| investigation of plasma-functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotube film and its application of dna sensor for legionella pneumophila detection. | a novel multiwall carbon nanotube (mwcnt) electrode functionalized with oxygen plasma treatment was prepared and characterized, and its dna sensing ability for legionella pneumophila (l. pneumophila) detection was examined using electrochemical measurement. a well-patterned mwcnt working electrode (we) on a pt track was fabricated using photolithography, transfer methods and an etching technique. the mwcnt we was functionalized by oxygen plasma treatment prior to applying for dna sensor. the sur ... | 2010 | 20678644 |
| synthesis and biological evaluation of (+/-)-dinemasone c and analogues. | dinemasone c was prepared in three steps (8% overall yield) from cis-tetrahydro-4-hydroxy-6-methyl-2-pyrone by aldol reaction with 2,4-hexadienal, epoxidation followed by cyclization, and epimerization of the ring fusion. dinemasone c, epi-dinemasone c, anhydrodinemasone bc, and nor-dinemasone b are active against bacteria, including legionella pneumophila corby, algae, and fungi. | 2010 | 20684519 |
| the pattern recognition receptors nod1 and nod2 account for neutrophil recruitment to the lungs of mice infected with legionella pneumophila. | the intracellular bacterium legionella pneumophila induces a severe form of pneumonia called legionnaires diseases, which is characterized by a strong neutrophil (ne) infiltrate to the lungs of infected individuals. although the participation of pattern recognition receptors, such as toll-like receptors, was recently demonstrated, there is no information on the role of nod-like receptors (nlrs) for bacterial recognition in vivo and for ne recruitment to the lungs. here, we employed a murine mode ... | 2010 | 20685341 |
| clinical efficacy of moxifloxacin versus comparator therapies for community-acquired pneumonia caused by legionella spp. | the aim of this study was to compare outcomes for patients with community-acquired pneumonia (cap) caused by legionella spp. following treatment with moxifloxacin or a range of comparator antimicrobial agents. data were pooled from four sequential i.v./p.o. trials of moxifloxacin in the treatment of cap. comparators were ceftriaxone +/- erythromycin, amoxicillin/clavulanate +/- clarithromycin, trovafloxacin, levofloxacin, or ceftriaxone + levofloxacin. legionella infection was diagnosed by cultu ... | 2010 | 20685631 |
| distribution of legionella species from environmental water sources of public facilities and genetic diversity of l. pneumophila serogroup 1 in south korea. | a total of 560 legionella species were isolated from environmental water sources from public facilities from june to september 2008 throughout south korea. the distribution of legionella isolates was investigated according to geographical region, facility type, and sample type. the genetic diversity of 104 isolates of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 (sg 1) was analyzed by sequence-based typing (sbt). l. pneumophila was distributed broadly throughout korea, accounting for 85.0% of the isolates ... | 2010 | 20693456 |
| [possible daptomycin-induced organizing pneumonia]. | we report a possible and rare case of drug-induced organizing pneumonia in a patient receiving daptomycin. a 75-year-old man with acute infective aorta valve endocarditis due to enterococcus faecalis developed organizing pneumonia following treatment with intravenous daptomycin and ceftriaxone. the patient could have acquired an infectious agent which was resistant to ceftriaxone, such as legionella, and he was thus treated with ciprofloxacin and rifampicin. however, no antigen was found in the ... | 2010 | 20696120 |
| consolidation therapy with subcutaneous alemtuzumab after fludarabine and rituximab induction therapy for previously untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia: final analysis of calgb 10101. | to determine if alemtuzumab consolidation improves response rate and progression-free survival (pfs) after induction chemoimmunotherapy in previously untreated symptomatic patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. | 2010 | 20697069 |
| a combined molecular typing approach does not discriminate legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 strains of a predominant sequence-based type in palermo, italy. | the sequence-based type 1,4,3,1,1,1 of legionella pneumophila sg.1 is predominant in the palermo city environment since several years. in this study, extended sequence-based typing and pulsed field gel electrophoresis were used in a combined approach in the aim to enhance discriminatory power of the molecular typing procedures. however, probably due to a common environmental reservoir and genetic stability, most of the strains circulating in the geographic area under study belong to the same clo ... | 2009 | 20701881 |
| a decision support system for preventing legionella disease. | information systems plays an important role in medicine because it helps process more data more efficiently while providing access to more people in different parts of the world. in this research we analyzed the data of legionella pneumophila and other legionella species collected by the public hygiene center (phc). phc collected 7,211 water samples from different sources of different locations in different cities in turkey from year 1995 to 2008. the main goal of this research is to develop a c ... | 2010 | 20703621 |
| [past and present of pneumonia]. | a comparison is made between the most common types of pneumonias usually observed when vincenzo cuomo was active and those of the present day. socially-transmitted pneumonias are contrasted with hospital-acquired pneumonias, mostly due to gram negative bacteria, often multiresistant to antibiotics. additional pneumonias are due to mycoplasmas, rickettsiae and legionella and also to viruses, such as cytomegalovirus, for example. | 2010 | 20704025 |
| microbial diversity in acid mine drainage of xiang mountain sulfide mine, anhui province, china. | to understand the composition and structure of microbial communities in acid (ph 3.0) mine drainage (amd) associated with pyrite mine tailings in anhui province, china, molecular diversities of 16s rrna and 18s rrna genes were examined using a pcr-based cloning approach. bacterial, archaeal and microeukaryotic clone libraries were constructed. in contrast to typical dominance of autotrophic acidophiles, genus acidiphilium, which consists of mixotrophic acidophiles capable of chemoorganotrophic a ... | 2010 | 20711792 |
| coxiella burnetii type ivb secretion system region i genes are expressed early during the infection of host cells. | analysis of the coxiella burnetii rsa 493 (nine mile phase i strain) genome revealed orfs with significant homology to the type ivb secretion system (t4bss) of legionella pneumophila. the t4bss genes exist primarily at two loci, designated regions i (ri) and ii. in c. burnetii, little is known about the t4bss regions and the role they play in establishing and/or maintaining infection. coxiella burnetii t4bss ri contains genes arranged in three linkage groups: (1) icmw→cbu1651→icmx, (2) icmv→dota ... | 2010 | 20727011 |
| repetitive element-polymerase chain reaction for genotyping of clinical and environmental isolates of legionella spp. | genotyping of legionella strains is important for the epidemiologic survey of legionnaires' disease infections. in this study, we investigated the potential of repetitive element-polymerase chain reaction (rep-pcr) for differentiating various isolates of legionella spp. we used 38 legionella pneumophila isolates (collected in clinics all over japan between 1980 and 2007), 19 environmental legionella anisa isolates (collected in okinawa, nara, osaka, and hyogo prefecture between 1987 and 2007), a ... | 2010 | 20727463 |
| water quality parameters associated with prevalence of legionella in hot spring facility water bodies. | some species of legionella are recognized as opportunistic potential human pathogens, such as legionella pneumophila, which causes legionnaires disease. indeed, outbreaks of legionellosis are frequently reported in areas in which the organism has been spread via aerosols from contaminated institutional water systems. contamination in hot tubs, spas and public baths are also possible. as a result, in this study, we investigated the distribution of legionella at six hot spring recreation areas thr ... | 2010 | 20727568 |
| electrochemical disinfection of secondary wastewater treatment plant (wwtp) effluent. | in this work the electrochemical disinfection of the effluent of a secondary wastewater treatment plant is investigated. in the experimental work, performed on-site with real effluents of the wwtp located in vuelta ostrera (cantabria, spain), boron-doped diamond (bdd) electrodes were employed. the initial concentration of e. coli in the effluent of the wwtp varied in the range 1.3 x 10⁴-5.2 x 10⁵ cfu/ml. the influence of two operation variables on the kinetics of e. coli deactivation was investi ... | 2010 | 20729593 |
| influence of legionella pneumophila and other water bacteria on the survival and growth of acanthamoeba polyphaga. | we investigated in solid medium, in water microcosm co-cultures and by light and transmission electron microscopy the influence of legionella pneumophila lp-1, pseudomonas aeruginosa atcc 27853, burkholderia cepacia atcc 25416 and pseudomonas fluorescens ssd35 on the growth and survival of acanthamoeba polyphaga. the infection with l. pneumophila was microscopically characterized by the presence of few bacteria inside protozoa at 4th h, and by the beginning of disruptive effects in late phase of ... | 2010 | 20730523 |
| [legionellosis in poland in 2008]. | in 2008 the 15 cases of legionellosis were reported in poland, the incidence rate was 0.039/100 000, while 28 (incidence rate 0.073/100 0000 in 2007 and 86 cases (incidence rate 0.23/100 000) in 2006. the decrease in number and in incidence rate was due to lower number of examined specimens from patients as the financial support from polish committee of research activity has expired. all the cases were laboratory diagnosed in national institute of hygiene, the only place where laboratory tests a ... | 2010 | 20731221 |
| [legionnaires' disease--risk factors and symptoms]. | the analysis of published data concerning demographic and medical risk factors and clinical manifestation and outcome observed in legionella pneumonia were presented in this study. the aim of this study was to discuss the problem of high diversity of symptoms of legionnaires' disease as well as risk factors frequency presented in patients with legionellosis. the different risk factors and clinical picture of legionella pneumonia were presented, depending on kind of infection (sporadic/epidemic), ... | 2010 | 20731241 |
| legionnaires' disease and pontiac fever after using a private outdoor whirlpool spa. | pontiac fever and legionnaires' disease are regarded as clinically and epidemiologically distinct diseases, caused by bacteria of the genus legionella. although several outbreaks of either pontiac fever or legionnaires' disease have been reported, they are rarely seen simultaneously. in this report we describe such a simultaneous outbreak of pontiac fever and legionnaires' disease that occurred in the netherlands. in august 2009, 1 patient with legionnaires' disease and 3 patients with pontiac f ... | 2010 | 20735326 |
| legionellosis outbreak associated with asphalt paving machine, spain, 2009. | from 1999 through 2005 in alcoi, spain, incidence of legionellosis was continually high. over the next 4 years, incidence was lower, but an increase in july 2009 led health authorities to declare an epidemic outbreak. a molecular epidemiology investigation showed that the allelic profiles for all legionella pneumophila samples from the 2009 outbreak patients were the same, thus pointing to a common genetic origin for their infections, and that they were identical to that of the organism that had ... | 2010 | 20735921 |
| [updated acute community-acquired pneumonia in adults: guidelines for initial antimicrobial therapy based on local evidence from the south american working group (consensur ii)]. | community-acquired pneumonia (cap) in adults is probably one of the infections affecting ambulatory patients for which the highest diversity of guidelines has been written worldwide. most of them agree in that antimicrobial therapy should be initially tailored according to either the severity of the infection or the presence of comorbidities and the etiologic pathogen. nevertheless, a great variability may be noted among the different countries in the selection of the primary choice in the antim ... | 2010 | 20737129 |
| inter-laboratory validation of a rapid assay for the detection and quantification of legionella spp. in water samples. | to compare the standard culture method with a new, rapid test (scanvit-legionella™) using fluorescently labelled gene probes for the detection and enumeration of legionella spp. the new technique was validated through experiments conducted on both artificially and naturally contaminated water and through an inter-laboratory comparison. | 2010 | 20796212 |
| inhibitory effect of the essential oil from chamaecyparis obtusa on the growth of food-borne pathogens. | in this study, the antibacterial activity of essential oil from chamaecyparis obtusa (sieb. et zucc) leaves and twigs was investigated. the test strains were klebsiella pneumoniae, listeria monocytogenes, salmonella typhimurium, staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli, legionella pneumophila, and methicilline-resistant staphylococcus aureus. antibacterial activity was estimated by measuring bacterial growth inhibition. histopathological examination was also performed. c. obtusa oil distinctly in ... | 2010 | 20799092 |
| 3-deoxy-d-manno-octulosonic acid (kdo) hydrolase identified in francisella tularensis, helicobacter pylori, and legionella pneumophila. | 3-deoxy-d-manno-octulosonic acid (kdo) is an eight-carbon sugar ubiquitous in gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides (lps). although its biosynthesis is well described, no protein has yet been identified as a kdo hydrolase. however, kdo hydrolase enzymatic activity has been detected in membranes of helicobacter pylori and francisella tularensis and may be responsible for the removal of side-chain kdo from the lps core saccharides. we now report the identification of genes encoding a kdo hyd ... | 2010 | 20801884 |
| lipidation by the host prenyltransferase machinery facilitates membrane localization of legionella pneumophila effector proteins. | the intracellular human pathogen legionella pneumophila translocates multiple proteins in the host cytosol known as effectors, which subvert host cellular processes to create a membrane-bound organelle that supports bacterial replication. it was observed that several legionella effectors encode a prototypical eukaryotic prenylation caax motif (where c represents a cysteine residue and a denotes an aliphatic amino acid). these bacterial motifs mediated posttranslational modification of effector p ... | 2010 | 20813839 |
| dangers in the garden. | | 2010 | 20816551 |
| ccl20 is overexpressed in mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected monocytes and inhibits the production of reactive oxygen species (ros). | ccl20 is a chemokine that attracts immature dendritic cells. we show that monocytes, cells characteristic of the innate immune response, infected with mycobacterium tuberculosis express the ccl20 gene at a much higher level than the same cells infected with non-tuberculous mycobacteria. interferon (ifn)-γ, a fundamental cytokine in the immune response to tuberculosis, strongly inhibits both the transcription and the translation of ccl20. we have also confirmed that dendritic cells are a suitable ... | 2010 | 20819093 |
| new sequence types of legionella pneumophila circulating in northern italy and comparison with other regions of the world. | | 2010 | 20832142 |
| legionella pneumophila strain 130b possesses a unique combination of type iv secretion systems and novel dot/icm secretion system effector proteins. | legionella pneumophila is a ubiquitous inhabitant of environmental water reservoirs. the bacteria infect a wide variety of protozoa and, after accidental inhalation, human alveolar macrophages, which can lead to severe pneumonia. the capability to thrive in phagocytic hosts is dependent on the dot/icm type iv secretion system (t4ss), which translocates multiple effector proteins into the host cell. in this study, we determined the draft genome sequence of l. pneumophila strain 130b (wadsworth). ... | 2010 | 20833813 |
| sessile legionella pneumophila is able to grow on surfaces and generate structured monospecies biofilms. | currently, models for studying legionella pneumophila biofilm formation rely on multi-species biofilms with low reproducibility or on growth in rich medium, where planktonic growth is unavoidable. the present study describes a new medium adapted to the growth of l. pneumophila monospecies biofilms in vitro. a microplate model was used to test several media. after incubation for 6 days in a specific biofilm broth not supporting planktonic growth, biofilms consisted of 5.36 ± 0.40 log (cfu cm(-2)) ... | 2010 | 20835931 |
| environmental surveillance of legionella pneumophila in two italian hospitals. | the aim of this study was to identify the most effective disinfection protocol to reduce the presence of legionella pneumophila in the water system of two italian hospitals. from 2004 to 2009, 271 samplings of hot water were carried out in 11 hospital units to detect the presence of l. pneumophila. additionally, water samples collected from one boiler outlet and the hot water recirculation were tested. from 2004 to 2009, l. pneumophila was present in 37% of the samples. of these, 68.3% and 18.8% ... | 2010 | 20847460 |
| predacious bacteria, bdellovibrio with potential for biocontrol. | bacteria of the genus of bdellovibrio are highly motile gram-negative predators of other gram-negative bacteria causing lysis of their prey. here we report results of studies on the interactions of bdellovibrio with species of alcaligenes, campylobacter, erwinia, escherichia, helicobacter, pseudomonas, legionella, and shigella in agar lower, liquid media and cells attached to a surface. helicobacter pylori was studied employing both actively growing and viable but nonculturable (vbnc) cells. the ... | 2010 | 20850380 |
| health risk from the use of roof-harvested rainwater in southeast queensland, australia, as potable or nonpotable water, determined using quantitative microbial risk assessment. | a total of 214 rainwater samples from 82 tanks were collected in urban southeast queensland (seq) in australia and analyzed for the presence and numbers of zoonotic bacterial and protozoal pathogens using binary pcr and quantitative pcr (qpcr). quantitative microbial risk assessment (qmra) analysis was used to quantify the risk of infection associated with the exposure to potential pathogens from roof-harvested rainwater used as potable or nonpotable water. of the 214 samples tested, 10.7%, 9.8% ... | 2010 | 20851954 |
| detection of protozoan hosts for legionella pneumophila in engineered water systems by using a biofilm batch test. | legionella pneumophila proliferates in aquatic habitats within free-living protozoa, 17 species of which have been identified as hosts by using in vitro experiments. the present study aimed at identifying protozoan hosts for l. pneumophila by using a biofilm batch test (bbt). samples (600 ml) collected from 21 engineered freshwater systems, with added polyethylene cylinders to promote biofilm formation, were inoculated with l. pneumophila and subsequently incubated at 37°c for 20 days. growth of ... | 2010 | 20851993 |
| isolation and identification of legionella pneumophila from material reclamation facilities. | sampling points at a material reclamation facility (mrf) were monitored over three months for the presence of legionella spp. a number of different legionellae were isolated and typed to identify l. pneumophila serogroup 1, the serotype which is the most common human pathogen. phenotypic methods resulted in a total of 61 presumptive isolates of legionella spp. using latex agglutination, 26 out of the 61 were identified as l. pneumophila serogroup 1, 23 as l. pneumophila serogroups 2-14, and the ... | 2010 | 20853198 |
| legionella pneumophila community acquired pneumonia (cap) presenting with myoclonus. | | 2010 | 20869397 |
| presence of potential bacterial pathogens in a municipal drinking water supply system. | the quality of drinking water is a major public concern, but the detection of most potential pathogens is not always included in drinking water hygienic monitoring or is only assessed with highly biased cultivation-based methods. in this study, the occurrence of pseudomonas aeruginosa and legionella spp. was examined with taxon-specific pcrs in samples taken at ten points of a municipal drinking water supply system in three months. sequence analysis confirmed the positivity of samples and reveal ... | 2010 | 20870589 |
| the e block motif is associated with legionella pneumophila translocated substrates. | legionella pneumophila promotes intracellular growth by moving bacterial proteins across membranes via the icm/dot system. a strategy was devised to identify large numbers of icm/dot translocated proteins, and the resulting pool was used to identify common motifs that operate as recognition signals. the 3' end of the sidc gene, which encodes a known translocated substrate, was replaced with dna encoding 200 codons from the 3' end of 442 potential substrate-encoding genes. the resulting hybrid pr ... | 2010 | 20880356 |
| the 'fine line' of heat rejection. | selection of heat rejection equipment has traditionally entailed a choice between the higher energy consumption of an air-cooled solution, and the high water consumption of a water-cooled solution. this paper examines advancement in heat rejection technology and the way it can be applied to air conditioning and refrigeration plant in healthcare and other facilities. it also examines field difficulties encountered in pipework design as the knowledge and experience levels of engineers designing sy ... | 2010 | 20882904 |
| impact of the virulence-associated mab3/1 epitope on the physicochemical surface properties of legionella pneumophila sg1: an issue to explain infection potential? | the relationship between the presence/absence of the virulence-associated mab3/1 epitope of sixteen legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 strains and their respective surface physicochemical properties is evidenced from electrokinetic measurements (microelectrophoresis) performed as a function of kno(3) electrolyte concentration (range 1-100mm, ph∼6.5). among the bacteria selected, nine original strains constitute the dresden reference panel and differ according to the presence/absence of the virul ... | 2010 | 20889314 |
| [clinical features and delayed aftereffects of legionellosis pneumonia during an epidemic outbreak]. | the aim of this work was to study specific clinical features of legionellosis pneumonia during an epidemic outbreak of the disease in sverdlovsk region and to assess its delayed effects. 202 patients applied for the treatment to the central hospital of the town of verkhnyaya pyshma in july-august 2007 legionella pneumophila was identified in 61 adults aged 51.3-59.3 (mean 55.3) years. the following analyses were performed at admittance and discharge as well as 1 year after treatment: complete bl ... | 2010 | 20919575 |
| modulation of host cell function by legionella pneumophila type iv effectors. | macrophages and protozoa ingest bacteria by phagocytosis and destroy these microbes using a conserved pathway that mediates fusion of the phagosome with lysosomes. to survive within phagocytic host cells, bacterial pathogens have evolved a variety of strategies to avoid fusion with lysosomes. a virulence strategy used by the intracellular pathogen legionella pneumophila is to manipulate host cellular processes using bacterial proteins that are delivered into the cytosolic compartment of the host ... | 2010 | 20929312 |
| outbreak of legionnaires' disease in a nursing home, slovenia, august 2010: preliminary report. | we report an outbreak of legionnaires' disease ina nursing home in slovenia in august 2010 affecting 15 of 234 residents. to date, legionnaires' disease has been confirmed in four patients. further serum analyses and genotyping of isolates are ongoing. the building's water distribution system with dead end sections has been identified as the probable source of infection. | 2010 | 20929657 |
| in vivo efficacy of sivelestat in combination with pazufloxacin against legionella pneumonia. | it is important to regulate excessive inflammation when patients with severe infectious disease are treated. sivelestat sodium hydrate (sivelestat), a neutrophil elastase inhibitor, is used in the treatment of lung injury but its effect on bacterial pneumonia is unknown. the authors examined the efficacy of sivelestat in combination with a fluoroquinolone in a legionella pneumophila pneumonia mouse model. the combination therapy did not show a significant survival improvement compared to the tre ... | 2010 | 20939755 |
| innate immunity to legionella and toll-like receptors - review. | legionella is a parasite of eukaryotic cells, able to survive and replicate in a wide range of protozoan hosts. it can also infect humans as an opportunistic pathogen, primarily by interaction with alveolar macrophages. these bacteria can cause life-threatening pneumonia, especially in immunocompromised individuals. however, most infections triggered by legionella are cleared by an efficient host immune system. the protective immune responses against legionella are complex and multifaceted, invo ... | 2010 | 20941588 |
| [legionella spp]. | | 2010 | 20942036 |
| inhibition of pathogen-induced apoptosis by a coxiella burnetii type iv effector protein. | coxiella burnetii and legionella pneumophila are evolutionarily related pathogens with different intracellular infection strategies. c. burnetii persists within and is transmitted by mammalian hosts, whereas, l. pneumophila is found primarily in the environment associated with protozoan hosts. although a type iv secretion system encoded by the defect in organelle trafficking (dot) and intracellular multiplication (icm) genes is a virulence determinant that remains highly conserved in both bacter ... | 2010 | 20944063 |
| characteristics of reoffending accommodation sites in europe with clusters of legionnaires disease, 2003-2007. | between 2003 and 2007, 21% (n=100/477) of accommodation sites linked to clusters of two or more cases of legionnaires’ disease that were investigated by the european surveillance scheme for travel-associated legionnaires’ disease (ewglinet) went on to be associated with at least one further case, despite reporting that satisfactory control measures had been implemented at the time the cluster was first detected. this paper examines these sites (termed reoffenders) in order to determine whether t ... | 2010 | 20946756 |
| crystal structure of legionella dotd: insights into the relationship between type ivb and type ii/iii secretion systems. | the dot/icm type ivb secretion system (t4bss) is a pivotal determinant of legionella pneumophila pathogenesis. l. pneumophila translocate more than 100 effector proteins into host cytoplasm using dot/icm t4bss, modulating host cellular functions to establish a replicative niche within host cells. the t4bss core complex spanning the inner and outer membranes is thought to be made up of at least five proteins: dotc, dotd, dotf, dotg and doth. doth is the outer membrane protein; its targeting depen ... | 2010 | 20949065 |
| alternative routes for dissemination of legionella pneumophila causing three outbreaks in norway. | three outbreaks of legionnaires' disease were reported in the fredrikstad/sarpsborg community, norway, in 2005 and 2008 caused by the l. pneumophila st15 and st462 strains determined by sequence based typing. in this retrospective study, we suggest that the aeration ponds, a part of the biological treatment plant at borregaard ind. ltd., are the main amplifiers and primary disseminators of the outbreak l. pneumophila strains. this result is supported by the finding that the st15 and st462 strain ... | 2010 | 20949911 |
| travel-associated legionnaires disease in europe in 2009. | a total of 818 cases of legionnaires' disease with onset of illness in 2009 were reported from 22 european and two non-european countries to the european surveillance scheme for travel-associated legionnaires' disease (ewglinet). this is a decrease of 52 cases compared with 2008 and 129 fewer than in 2007 - the peak year of reporting to date. a total of 794 (97.1%) cases were reported as confirmed and 24 as presumptive cases. outcome of illness was reported for 561 (68.6%) cases. of these cases ... | 2010 | 20961516 |
| quantifying nonvertical inheritance in the evolution of legionella pneumophila. | the exchange of genetic material among bacterial strains and species is recognized as an important factor determining their evolutionary, population genetic, and epidemiological features. we present a detailed analysis of nonvertical inheritance in legionella pneumophila, a human pathogen and facultative intracellular parasite of amoebas. we have analyzed the exchange of l. pneumophila genetic material with other bacteria at three different levels: population genetics, population genomics, and p ... | 2010 | 20961962 |
| gama is a eukaryotic-like glucoamylase responsible for glycogen- and starch-degrading activity of legionella pneumophila. | legionella pneumophila (lp) is the causative agent of legionnaires' disease, an atypical pneumonia. lp is found in freshwater habitats and replicates within different protozoa (amoebae). it is known that lp uses amino acids as primary energy and carbon sources for replication. however, very recently it was reported that lp is able to metabolize also carbohydrates (glucose). here, we present for the first time experimental evidence that the lpp0489 [gama] gene encodes a eukaryotic-like glucoamyla ... | 2010 | 20965781 |
| a new gravity-driven microfluidic-based electrochemical assay coupled to magnetic beads for nucleic acid detection. | in this work, the characterisation and the optimisation of hybridisation assays based on a novel, rapid and sensitive micro-analytical, gravity-driven, flow device is reported. this device combines a special chip containing eight polymer microchannels, with a portable, computer-controlled instrument. the device is used as a platform for affinity experiments using oligonucleotide-modified paramagnetic particles. in our approach, both hybridisation and labelling events are performed on streptavidi ... | 2010 | 20967776 |
| high diversity and abundance of legionella spp. in a pristine river and impact of seasonal and anthropogenic effects. | the diversity and dynamics of legionella species along a french river watershed subject to different thermal and wastewater discharges during an annual cycle were assessed by 16s rrna gene sequencing and by a fingerprint technique, single-strand conformation polymorphism. a high diversity of legionella spp. was observed at all the sampling sites, and the dominant legionella clusters identified were most closely related to uncultured bacteria. the monthly monitoring revealed that legionella sp. d ... | 2010 | 20971864 |
| enzymatic synthesis and properties of glycoconjugates with legionaminic acid as a replacement for neuraminic acid. | in addition to sialic acid, bacteria produce several other nonulosonic acids, including legionaminic acid (leg). this has exactly the same stereochemistry as sialic acid, with the added features of 9-deoxy and 7-amino groups. in order to explore the biological effects of replacing sialic acid residues (neu5ac) in glycoconjugates with leg in its diacetylated form, diacetyllegionaminic acid (leg5ac7ac), we tested cmp-leg5ac7ac as a donor substrate with a selection of bacterial and mammalian sialyl ... | 2010 | 20978010 |
| insertion sequences as highly resolutive genomic markers for sequence type 1 legionella pneumophila paris. | the causative agent of legionellosis, legionella pneumophila, colonizes all natural and human-made water networks, thus constituting the source of contaminated aerosols responsible for airborne human infections. efficient control of infections, especially during epidemics, necessitates the fastest and most resolutive identification possible of the bacterial source for subsequent disinfection of reservoirs. we thus compared recognized typing approaches for legionella with a method based on charac ... | 2010 | 20980561 |
| a community outbreak of legionnaires' disease in south wales, august-september 2010. | during august and september 2010, an outbreak comprising 22 cases of legionnaires' disease was identified by the public health service in wales. the cases are distributed over a wide geographical area in south east wales. there are two space-time clusters centred on the upper rhymney valley and the lower cynon valley respectively. epidemiological investigations are compatible with cooling towers in each location as the potential source, but environmental inspections were satisfactory and microbi ... | 2010 | 21034723 |
| comparison of commercial systems for extraction of nucleic acids from dna/rna respiratory pathogens. | this study compared six automated nucleic acid extraction systems and one manual kit for their ability to recover nucleic acids from human nasal wash specimens spiked with five respiratory pathogens, representing gram-positive bacteria (streptococcus pyogenes), gram-negative bacteria (legionella pneumophila), dna viruses (adenovirus), segmented rna viruses (human influenza virus a), and non-segmented rna viruses (respiratory syncytial virus). the robots and kit evaluated represent major commerci ... | 2010 | 21034773 |
| assessment of real-time pcr for quantification of legionella spp. in spa water. | legionella bacteria ubiquitously colonize natural freshwater and are responsible for legionellosis in humans. several cases of legionellosis have been associated in particular with the use of whirlpool spas. the objective of this study was to verify whether real-time pcr is applicable for the quantification of legionella spp. in spa water. | 2010 | 21039668 |
| legionella spp. and legionellosis in southeastern italy: disease epidemiology and environmental surveillance in community and health care facilities. | following the publication of the italian guidelines for the control and prevention of legionellosis an environmental and clinical surveillance has been carried out in southeastern italy. the aim of the study is to identify the risk factors for the disease, so allowing better programming of the necessary prevention measures. | 2010 | 21044294 |
| phosphoinositides differentially regulate bacterial uptake and nramp1-induced resistance to legionella infection in dictyostelium. | membrane phosphatidylinositides recruit cytosolic proteins to regulate phagocytosis, macropinocytosis and endolysosomal vesicle maturation. here, we describe effects of inactivation of pi3k, pten or plc on escherichia coli and legionella pneumophila uptake by the professional phagocyte dictyostelium discoideum. we show that l. pneumophila is engulfed by macropinocytosis, a process that is partially sensitive to pi3k inactivation, unlike phagocytosis of e. coli. both processes are blocked by plc ... | 2010 | 21045112 |
| genomic diversity of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 from environmental water sources and clinical specimens using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) from 1985 to 2007, korea. | the molecular typing of 202 legionella pneumophila sg 1 isolates obtained from environmental water sources and clinical specimens from 1985 to 2007 was conducted using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge). in this study, a total of 212 isolates were grouped into 35 different pfge types and type 1 was the predominant type, accounting for 28.7% in pfge types. type 1 and type 8 were observed continuously from 1985 to 2007. in the analysis of the distribution of pfge types in six geographic regio ... | 2010 | 21046330 |
| antibodies protect against intracellular bacteria by fc receptor-mediated lysosomal targeting. | the protective effect of antibodies (abs) is generally attributed to neutralization or complement activation. using legionella pneumophila and mycobacterium bovis bacillus calmette-guérin as a model, we discovered an additional mechanism of ab-mediated protection effective against intracellular pathogens that normally evade lysosomal fusion. we show that fc receptor (fcr) engagement by abs, which can be temporally and spatially separated from bacterial infection, renders the host cell nonpermiss ... | 2010 | 21048081 |
| caspase-1-induced pyroptosis is an innate immune effector mechanism against intracellular bacteria. | macrophages mediate crucial innate immune responses via caspase-1-dependent processing and secretion of interleukin 1β (il-1β) and il-18. although infection with wild-type salmonella typhimurium is lethal to mice, we show here that a strain that persistently expresses flagellin was cleared by the cytosolic flagellin-detection pathway through the activation of caspase-1 by the nlrc4 inflammasome; however, this clearance was independent of il-1β and il-18. instead, caspase-1-induced pyroptotic cel ... | 2010 | 21057511 |
| clinical potential of diagnostic methods for the rapid diagnosis of mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in adults. | the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the accuracy and usefulness of three rapid diagnostic methods, immunocard mycoplasma kit, chest high-resolution computed tomography (hrct) findings, and the japanese respiratory society (jrs) scoring system (including six parameters), for the early presumptive diagnosis of mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in adults. we performed three rapid diagnostic methods at the same time in four pneumonia groups: 68 cases with m. pneumoniae pneumonia, 133 case ... | 2011 | 21061035 |
| eosinophilic infiltrate in a patient with severe legionella pneumonia as a levofloxacin-related complication: a case report. | abstract: | 2010 | 21070648 |
| nod1 and nod2 regulation of pulmonary innate immunity to legionella pneumophila. | the role of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-1 (nod1) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-2 (nod2), cytoplasmic receptors which detect bacterial cell wall molecules, in pulmonary innate immune responses is poorly understood. we determined that both nod1 and nod2 detect heat-killed legionella and stimulate nf-κb and ifn-β promoter activity using an in vitro luciferase reporter system. we next infected nod1- and nod2-deficient animals with aerosolized legionella pneumophila. at ... | 2010 | 21072876 |
| [legionellosis in a site with low risk of proliferation]. | after three cases of legionellosis associated with a spa were identified, an investigation was conducted to confirm the source of infection, determine the risk factors, and establish control measures. between november 26, 2008 and september 16, 2009, six inspections were carried out, samples were collected for legionella pneumophila isolation, and water temperature was determined at all the sampling points of the hot water system and at the spa pools. the presence of l. pneumophila serogroup 1 w ... | 2010 | 21074903 |
| legionella pneumophila induces cathepsin b-dependent necrotic cell death with releasing high mobility group box1 in macrophages. | legionella pneumophila (lpn) can cause a lethal infectious disease with a marked inflammatory response in humans. however, the mechanism of this severe inflammation remains poorly understood. since necrosis is known to induce inflammation, we investigated whether lpn induces necrosis in macrophages. we also analyzed the involvement of lysosomal cathepsin b in lpn-induced cell death. | 2010 | 21092200 |
| [atypical pathogens in adult patients admitted with community-acquired pneumonia]. | to investigate the current status of atypical pathogen associated infections in community-acquired pneumonia (cap) in adults, and their clinical attributes. | 2010 | 21092629 |
| efficiency of water disinfectants against legionella pneumophila and acanthamoeba. | free-living amoebae might be pathogenic by themselves and be a reservoir for bacterial pathogens, such as legionella pneumophila. not only could amoebae protect intra-cellular legionella but legionella grown within amoebae could undergo physiological modifications and become more resistant and more virulent. therefore, it is important to study the efficiency of treatments on amoebae and legionella grown within these amoebae to improve their application and to limit their impact on the environmen ... | 2010 | 21093012 |
| apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (asc) controls legionella pneumophila infection in human monocytes. | the ability of legionella pneumophila to cause pneumonia is determined by its capability to evade the immune system and grow within human monocytes and their derived macrophages. human monocytes efficiently activate caspase-1 in response to salmonella but not to l. pneumophila. the molecular mechanism for the lack of inflammasome activation during l. pneumophila infection is unknown. evaluation of the expression of several inflammasome components in human monocytes during l. pneumophila infectio ... | 2010 | 21097506 |
| concentration and diversity of uncultured legionella spp. in two unchlorinated drinking water supplies with different concentrations of natural organic matter. | two unchlorinated drinking water supplies were investigated to assess the potential of water treatment and distribution systems to support the growth of legionella spp. the treatment plant for supply a distributed treated groundwater with a low concentration (<0.5 ppm of c) of natural organic matter (nom), and the treatment plant for supply b distributed treated groundwater with a high nom concentration (8 ppm of c). in both supplies, the water temperature ranged from about 10°c after treatment ... | 2010 | 21097586 |
| large-scale identification and translocation of type iv secretion substrates by coxiella burnetii. | coxiella burnetii is an obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen responsible for acute and chronic q fever. this bacterium harbors a type iv secretion system (t4ss) highly similar to the dot/icm of legionella pneumophila that is believed to be essential for its infectivity. protein substrates of the coxiella t4ss are predicted to facilitate the biogenesis of a phagosome permissive for its intracellular growth. however, due to the lack of genetic systems, protein transfer by the c. burnetii dot/ ... | 2010 | 21098666 |
| septic arthritis caused by legionella dumoffii in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus-like disease. | we describe a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (sle)-like disease on immunosuppressive treatment who developed septic arthritis of the knee involving legionella dumoffii. cultures initially remained negative. a broad-range 16s pcr using synovial fluid revealed l. dumoffii rrna genes, a finding that was subsequently confirmed by positive legionella culture results. | 2010 | 21106784 |
| nod1 and nod2 regulation of pulmonary innate immunity to legionella pneumophila. | the role of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-1 (nod1) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-2 (nod2), cytoplasmic receptors which detect bacterial cell wall molecules, in pulmonary innate immune responses is poorly understood. we determined that both nod1 and nod2 detect heat-killed legionella and stimulate nf-κb and ifn-β promoter activity using an in vitro luciferase reporter system. we next infected nod1- and nod2-deficient animals with aerosolized legionella pneumophila. at ... | 2010 | 21108472 |
| pathogen-host interactions in dictyostelium, legionella, mycobacterium and other pathogens. | dictyostelium discoideum is a haploid social soil amoeba that is an established host model for several human pathogens. the research areas presently pursued include the use of d. discoideum to identify genetic host factors determining the outcome of infections and the use as screening system for identifying bacterial virulence factors. here we report about the legionella pneumophila directed phagosome biogenesis and the cell-to-cell spread of mycobacterium species. moreover, we highlight recent ... | 2010 | 21109012 |
| progress in the surveillance and control of legionella infection in france, 1998-2008. | in france, the notification of legionnaires' disease (ld) has been mandatory since 1987. following a study showing an important under-reporting of the disease, the surveillance system was strengthened in 1997: the urinary antigen detection test was introduced as a new diagnostic tool and guidelines for prevention and control of the disease were implemented. after these measures, the incidence of ld increased gradually, reaching 2.5 per 100,000 in 2005, and then slightly decreased (2.0 per 100,00 ... | 2010 | 21109475 |
| the risk does exist. | | 2010 | 21109784 |
| c-reactive protein for discriminating treatment failure from slow responding pneumonia. | the management of patients with community-acquired pneumonia (cap) who fail to improve constitutes a challenge for clinicians. this study investigated the usefulness of c-reactive protein (crp) changes in discriminating true treatment failure from slow response to treatment. | 2010 | 21111942 |
| legionella pneumophila pneumonia in a pregnant woman treated with anti-tnf-α antibodies for crohn's disease: a case report. | anti-tnf-α antibodies are widely used. the indications for their usage are still increasing. with their emerging use, their infectious complications are seen more often. we describe the first case of a pneumonia with legionella pneumophila in a pregnant women with crohn's disease, during treatment with anti-tnf-α antibodies. she was treated with erythromycin and made a full recovery. | 2010 | 21122583 |
| two legionnaires' disease cases associated with industrial waste water treatment plants: a case report. | finnish and swedish waste water systems used by the forest industry were found to be exceptionally heavily contaminated with legionellae in 2005. | 2010 | 21126333 |
| the dictyostelium model for mitochondrial disease. | mitochondrial diseases are a diverse family of genetic disorders caused by mutations affecting mitochondrial proteins encoded in either the nuclear or the mitochondrial genome. by impairing mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, they compromise cellular energy production and the downstream consequences in humans are a bewilderingly complex array of signs and symptoms that can affect any of the major organ systems in unpredictable combinations. this complexity and unpredictability has limited o ... | 2010 | 21129494 |
| effectiveness of different methods to control legionella in the water supply: ten-year experience in an italian university hospital. | we report our ten-year experience of hyperchlorination, thermal shock, chlorine dioxide, monochloramine, boilers and point-of-use filters for controlling legionella contamination in a hospital hot water distribution system. shock disinfections were associated with a return to pre-treatment contamination levels within one or two months. we found that chlorine dioxide successfully maintained levels at <100 cfu/l, whilst preliminary experiments gave satisfactory results with monochloramine. no cont ... | 2010 | 21131100 |
| a severe complication of anti-tnf alfa treatment. | the antitumor necrosis factor (tnf-alpha) drugs are increasingly used in treating skin diseases such as psoriasis. tnf-alpha is a proinflammatory cytokine with a key role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis but also in host defence against bacterial pathogens, especially against those that multiply inside host cells. the effectiveness of anti-tnf-alpha in the treatment of psoriasis is now widely recognized and has led to their increasingly wide use. although these drugs are considered relatively sa ... | 2010 | 21139554 |
| pipecolic acid derivatives as small-molecule inhibitors of the legionella mip protein. | the macrophage infectivity potentiator (mip) protein is a major virulence factor of legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of legionnaires' disease. mip belongs to the fk506-binding proteins (fkbp) and is necessary for optimal intracellular survival and lung tissue dissemination of l. pneumophila. we aimed to identify new small-molecule inhibitors of mip by starting from known fkbp12 ligands. computational analysis, synthesis, and biological testing of pipecolic acid derivatives revealed a ... | 2010 | 21142106 |
| activities of tigecycline and comparators against legionella pneumophila and legionella micdadei extracellularly and in human monocyte-derived macrophages. | the activity of tigecycline against legionellae, which are intracellular pathogens, was evaluated intracellularly in human phagocytes and extracellularly, and compared to the activities of erythromycin and levofloxacin. clinical isolates of l. pneumophila serogroups 1, 5, and 6 and l. micdadei were tested in time-kill experiments. extracellular experiments were done using buffered yeast extract broth. for intracellular assays, monolayers of human monocyte-derived macrophages (mdm) were infected ... | 2011 | 21146719 |
| differential requirement for caspase-1 autoproteolysis in pathogen-induced cell death and cytokine processing. | activation of the cysteine protease caspase-1 is a key event in the innate immune response to infections. synthesized as a proprotein, caspase-1 undergoes autoproteolysis within multiprotein complexes called inflammasomes. activated caspase-1 is required for proteolytic processing and for release of the cytokines interleukin-1β and interleukin-18, and it can also cause rapid macrophage cell death. we show that macrophage cell death and cytokine maturation in response to infection with diverse ba ... | 2010 | 21147462 |
| registries in rheumatoid arthritis and autoimmune diseases: data from the french registries. | clinical registries have shown their effectiveness in capturing the long-term benefit of drugs in routine care. in france, two types of registry have been established to analyse the safety and efficacy of biological agents. | 2011 | 21148156 |
| legionella metaeffector exploits host proteasome to temporally regulate cognate effector. | pathogen-associated secretion systems translocate numerous effector proteins into eukaryotic host cells to coordinate cellular processes important for infection. spatiotemporal regulation is therefore important for modulating distinct activities of effectors at different stages of infection. here we provide the first evidence of "metaeffector," a designation for an effector protein that regulates the function of another effector within the host cell. legionella lubx protein functions as an e3 ub ... | 2010 | 21151961 |
| state of the art: public health and passenger ships. | background. the purpose of this report is to describe issues relevant to public health and to review all passenger ship associated diseases and outbreaks. moreover, legislation and practices on sanitation and diseases surveillance related to ships internationally were also reviewed. some relevant historical information about infections on merchant ships is provided as well. material and methods. the methods used to develop the state-of-the-art report included a scientific literature review and a ... | 2010 | 21154293 |
| legionella--every infection preventionist's dream--or is it? | legionella is an underreported disease challenge within the hospital setting. in order to combat legionella during times of construction and renovation, infection preventionists must become construction experts. the infection preventionist must be able to plan for potential waterborne disease outbreaks and protect the hospital staff, patients and visitors from waterborne pathogens. legionella's history, signs and symptoms, diagnostic testing and treatment will be discussed. the hospital's conven ... | 2011 | 21160301 |
| [genotypic variability and persistence of legionella pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns in 16 cooling towers in shanghai, china.] | objective: to investigate the genotypic characteristics and persistence of legionella pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) patterns in 16 air-conditioner cooling towers in six different public sites of shanghai. methods: from may to october, continuous sampling was operated once per month in 2007. legionella strains isolated from the 16 cooling towers were confirmed by serological and latex agglutination. pfge was applied for the fingerprinting of the isolates, while the culster results of pf ... | 2010 | 21162841 |
| antibiotics and uv radiation induce competence for natural transformation in legionella pneumophila. | natural transformation by competence is a major mechanism of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria. competence is defined as the genetically programmed physiological state that enables bacteria to actively take up dna from the environment. the conditions that signal competence development are multiple and elusive, complicating the understanding of its evolutionary significance. we used expression of the competence gene comea as a reporter of competence development and screened several hundred mol ... | 2010 | 21169481 |
| dioxygenases in burkholderia ambifaria and yersinia pestis that hydroxylate the outer kdo unit of lipopolysaccharide. | several gram-negative pathogens, including yersinia pestis, burkholderia cepacia, and acinetobacter haemolyticus, synthesize an isosteric analog of 3-deoxy-d-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (kdo), known as d-glycero-d-talo-oct-2-ulosonic acid (ko), in which the axial hydrogen atom at the kdo 3-position is replaced with oh. here we report a unique kdo 3-hydroxylase (kdoo) from burkholderia ambifaria and yersinia pestis, encoded by the bamb_0774 (bakdoo) and the y1812 (ypkdoo) genes, respectively. when ... | 2010 | 21178073 |
| cytochrome c4 is required for siderophore expression by legionella pneumophila, whereas cytochromes c1 and c5 promote intracellular infection. | a panel of cytochrome c maturation (ccm) mutants of legionella pneumophila displayed a loss of siderophore (legiobactin) expression, as measured by both the chrome azurol s assay and a legionella-specific bioassay. these data, coupled with the finding that ccm transcripts are expressed by wild-type bacteria grown in deferrated medium, indicate that the ccm system promotes siderophore expression by l. pneumophila. to determine the basis of this newfound role for ccm, we constructed and tested a s ... | 2010 | 21178169 |
| a method for generation of bone marrow-derived macrophages from cryopreserved mouse bone marrow cells. | the broad use of transgenic and gene-targeted mice has established bone marrow-derived macrophages (bmdm) as important mammalian host cells for investigation of the macrophages biology. over the last decade, extensive research has been done to determine how to freeze and store viable hematopoietic human cells; however, there is no information regarding generation of bmdm from frozen murine bone marrow (bm) cells. here, we establish a highly efficient protocol to freeze murine bm cells and furthe ... | 2010 | 21179419 |
| fatty acid composition modulates sensitivity of legionella pneumophila to warnericin rk, an antimicrobial peptide. | warnericin rk is an antimicrobial peptide, produced by a staphyloccocus warneri strain, described to be specifically active against legionella, the pathogenic bacteria responsible for legionnaires' disease. warnericin rk is an amphiphilic alpha-helical peptide, which possesses a detergent-like mode of action. two others peptides, δ-hemolysin i and ii, produced by the same s. warneri strain, are highly similar to s. aureus δ-hemolysin and also display anti-legionella activity. it has been recentl ... | 2010 | 21182824 |
| case of legionella pneumonia complicated with pulmonary thromboembolism. | we report a patient with community acquired legionella pneumonia, complicated with pulmonary embolism. the patient was cured by levofloxacin and anticoagulant therapy. we performed laboratorial control and we excluded the thrombophilia and antiphospholipid syndrome. our case report draws attention to the possible association between legionella infection and pulmonary embolism. | 2010 | 21183425 |