneumophila with tissue culture cells. | | 1989 | 2628105 |
| [legionellosis in meat-packing combines of the lithuanian ssr]. | the article presents the results of a study of legionella pneumophila morbidity in lithuanian meat-processing factory workers, as well as the specific position of legionellosis in the fever diseases structure among the workers of the industry. the technique showed that legionella pneumophila 1st serogroup seropositive reaction was traced among the healthy workers in 0.2% (antibody titer 1:64). rather high percentage (7.1%) of persons with specific antibodies was found among those who had suffere ... | 1989 | 2628216 |
| [a serological survey of legionnaires' disease in domestic fowls and animals in chengdu area]. | a serological survey of antibodies against legionella pneumophila (lp) serotypes in chengdu area by microagglutination test showed that there were high levels of antibodies against serotypes lp1 and lp6 in healthy domestic fowls and animals (rabbits, pigs, chickens, ducks and geese). in rabbits, antibodies against serotypes lp1-lp6 were determined, showing positive rates (titer greater than or equal to 1:16) ranging 6.3-23.8%. among them only the serotype lp3 did not show any positive one. the h ... | 1989 | 2630424 |
| nosocomial legionnaires' disease. | the first proved outbreak of nosocomial legionnaires' disease occurred in a psychiatric hospital in washington d.c. in 1965, but the diagnosis was not established until determination of serum antibodies against legionella pneumophila by the indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) test was undertaken, using the bacterial antigen isolated from patients with legionnaires' disease in the 1976 outbreak in philadelphia. the second nosocomial outbreak of legionnaires' disease occurred in three immunocompro ... | 1989 | 2634459 |
| an unusual strain of legionella micdadei. | a microorganism antigenically identified as legionella micdadei but showing a cellular fatty acid profile distinct from that described previously for this species and more similar to that of l. bozemanii has been studied by phenotypic characterization, crossed immunoelectrophoresis, gas-liquid chromatography, and transmission electron microscopy. although the phenotypic characters, the crossed immunoelectrophoresis, and the ultrastructural features were similar to those of l. micdadei, the fatty ... | 1989 | 2643618 |
| cloning and expression of the legionella micdadei "common antigen" in escherichia coli. | to study individual legionella antigens, a legionella micdadei genomic library in escherichia coli sc181 was established. partially sau3a digested l. micdadei dna fragments (15-25 kilobase pairs (kb] were cloned into the tetracycline resistance gene of the cosmid vector phc79. four thousand ampicillin resistant recombinants were obtained; seven hundred were screened for expression of legionella antigens in western blot analysis with a polyspecific e. coli-absorbed anti-l. micdadei rabbit antibod ... | 1989 | 2643977 |
| direct and indirect pathogenicity of beta-lactamase-producing bacteria in mixed infections in children. | the recent emergence of numerous aerobic and anaerobic beta-lactamase-producing bacterial strains has been associated with an increase in the failure rate of penicillins in the therapy of infection caused by these organisms. these include respiratory tract, skin of soft tissue, female genital tract, intra-abdominal, and other miscellaneous infections. the important aerobic beta-lactamase-producing bacteria (blpb) include staphylococcus aureus, branhamella catarrhalis, haemophilus sp., neisseria ... | 1989 | 2644068 |
| increasing pericardial effusion in cardiac transplant recipients. | although pericardial effusion after cardiac surgery is frequent and usually benign, its etiology and prognosis after cardiac transplantation are unknown. during 1 year (1985-1986), 12 of our current transplant population (total, 189) developed moderate or large pericardial effusions confirmed by two-dimensional echocardiography. these effusions occurred within 1 month of transplantation in 10 patients and at 3 months and 4.5 years in the other two. pericardiocentesis was performed because of cli ... | 1989 | 2645065 |
| a live avirulent mutant legionella pneumophila vaccine induces protective immunity against lethal aerosol challenge. | we have examined the capacity of a live avirulent mutant form of the intracellular bacterial pathogen legionella pneumophila to induce immune responses and protective immunity in guinea pigs. the mutant l. pneumophila is nonlethal to guinea pigs and does not revert to virulence with passage through guinea pigs. in contrast, exposure of guinea pigs to aerosols containing wild-type l. pneumophila induces a pneumonic illness that clinically and pathologically resembles legionnaires' disease in huma ... | 1989 | 2646318 |
| disease due to the legionellaceae (other than legionella pneumophila). historical, microbiological, clinical, and epidemiological review. | more than 20 species of the legionellaceae family of bacteria have been discovered since the discovery of legionella pneumophila. thirteen have been implicated as causative agents of pneumonia including the pittsburgh pneumonia agent (tatlockia micdadei, legionella micdadei). although outbreaks of nosocomial pneumonia in immunosuppressed hosts have been well-described, most cases have occurred sporadically in the community. the spectrum of disease ranges from severe life-threatening pneumonia to ... | 1989 | 2646508 |
| [methods and problems of legionella diagnosis]. | 33 species of legionellae with 50 different serotypes are known. phenotypical and biochemical similarities as well as immunologic cross-reactions impede their identification. chemical analysis of structural features such as isoprenoidquinones, fatty acids or membrane proteins may facilitate the species classification of new isolates. a simple analytical procedure exists for ubiquinone determination. the microbiological diagnostics of legionellosis remains complex, however. culture, direct immuno ... | 1989 | 2647625 |
| epidemic of nosocomial legionnaires' disease in renal transplant recipients: a case-control and environmental study. | an outbreak of legionella pneumophila pneumonia occurred in 6 of 49 new renal transplant recipients over the course of 13 months. we compared infected patients (cases) and uninfected patients (controls) with respect to potential risk factors. corticosteroid use, need for hemodialysis and number of days of hemodialysis were significantly greater among the cases. logistic regression analysis identified corticosteroid dosage and number of days of hemodialysis as independent risk factors. lymphopeni ... | 1989 | 2650836 |
| roxithromycin. a review of its antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and clinical efficacy. | roxithromycin is an acid-stable orally administered antibacterial macrolide structurally related to erythromycin. it has an in vitro antibacterial profile similar to that of erythromycin, with activity against staphylococcus aureus, s. epidermidis, streptococcus pneumoniae, s. pyogenes, branhamella catarrhalis, mycoplasma pneumoniae, legionella pneumophila, chlamydia trachomatis, gardnerella vaginalis, haemophilus ducreyi, some anaerobes and other less common pathogens. roxithromycin has a pharm ... | 1989 | 2651088 |
| community-acquired legionnaires' disease. | legionellae are ubiquitous aquatic organisms. they are unique among the agents commonly responsible for bacterial pneumonia in humans in that they are not part of the normal human flora but are acquired from environmental sources. prospective studies have shown that legionellae consistently rank among the top three bacteria as etiologic agents of community-acquired pneumonia. the clinical presentation of legionnaires' disease is not distinguishable from that of other bacterial pneumonias. cultur ... | 1989 | 2652233 |
| [infectious complications in the early phase following kidney transplantation]. | a retrospective analysis of 533 patients receiving kidney transplantation was performed to study the incidence of infection in the early postoperative period. mostly localized in the lungs and renal system, bacterial complications arose in 133 patients. as compared with the unproblematic management of the urinary tract infections, 45 pulmonary infections were characterized by difficulties in diagnosis and treatment. poor graft function was closely related to pulmonary infections: mean creatinine ... | 1989 | 2652893 |
| taxonomic investigation of legionella pneumophila using monoclonal antibodies. | a panel of 19 monoclonal antibodies was used to produce patterns of immunofluorescent staining of 468 isolates of legionella pneumophila. twelve monoclonal antibodies were selected that divided l. pneumophila into 17 phenons which, in the majority of cases, conform to serogroup divisions. these phenons are more easily defined than the present serogroups, and isolates can be placed in them with little ambiguity. the standardized set of monoclonal antibodies was also used to define the subgroups o ... | 1989 | 2654183 |
| legionella longbeachae pneumonia: report of two cases. | legionella longbeachae serogroup 1 was isolated from the respiratory secretions of two patients with community-acquired pneumonia. one patient had a mild infection without evidence of the involvement of other organs and recovered, in spite of inappropriate antibiotic therapy. the other patient was severely-ill on presentation with multisystem failure and died soon after admission to hospital. the organisms were identified by the immunofluorescence technique and by quantitative dna-hybridization ... | 1989 | 2654579 |
| detection of urinary antigens of legionella pneumophila serogroup 12 by broad-spectrum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. | the first canadian case of legionella pneumophila serogroup 12 infection is reported. the initial diagnosis was made with a urine specimen by a broad-spectrum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; further serogrouping was done by indirect fluorescent-antibody and tube agglutination tests. this case emphasizes the importance of multivalent urinary antigen detection for the diagnosis of legionellosis. | 1989 | 2656751 |
| [pneumonia caused by legionella in a newborn infant]. | | 1989 | 2658708 |
| high-dose corticosteroid therapy for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. | overwhelming pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) carries a poor prognosis. patients who require mechanical ventilation have up to a 90% mortality rate despite vigorous treatment. although there are theoretic contraindications to steroid use in severely immunocompromised individuals, case reports of aids patients with pcp either inadvertently or intentionally given steroids have shown benefit. we report a series of seven patients whose a ... | 1989 | 2660289 |
| a rapid method for purification of homogeneous legionella pneumophila cytotoxic protease using fast protein liquid chromatography. | a purification method was developed to isolate legionella pneumophila cytotoxic protease in a form suitable for biological assays. culture supernatant of a clinical isolate of l. pneumophila, knoxville 1 strain, was used as the starting material. the protease was purified by fplc on a mono q column followed by ultrafiltration. the isolated proteolytic enzyme has a specific activity of 90 azocasein units/mg protein and is a 42 kda monomeric protein as determined by sds-page and gel filtration chr ... | 1989 | 2661321 |
| clinical efficacy of ciprofloxacin in lower respiratory tract infections. | the sputum pharmacokinetics and clinical efficacy of ciprofloxacin in lower respiratory tract infections is reviewed. following intravenous administration, ciprofloxacin penetrates rapidly into bronchial tissue; the elimination half life is between 3 and 4 h and a dose dependency is seen. following oral intake, the time to reach maximal concentrations is approximately two hours and after a dose of 750 mg the concentration may reach 1.7 mg/l in patients without cystic fibrosis and range from 0.5 ... | 1989 | 2667111 |
| lack of antibodies to legionella pneumophila and legionella micdadei in hemodialysis patients. | in 231 adult hemodialysis patients and 134 healthy adults, we measured antibodies to legionella pneumophila (serogroups 1-6) and legionella micdadei by indirect immunofluorescent antibody tests to assess the risk of legionnaires' disease. one of the patients had a titer of 1:512 to legionella pneumophila but he had no history of legionnaires' disease. two had a titer of 1:64 to legionella pneumophila, and none had a titer of greater than or equal to 1:64 to legionella micdadei. by contrast, none ... | 1989 | 2667115 |
| genetic, immunological, and cytotoxic comparisons of legionella proteolytic activities. | several strains of legionella pneumophila and other species of legionella with proteolytic activities were compared by assays, including southern hybridizations and western immunoblots, to determine their proteolytic, hemolytic, and cytotoxic activities. only proteases from strains of l. pneumophila were both hemolytic and cytotoxic, and proteolytic activities extracted from other species of legionella possessed only hemolytic activity. a 4.0-kilobase dna sequence encoding the 38-kilodalton meta ... | 1989 | 2668184 |
| impediments to the development of additional vaccines: vaccines against important diseases that will not be available in the next decade. | the availability of new biotechnologies has led to the prediction that new or improved vaccines can be developed for 27 diseases within the next decade. the reasons why such optimism cannot be extended to the availability of vaccines for many other infectious diseases are considered by reviewing the steps in vaccine development, from identification of the etiologic agent to construction of attenuated or inactivated vaccines. impediments to development may exist or arise at any point in this path ... | 1989 | 2669104 |
| legionella tucsonensis sp. nov. isolated from a renal transplant recipient. | a legionella-like organism (strain 1087-az-h) was isolated from a pleural-fluid specimen from a renal transplant patient undergoing immunosuppressive therapy. growth characteristics and gas-liquid chromatography profiles of the isolate were consistent with those for legionella spp. the isolate fluoresced blue-white under long-wave uv light. strain 1087-az-h was serologically distinct in the slide agglutination test with absorbed antisera. dna hybridization studies placed it in a new legionella s ... | 1989 | 2671032 |
| laboratory survey of fluoroquinolone activity. | fluoroquinolones are active against a wide variety of bacteria. the antibacterial spectra of fluoroquinolones encompass staphylococci, bacillus species, and corynebacterium species implicated in infections of the immunocompromised host; enterobacteriaceae; most intestinal pathogens; and many gram-negative organisms commonly causing nosocomial infections. haemophilus influenzae, haemophilus ducreyi, neisseria gonorrhoeae, neisseria meningitidis, and branhamella catarrhalis are highly susceptible ... | 1989 | 2672262 |
| use of fluoroquinolones for intracellular pathogens. | current microbiologic techniques (determinations of minimal inhibitory and/or microbicidal concentrations) are unable to delineate the true role of anti-infectious drugs in the treatment of human infections due to intracellular pathogens. the prediction and evaluation of the efficacy of quinolones against intracellular pathogens requires information on four different steps. (1) quinolones should be able to penetrate phagocytes; intramacrophagic concentration is highly dependent on serum pharmaco ... | 1989 | 2672263 |
| [microbial contamination of water by pipe and tube materials. 3. behavior of e. coli, citrobacter freundii and klebsiella pneumoniae]. | materials water comes into contact with can promote the microbial growth as it could be shown before. the reaction of an unspecific microorganism flora and of legionella pneumophila in pipes and hoses has been described in the two previous communications. the investigation with l. pneumophila has shown that even a pathogen organism can grow upon the materials. therefore it was of special interest to prove whether indicator organisms for the testing of drinking water can grow in pipes and hoses a ... | 1989 | 2673263 |
| detection of legionella pneumophila in environmental water samples using a fluorescein conjugated monoclonal antibody. | sixty-three environmental water samples from various sources were examined for the presence of legionella pneumophila with a commercially available direct fluorescent monoclonal antibody (gs), an indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat) and culture. gs detected l. pneumophila in 94% and 100% of environmental water samples which were culture and ifat positive for l. pneumophila, respectively. ifat detected 69% of l. pneumophila culture positive samples. cultures of l. pneumophila serogroups 1 to ... | 1989 | 2673821 |
| plaque assay for virulent legionella pneumophila. | methods of assessing virulence of legionella pneumophila, the etiologic agent of legionnaires disease, include the infection of guinea pigs, fertile chicken eggs, and mammalian and protozoan cell cultures. guinea pig assays, in particular, are expensive, laborious, or unsuitable for routine screening of legionella isolates. we have developed a virulence assay that requires the enumeration of viruslike plaques which are the result of virulent l. pneumophila infecting mouse l929 cells. each plaque ... | 1989 | 2674192 |
| [in vitro antibacterial activity of a new macrolide, miokamycin. results of a multicenter study]. | minimal inhibitory concentration (mic) of miokamycin (m) were evaluated by agar dilution for 1,024 bacterial strains isolated in 6 hospitals and classed as a function of susceptibility and resistance to macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramins group (mls). mic of m ranged from 0.25 to 4 micrograms/ml (mode mic 1-2) on staphylococcus susceptible to mls and on mlsb inducible strains; m was inactive on mlsb constitutive strains. mic of m ranged from 0.016 to 4 micrograms/ml (mode mic 0.12 to 0.5) f ... | 1989 | 2674868 |
| legionnaires' disease. a clinical review. | legionnaires' disease is an acute bacterial pneumonia caused by legionella pneumophila and related subtypes. in endemic areas legionnaires' disease accounts for between 2% and 15% of community-acquired pneumonias in adults admitted to hospital. the diagnosis of this disease may be difficult and therefore a high index of suspicion should exist. the clinical features of legionnaires' disease are reviewed. | 1989 | 2675339 |
| laboratory diagnosis of pneumonia. | laboratory techniques for the diagnosis of pneumonia are discussed. gram's stain and culture of the sputum are still the most useful techniques for the diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia. antigen detection can provide a rapid diagnosis and contribute to the initial choice of therapy in infections caused by haemophilus influenzae, legionella pneumophila, chlamydia psittaci and pneumocystis carinii. | 1989 | 2677980 |
| the specificity of a rapid method of assay for the presence of legionella species in water. | a rapid method of assay, using a monoclonal antibody linked to alkaline phosphatase, was used for the detection of the pontiac subgroup of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1. it was tested for its specificity against 53 strains of legionella recently isolated from the environment in singapore and malaysia. the specificity and sensitivity of this method of assay was confirmed, though there is some concern that the specificity was too narrow, and there are reservations about the criteria suggested ... | 1989 | 2679337 |
| acute and chronic legionnaires' disease and co-existent tuberculosis: a trial of erythromycin. | to assess the prevalence of legionnaires' disease, 115 patients with 'difficult-to-treat' chest infections were screened for legionnella pneumophila. the results were positive in 10 (37%) of 27 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, 15 (22%) of 68 with a recent onset acute respiratory infection, and 7 (35%) of 20 patients with history of a chronic respiratory infection. these 32 patients were enrolled in an open therapeutic trial of erythromycin. less severe cases (17 of 32) received erythromycin ... | 1989 | 2680287 |
| [the risk of legionella infection and its prevention by technical hygienic precautions]. | | 1989 | 2680419 |
| legionnaires' disease and the sick-building syndrome. | in october 1985, six cases of legionnaires' disease were associated with a police headquarters building. four were amongst staff who worked in or visited the communications wing of the headquarters and two cases occurred in the local community. a case-control study implicated the operations room of the communications wing as the main area associated with infection. this wing was air-conditioned and smoke tracer studies showed that drift from the exhaust as well as from the base of the cooling to ... | 1989 | 2680548 |
| evaluation of the merifluor-legionella immunofluorescent reagent for identifying and detecting 21 legionella species. | we evaluated a 33-valent polyclonal indirect immunofluorescent-reagent kit (merifluor-legionella; meridian diagnostics inc., cincinnati, ohio) made for the detection of legionella species by testing bacterial isolates, seeded sputum, and negative sputum samples. use of the reagent according to the directions of the manufacturer gave false-negative staining of homologous culture isolates due to a prozone phenomenon; this was solved by diluting test strain suspensions. after this change in testing ... | 1989 | 2681249 |
| tularemic pneumonia mimicking legionnaires' disease with false-positive direct fluorescent antibody stains for legionella. | pleuropulmonary tularemia may mimic atypical pneumonia caused by other common etiologic agents, including legionella. the correct identification of the pathogen responsible for the atypical pneumonia is usually made serologically or with the use of special stains and cultures. we have reported a case of pleuropulmonary tularemia whose diagnosis was confounded by false-positive direct fluorescent antibody stains for legionella. | 1989 | 2683131 |
| new directions for macrolide antibiotics: pharmacokinetics and clinical efficacy. | erythromycin and related macrolide antibiotics have recently enjoyed a resurgence of clinical interest. this is a result of activity against organisms which are becoming more prevalent, particularly in immunocompromised hosts and, in addition, better understanding of the unique tissue penetration properties and potential immunomodulating properties of macrolides. other features of clinical interest possessed by certain of the newer macrolides include the potential for once-daily dosing, resistan ... | 1989 | 2684005 |
| laboratory and clinical evaluation of a commercial dna probe for the detection of legionella spp. | we prospectively compared a commercially available legionella dna probe with culture and direct immunofluorescence. the analytical sensitivities of the dna probe and direct immunofluorescence were equal. both tests detected 4 x 10(3) cfu of legionella pneumophila or legionella micdadei per ml in the pulmonary secretions of experimentally infected guinea pigs. the diagnostic sensitivity of the reagent was evaluated by using 809 samples of respiratory secretions. of 51 dna probe-positive specimens ... | 1989 | 2685031 |
| [legionella--a new problem microbe in water]. | | 1989 | 2686000 |
| legionnaires' disease in south australia, 1979-1988. | laboratory investigations supported the diagnosis of legionella pneumonia in 108 patients in south australia over the past 10 years. legionella pneumophila was responsible for 91 infections: the serogroup-1 strain caused 81 of these. l. pneumophila serogroup 2 was the only other strain of l. pneumophila that was isolated from patients; it caused infection in eight patients. in two patients, the serological results did not distinguish between infection with l. pneumophila serogroup 1 and serogrou ... | 1989 | 2687665 |
| [treatment of pneumonia caused by legionella, mycoplasma, chlamydiae and rickettsia using ofloxacin]. | to asses the efficacy and the safety of ofloxacin as therapy of pneumonia caused by intracellular pathogens, 35 patients were studied (26 male, 9 female, mean age: 52.5 +/- 16.6 years). causative pathogens were chlamydia psittaci (n = 13), legionella pneumophila (n = 10), mycoplasma pneumoniae (n = 7) and coxiella burnetii (n = 5). ofloxacin was administered orally in 32 cases (200 mg b.i.d. in 80% of cases) and by i.v. route in 3 cases. all patients were cured without any side effects. in concl ... | 1989 | 2691969 |
| [epidemiology of legionnaires' disease in switzerland in 1988]. | both sporadic cases and outbreaks of legionnaire's disease have been reported. to date, no outbreaks have occurred but several case reports have been published in switzerland. the newly organized surveillance system of notifiable diseases, introduced in 1987, makes it possible for the first time to analyze reported sporadic cases more precisely. in 1988, the laboratories reported a total of 32 cases with cultural or serologic proof of legionellosis. in 75% of cases patients were aged over 40 yea ... | 1989 | 2692149 |
| [monoclonal antibodies to legionella pneumophila cytolysin]. | the fusion of spleen cells, taken from balb/c mice immunized with the purified preparation of l. pneumophila cytolysin, with cells sp2/0 and np has been carried out. as a result, hybridoma cells producing igg1, igg3 and igm antibodies to this protein have been obtained. all monoclonal antibodies (mcab) thus obtained react with l. pneumophila strain lysates in the precipitation test, while igg3 and igm antibodies react with erythrocyte diagnostic agents prepared from the lysate of l. pneumophila ... | 1989 | 2692353 |
| bactericidal effect of lactoferrin on legionella pneumophila: effect of the physiological state of the organism. | lactoferrin has been previously shown to be bactericidal for legionella pneumophila. the current study showed that cacl2, mg(no3)2, and mgcl2, but not nacl, blocked killing. activity was ph dependent with the greatest activity at 5.0. sensitivity of the organism was dramatically affected by the growth conditions. log phase 12 h, broth-grown cells were most sensitive, with older cultures becoming more resistant. plate-grown cells were completely resistant. lactoferrin binding, as detected by immu ... | 1989 | 2692799 |
| identification of legionella sp. | | 1989 | 2693874 |
| the place of lung 99mtc dtpa aerosol transfer in the investigation of lung infections in hiv positive patients. | pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) is the most common cause of pneumonia in hiv antibody positive patients, but other pneumonias remain important, i.e. streptococcal and mycobacterial infections. a definitive diagnosis relies on obtaining samples from the lung either noninvasively (induced sputum), or invasively (bronchoalveolar lavage, transbronchial or open lung biopsy). we have used the noninvasive technique of nebulized 99mtc dtpa transfer, to assess patients with pcp (n = 30) and other lu ... | 1989 | 2694235 |
| [detection of legionellas in clinical samples using fitc-marked antibodies]. | using serogroup/species specific fitc-conjugates against legionella (l.) pneumophila serogroups (sg) 1 to 6, l. micdadei, l. bozemanii and l. jordanis 186 sputum samples, 43 pleural fluids and bronchial washings and 39 lung tissue samples from 251 pneumonia patients were checked for legionellae with the direct fluorescent antibody technique (dfat). in samples from 201 patients which were negative if tested for antibodies and for urinary antigen and/or using culture methods, the dfat was negative ... | 1989 | 2694648 |
| [the use of an immunoenzyme method for the rapid diagnosis of legionellosis]. | an enzyme immunoassay (eia) system for the detection of l. pneumophila antigen in clinical material (sputum, urine, bronchial washings) has been developed. the use of eia permits the detection of l. pneumophila antigen in the urine of 75-80% of patients during the first week of the disease. the specificity and sensitivity of eia makes it possible to recommend this method for the rapid diagnosis of l. pneumophila infection. | 1989 | 2694695 |
| legionella gratiana sp. nov. isolated from french spa water. | during an epidemiologic survey, an unidentified strain of legionella was isolated from water of a thermal spa in france. the strain (lyon 8420412) had the cultural and biochemical characteristics typical of the genus legionella. in direct immunofluorescence tests, the strain reacted weakly with fluorescein-conjugated antisera prepared against l. bozemanii serogroups 1 and 2, l. longbeachae serogroups 1 and 2 and l. anisa, and failed to react with sera prepared against 36 other species or serogro ... | 1989 | 2696060 |
| roxithromycin--a new macrolide derivative. | this ether oxim derivative of erythromycin a is an easy to absorb oral antimicrobial somewhat less effective in vitro than erythromycin. at relatively low mic's it is active against staphylococci, streptococci, pneumococci, branhnamella and chlamydiae, higher concentrations are needed against enterococci and some strains of h. influenzae. roxithromycin is also reported to have a very good effect on campylobacters, many anaerobic bacteria, toxoplasma gondii, treponema pallidum, mycoplasma pneumon ... | 1989 | 2696762 |
| genetics and molecular pathogenesis of legionella pneumophila, an intracellular parasite of macrophages. | in addition to providing a powerful approach for identifying bacterial factors required for full infectivity and disease production, genetic analysis of legionella pathogenesis should also lend critical insight into the biology of the macrophage and into the pathogenesis of other intracellular parasites. the interaction between l. pneumophila and the macrophage exhibits many features found in a wide variety of prokaryotic and eukaryotic intracellular human pathogens. for example, binding to comp ... | 1989 | 2696860 |
| [the mechanisms of the intraphagocytic parasitism of legionella and other bacteria]. | | 1989 | 2698034 |
| [legionella pneumophila associated with acute respiratory insufficiency. 1st isolation in brazil]. | isolation of legionella pneumophila sero-group 1 with serological evidence of present infection is reported from a 40 year-old male with serious respiratory infection which developed into acute respiratory failure. it was characterized by severe hypoxemia resistant to high inspired oxygen concentrations and radiographically by diffuse infiltrates in both lungs suggesting the clinical aspect of ards. following the introduction of clindamycin, amikacin, ceftriaxone, volume-cycled ventilator and po ... | 1989 | 2701194 |
| [serologic prevalence of legionella pneumophila in a chilean population]. | | 1989 | 2701623 |
| pneumonia due to legionella pneumophila and pneumococcal pneumonia: similarities and differences on presentation. | we compared clinical, radiological and laboratory data from 32 cases of community-acquired pneumonia due to legionella pneumophila, with 37 cases of pneumococcal pneumonia (pp). this study revealed few clinical differences between the two types of pneumonia: in our experience legionnaire's disease presents like a "typical" bacterial pneumonia. given the difficulty of making a diagnosis on clinical data alone, we propose early aetiological diagnostic measures and recommend that the choice of init ... | 1989 | 2703042 |
| isolation of a legionella pneumophila restriction mutant with increased ability to act as a recipient in heterospecific matings. | the ability of legionella pneumophila to act as a recipient of incp and incq plasmids in matings with escherichia coli varies widely from strain to strain. we found that the low efficiency of mating of the philadelphia-1 strain is due to a type ii restriction-modification system, and we isolated and characterized a philadelphia-1 mutant that lacks the restriction enzyme activity. | 1989 | 2703472 |