Publications

crossed immunoelectrophoretic analysis of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 antigens.	by crossed immunoelectrophoresis, 85 different antigens were demonstrated in sonicated preparations of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 (lp1). the precipitin patterns of 82 anodic-migrating antigens were numbered and were designated the lp1 reference system. eleven antigens were stable to boiling, and seven of these were shown to be surface antigens. one heat-stable surface antigen (antigen no. 61) was highly reactive with limulus amoebocyte lysates and formed a precipitin resembling lipopolys ...	1983	6840845
nosocomial legionnaires' disease uncovered in a prospective pneumonia study.	most hospitals have yet to record a case of nosocomial legionnaires' disease; the importance of isolation of legionella pneumophila in the water system of such an institution is unclear. we undertook a prospective pneumonia study in tandem at a veterans hospital where legionnaires' disease was known to be endemic and a community teaching hospital where legionnaires' disease had never been documented. legionella serological tests were performed on all patients with pneumonia; selective culture me ...	1983	6854847
what to do about legionella?		1983	6854851
legionella bozemanii. still another cause of pneumonia.		1983	6854903
[legionella infections in denmark. results of serological studies lasting 3 1/2 years].		1983	6857777
[legionnaire's disease in a domestic travel group].		1983	6825602
coinfections of mycoplasma pneumoniae and legionella pneumophila with influenza a virus.	serum samples from patients with documented influenza a virus infections were examined for antibodies to legionella pneumophila and mycoplasma pneumoniae to determine whether simultaneous or sequential infections with l. pneumophila and m. pneumoniae were complicating factors in influenza. when the frequency of copositivity of sera to influenza a virus and l. pneumophila was compared with the expected frequency for each infection alone, the difference was not statistically significant. however, ...	1983	6826698
lack of evidence for person-to-person transmission of legionnaires' disease.		1983	6827154
agar microdroplet assay for delayed hypersensitivity to legionella pneumophila serogroup 1.	an agarose microdroplet technique was utilized to assess the cellular immunity of guinea pig lymphoid cells to legionella pneumophila antigen in vitro. both direct and indirect migration inhibition procedures were shown to be capable of detecting sensitization of guinea pigs to l. pneumophila antigens. animals injected with adjuvant alone or unrelated antigens did not yield spleen cells responsive to l. pneumophila, indicating the specificity of the response. migration inhibition factor inductio ...	1983	6863501
survival of virulent legionella pneumophila in aerosols.	aqueous suspensions of virulent legionella pneumophila grown on solid medium retained virulence and aerosol survival characteristics for several months. significant numbers of viable organisms were recovered from aerosols held at various relative humidities (r.h.) for up to 2 h. the organisms survived best at 65% r.h. and were least stable at 55% r.h. exponential phase broth-grown organisms survived poorly in aerosols in comparison with stationary phase broth cultures or organisms grown on solid ...	1983	6863914
legionnaires' disease. clinical and pathologic features and current management.	"new" diseases continue to crop up. one of the most spectacular of these is legionnaires' disease, first diagnosed after an epidemic in philadelphia in 1976. analysis of stored serums, however, has shown the causative agent, legionella pneumophila, to be the culprit in epidemics of pneumonia occurring as early as 1947. the disease has a spectrum of presentations ranging from a self-limited syndrome of myalgias and nonproductive cough with a 24-hour incubation period to a severe pneumonia with di ...	1983	6823462
a 1957 outbreak of legionnaires' disease associated with a meat packing plant.	retrospective study shows that a 1957 outbreak of pneumonia in austin, minnesota, was legionnaires' disease. between june 7 and august 9, 1957, 78 persons were hospitalized with acute respiratory disease of unknown cause. most had fever, headache, cough, and pneumonitis; two died. ages ranged from 14-83 years; half of the patients were aged 55 years or older. eighty-seven per cent were men. there were no secondary cases. forty-six (59%) of the 78 patients were employees at a local meat packing p ...	1983	6823953
perirectal abscess caused by legionella pneumophila and mixed anaerobic bacteria.		1983	6824252
tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, and clindamycin.	the tetracyclines are active in vitro against many urinary tract pathogens such as chlamydia, mycoplasma pneumoniae, brucella, rickettsiae, and nocardia. chloramphenicol is used primarily for anaerobic infections, haemophilus influenzae meningitis, and infections due to salmonella typhi. erythromycin is active in vitro against m. pneumoniae, legionella spp., streptococcus pneumoniae, and group a beta-hemolytic streptococci; it may also be used as prophylactic therapy for subacute bacterial endoc ...	1983	6823163
susceptibilities of algae and legionella pneumophila to cooling tower biocides.	nine algal strains and nine legionella pneumophila strains were tested in laboratory culture for their susceptibility to inhibition by a variety of commercially available microbiocides. the responses ranged from ineffective to effective at 1/100 the manufacturers' recommended pulse doses. tests were also performed to determine whether the action of the microbiocide was bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal.	1983	6859846
detection of legionella pneumophila antigen by elisa in urine or experimentally infected guinea-pigs.	guinea-pigs were experimentally infected with legionella pneumophila. l. pneumophila antigen was detected in urine samples by a double antibody sandwich elisa. urinary antigen was present from the beginning of the acute phase of the disease. in two out of five cases, this antigen was found with no antibody detectable in sera by indirect immunofluorescence staining.	1983	6870084
biological profile of legionella longbeachae and legionella jordanis.		1983	6862636
[legionella dumoffii pneumonia with adult respiratory distress syndrome].		1983	6867652
hybridoma-derived monoclonal immunoglobulin m antibodies to legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 with diagnostic potential.	mouse hybridomas were isolated by fusing p3-x63-ag 8.653 myeloma cells with spleen cells from mice that had been repeatedly immunized with legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 organisms. in one fusion, three independent hybridoma cultures which secreted antibodies that reacted with the immunizing strain in the indirect immunofluorescent-antibody test were selected for cloning. representative continuously growing clones, one of each hybridoma, which remained stable in producing high-titer antibodie ...	1983	6874913
nosocomial infection: update.	a preceptor program on nosocomial infection is offered at the tuskegee va medical center every six months. it is the only program of this type offered by any va hospital. enrollees include infection-control officers from regional hospitals who attend lectures and demonstrations covering a broad range of related issues. it is now accepted that such preceptorships, by increasing awareness of the risk factors and understanding of available preventive controls, can reduce the incidence of nosocomial ...	1983	6827607
legionella oakridgensis: unusual new species isolated from cooling tower water.	we describe a new species of legionella represented by 10 strains isolated from industrial cooling towers. legionella oakridgensis differed genetically from the other seven species of legionella in dna hybridization studies and differed serologically in direct fluorescent-antibody tests. the new species, unlike all other species except l. jordanis, did not require added l-cysteine for growth in serial transfer on charcoal-yeast extract agar. l. oakridgensis, as well as three other species tested ...	1983	6830217
identification of legionella pneumophila by latex agglutination.	a latex agglutination test for the identification of legionella pneumophila serogroups 1 through 6 is described. the reagent is specific for l. pneumophila and enables the ready identification of l. pneumophila colonies on agar plates. preliminary evidence suggests that latex agglutination enables the detection of soluble l. pneumophila antigens in respiratory secretions of patients suspected of having legionellosis.	1983	6833487
histopathology of experimental legionnaires' disease in guinea pigs, rhesus monkeys and marmosets.	guinea pigs, rhesus monkeys and marmosets were infected with l. pneumophila in small particle aerosols. fever and acute fibrinopurulent pneumonia resulted. the lesions involved distal lung tissue only, spreading from terminal and respiratory bronchioles and producing heavy infiltration of alveoli by polymorphs and macrophages and widespread exudation of oedema fluid and fibrin. lesions were not found in extra-pulmonary sites.	1983	6834178
[an epidemic of pneumonia caused by legionella pneumophila in a dutch hospital].		1983	6835415
legionella longbeachae and disseminated intravascular coagulation.		1983	6831321
simultaneous infection with legionella pneumophila and pittsburgh pneumonia agent. clinical features and epidemiologic implications.	nosocomial pneumonia caused simultaneously by two organisms, legionella pneumophila and the pittsburgh pneumonia agent, was documented in seven patients in one institution. in all seven cases, both organisms were demonstrated by isolation from culture or visualization by direct immunofluorescence. four patients died as a result of pneumonia, including two who received erythromycin therapy. the hospital water distribution system appeared to be the reservoir for both l. pneumophila and pittsburgh ...	1983	6837589
isolation and characterization of a seventh serogroup of legionella pneumophila.	an environmental isolate (chicago 8) and a clinical isolate (dallas 5) of legionella pneumophila were shown to have similar serological characteristics; however, these characteristics were distinct from those of l. pneumophila serogroups 1 through 6. chicago 8, atcc 33823, was designated as the reference strain for l. pneumophila serogroup 7. the use of mongolian gerbils for the isolation of l. pneumophila from the environment is described. even though guinea pigs are the animals of choice in su ...	1983	6833484
electron microscopic examination of the inflammatory response of guinea pig neutrophils and macrophages to legionella pneumophila.		1983	6869091
experimental infections of horses with legionella pneumophila.	attempts to infect horses with legionella pneumophila were undertaken to determine pathogenicity and to evaluate the possibility that horses serve as a reservoir for the organism. a previous study showed that the prevalence of antibodies to l pneumophila in the equine population exceeded 30% of over 600 sera examined. horses were infected experimentally with the philadelphia 1 or bloomington 2 strain of l pneumophila iv or by aerosolization. signs of clinical illness were restricted to a transie ...	1983	6869962
an outbreak of legionnaires' disease in sweden: report of sixty-eight cases.	from august 27 to september 21, 1979, 58 patients fell ill with legionnaires' disease (ld) in the town västerås, sweden. all patients had been staying in the town some time during 2 weeks preceding their illness, as had 10 ld patients who fell ill from mid-june to mid-august the same year. clinically, high fever, headache, dizziness and gastrointestinal symptoms were dominating. respiratory symptoms were moderate, radiologically verified pneumonia was seen in 59 of 64 patients examined. one pati ...	1983	6844878
an outbreak of acute fever among steam turbine condenser cleaners.	ten of twelve men who participated in the cleaning of an electric power steam turbine condenser clogged with freshwater sponge experienced an acute febrile illness. two similar outbreaks have been previously described, one of which has been attributed to the legionnaires' disease bacterium. epidemiologic studies of this case showed a syndrome very similar to the two previously reported episodes. however, the exact etiology for this outbreak has not been identified. environmental sampling was not ...	1983	6846141
rapid diagnosis of legionnaires' disease by latex agglutination.	we developed a latex agglutination test to detect antigen(s) of serogroup 1 legionella pneumophila in urine and evaluated its ability to diagnose legionnaires' disease. antigen was detected in 46, or 70%, of 66 patients with serogroup 1 legionnaires' disease but in none of 51 patients with various bacteremic infections nor 60 with urinary tract infections. one of 50 patients with other pulmonary infections was antigen-positive, an immunosuppressed patient with pneumocystis carinii infection. sev ...	1983	6846937
intracellular multiplication of legionnaires' disease bacteria (legionella pneumophila) in human monocytes is reversibly inhibited by erythromycin and rifampin.	we have previously reported that virulent egg yolk-grown legionella pneumophila, philadelphia 1 strain, multiplies intracellularly in human blood monocytes and only intracellularly under tissue culture conditions. in this paper, we have investigated the effect of erythromycin and rifampin on l. pneumophila-monocyte interaction in vitro; erythromycin and rifampin are currently the drugs of choice for the treatment of legionnaires' disease. the intracellular multiplication of l. pneumophila is inh ...	1983	6848556
changes in iron and transferrin levels and body temperature in experimental airborne legionellosis.	guinea pigs were infected with either 5 or 100 cfu of legionella pneumophila by aerosol exposure. between two and 10 days after infection, groups of animals were killed, and their lungs and spleen were removed and cultured quantitatively. l. pneumophila multiplied in the lungs and spread to the spleen; the organisms were cleared first from the spleen and then the lungs. significant changes were demonstrated in serum iron and transferrin levels and body temperature. the body temperature correlate ...	1983	6827146
legionella pneumonia in guinea pigs exposed to aerosols of concentrated potable water from a hospital with nosocomial legionnaires' disease.	an investigation of an outbreak of nosocomial legionella pneumonia revealed that the potable water of the hospital was contaminated with a distinctive strain of legionella pneumophila (designated the le-1 strain), which was by culture and serology linked with human illness. to examine the possible role of this water in this outbreak, eight healthy guinea pigs were exposed to an aerosol of concentrated potable water. seven animals developed pneumonia due to the le-1 strain of l. pneumophila. in o ...	1983	6822749
[legionella infections].	the authors review the bacteriological features of legionella infections, their clinical symptoms and the methods of diagnosis. they stress the unusual ecological features of legionella which generally lives in natural water reservoirs or in artificial reservoirs (drinking water piping, air conditioning). in the clinical situation, current emphasis is on the extrapulmonary infections whose pathogenesis has not yet been fully explained. the incidence and prevalence of legionella in pneumonia stil ...	1983	6666882
[legionnaires' disease: legionella pneumophila, an agent in nosocomial infection].	legionella pneumophila recently identified in 1977 as responsible for legionnaires' disease, is present in the natural environment. the discovery of the bacteria, the development of suitable complex media ( bcye ) and of serological techniques improved the knowledge of epidemiologic features of l. pneumophila widely distributed geographically. legionella has been frequently isolated from the aquatic environment: the organism is able to colonize the condensed water of air-conditioning systems and ...	1983	6675736
[severe legionella pneumopathy in an immunologically normal infant].	a case of legionnaires' disease is described in a 9 months old boy. he had a rapidly extensive bilateral pneumoniae. there was no premorbidity. the diagnosis was made by demonstrating legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 in pulmonary biopsy and pleural liquid, by direct immunofluorescence assay and positive culture. there was no seroconversion. an adenovirus type 2 was also isolated in pulmonary biopsy, with an strong seroconversion. the course was favorable, with doxycycline therapy.	1983	6664746
cat scratch disease: a bacterial infection.	histopathologic examination of lymph nodes from 39 patients with clinical and pathological criteria for cat scratch disease revealed delicate pleomorphic gram-negative bacilli in 34 of the 39 nodes. they were within the walls of capillaries in or near areas of follicular hyperplasia and within microabscesses. they were best seen with the warthin-starry silver impregnation stain. organisms in lymph node sections exposed to convalescent serum from three patients and to immunoperoxidase stained equ ...	1983	6612349
legionella pneumophila-induced suppression of macrophage spreading in vitro.	incubation of normal mouse resident peritoneal cell suspensions rich in macrophages with legionella pneumophila whole cell vaccine or soluble preparations thereof resulted in marked inhibition of the ability of the cells to spread on glass surfaces during a 24-h period. this inhibition, however, was transient in that by day 2 to 3 after culture initiation only partial inhibition was evident, and by day 4 to 5 thereafter most of the treated macrophage cultures showed normal spreading activity. su ...	1983	6618671
[legionella versus psittacosis].		1983	6621140
legionella pneumophila contamination of a hospital humidifier. demonstration of aerosol transmission and subsequent subclinical infection in exposed guinea pigs.	water from a humidifier located in the hospital was found to be contaminated with legionella pneumophila, serogroup 1. the source of water for the humidifier was the hospital potable water system. exposure of culture mediums to the humidifier aerosols yielded l. pneumophila, serogroup 1. exposure of guinea pigs to humidifier aerosols produced a subclinical infection as demonstrated by seroconversion to l. pneumophila. seroconversion rate of guinea pigs to l. pneumophila was higher when greater q ...	1983	6625344
legionellosis and legionella spp. in the waters of puerto rico.		1983	6579986
changing spectrum of pneumonia--news media creation or clinical reality?		1983	6600370
tularemia pneumonia mimicking legionnaires' disease: isolation of organism on cye agar and successful treatment with erythromycin.	a 46-year-old man showed a clinical response when treated with parenteral erythromycin for what was initially thought to be legionnaires' disease, but an organism isolated from his pleural fluid on cye agar was subsequently identified as francisella tularensis. tularemia should be suspected in all cases of atypical pneumonia in the appropriate setting. erythromycin may be effective empiric therapy in such cases. because of the possibility of inadvertent isolation of francisella tularensis on cye ...	1983	6612398
legionella pneumophila pericarditis proved by culture of pericardial fluid.	serogroup 1 legionella pneumophila was isolated from the pericardial fluid of a nonimmunosuppressed patient with pulmonary infiltrates, cardiac tamponade, and histologic evidence of pericarditis. this is the first reported case in which the association of l. pneumophila infection and pericarditis has been proved by growth of the organism from pericardial fluid. physicians caring for patients with pericarditis of unknown cause should consider l. pneumophila in their differential diagnosis because ...	1983	6614038
legionnaires' pneumonia in guinea pigs and rats produced by aerosol exposure.		1983	6601569
formation of a novel phagosome by the legionnaires' disease bacterium (legionella pneumophila) in human monocytes.	previous studies have shown that l. pneumophila multiplies intracellularly in human monocytes and alveolar macrophages within a membrane-bound cytoplasmic vacuole studded with ribosomes. in this paper, the formation of this novel vacuole is examined. after entry into monocytes, l. pneumophila resides in a membrane-bound vacuole. during the first hour after entry, vacuoles containing l. pneumophila are found surrounded by smooth vesicles fusing with or budding off from the vacuolar membrane and b ...	1983	6619736
clinicoradiographic correlation with the extent of legionnaire disease.	serial chest radiographs from 34 confirmed cases of legionnaire disease diagnosed between february 1979 and june 1981 were reviewed. initial involvement was most often a peripheral patchy alveolar infiltrate (76%, 26/34) with progression to consolidative pneumonia in 70% (18/26) of these cases. initial or eventual involvement of noncontiguous lobes (50%, 17/34) was common. bilateral changes developed in 50% of cases and bilateral diffuse disease developed in 12%. pleural effusions attributable t ...	1983	6603115
nosocomial legionnaires' disease and other nosocomial legionella pneumonias.		1983	6551354
antibiotic therapy of experimental airborne legionnaires' disease.	the efficacy of erythromycin, gentamicin and rifampicin has been compared in the treatment of experimental airborne legionnaires' disease in guinea-pigs. evaluation was based on survival of animals after 1ld50 or 10ld50 infection, on numbers of legionella pneumophila in the lungs and on the extent of histopathological lesions. all three drugs were effective in increasing survival in 1ld50 infections, but only rifampicin gave any protection against 10ld50 infection. rifampicin was the most effect ...	1983	6663081
[a case of opportunistic legionnaires' disease with primary lung cancer].		1983	6676537
neuropathologic evaluation of 40 confirmed cases of legionella pneumonia.	autopsy examination of the brain was performed in 40 cases of legionella pneumonia. thirty-nine of 40 patients had underlying chronic or acute medical problems. sixteen patients (40%) had neurologic signs or symptoms that were not explained by preexisting disease. csf was normal in six of seven patients examined; csf protein content was 66 mg/100 ml in one patient. neuropathologic examination in all 40 patients demonstrated no lesions attributable to disseminated legionella pneumophila. mechanis ...	1983	6684231
diagnosis of legionella micdadei pneumonia from cytologic specimens.	legionella micdadei is a recently described opportunistic pulmonary pathogen that produces an acute, suppurative pneumonia in patients receiving steroid therapy. most prospective diagnoses have been made by open lung biopsy. we present a case in which the diagnosis was made from cytologic material. the clinicopathologic features of l. micdadei pneumonia are discussed, and criteria for diagnosis from cytologic specimens are presented.	1983	6575538
heat treatment as an aid for the isolation of legionella pneumophila from clinical and environmental samples.	the isolation of legionella's from clinical as well as environmental samples is hindered by the overgrowth of legionella's by the accompanying bacterial flora, which could not be sufficiently suppressed by adding antimicrobial drugs to the bcya alpha. the effect of heat treatment on clinical samples and on water samples concentrated by filtration was investigated. treatment of the samples for 30 minutes at 50 degrees c reduced the number of cfu of the accompanying flora by a factor 10(1.6)-10(3. ...	1983	6415956
legionella injection in scotland 1981-2.		1983	6416461
comparison of the effects of acid and base hydrolyses on hydroxy and cyclopropane fatty acids in bacteria.	the cellular fatty acid compositions of legionella oakridgensis, brucella suis, pseudomonas aeruginosa, and francisella tularensis were compared after base hydrolysis (saponification), acid hydrolysis, and acid methanolysis procedures were used to release the fatty acids. the branched-chain, unsaturated, saturated, and ester-linked hydroxy acids were released as effectively with saponification at 100 degrees c for 30 min as with acid hydrolysis or acid methanolysis at 85 degrees c for 16 h. alth ...	1983	6418758
direct demonstration and isolation of legionella pneumophila (serogroup 1) from bathroom water specimens in a hotel.	legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 organisms were isolated from one sample of water originating from a shower head in a bathroom of a hotel. seven of the 16 swab specimens collected from 2 different sites of the hotel bathrooms revealed fluorescing bacteria in direct fluorescent antibody test. the significance of present observations in relation to the cluster of l. pneumophila infections diagnosed recently in berlin among a group of visitors who stayed in this hotel has been discussed.	1983	6367308
[isolation of legionella spp. from environmental samples in the okayama area].		1983	6420480
[ecological distribution of legionella species in japan and pathogenicity of environmental isolates].		1983	6420482
autoimmune hemolytic anemia and legionella pneumophila pneumonia.		1983	6614685
[antineoplastic activity of legionella pneumophila cultures against mouse tumors].		1983	6616281
[incidence of legionnaires' disease].	titre levels against legionella pneumophila, serotype 1-4, and against legionella micdadei were measured in 2290 sera. about 1% contained specific antibodies indicating previous contact with the causative organisms within a year, suggesting a high incidence. on the other hand, the contagion index at 10% was relatively low. it relates to mild influenza-like and severe pneumonitic forms of the infection. in the federal republic of germany it is likely that there are 6000-7000 cases of legionella-c ...	1983	6617506
the contribution of human neutrophils and serum to host defense against legionella micdadei.	the interaction of legionella micdadei with human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (pmns) and serum was investigated to determine their roles in host defense against this organism. serum and pmns from normal donors having no antibody to l micadei were used. pmns phagocytized once-agar-passaged (74.6% +/- 6.5%) and twice-agar-passaged (87.3% +/- 1.0%) l micdadei less (p less than 0.05) than l micdadei passaged multiple times on agar (97.5% +/- 1.0%) or staphylococcus aureus (98.3% +/- 0.5%). under t ...	1983	6619577
persistence in serum and lungs of guinea pigs of erythromycin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol and rifampicin and their in-vitro activities against legionella pneumophila.	the penetration and persistence in the serum and lungs of guinea pigs after parenteral administration of erythromycin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol and rifampicin, and their in-vitro activities against legionella pneumophila were investigated. the most active agent was rifampicin (mic 0.0625 mg/l, mbc 0.125 mg/l) and effective levels of this drug were present in serum and lungs up to 10 h after injection. erythromycin accumulated to very high levels in the lungs and had good bacteriostatic activi ...	1983	6630106
partial characterization of peptidoglycan-associated proteins of legionella pneumophila.	the proteins associated with the peptidoglycan (pg) of legionella pneumophila are resistant to proteolysis by trypsin, protease vi and proteinase k. these protease-resistant proteins are associated with the pg noncovalently and covalently. analysis of cell walls and pg-protein complex by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under reducing conditions revealed one major protein (38.5k) and several minor coomassie and silver staining components. the 38.5k protein seemed to be a ...	1983	6630177
characterization, serological specificity, and diagnostic possibilities of monoclonal antibodies against legionella pneumophila.	hybridoma-producing monoclonal antibodies against legionella pneumophila were produced by the fusion of nonsecreting mouse myeloma cells (ns-1) with splenocytes of balb/c mice immunized by heat-killed l. pneumophila of serogroup i. of 96 wells, 85 produced clones, of which 28 were positive as measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. ten of the hybridoma supernatants, remaining positive after 2 months of culture, were tested against the other legionella serogroups and the atypi ...	1983	6630463
legionnaires' pericarditis.		1983	6631175
legionella pneumophila-induced immunostimulation and blastogenesis of normal mouse spleen cells in vitro.	cell-free sonic extracts prepared from legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 were found to enhance the uptake of [3h]thymidine by normal mouse spleen cell cultures in vitro and also stimulate an enhanced antibody response to sheep erythrocytes, both in immunized and nonimmunized cultures. increased background antibody responses to other erythrocyte species also occurred, indicating that the legionella antigen was a polyclonal b cell activator. a purified cell wall component with physicochemical pro ...	1983	6634714
rifampin: spectrum of antibacterial activity.	rifampin was studied for determination of its spectrum of activity against many bacteria of clinical importance. most of the minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) were determined by agar dilution but some were determined by broth microdilution. staphylococci were the most susceptible, with mode mics of 0.015 microgram/ml, but most streptococcal strains, except streptococcus faecalis, had mode mics less than or equal to 1 microgram/ml. haemophilus influenzae, neisseria gonorrhoeae, neisseria m ...	1983	6635433
the role of structure and invasiveness on the pathogenicity of legionella.	the pathogenetic mechanism and virulence factors involved in infections and legionella are little understood. in vitro studies by thin-section and scanning electron microscopy show that legionella organisms attach to mammalian cells in culture, are taken into cytoplasmic vacuoles lined with ribosomes and replicate, probably utilising cell-derived amino acids. the presence of pili (fimbriae), lipopolysaccharide and protein structures at the bacterial surfaces is no doubt related to the initial ad ...	1983	6637228
protein and antibody in lavage fluid of guinea pigs with legionella pneumophila pneumonia.	guinea pigs were infected in an inhalation facility that limited an aerosol of l. pneumophila to the snout, as previously reported in detail (davis et al., 1982). individual animals were sacrificed for study either immediately after exposure, at 16 hours, at days one through seven, or at 11 days. bronchoalveolar lavage was carried out to obtain fluid to study the following: total protein, albumin and immunoglobulin g (igg) concentrations, and the titer of antibody to l. pneumophila. antibody als ...	1983	6637229
studies on protective immunity to aerosol challenge with legionella pneumophila.	guinea pigs exposed to 1, 2 or 3 sub-lethal aerosol infections with l. pneumophila developed elisa serum antibodies after each infection, but were not protected against a lethal aerosol challenge. they died earlier than untreated control animals, though with the same acute exudative bronchopneumonia. lung bacterial counts were lower in the immunized animals. the extent of pulmonary lesions increased with each successive sublethal infection and lymphoid cell infiltration was prominent after the s ...	1983	6637230
species specific membrane proteins of legionellaceae.	the protein composition of the outer membrane and the whole cell wall of 21 strains representing 14 different serotypes of seven different legionella species has been determined by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. the insoluble residue after extraction of cell envelopes with sodium laurylsarcosinate was considered to represent the outer membrane. alternatively isopycnic sucrose density gradient centrifugation could be used; this approach gave similar results to the deter ...	1983	6637232
differentiation of recent and past infections with legionella pneumophila by determination of specific igm.	the ela-igm antibody test as used in viral diseases can also be applied to infections with legionella pneumophila and is yielding similar results as the igm determination by immunofluorescence. complement-fixation and microagglutination are yielding also positive results in igm-positive sera. igm antibodies appear relative late after beginning of the disease and are persisting for several months. there is evidence that igm antibodies as detected by the use of a legionella pneumophila antigen are ...	1983	6637233
sporadic cases versus outbreak associated cases of legionella pneumonia.	sporadic cases and outbreaks of legionella pneumonia are more commonly recognized; especially among hospitalized patients. factors predisposing to l. pneumophila pneumonia and the clinical features of this type of pneumonia are similar for epidemic and sporadic cases. it is difficult to compare overall mortality figures of various epidemics and series of sporadic community-acquired cases of legionella pneumonia, because the factors that determine the severity and outcome of legionella pneumonia ...	1983	6637234
unresponsiveness of legionella bozemanii pneumonia to erythromycin administration despite in vitro sensitivity.	we report a case of legionella bozemanii pneumonia that failed to respond clinically and microbiologically to erythromycin administration. the organism was recovered from bronchial brushings and washings and was demonstrated to be sensitive in vitro to erythromycin as well as to rifampin and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. the patient received a 9-day course of erythromycin before she died. nonetheless, postmortem lung tissue yielded legionella bozemanii. in treating legionella pneumonia unrespon ...	1983	6638688
relationship between colonization of hospital building with legionella pneumophila and hot water temperatures.	legionella pneumophila was isolated from four hospital buildings that maintained hot water storage temperatures at 43 to 45 degrees c. two adjacent hospital buildings with negative cultures maintained temperatures at 58 to 60 degrees c.	1983	6639028
rapidly progressive pneumonia in a young man.		1983	6680608
the legionnaires' disease bacterium (legionella pneumophila) inhibits phagosome-lysosome fusion in human monocytes.	the interactions between the l. pneumophila phagosome and monocyte lysosomes were investigated by prelabeling the lysosomes with thorium dioxide, an electron-opaque colloidal marker, and by acid phosphatase cytochemistry. phagosomes containing live l. pneumophila did not fuse with secondary lysosomes at 1 h after entry into monocytes or at 4 or 8 h after entry by which time the ribosome-lined l. pneumophila replicative vacuole had formed. in contrast, the majority of phagosomes containing formal ...	1983	6644240
legionella pneumophila wound infection.		1983	6644990
[legionella pneumophila - a newcomer in medical bacteriology].		1983	6645723
acute cerebellar ataxia in pediatric legionellosis.	acute-phase and convalescent-phase sera of 66 children, aged 3 months to 12 years, with neurologic disorders of unknown etiology were tested against legionella pneumophila polyvalent and monovalent antigens (groups 1 to 4). three significant antibody titer increases were obtained, all in children with acute cerebellar ataxia. this neurologic syndrome was characterized by sudden onset of muscle hypotonia and inability to sit or walk, with no other specific neurologic or systemic symptoms. persist ...	1983	6646929
community-acquired legionella micdadei (pittsburgh pneumonia agent) infection in sweden.	the first case of legionella micdadei (pittsburgh pneumonia agent) infection in sweden is presented. a previously healthy 68-yr-old man fell ill with diarrhoea, fever, and mental confusion. subsequently chest roentgenography revealed pneumonic infiltrates and a seroconversion to l. micdadei was shown. no source or transmission of infection was established. the only notable event was that the patient had been drinking rain-water from a barrel 1 day prior to his illness. an alimentary route of inf ...	1983	6648375
cellular fatty acid composition and ubiquinone content of legionella feeleii sp. nov.	the cellular fatty acid composition of legionella feeleii was determined by capillary gas-liquid chromatography, and the ubiquinone content was determined by reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography. as in other legionella species, this new species is characterized by relatively large amounts of branched-chain fatty acids and by major amounts of ubiquinones with more than 10 isoprene units in the side chain.	1983	6630470
the kinetics of early inflammatory events during experimental pneumonia due to legionella pneumophila in guinea pigs.	an animal model of legionella pneumophila pneumonia was developed to study aerosol infection, pathogenesis, and pulmonary host defense mechanisms. guinea pigs were exposed in an inhalation facility that limited the aerosol of l pneumophila to the snout. bronchoalveolar lavage was used to sample airspace cells, secretions, and bacteria during developing infection in 79 exposed animals and 13 uninfected controls. an influx of polymorphonuclear neutrophils followed exponential bacterial growth duri ...	1983	6631074
workshop conference on legionnaires' disease. march 21st-22nd, 1983. federal health office, berlin. proceedings.		1983	6637224
pulmonary and extrapulmonary manifestations of l. pneumophila.	in three of five fatal cases of legionnaires' disease (ld) bacteria have been detected by dfa in extrapulmonary organs including spleen, liver, kidney, heart and brain. typical fluorescent pleomorphic rods were seen mostly intravascularly and occasionally in phagocytes of the mononuclear phagocytic system. legionellae were found extravascularly in the myocard and in the brain tissue together with single cell necrosis of either muscle fibres or ganglion cells in the respective organ. it was of sp ...	1983	6637226
antigens and toxic components of legionella in pathogenesis and immunity.	legionellae are opportunistic facultative intracellular pathogens with several antigens and toxic components which may function synergistically in contribution to pathogenesis and immunity. the serogroup specific antigens are associated with endotoxic activities of the bacteria and are potent adjuvants in inducing hypersensitivity and potentiating antibody responses to various antigens. two protein toxins interfere with oxidative metabolism of host cells and are potential inhibitors of intracell ...	1983	6637227
establishment of hybridoma cell lines secreting anti-legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 monoclonal antibodies with immunodiagnostic potential.	three independent hybridoma cell lines (f4/cb5/k18, f4/cb5/k104, f4/jd3.8/k101) producing monoclonal antibodies that reacted specifically against cell surface molecule(s) of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 have been established. these monoclonal antibodies belong to igm class and are capable of agglutinating exquisitely serogroup 1 organisms. these hybridoma-derived monoclonal antibodies can be used for the preparation of standardized immunodiagnostic reagents for detection and rapid identifi ...	1983	6649980
[legionella pneumophila pneumopathy in a 4 1/2-month-old infant].	a 4 1/2 month-old infant presented with severe alveolo-interstitial pneumonitis needing intubation and mechanical ventilation. legionella pneumophila infection was established by a significant increase in antibody titers. the clinical picture was consistent with that of legionnaires' disease. no immune defect could be proven.	1983	6651455
arginine biosynthesis in legionella pneumophila: absence of n-acetylglutamate synthetase.	legionella pneumophila was unable to grow in a chemically defined medium without arginine because it could not carry out the first step in the biosynthetic pathway, the conversion of glutamate to n-acetylglutamate. all strains examined could grow when n-acetylglutamate (or other later arginine precursors) were substituted for arginine. no activity corresponding to n-acetylglutamate synthetase could be detected in cell extracts of l. pneumophila.	1983	6652583
plasmid profiles of clinical and environmental isolates of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1.	clinical and environmental legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 isolates from a single water source in columbus, ohio, exhibited five different plasmid profiles. the multiplicity of plasmid profiles observed within a single geographic area and a skewed distribution of isolates bearing these plasmid profiles within this area suggest that plasmid analyses will be useful in the study of the epidemiology of legionnaires disease and the environmental distribution of legionellae.	1983	6655046
[isolation of the 1st strains of legionella pneumophila in the ussr].	for the first time l. pneumophila strains were isolated from pneumonia patients in the ussr. to isolate these strains, the material obtained from the patients was inoculated into charcoal-yeast agar with antibiotics or into guinea pigs with the subsequent inoculation of chick embryos. both isolated strains were classified with serogroup 1 of l. pneumophila on the basis of their cultural, morphological, biochemical and serological properties.	1983	6659769
satellite growth of legionella pneumophila with an environmental isolate of flavobacterium breve.	legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 was observed to satellite around colonies of flavobacterium breve on an l-cysteine-deficient medium which did not support growth of legionellae. both isolates were recovered from the hot water tanks of hospitals. ferric ppi stimulated satellite growth between 0.01 and 0.1%.	1983	6660882
[legionnaires' disease with late pulmonary sequelae. apropos of a case].	the authors report a case of legionnaires' disease with retractile late sequelae affecting the lingula and the dorsal segment of the culmen. they stress the need for appropriate and prolonged treatment because of the possible presence of intracellular legionella pneumophila. the existence of an associated staphylococcal infection is also one of the hypotheses raised in explaining such sequelae.	1983	6664945
epidemiologic assessment of methods of transmission of legionellosis.	the ubiquity of legionella pneumophila in the environment creates special problems for identifying the source of either outbreaks or sporadic cases due to this organism. efforts must be made to associate a specific hypothesized source with the occurrence of disease through appropriate epidemiologic studies. well documented sources of outbreaks include contaminated heat rejection devices, industrial aerosols, and recreational whirlpools. the presence of l. pneumophila in potable water supplies ha ...	1983	6637235
new serogroup of legionella pneumophila, serogroup 8.	a strain of legionella pneumophila (designated concord 3) was isolated from a postmortem lung specimen of a patient with pneumonia. direct fluorescent-antibody and immunoelectrophoresis tests, using absorbed and unabsorbed reagents prepared to this and other strains of legionellae, indicated that the concord 3 strain represents a new serogroup of l. pneumophila, serogroup 8.	1983	6345579
factors influencing the reactivity of legionella antigens in immunofluorescence tests.	we examined several factors for their effects on the serological reactivity of legionella antigens used for direct or indirect fluorescent-antibody tests. these factors included media, methods of killing, strain differences, and the nature of the reactivity with diverse human sera. the maximum serological reactivities were obtained with charcoal-yeast extract agar; the relative antigenicity of cells grown on a chemically defined medium could be fourfold less than those grown on the charcoal-yeas ...	1983	6345580
status of serologic tests for legionella antigen and antibody at the centers for disease control.	nine species and 16 serogroups have been defined for the genus legionella. direct immunofluorescence assay (dfa) results with 12 conjugates in 3 polyvalent pools showed that l. pneumophila serogroup 1 comprised 63% of the legionellae identified in specimens from patients with legionellosis. indirect immunofluorescence assay (ifa) titers of paired sera from patients with suspected legionellosis against multiple legionella antigens showed preferential reactivity for the l. pneumophila antigens. th ...	1983	6314700