| [the clinical picture of legionnaires' disease]. | the results of the clinico-laboratory study of 12 cases of acute pneumonia of legionella etiology are presented. the laboratory diagnosis of legionella infection was carried out by the study of paired sera in the passive hemagglutination test with the use of legionella pneumophila (serotype 1) erythrocyte diagnosticum. the clinical picture of pneumonia was characterized by a severe and moderate course of the disease. characteristic symptoms indicating the presence of indurations and infiltration ... | 1990 | 2151552 |
| interactions of virulent and avirulent legionella pneumophila with human monocytes. | four pairs of virulent/avirulent strains of legionella pneumophila were examined for their adherence/uptake and activation of human monocytes. oxidative metabolic responses of monocytes were quantitated by measuring intracellular hydrogen peroxide generation using flow cytometry and by assessment of superoxide dismutase-inhibitable superoxide anion generation. all l. pneumophila strains induced less of a response than did escherichia coli. within each pair of isolates, virulent strains of l. pne ... | 1990 | 2152938 |
| efficacy of azithromycin in the treatment of guinea pigs infected with legionella pneumophila by aerosol. | azithromycin and erythromycin were compared for efficacy in guinea pigs infected with an aerosol containing legionella pneumophila. when administered intraperitoneally, azithromycin was very effective in the treatment of experimental legionnaires' disease. even at the low dose of 3.6 mg/kg/day it gave 100% survival and eliminated lung infectivity two days following infection. in contrast, erythromycin at a much higher dose (96 mg/kg/day) gave only 83.3% survival and failed to eliminate organisms ... | 1990 | 2154427 |
| [pneumonia in immunocompromised patients: the value of non-biopsy bronchoscopic examination procedures in the diagnosis of pathogens]. | bronchoscopy was performed on 101 immunocompromised patients with fever and pulmonary infiltrates. underlying diseases were mainly hematological malignancies. in 71% of cases, etiology of pneumonia was clarified by nonbioptic bronchoscopic methods (bronchoalveolar lavage, bronchial secretions, protected specimen brush). in 51% of cases, empirical antibiotic treatment was modified following bronchoscopy. in patients with early bronchoscopy a better prognosis regarding healing and survival was obs ... | 1990 | 2160559 |
| the rapid diagnosis of pulmonary infections in solid organ transplant recipients. | a rapid diagnostic team was formed to facilitate the diagnosis of pulmonary infections in solid organ transplant recipients. seventy-seven renal and three liver transplant recipients developed 86 episodes of pneumonitis between 6 and 2,410 days posttransplant (median, 117 days). a diagnosis was established in all but seven patients. more than one diagnosis was established in 25. cytomegalovirus (cmv) occurred in 51 episodes, bacterial pneumonia in 16 episodes, pneumocystis carinii (pcp) in 11 ep ... | 1990 | 2160717 |
| the legionella pneumophila major secretory protein, a protease, is not required for intracellular growth or cell killing. | the legionella pneumophila major secretory protein (msp) is a zn2+ metalloprotease whose function in pathogenesis is unknown. the structural gene for the msp protease, mspa, was isolated from an l. pneumophila genomic library. in escherichia coli which contain plasmids with the mspa gene, msp protein and activity are found in the periplasmic space and the cytoplasm. transposon mutagenesis with tn9 of an mspa-containing plasmid in e. coli yielded mutants which no longer expressed protease activit ... | 1990 | 2164510 |
| a cumulative review of studies on travellers, their experience of illness and the implications of these findings. | a cumulative review of illness experienced by 13,816 travellers returning to scotland since 1977, shows an overall attack rate of 36%. alimentary complaints predominated; 18% of travellers had these alone and a further 10% had other symptoms as well as their gastro-intestinal disorder. higher attack rates were noted in those taking package holidays. inexperience of travel, smoking, more southerly travel and younger age (particularly those between 20- and 29-years-old) were other contributing fac ... | 1990 | 2166766 |
| ingestion of legionella micdadei inhibits human neutrophil function. | legionella micdadei is a human pathogen which survives within leukocytes. to determine how this organism escapes intracellular destruction, we examined its effect on human neutrophil activity. neutrophils were allowed to ingest l. micdadei prior to evaluation of functional activity. compared with control cells which did not ingest organisms, cells ingesting l. micdadei showed significantly depressed production of superoxide anion (24.5 +/- 9.0 nmol/10(6) cells per 15 min versus 6.9 +/- 3.2 nmol/ ... | 1990 | 2169462 |
| inhibition of polymorphonuclear leukocyte function by legionella pneumophila exoproducts. | total exoproducts (relative molecular mass greater than 10,000) from wild-type strains of legionella pneumophila markedly inhibited human polymorphonuclear leukocyte (pmn) superoxide anion generation, at sub-lethal concentrations, in response to four stimuli [1.7, 0, 0.6 and 3.4% of control for zymosan activated particles (zap), phorbol myristate acetate (pma), calcium ionophore (a 23187), and formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fmlp), respectively]. pmn chemotaxis towards fmlp and spontaneou ... | 1990 | 2177516 |
| molecular typing of nosocomial isolates of legionella pneumophila serogroup 3. | in paris, france, an outbreak of pneumonia due to legionella pneumophila serogroup 3 was observed in necker (four cases) and pitié (six cases) hospitals. neither the 10 clinical isolates nor 5 tap water isolates from necker hospital harbored plasmids. clinical and environmental serogroup 3 isolates and serogroup 3 reference strain bloomington 2 were analyzed by chromosomal probe fingerprinting. rrna, 16s and 23s from escherichia coli and a randomly cloned 15-kilobase-pair nucleotide sequence fro ... | 1990 | 2179256 |
| disinfection of water distribution systems for legionella: a review of application procedures and methodologies. | hospital-acquired legionella pneumonia is emerging as a major problem; potable water distribution systems have been shown to be the primary reservoirs for the legionella organisms. as a result, disinfection measures have been developed to eradicate the organism from the hospital water supply. each disinfection modality differs in its design and application such that choosing an appropriate cost-effective control measure requires careful analysis and planning. we assess in comparative fashion the ... | 1990 | 2179401 |
| legionellosis in children: an expanding spectrum. | | 1990 | 2179839 |
| [legionella infections--an underestimated disease group]. | as in other countries, pneumonia due to legionella bacteria occurs in denmark. even so, legionellosis is rarely diagnosed and often late in the course of illness. this may be due both to the variable and nonspecific clinical picture of the infection, and to the fact that currently available diagnostic methods are inadequate in a clinical context. even in severe cases, the prognosis of legionnaires' disease is quite good, if adequate antibiotic therapy is instituted early in the course of illness ... | 1990 | 2183454 |
| [culture and biochemical differentiation of legionella at the microbiologic laboratory]. | informations are given concerning the preparation of media for cultivation of legionella spp. as well as the application of selective methods for primary isolation of them. further more biochemical reactions, which can be used for differentiation of legionellae in the microbiological laboratory are described. | 1990 | 2183498 |
| an evaluation of two indirect fluorescent antibody tests for the diagnosis of legionnaire's disease in south africa. | the specificity and sensitivity of the indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifa) for the diagnosis of legionnaires' disease in south african patients is unknown. heat-treated and formalin-treated antigen preparations from 456 normal blood transfusion donors and from 34 confirmed patients with the disease (3 culture-positive cases and 31 cases of seroconversion) were assessed. tests using both antigens showed a relatively high degree of positivity at low titres in normal individuals with an age-re ... | 1990 | 2184528 |
| relationship between free amoeba and legionella: studies in vitro and in vivo. | in 1980, robowtham demonstrated that legionella multiplies in free amoeba cytoplasm and hypothesized that the amoeba could act as a reservoir of virulent bacteria. in this paper we report various aspects of the relationship between amoeba and legionella. a liquid medium co-culture method was applied to acanthamoeba sp. and legionella pneumophila serogroup 1. within 4 days, legionella growth increased by 2 log s cfu/ml. using a direct immunofluorescence assay and electron microscopy, legionella w ... | 1990 | 2184818 |
| evaluation of the microplate hybridization method for rapid identification of legionella species. | rapid genetic identification of 23 legionella species was performed using microdilution plate hybridization. when an isolate appeared to be a strain of the legionella species, its dna was quickly extracted, labelled with photobiotin and distributed to microdilution wells where 23 different dnas had previously been immobilized. after hybridization for 90 min at 45 degrees c, the microdilution well which emitted the maximum fluorescence was determined. the criterion for interpreting results of thi ... | 1990 | 2186913 |
| bacterial pneumonia in solid organ transplantation. | approximately 4% of recipients of solid organ transplants in the united states develop bacterial pneumonia in the posttransplant period, often in the first 3 months following transplantation. the incidence of bacterial pneumonia is highest in recipients of heartlung (22%) and liver transplants (17%), intermediate in recipients of heart transplants (5%), and lowest in renal transplant patients (1 to 2%). the crude mortality of bacterial pneumonia in solid organ transplantation has exceeded 40% in ... | 1990 | 2188317 |
| legionella infection in transplant patients. | since the discovery of legionella pneumophila in the late 1970s, this organism and other legionella sp have been an important cause of pneumonia in solid organ transplant recipients. legionella sp are obligate aerobes that require a source of amino acids, iron, and l-cystine. growth is enhanced in a 5% co2 atmosphere at 37 degrees c in the presence of charcoal. legionella sp reside in water supplies and hospital outbreaks associated with contaminated water have been described. transplant recipie ... | 1990 | 2188318 |
| [the conjugational transfer of plasmids to legionella strains]. | in experiments on conjugation the transfer of a number of r-plasmids having a wide range of hosts, such as plasmids rp1, r68.45, rp4, n3, rk2, s-a, those having a narrow range of hosts, such as plasmid r64, to strains of different legionella species was shown. the frequency of transfer varied from 3.1 x 10(-3) to 9.4 x 10(-7). the fact that the conjugation transfer was confirmed by the reverse transfer of plasmids from legionella transconjugates to escherichia coli strain k12, as well as by the ... | 1990 | 2188466 |
| a field study of the survival of legionella pneumophila in a hospital hot-water system. | the colonization, survival and control of legionella pneumophila in a hospital hot-water system was examined. the organism was consistently isolated from calorifier drain-water samples at temperatures of 50 degrees c or below, despite previous chlorination of the system. when the temperature of one of two linked calorifiers was raised to 60 degrees c, by closing off the cold-water feed, the legionella count decreased from c. 10(4) c.f.u./l to an undetectable level. however, 10 min after turning ... | 1990 | 2189741 |
| use of dna probes for the diagnosis of infections caused by mycoplasma pneumoniae and legionellae--a review. | specific dna probes have been made for both m. pneumoniae and legionella species. dot blot methods have been used in research laboratories to test culture isolates of both organisms, and also to test animal tissues with a l. pneumophila-specific probe. commercial kits are also available for direct specimen testing for these two organisms. the commercial kits are made by a single manufacturer, gen-probe, inc. (san diego, ca), and use a novel in-solution rapid hybridization assay, using 125i-label ... | 1990 | 2191545 |
| [serodiagnosis of legionnaires' disease]. | | 1990 | 2192139 |
| epidemiology, prevention and control of legionellosis: memorandum from a who meeting. | this memorandum describes the following aspects of legionellosis: clinical presentations of legionella infection, general epidemiology (including nosocomial outbreaks and travel-associated legionnaires' disease), surveillance and reporting of cases, the organism and its environment, and measures for prevention and control. these topics were discussed by experts at a meeting in geneva on 27-29 november 1989. this article also includes their conclusions and recommendations for research in critical ... | 1990 | 2194686 |
| [the transformation of legionellae by plasmid dna]. | for the first time the possibility of the genetic transformation of l. pneumophila and l. bozemanii strains with the use of purified dna of plasmids puc19, puc4k, psc101 and rsf1010-pbr322 was shown. the frequency of transformation varied from 5.2 x 10(-6) to 5.8 x 10(-7), depending on the strain used in the experiment and plasmid dna. in some of the transformants obtained in this investigation plasmid dna whose molecular weight was similar to that of the plasmid dna used for transformation was ... | 1990 | 2195809 |
| prognosis of patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia. | our purpose was to determine which clinical features predict short-term mortality in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. | 1990 | 2195886 |
| inactivation of legionella pneumophila by monochloramine. | chloramination which is used in south australia to control the growth of naegleria fowleri, was investigated to see if it would also control that of legionella pneumophila. it was found that l. pneumophila was more sensitive than escherichia coli to monochloramine. at 1.0 mg/l, a 99% kill of l. pneumophila was achieved in 15 min compared with 37 min for a 99% kill of e. coli. combined with the stability of monochloramine, even at elevated temperatures, the results suggest that this disinfectant ... | 1990 | 2196255 |
| survival of legionella pneumophila within cysts of acanthamoeba polyphaga following chlorine exposure. | the association between legionella pneumophila and the free-living amoeba acanthamoeba polyphaga was studied. intracellular growth of l. pneumophila within amoebic trophozoite was confirmed by kinetic growth experiments, light and electron microscopy. cysts produced from infected trophozoites were found to protect the legionellas from at least 50 mg/l free chlorine. the ability of l. pneumophila to survive within the cysts of a. polyphaga is suggested as a possible mechanism by which the organis ... | 1990 | 2196257 |
| merifluor-legionella cross-reactivity. | | 1990 | 2199530 |
| microbiological investigations into an outbreak of pontiac fever due to legionella micdadei associated with use of a whirlpool. | in the investigation of a large outbreak of non-pneumonic legionellosis at a leisure complex in lochgoilhead, scotland all direct cultures of environmental samples were initially negative for legionellae. legionellae readily infect appropriate protozoa under suitable conditions, and following immunofluorescence to select specimens for special study, legionella micdadei was isolated from whirlpool water via co-cultivation with acanthamoeba polyphaga. l micdadei was also isolated, along with host ... | 1990 | 2199533 |
| an immunoprotective molecule, the major secretory protein of legionella pneumophila, is not a virulence factor in a guinea pig model of legionnaires' disease. | we have examined whether a molecule that is capable of inducing immune protection, the major secretory protein (msp) of legionella pneumophila, is required for virulence in a guinea pig model of legionnaires' disease. to do so, we have compared the virulence in guinea pigs of an isogenic pair of l. pneumophila, philadelphia 1 strain, one of which produces msp (msp+) and one of which does not (msp-). both the msp- strain and the msp+ strain of l. pneumophila are highly virulent for guinea pigs, i ... | 1990 | 2203824 |
| legionella pneumophila htpab heat shock operon: nucleotide sequence and expression of the 60-kilodalton antigen in l. pneumophila-infected hela cells. | a 60-kilodalton (kda) immunodominant antigen of legionella pneumophila is a heat shock protein (hsp) of the groel class of hsps. the gene (htpb) coding the 60-kda protein was localized to a 3.2-kilobase dna fragment of l. pneumophila cloned into puc19 (psh16) (p. s. hoffman, c. a. butler, and f. d. quinn, infect. immun. 57:1731-1739, 1989). the nucleotide sequence of the dna fragment cloned into m13 confirmed two open reading frames, htpa and htpb, that code for proteins of 96 and 548 amino acid ... | 1990 | 2205580 |
| new and emerging etiologies for community-acquired pneumonia with implications for therapy. a prospective multicenter study of 359 cases. | three hundred fifty-nine consecutive patients with community-acquired pneumonia admitted to university, community, and va hospitals underwent a standardized evaluation, including specialized tests for legionella spp. and chlamydia pneumoniae (twar). the most common underlying illnesses were immunosuppression (36.3%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (32.4%), and malignancy (28.4%). the most frequent etiologic agents were streptococcus pneumoniae (15.3%) and hemophilus influenzae (10.9%). su ... | 1990 | 2205784 |
| [bronchoscopic diagnosis of pneumonia with quantitative microbial count determination]. | micro-organism counts of bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) and microbrush swabs were obtained from 40 immunocompetent (group a) and 23 immunosuppressed (group b) patients with nosocomial pneumonia, and a control group consisting of 40 patients with noninfectious pulmonary infiltrates. the sensitivity of bal was high: 77.5% for group a and 85% for group b, while microbrush swabs gave many false-negative results. microorganism counts were at or above 10(5) cfu/ml in 32 of 44 examinations (bacterial or ... | 1990 | 2209428 |
| the effects of single and combined antibiotics on the growth of legionella pneumophila using time-kill studies. | the combinations of erythromycin with rifampicin, with ciprofloxacin or with amoxycillin, and ciprofloxacin plus rifampicin were tested by the time-kill curve method to assess their bactericidal activity against legionella pneumophila. rifampicin-resistant strains were found in broth cultures of the micro-organism even before exposure to the drug. in the presence of mbcs of rifampicin, the sensitive organisms were killed, allowing the resistant mutants to multiply. in broths containing both eryt ... | 1990 | 2211446 |
| [clinical and bacteriological studies in four cases of pulmonary infection caused by protomonas extorquens]. | a novel bacterium, protomonas extorquens was isolated from sputum, pleural effusion and ascitis in four cases of pulmonary infection by buffered charcoal yeast extract agar (b-cye) which was generally used for legionella spp. three cases were so-called immunocompromised hosts (2 malignant diseases, 1 renal failure), and they died from underlying diseases. protomonas extorquens was newly named by komagata in 1984, which was characterized by production of pink pigment, growth in methanol medium an ... | 1990 | 2212763 |
| complement component c3 fixes selectively to the major outer membrane protein (momp) of legionella pneumophila and mediates phagocytosis of liposome-momp complexes by human monocytes. | legionella pneumophila is a facultative intracellular bacterial pathogen that parasitizes human monocytes and alveolar macrophages. previous studies from this laboratory have shown that monocyte complement receptors cr1 and cr3 and complement component c3 in serum mediate l. pneumophila phagocytosis. in this study, we have explored c3 fixation to l. pneumophila. we developed a whole-cell enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) to measure c3 fixation to the bacterial surface. by this assay, c3 ... | 1990 | 2212949 |
| [second serogroup of legionella pneumophila isolated from a patient with fulminant pneumonia]. | a 67-year-old female was admitted to our hospital, because of high fever and dry cough. she had undergone semiradical hysterectomy and radiation therapy for carcinoma of the uterine cervix one year previously. her chest roentgenograms on admission showed lobar consolidation of the left upper lobe. antibiotics were administered but her general condition and pulmonary consolidation did not improve. as legionellosis was highly suspected, we performed bronchoscopic examinations. bronchial mucosa was ... | 1990 | 2214393 |
| prevalence of igm antibodies to nine legionella species in icelandic children. | in order to evaluate the prevalence of antibodies to legionella species among children in iceland, a prospective study was conducted in 424 children aged 1 month to 12 years, 28 of whom had an acute respiratory tract infection. antibody titers to l. pneumophila serogroup 1-6, l. bozemanii, l. dumoffii, and l. micdadei were measured by microagglutination technique. seroreactivity to legionella spp. was found in 30% of the children greater than 3 years of age and in 22% of all children. the majori ... | 1990 | 2218407 |
| [the immunological properties of the main outer membrane protein of legionella]. | the immunogenic properties of legionella outer membrane main protein (ommp) were studied by its effect on the proliferative activity of lymphocytes in guinea pigs. preliminary immunization with ommp activated only the specific and nonspecific proliferation of spleen cells. after infection with legionella, secondary immune response developed in the spleen and lungs of previously immunized animals, in contrast to intact ones, and the nonspecific proliferative activity of lymphocytes in the spleen ... | 1990 | 2220227 |
| hemolysin as a marker for serratia. | all serratia marcescens strains (total of 33) of different sources were hemolytic including clinical strains previously classified as being nonhemolytic. dna fragments of the two hemolysin genes hybridized with the chromosomal dna of s. marcescens, s. liquefaciens, s. kiliensis, s. grimesii, s. proteamaculans, s. plymutica, s. rubridaea which were also hemolytic. the restriction pattern of the hemolysin locus differed in each strain. s. ficaria and s. marinorubra expressed a different hemolysin ... | 1990 | 2222120 |
| apparent relapse of legionella pneumonia. | | 1990 | 2223533 |
| identification and characterization of a zinc metalloprotease associated with invasion by the fish pathogen vibrio anguillarum. | an invasiveness-defective mutant of the fish-pathogenic bacterium vibrio anguillarum was isolated. compared with the wild type, this mutant had a 1,000-fold higher 50% lethal dose after immersion infection of rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, while after intraperitoneal infection, the mutant had only a 10-fold higher 50% lethal dose. in addition, the mutant showed a lower level of protease activity. two forms of the protease (pa and pb) were found after sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide ge ... | 1990 | 2228244 |
| use of latex agglutination technique for detecting legionella pneumophila (serogroup 1) antibodies. | following the outbreak of legionnaires' disease in stafford in 1985, 500 serum samples were submitted to the indirect immunofluorescence antibody test and a latex agglutination. latex agglutination using ultrasonically disrupted legionella pneumophila antigens coupled to latex particles, proved a rapid, simple method for detecting circulating antibodies to l pneumophila in a one minute slide latex agglutination test. there was good correlation with the indirect immunofluorescence antibody test ( ... | 1990 | 2229435 |
| prevalence and diagnosis of legionella pneumonia: a 3-year prospective study with emphasis on application of urinary antigen detection. | during a 3-year period the frequency of legionellosis in hospitalized patients with community-acquired and nosocomial pneumonias was 3.4% (23/684 cases) and 5.9% (33/559), respectively. of the diagnostic tests evaluated, detection of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 antigen in urine had the highest sensitivity, with 86% of culture-proven cases being positive. sensitivities of serologic tests and examination of respiratory secretions (culture and direct immunofluorescence) were 36% and 26%, res ... | 1990 | 2230263 |
| phagocytosis of legionella pneumophila. | | 1990 | 2231679 |
| air sampling for legionella. | | 1990 | 2232037 |
| [an epidemic of legionellosis at a hotel at the makarska seashore]. | the paper describes the epidemic of legionellosis that occurred among guests and employees of a hotel at the makarska littoral in may 1988. according to the so far reported data in the medical literature that was the third epidemic in our country and all three of them occurred in the dalmatian touristic area. in this epidemic, nine foreign tourists were registered ill with the clinical picture of legionnaires' disease. five patients required hospitalization. the disease could be serologically pr ... | 1990 | 2233111 |
| a newly recognized fastidious gram-negative pathogen as a cause of fever and bacteremia. | we identified a motile, curved, gram-negative bacillus as the cause of persistent fever and bacteremia in two patients with symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection. the same organism was subsequently recovered from a bone marrow-transplant recipient with septicemia and from two immunocompetent persons with week-long febrile illnesses. all the patients recovered after antimicrobial therapy. | 1990 | 2233947 |
| [the new aspect of pneumonia in an area of the middle adriatic]. | the present work reports the findings of a ten-year, research, the aim of which is to outline current views of pneumonia in a zone of the middle adriatic (usl 17-regione marche). the study confirmed, in its entirety, a lesser aggressiveness and loss of the "seasonal feature" of today's pneumonias. the high incidence of atypical pneumonia (ap) due to viral-like microorganisms (mycoplasma, chlamydia, coxiella, legionella) and an even higher one of unknown etiology is reported. after having analyse ... | 1990 | 2236821 |
| pneumonia due to legionella micdadei in bone marrow transplant recipients. | legionella micdadei has previously been described as a cause of nosocomial pneumonia, particularly in kidney transplant recipients. cell-mediated immunity is the principal host defense against this pathogen. a common clinical scenario in the immunocompromised host is that of septic pulmonary embolus, but asymptomatic infections have also been reported. the organism is weakly acid-fast in clinical specimens but loses this property when grown on solid media. we report two cases of l. micdadei pneu ... | 1990 | 2237125 |
| legionellosis and "torsades de pointes". | myocarditis, pericarditis and endocarditis are rare manifestations of legionella pneumophila infection. we describe a case of myocarditis complicated with a potentially fatal arrhythmia: "torsades de pointes". | 1990 | 2239031 |
| [a case of legionnaires' disease, the first case in hokkaido prefecture--an experience of isolation of legionella pneumophila and identification by indirect immunofluorescence antibody method]. | although 18 cases of legionnaires' disease have been reported in japan, these have included none from the northern areas of japan. the first confirmed case of legionnaires' disease in hokkaido district, a northern island of japan, is reported. a 48 year-old male was admitted for fulminant pneumonia, and died the next day. legionella pneumophila, serogroup 1, was cultured and determined from the sputum and lung tissue obtained at autopsy. postmortem examination by means of the indirect immunofluo ... | 1990 | 2243186 |
| [the immunologic properties of legionella cytolysin]. | immunogenic properties of cytolysin were studied in experiments on guinea pigs. preliminary immunization with cytolysin led to the suppression of response to cona in lymphocytes not adhering to nylon wool and to the stimulation of response to legionella antigens in lymphocytes adhering to nylon wool. for a month after infection with l. pneumophila the suppression of the proliferative activity of lymphocytes in the spleen of the immunized animals in response to cona and legionella antigens was ob ... | 1990 | 2256406 |
| comparison of the activity of three antibiotic regimens in severe legionnaires' disease. | comparison of the activity of different antibiotic regimens in legionnaire's disease has never been made because of the rarity of well documented cases of that disease. we have retrospectively compared severe cases of legionnaires' disease treated with pefloxacin alone or in combination with erythromycin and/or rifampicin using computer-matched cases treated either with erythromycin or with erythromycin in combination with rifampicin. this study suggests that: (1) combined therapy including eryt ... | 1990 | 2258340 |
| effect of pefloxacin on microorganism: host cell interaction. | recent evidence indicates that certain antibiotics affect bacterial adherence and phagocyte-micro-organism interactions. these interactions are important in the early stages of bacterial pathogenesis, that is, attachment to mucosal surfaces and invasion. among the antibiotics of interest in this field are the fluoroquinolones. sub-mics of pefloxacin can alter the ability of gram-positive cocci (staphylococcus aureus, enterococcus faecalis) and gram-negative bacilli (escherichia coli) to adhere t ... | 1990 | 2258345 |
| cellular uptake, localization and activity of fluoroquinolones in uninfected and infected macrophages. | pefloxacin, like other fluoroquinolones, accumulates in macrophages and several other types of nucleated cells (but not in erythrocytes). upon fractionation of macrophage homogenates by isopycnic centrifugation in sucrose gradients, fluoroquinolones are not found associated with any specific cellular structure. we have compared the activities of pefloxacin and roxithromycin against intracellular staphylococcus aureus in mouse j774 macrophages. pefloxacin was significantly more active for equival ... | 1990 | 2258352 |
| epidemiology of free-living ameba infections. | small free-living amebas belonging to the genera acanthamoeba and naegleria occur world-wide. they have been isolated from a variety of habitats including fresh water, thermal discharges of power plants, soil, sewage and also from the nose and throats of patients with respiratory illness as well as healthy persons. although the true incidence of human infections with these amebas is not known, it is believed that as many as 200 cases of central nervous system infections due to these amebas have ... | 1990 | 2258827 |
| [a preliminary investigation of an outbreak of legionnaires' disease caused by legionella micdadei at a building-site in the rural area of beijing]. | during the period from december 1989 to january 1990, an outbreak of upper respiratory infection (influenza-like syndrome) took place in the workers of a building-site in a rural area of beijing. an epidemiological investigation and bacteriological examination were carried out in this area. the results showed that it was an outbreak of legionnaires' disease caused by legionella micdadei (lm). the incidence was 26.67% (24/90). this was the first report on lm infection in china. | 1990 | 2261615 |
| [an epidemiological investigation of an outbreak of legionnaires' disease in a college in tang shan]. | an outbreak of legionnaires' disease (ld) in a college in tang shan in the winter of 1987 was reported. indirect fluorescent assay (ifa) for the antibodies against legionella pneumophila (lp) serogroups i, vi and viii was carried out in 52 students and 6 teachers. it was found that the antibody titer of lp vi greater than or equal to 1:256 was in 12 students. the clinical figures of these patients were classified into three types: pneumonia 3, fever 9 and asymptomatic 1. it was postulated that t ... | 1990 | 2261616 |
| [advances in the disinfection of water distribution systems for legionella]. | | 1990 | 2261622 |
| [encephalitis in legionella bozemanii pneumonia]. | a 44-year-old man, a known alcoholic and heavy smoker, was hospitalized with high fever and respiratory failure which a few hours later required intubation and artificial ventilation, although the chest x-ray had been unremarkable. later serial chest x-ray films showed intrapulmonary infiltrations, while legionella bozemanii was demonstrated by direct immunofluorescence. cranial computed tomography was unremarkable, despite the onset of tetraparesis and a severe midbrain syndrome. cerebrospinal ... | 1990 | 2261861 |
| [asymptomatic infection of legionella pneumophila in four cases with pulmonary diseases]. | in view of the wide-spread existence of legionellae in cooling-tower and other environmental water, asymptomatic infection of this organism could occur. in order to verify the possibility of colonization of legionellae at lower respiratory tract of patients with various pulmonary diseases, a total of 22,036 sputum samples from in- and out-patients at national sanyoso hospital were examined during a five-year period from september, 1984 to august, 1989. four (0.073%) out of 5,502 cases were cultu ... | 1990 | 2266581 |
| [legionellosis]. | although increasing attention is being given to legionella pneumonia in japan, reports of solitary onset of this disease are scant in japan. the patient, from whom l. dumoffii was isolated, was a 59-year-old male with no underlying disease. he visited our hospital because of fever and cough, and was admitted to our department for x-ray findings consistent with pneumonia. after admission, pulmonary lesions spread rapidly, and based on the suspicion of legionella pneumonia, drugs such as em, rfp a ... | 1990 | 2273566 |
| [legionella infections diagnosed among hospitalized patients in västmanland]. | | 1990 | 2273924 |
| failure of a diagnostic monoclonal immunofluorescent reagent to detect legionella pneumophila in environmental samples. | three commercial diagnostic fluorescein-labeled antibodies, one monoclonal and two polyclonal, were compared to evaluate their abilities to detect legionella pneumophila in environmental samples. the monoclonal conjugate failed to detect l. pneumophila in the 12 environmental samples studied by direct immunofluorescence. in contrast, the two polyclonal conjugates detected l. pneumophila in all 12 samples by both direct and indirect immunofluorescence. however, isolates recovered by culture from ... | 1990 | 2275536 |
| [clinical picture and treatment of legionella pneumonia in children]. | data on the clinical and laboratory study involving 150 children with the verified diagnosis of pneumonia observed as inpatients within a period from 1984 to 1988 are presented. to elucidate the pneumonia etiology, blood sera to the causative agents of influenza and parainfluenza, adenovirus, rs virus, mycoplasma pneumoniae and legionella pneumophila were assayed. an increase in the number of neutralizing antibodies to l. pneumophila was observed in 17.3 per cent of the patients. the majority of ... | 1990 | 2275589 |
| detection of hippurate hydrolysis by legionella spp. by using a rapid high-performance liquid chromatography method. | a rapid high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed to determine hippurate hydrolysis by legionella spp. benzoic acid, an end product of enzymatic activity, was directly detected by high-performance liquid chromatography after 1 and 24 h of incubation in 1% sodium hippurate. because of its sensitivity, this procedure offers more precise identification of some legionella spp. | 1990 | 2280019 |
| multiplex pcr amplification and immobilized capture probes for detection of bacterial pathogens and indicators in water. | detection of pathogens (legionella species) and indicator bacteria (coliform bacteria) was achieved by multiplex (simultaneous) pcr amplification of diagnostic gene sequences and by hybridization to immobilized poly-dt-tailed capture probes using a dot- or slot-blot approach. complex manipulations of primer concentrations and staggered additions of primers were required in order to achieve equal amplification of multiple genes. multiplex pcr amplification of two different legionella genes, one s ... | 1990 | 2280781 |
| comparative postantibacterial activities of pefloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and ofloxacin against intracellular multiplication of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1. | the inhibitory and postantibacterial activities of pefloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and ofloxacin against virulent legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 were evaluated in cell-free and cellular models. in the absence of macrophages (with the tissue culture medium alone), bacterial numbers remained unchanged at 24 h in the presence of 0.1 microgram of pefloxacin, ciprofloxacin, or ofloxacin per ml and 1.0 microgram of pefloxacin per ml, whereas they were reduced in the presence of 1.0 microgram of ciprofl ... | 1990 | 2285286 |
| distribution of legionella longbeachae serogroup 1 and other legionellae in potting soils in australia. | legionella longbeachae serogroup 1 and other legionella spp. were isolated from 73% of 45 potting soils made in australia by 13 manufacturers but were not detected in 19 potting soils made in greece, switzerland, and the united kingdom examined between march 1989 and may 1990. several legionella species were isolated from a small number of samples of uncomposted pine sawdusts, but it is not known whether sawdust was the source of some of the legionellae found in potting soils. legionella spp. pe ... | 1990 | 2285311 |
| efficacy of intravenous ofloxacin: a french multicentre trial in 185 patients. | the efficacy of intravenous ofloxacin therapy (200 mg 12-hourly) followed, when appropriate, by oral administration of the same dose was evaluated in an open multicentre trial involving 185 patients in 31 french hospitals. dosage adjustment was made for patients in renal failure. infection was hospital-acquired in 35 cases, 53 patients required admission to an intensive care unit. the infections comprised septicaemia (n = 56), pneumonia (n = 18), bronchitis (n = 10), urinary tract (n = 78), fema ... | 1990 | 2286586 |
| ofloxacin concentrations in tissues involved in respiratory tract infections. | the literature on the penetration of ofloxacin from blood to respiratory tissue and secretions in patients is reviewed. in patients with acute purulent exacerbations of chronic bronchitis ofloxacin has a cmax value in sputum of 2.7 mg/l after a 400 mg oral dose, 6.1 mg/l after 600 mg and 6.3 mg/l after 800 mg. penetration from blood to sputum varied from 80 to 100%. the concentration of ofloxacin in bronchial aspirate, 1 to 6 h after a single oral dose of 400 mg, varied between 1.1 and 4.5 mg/l. ... | 1990 | 2286591 |
| [enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for legionella pneumophila using 60-kda protein antigen]. | the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) has been evaluated for the detection of antibodies against legionella pneumophila. three-grade antigens were prepared from legionella pneumophila serogroup i. crude antigen was made by enzyme digestion, sonication and centrifugation and then became half pure by ammonium sulfate precipitation. it was purified to form 60-kda protein antigen by size-exclusion chromatography on a sephacryl s400 column and ion-exchanged chromatography on a deae-5pw column ... | 1990 | 2286787 |
| [bacteriologic studies of frequently used swimming and whirl pool water]. | | 1990 | 2291095 |
| the effect of antibiotics that inhibit cell-wall, protein, and dna synthesis on the growth and morphology of legionella pneumophila. | the response of legionella pneumophila to antibiotics that inhibit cell-wall, protein and dna synthesis was examined by electronmicroscopy, mic estimations and viable counts. ampicillin, cefotaxime, methicillin, erythromycin, rifampicin and ciprofloxacin, each used separately at 20 times their respective mic values, showed activity against l. pneumophila in these studies. the inhibitors of cell-wall synthesis--ampicillin, cefotaxime and methicillin--effected the greatest bactericidal activity an ... | 1990 | 2296040 |
| use of bronchoalveolar lavage to diagnose bacterial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients. | we studied the efficacy and safety of bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) in mechanically ventilated patients. seventy-seven patients, 60 of whom underwent bal, were analyzed. of the patients undergoing bal, 30 had clinical pneumonia, 24 had a diagnosis other than pneumonia by clinical criteria or autopsy, and six could not be classified but clinically improved without changing their antibiotic therapy. of the 30 pneumonia patients, 18 had bacterial cultures felt to be diagnostic of b ... | 1990 | 2298009 |
| pulmonary legionella tucsonensis infection. | | 1990 | 2298876 |
| legionella antibodies in human and animal populations in kenya. | using a microagglutination method, domestic and wild animal sera, together with human patient and healthy blood donor sera, have been analysed for titres against various legionella species, comprising fourteen different serogroups. generally, the level of moderately elevated titres, i.e. greater than or equal to 64, was low for all the aforementioned serum groups. within the domesticated animals, cattle, pigs and dogs presented a much lower prevalence in kenya than found elsewhere, whereas it wa ... | 1990 | 2302340 |
| incidence of legionella pneumophila infections among oklahoma pulmonary disease patients. | prior studies by the authors suggested high levels of legionella pneumophila in the recreational and water supply reservoirs in central oklahoma. this high exposure potential was supported by a relatively high prevalence of seropositive, asymptomatic infections among healthy blood donors in the area. in contrast, the present 9-month laboratory-based study confirmed only one clinical legionella infection among 117 unidentified pulmonary disease patients admitted to the oklahoma city veterans admi ... | 1990 | 2304095 |
| legionella infection in ulcerative colitis. | | 1990 | 2311872 |
| legionella longbeachae pneumonia in a patient splenectomized for hairy-cell leukemia. | a 63-year-old man was admitted to the respiratory intensive care unit for pneumonia. fifteen years earlier, hairy cell leukemia had been diagnosed and the patient underwent splenectomy. a clinical suspicion of legionellosis, later confirmed by both serology and isolation of the microorganism, prompted initiation of high dose erythromycin intravenously. the patient steadily deteriorated and passed away eight days later. this is the first reported case of hairy cell leukemia in which the diagnosis ... | 1990 | 2312174 |
| reevaluation of the cellular fatty acid composition of legionella micdadei bari 2/158. | the cellular fatty acid composition of legionella micdadei bari 2/158 was reevaluated because of its purported differences from other l. micdadei strains and its similarity to l. bozemanii. we found the fatty acid content of this strain to be consistent with that of 11 other strains of l. micdadei, including the presence of an anteiso branched-chain, monounsaturated, 17-carbon acid (ca17:1) which is characteristic of this species. the double-bond position of ca17:1 was established at the omega 7 ... | 1990 | 2312686 |
| legionella longbeachae. | | 1990 | 2316439 |
| a rural outbreak of legionnaires' disease linked to visiting a retail store. | between may 7 and june 7, 1986, 27 residents of a rural county in maryland developed legionellosis, and two died. legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 was cultured from the sputum of two patients and identified in lung tissue of a third patient by direct fluorescent antibody staining. an additional 11 patients had four-fold rises in antibody titer to l. pneumophila, and 13 had single titers greater than or equal to 1:256. to determine risk factors for disease, we performed a case-control study. tw ... | 1990 | 2316763 |
| problems associated with identification of legionella species from the environment and isolation of six possible new species. | following investigation of an outbreak of legionellosis in south australia, numerous legionella-like organisms were isolated from water samples. because of the limited number of commercially available direct fluorescent-antibody reagents and the cross-reactions found with some reagents, non-pneumophila legionellae proved to be difficult to identify and these isolates were stored at -70 degrees c for later study. latex agglutination reagents for legionella pneumophila and legionella anisa develop ... | 1990 | 2317047 |
| legionella infection mimicking herpes encephalitis. | | 1990 | 2318058 |
| legionella in dublin hospital water supplies. | an environmental survey was carried out which consisted of periodic and random sampling of water tanks and showers in two large dublin hospitals. of the samples 5.3% yielded legionella bacteria. legionella pneumophila of serogroups 3, 5 and 6 were isolated from these sites with viable counts ranging from 3.0 x 10(2) - 2.5 x 10(3) c.f.u./litre. the implementation of periodic sampling may, however, not be a worthwhile exercise unless an environmental site has been associated with cases of legionel ... | 1990 | 2318604 |
| [fever, dyspnea]. | a 52-year-old female complained about non-distinct symptoms such as fatigue, night sweats and bone pain. because of a febrile bronchitis, chest x-ray was performed, which disclosed enlarged hilar nodes and intestinal and acinar pulmonary infiltrates. endobronchial biopsy and cultures from bronchial aspirate permitted to diagnose infection by legionella concomitant with sarcoidosis. after antibiotic treatment for legionellosis over four weeks, immunosuppressive therapy for sarcoidosis was initiat ... | 1990 | 2320808 |
| [nosocomial legionnaires' disease in children. preventive measures]. | two immunocompromised children, aged 3 years and 1 1/2 month, developed an hospital-acquired legionnaire's disease. in one case, legionella pneumophila serotype 1 was identified by culture in pleural fluid; lp1 was isolated in all the warm water samples in the hospital. clinical, epidemiological data and laboratory findings are discussed. | 1990 | 2322078 |
| two outbreaks of legionnaires' disease in bolton health district. | in 1988, there were two outbreaks of legionellosis in bolton health district. altogether 37 cases of legionnaires' disease and 23 cases of non-pneumonic legionellosis were identified. twenty-five patients with legionnaires' disease were associated with an engineering plant, 4 with bolton town centre, and 8 with both the plant and town centre. twenty-two people with non-pneumonic legionellosis were linked with the engineering plant and one with the plant and the town centre. a case-control study ... | 1990 | 2323354 |
| chemotaxonomic differentiation of legionellae by detection and characterization of aminodideoxyhexoses and other unique sugars using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. | legionellae have been differentiated previously by analyzing their carbohydrate contents by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. in the present study, total ion mode gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (gc-ms) was used to detect a number of unusual sugars, including one that is structurally related to o-methyldideoxyheptoses. increased sensitivity and selectivity for carbohydrate detection was achieved by selected ion-monitoring gc-ms. two of the uncommon sugars previously discov ... | 1990 | 2324276 |
| increased recovery of legionella micdadei and legionella bozemanii on buffered charcoal yeast extract agar supplemented with albumin. | the recovery of legionella micdadei and l. bozemanii serogroups 1 and 2 from infected guinea pig spleens was evaluated by using two culture media: buffered charcoal yeast extract agar with 0.1% alpha-ketoglutarate (bcye alpha) and the same medium supplemented with 1% bovine serum albumin (abcye alpha). at the lowest dilution of spleen tissue (10(-1)), recovery of all strains of l. micdadei and l. bozemanii was more efficient on abcye alpha than on bcye alpha. l. micdadei strains had higher recov ... | 1990 | 2324282 |
| [legionella infections. diagnostic and therapeutic problems at intensive care units]. | legionnaires' disease may pose great diagnostic problems in an intensive care setting. the serological diagnosis is often considerably delayed, and, on account of the invasive therapeutic and monitoring procedures employed, the risk of diagnostic errors caused by bacterial contamination (or of genuine superinfection) is high. therefore, specific antibiotic treatment, instituted on the clinical suspicion of severe legionellosis, should only be discontinued on definite indications (such as severe ... | 1990 | 2327036 |
| [aspects of hospital hygiene in legionella infections]. | legionella inevitably are imported from natural reservoirs into drinking-water supplies. bacterial growth predominantly occurs at water temperatures between 40 degrees c und 50 degrees c (104 degrees f and 122 degrees f). heat conduction to insufficiently insulated cold water tubes implies the possibility of increased contamination also there. problems with contamination arise in parts of the water supplies with stagnant warm water. therefore, reservoirs should be descaled regularly. in general, ... | 1990 | 2327122 |
| modulation of interleukin 1 production by endotoxin, pertussis toxin, and indomethacin. | | 1990 | 2327295 |
| legionella lung cavitation. | pneumonia due to legionella has been identified in a small percentage of patients suffering from acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids), with and without coexisting pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. on chest radiographs legionella typically produces focal parenchymal opacities and confluent lobar consolidation. the authors describe a case of cavitating legionella pneumonia, which occurred in a 38-year-old man who had aids. the main differential diagnoses are an unusual presentation of p. carin ... | 1990 | 2328418 |
| [the use of a molecular dna probe based on the cloned cytolysin gene for the identification of legionella]. | a molecular dna probe has been obtained on the basis of recombinant plasmid pnig carrying the legionella cytolysin gene. the use of this probe for the identification of different legionella species and other microorganisms has shown that it may serve as the species-specific marker of l. pneumophila. the probe has been used for the identification of new legionella-like strains isolated from the environment. | 1990 | 2330775 |
| characterization of a major 31-kilodalton peptidoglycan-bound protein of legionella pneumophila. | a 31-kilodalton (kda) protein was solubilized from the peptidoglycan (pg) fraction of legionella pneumophila after treatment with either n-acetylmuramidase from the fungus chalaropsis sp. or with mutanolysin from streptomyces globisporus. the protein exhibited a ladderlike banding pattern by autoradiography when radiolabeled [( 35s]cysteine or [35s]methionine) pg material was extensively treated with hen lysozyme. the banding patterns ranging between 31 and 45 kda and between 55 and 60 kda resol ... | 1990 | 2332403 |
| [the present situation of legionnaires' disease in japan and countermeasures]. | | 1990 | 2332680 |