| legionellosis. | legionella is a common cause of community- and hospital-acquired pneumonia. new information on the pathogenesis of infection and the host immune response is reviewed. specialized laboratory tests, especially culture, are necessary for diagnosis since the clinical presentation is nonspecific. new antimicrobial agents and innovative approaches to disinfection of water distribution systems are presented. | 1991 | 1955700 |
| temperature-dependent expression of flagella in legionella. | legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of legionnaires' disease, was analysed by electron microscopy for production of surface structures. crystalline surface (s-) layers and fimbriae were not detected, but monotrichous flagellation was seen. polyclonal antibodies specific for the 47 kda flagellin subunit of l. pneumophila philadelphia i were used in western blots to confirm the presence of flagella subunits in various l. pneumophila strains tested, but the antiserum also reacted with flage ... | 1991 | 1955873 |
| the intracellular multiplication of legionella pneumophila in protozoa from hospital plumbing systems. | between october 1987 and march 1989, we tested 144 water samples obtained from the plumbing and cooling tower systems of 5 paris hospitals for the presence of legionellae and amoebae. of the samples tested for legionella, 67 out of 144 (46.5%) were positive, and 82 out of 116 tested for amoebae (70.7%) were positive. the ability of protozoa to support the multiplication of legionella was shown by incubating samples at 35.5 degrees c for 7-15 days. prior to determining the presence of legionellae ... | 1991 | 1961979 |
| effect of human urinary colony-stimulating factor on experimental legionella pneumophila infection in guinea pigs. | the effect of human urinary colony-stimulating factor (csf-hu) on in-vitro phagocytosis of legionella pneumophila, superoxide anion production and intracellular killing of legion, pneumophila by guinea pig alveolar macrophages was studied. alveolar macrophages when incubated with csf-hu demonstrated enhanced phagocytic activity and superoxide production. the bactericidal activity of treated cells was enhanced when they were afterwards incubated with a low concentration of bacteria, but these cel ... | 1990 | 1964449 |
| a method for typing strains of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 by analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphisms. | a restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) typing method for legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 was developed. the method depended upon the use of cloned ecor1 fragments from l. pneumophila (knoxville-1) probing nci1 restriction fragments of chromosomal dna. examination of strains of l. pneumophila which were apparently unrelated showed that inter-strain rflps were common, and these formed the basis of the typing scheme. the technique was found to be highly reproducible and discriminatory ... | 1990 | 1967319 |
| estimation of legionella pneumophila virulence by nitroblue-tetrazolium reduction. | | 1990 | 1967716 |
| isolation of legionella longbeachae serogroup 1 from potting mixes. | following a statewide outbreak of legionellosis due to legionella longbeachae serogroup 1 in south australia in 1988 and 1989, studies were performed to find a source of the organism. a number of water and soil samples with and without acid decontamination were examined for l. longbeachae by using a selective medium containing vancomycin, aztreonam, and pimafucin. there were no isolations of l. longbeachae from water samples. organisms resembling l. longbeachae were isolated from a number of sam ... | 1990 | 1968736 |
| cytomegalovirus and legionella species as the cause of liver enzyme elevations in haemodialysis patients. | | 1990 | 1969446 |
| phenotypic variation amongst genotypically homogeneous legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 isolates: implications for the investigation of outbreaks of legionnaires' disease. | one hundred and seventy-nine isolates of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1, obtained from a site associated with an outbreak of legionnaires' disease, were examined by monoclonal antibody subgrouping, restriction fragment length polymorphism typing, restriction endonuclease analysis and plasmid content. nine distinct phenotypes were detected but at the genotypic level all strains were closely related. the data presented indicate that phenotypic variation of a single parent strain can occur with ... | 1990 | 1969803 |
| a hot water supply as the source of legionella pneumophila in incubators of a neonatology unit. | the humidification trays of five of seven incubators in a neonatology unit of a hospital were found to be colonized with legionella pneumophila, serogroup 1. bacteriological analysis of the water in the humidification trays showed very large numbers of heterotrophic bacteria, one of which also contained pseudomonas aeruginosa. two hot water systems supply the neonatology unit, either of which is used to add water to the humidification trays; one system (a) is maintained at about 60 degrees c, wh ... | 1990 | 1971632 |
| silver nitrate and thymol; two disinfectants effective against legionella pneumophila. | | 1990 | 1972958 |
| outbreak of pontiac fever due to legionella anisa. | an outbreak of pontiac fever occurred among 34 of 56 people attending conferences at a hotel in santa clara county, california, in 1988. two groups had an acute febrile upper respiratory illness, with a mean attack rate of 82% and a mean incubation period of 56 hours. symptoms resolved spontaneously within 5 days. legionella anisa, which had not previously been associated with outbreaks of pontiac fever or legionnaires' disease, was isolated from a decorative fountain in the hotel lobby. in addi ... | 1990 | 1973219 |
| trouble in the potting shed. | | 1990 | 1973478 |
| epidemiological typing of yersinia enterocolitica by analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphisms with a cloned ribosomal rna gene. | intra-species restriction fragment length polymorphisms (rflps) of yersinia enterocolitica were detected in assays with a cloned dna fragment from legionella pneumophila that included the 16s and 23s rrna genes. by use of this method it was possible to identify different rflp types within biogroups/serogroups which were indistinguishable by other means. thus the 37 biogroup iv/serogroup o3 strains isolated worldwide from pig carcasses, pork and human patients, were subdivided into five different ... | 1990 | 1973736 |
| the efficacy of control measures for eradicating legionellae in showers. | the efficacy of secondary control measures on showers colonized with legionellae was assessed. hyperchlorination of shower heads and angle valve strainers had only a short-lived effect on legionellae. automatic drain valves fitted to showers were ineffective in maintaining a reduction in the number of legionellae in shower water. regular flushing of showers reduced legionellae to below detectable levels. removal of dead-legs from the feed-pipes supplying hot water to showers, resulted in a decre ... | 1990 | 1974902 |
| the efficacy of chlorination and filtration in the control and eradication of legionella from dental chair water systems. | the apparent failure of hyperchlorination and continuous dosing with chlorine to eliminate legionellae from a dental teaching hospital water supply prompted a prospective study to evaluate charcoal filters as a means of decontamination. legionella pneumophila serogroup 10 and l. bozemanii serogroup 2 were isolated from dental units yielding 10(1)-10(3) colony forming units (cfu) ml-1 with total bacterial counts in the range 10(2)-greater than 10(4) cfu ml-1. after chair-side installation of char ... | 1990 | 1974912 |
| legionella and fountains. | | 1990 | 1975079 |
| genetic relatedness of legionella longbeachae isolates from human and environmental sources in australia. | the genetic relatedness of legionella longbeachae isolated in australia since 1987 was investigated by restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis and allozyme electrophoresis. three radiolabeled probes were used in southern hybridizations for the rflp studies. they were escherichia coli 16s and 23s rrna and cloned fragments of l. longbeachae selected empirically from genomal banks in lambda and a cosmid. the legionellae included in the study comprised 11 legionella longbeachae sero ... | 1990 | 1980403 |
| a cluster of legionella sternal-wound infections due to postoperative topical exposure to contaminated tap water. | | 1991 | 1984176 |
| legionella pneumophila inhibits protein synthesis in chinese hamster ovary cells. | legionella pneumophila is a gram-negative facultative intracellular parasite that causes legionnaires disease. to explore the interactions between l. pneumophila and host cells, we have developed a continuous cell line model of infection. we show that about 80% of chinese hamster ovary (cho) cells were associated with l. pneumophila after incubation for 3 h at a multiplicity of infection of 20 bacteria per cell. within 3 to 4 h of incubation with l. pneumophila, protein synthesis of cho cells wa ... | 1991 | 1987039 |
| genetic control of natural resistance in mouse macrophages regulating intracellular legionella pneumophila multiplication in vitro. | it is known that legionella pneumophila proliferates in peritoneal macrophage cultures derived from a/j mice but not in macrophage cultures derived from many other strains, including c57bl/6 mice. to analyze the genetic control of this trait and the location of the legionella resistance-susceptibility gene, we prepared segregating progeny of a/j and c57bl/6 mice and determined the levels of susceptibility of individual mice. peritoneal macrophages were collected by injecting thioglycolate medium ... | 1991 | 1987055 |
| comparative study of legionella pneumophila and other nosocomial-acquired pneumonias. | we studied, in a prospective way, the characteristics of definitively diagnosed nosocomially acquired pneumonias in our hospital over 36 months. out of 55 cases, 27 were due to legionella pneumophila and 28 to other, non-legionella bacteria. the cases of legionellosis concentrated in july, august, and december. the only risk factors that showed significant differences (p less than 0.05) were general anesthesia and surgery and immunosuppressive disease, which were more frequent in the non-legione ... | 1991 | 1989793 |
| a rapid micro-agglutination technique for the detection of antibody to legionella pneumophila serogroup 5. | a rapid micro-agglutination test (rmat) for the detection of antibody to legionella pneumophila serogroup 5 is described. it was found to be both sensitive and specific when compared with the indirect immunofluorescence test. evaluation of 89 paired sera from patients with respiratory symptoms showed that the incidence of l. pneumophila serogroup 5 respiratory infection in east anglia is low: only one case was found in this study. the rmat would be easy to perform as a screening test in a routin ... | 1991 | 1990135 |
| comparison of different agars used in the formulation of buffered charcoal yeast extract medium. | the effect of agar type used for buffered charcoal yeast extract medium supplemented with 0.1% alpha-ketoglutarate was tested based on the growth and size of legionella pneumophila. oxoid agar no. 1, difco bacto and bitek agars, and bbl granulated, grade a, and select agars were tested. for colony size the agars were ranked in the following order: oxoid agar no. 1 much greater than bacto greater than bitek approximately granulated approximately grade a greater than select. colony yield per plate ... | 1991 | 1993756 |
| serological cross-reaction between legionella pneumophila and citrobacter freundii in indirect immunofluorescence and rapid microagglutination tests. | we describe the first case in which a diagnostic rise in titers of antibody to formalinized legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 yolk sac antigen was shown to be caused by a cross-reaction between l. pneumophila and another organism, citrobacter freundii. | 1991 | 1993758 |
| nosocomial legionnaires' disease and use of medication nebulizers. | guidelines for the prevention of nosocomial pneumonia specify that only sterile fluids should be used for aerosol therapy; however, this recommendation may not be uniformly followed. thirteen patients with nosocomial pneumonia due to legionella pneumophila serogroup 3 (lp3) were identified at a community hospital in the period from 1984 through 1988; 12 patients (92%) had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; and 9 patients (69%) died. an epidemiologic investigation suggested that the use of ne ... | 1991 | 1995743 |
| effects of cytochalasin d and methylamine on intracellular growth of legionella pneumophila in amoebae and human monocyte-like cells. | a cloned and axenically cultured strain of hartmannella vermiformis was used as a model to study intracellular multiplication of legionella pneumophila in amoebae. the growth of l. pneumophilia in both h. vermiformis and a human monocyte-like cell line (u937) was investigated with cytoskeletal and metabolic inhibitors. l. pneumophila replicated only intracellularly in these cellular models, and electron microscopy showed ultrastructural similarities in the initial phase of multiplication. treatm ... | 1991 | 1997428 |
| vaccination with legionella pneumophila membranes induces cell-mediated and protective immunity in a guinea pig model of legionnaires' disease. protective immunity independent of the major secretory protein of legionella pneumophila. | we have examined the capacity of legionella pneumophila membranes to induce cell-mediated immune responses and protective immunity in a guinea pig model of legionnaires' disease. guinea pigs immunized by aerosol with l. pneumophila membranes developed strong cell-mediated immune responses to l. pneumophila membranes as demonstrated by cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity and in vitro splenic lymphocyte proliferation. guinea pigs immunized by aerosol or by subcutaneous inoculation with l. pneu ... | 1991 | 1999485 |
| [molecular diagnosis in respiratory infections]. | recent advance in molecular biology has enabled the specific and rapid diagnosis of the various infectious diseases. though we commonly use the three major diagnostic procedure as isolation of the pathogen, direct detection of the pathogen and measurement of the immunological host reaction, dna probe method would be the fourth major procedure in the clinical microbiology. the indication of the dna probe method would be considered in the four cases as follows, 1. necessity of the special equipmen ... | 1991 | 2008045 |
| [serum antibodies to legionella pneumophila by indirect immunofluorescent antibody test in 269 hemodialysis patients and 353 healthy subjects]. | serum antibodies to legionella pneumophila serogroup i-vi were determined by indirect immunofluorescent antibody test in 269 hemodialysis patients and compared to 353 so called healthy subjects. antigen suspension was prepared by incubation on b-cye agar and adding formalin solution, then fixed on a micro slide glass, and reacted with serial serum dilutions. fitc-labeled goat antihuman immunoglobulin was added as a second antibody. 273 (77.3%) cases of control group had a titer of less than 1:4, ... | 1991 | 2008046 |
| legionella pneumophila growth in macrophages from susceptible mice is genetically controlled. | growth of the intracellular opportunistic bacterium legionella pneumophila in macrophages from a/j mice is a vigorous as growth in macrophages from susceptible guinea pigs and human monocytes, whereas growth is inhibited in macrophages from other mouse strains, such as nonpermissive balb/c mice. permissiveness versus nonpermissiveness of macrophages from a/j versus balb/c mice appeared to be controlled by a genetic mechanism dependent upon a single gene or a closely clustered family of genes. su ... | 1991 | 2008440 |
| application of dna probes to antimicrobial susceptibility testing of legionella pneumophila. | the commercial availability of a dna probe assay for the detection of legionella (gen-probe incorporated, san diego, ca) provides a unique opportunity to investigate the application of this technology to antibiotic susceptibility testing of l. pneumophila. we examined the ability of erythromycin, rifampin, and ciprofloxacin to kill l. pneumophila in buffered aces-yeast extract broth (yeb). the test organism was incubated for a total of 96 hr in the presence of 10 micrograms/ml erythromycin, 1 mi ... | 1991 | 2013212 |
| [encephalitis in legionella bozemanii pneumonia]. | | 1991 | 2013268 |
| chlamydia trachomatis contains a protein similar to the legionella pneumophila mip gene product. | a 27kda chlamydia trachomatis l2 protein was characterized by the use of monoclonal antibodies and by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. the protein was shown to be located in the membrane of reticulate bodies as well as elementary bodies. its synthesis could be detected from 10 hours post-infection. cloning and sequence analysis of the distal part of the gene revealed an open reading frame of 175 amino acids. comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence with the nbrf data base revealed signi ... | 1991 | 2013997 |
| rifampin resistance of legionella pneumophila is not increased during therapy for experimental legionnaires disease: study of rifampin resistance using a guinea pig model of legionnaires disease. | isolates of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1, obtained from guinea pigs with experimentally induced legionnaires disease, were tested for rifampin resistance. thirteen isolates were from animals treated with rifampin alone, four isolates were from animals treated with saline, and three isolates each were from animals treated with erythromycin or erythromycin plus rifampin; all of these isolates were derived from the same parent strain, f889. most of the isolates were obtained from rifampin-tre ... | 1991 | 2014980 |
| detection of viable legionella pneumophila in water by polymerase chain reaction and gene probe methods. | methods using polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and gene probes to detect viable legionella pneumophila were investigated with cells exposed to biocide or elevated temperature. exposure to hypochlorite caused viable nonculturable cells to form. culturable and viable nonculturable cells showed positive pcr amplification, whereas nonviable cells did not. viable cells were also specifically detected with mip mrna as the target, reverse transcription (to form cdna), and pcr amplification. after exposu ... | 1991 | 2014994 |
| legionellosis at hadassah university hospital: a 1-year survey. | during 1985 in the hadassah university hospital we studied all hospitalized patients whose serum had been submitted for legionella antibodies. of 133 patients, 12 (9%) had legionellosis as diagnosed by serology, direct fluorescence, or culture. all legionella cases appeared to be sporadic, nonseasonal, community-acquired pneumonia. there were no specific environmental co-factors or clustering. a significant predilection of the disease for immunosuppressed individuals was observed; the in-hospita ... | 1991 | 2016154 |
| a membrane filter procedure for assaying cytotoxic activity in heterotrophic bacteria isolated from drinking water. | cytotoxic activity assays of gram-negative, heterotrophic bacteria are often laborious and time consuming. the objective of this study was to develop in situ procedures for testing potential cytotoxic activities of heterotrophic bacteria isolated from drinking water systems. water samples were passed through 0.45 microns membrane filters which were then placed upon appropriate media incubated. after incubation, each membrane filter was transferred to the surface of y-1 mouse adrenal cells overla ... | 1991 | 2016213 |
| synergistic anti-pneumocystis carinii effects of erythromycin and sulfisoxazole. | pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis was effectively prevented in 90% of immunosuppressed rats by the administration of 100 mg of erythromycin and 300 mg/kg/day of sulfisoxazole. all of the untreated control and erythromycin-treated animals developed the infection and 80% of rats given sulfisoxazole alone had the pneumonitis. a similar pattern of response occurred when the drugs were used therapeutically for rats with established p. carinii pneumonitis. the erythromycin and sulfisoxazole ratio of 1: ... | 1991 | 2016690 |
| [evaluation of a dna probe test for the detection of legionella spp]. | seventeen suspension of legionella pneumophila and ten of legionella bozemanii in saline or bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) fluid were tested using the gen probe technique. the detection threshold was found to be 10(3)-10(4) cfu/ml. specificity and sensitivity were evaluated by using the probe on 8 suspensions of bacteria other than legionella and by performing a comparative study of the probe test, direct immunofluorescence and culture with 103 specimens (bal fluid in most instances) from 92 patie ... | 1991 | 2017340 |
| rapid diagnosis of legionella infection by a nonisotopic in situ hybridization method. | the authors report a nonradioactive adaptation of dna hybridization technology for the direct detection of legionella organisms in situ in routinely processed histologic specimens. the probe used consisted of synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides, complementary to the ribosomal rna of all clinically relevant legionella species, labeled with biotinylated dutp at their 3' ends. by in situ dna hybridization and detection with an avidin-alkaline phosphatase complex. legionella was visualized by light micr ... | 1991 | 2024627 |
| legionella myositis. | neuromuscular involvement in patients with legionnaires' disease is common, with serum ck elevations in up to 78% of patients. a few cases have been associated with neuropathy. the mechanism of injury to the neuromuscular system is unknown, but organisms have not previously been found in nerve or muscle. we report the clinical, electrophysiologic, and pathologic findings in a patient with legionella myositis and motor neuropathy, the first case to demonstrate direct muscle invasion by the legion ... | 1991 | 2027497 |
| legionella pneumophila peritonitis in a kidney transplant patient. | legionella pneumophila serotype 6 was isolated from the peritoneal fluid of a 59-year-old immunosuppressed patient who developed peritonitis shortly after kidney transplantation. clinical and radiological examination did not show pulmonary abnormalities until shortly before his death when multiple organ failure developed with adult respiratory distress syndrome (ards). post mortem examination showed l. pneumophila in the peritoneum and in a small pulmonary infiltrate, confirmed by positive cultu ... | 1991 | 2028225 |
| [molecular epidemiological markers of legionella pneumophila in the valencian community (i). plasma levels]. | we have investigated the presence of plasmids in 96 legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 strains isolated from clinical and environmental samples from the valencia area. our results show a higher incidence of a 83 md plasmid present in clinical as well as in environmental isolates, and a 120 md plasmid with lower incidence and observed exclusively in strains isolated from one area. the variability in plasmid detection from l. pneumophila and the effect on it in a hospital after disinfection treatm ... | 1991 | 2029552 |
| [molecular epidemiological markers of legionella pneumophila in the valencian community (iii). peptide profiles]. | electrophoretic profiles using soluble peptides obtained from legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 have been studied to be used as epidemiological markers. using 8.5% polyacrylamide gels (sds-page) a unique profile common to environmental and clinical isolates has been detected showing 2 differential bands: a 150 kd and a 230 kd band present in only one clinical isolate. in order to achieve better resolution in the peptide profile 10 to 20% gradient sds-page has been used, confirming the existence ... | 1991 | 2029553 |
| the effect of a self-regulating trace heating element on legionella within a shower. | a self-regulating trace heating element was assessed for its ability to maintain a temperature of 50 degrees c in the mixer valve and dead-legs of a shower, and for its effect on legionellas colonizing the shower. the trace heating element maintained a temperature of 50 degrees c +/- 1.5 degrees c in dead-legs when the circulating hot water supply remained above 45 degrees c. legionellas appeared in a trace heated dead-leg when the temperature of the dead-leg reached 45 degrees c and the hot wat ... | 1991 | 2030099 |
| [determination of legionella antigens using monoclonal antibodies]. | the detection of antigens is the most important tool for rapid diagnosis of legionellosis. 34 legionella (l.) spp. with 51 serogroups have been identified from several sources. according to the antigenic diversity, it is necessary to select monoclonal antibodies (mab) adequate to diagnostic purposes. mab with specificity to genus, species and serogroups were discussed. l. pneumophila accounts for 70 to 80% of all cases of legionelloses. in this study self-made mab to l. pneumophila are presented ... | 1991 | 2031389 |
| correction of neutropenia associated with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia following treatment with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. | a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (cll) and severe persisting neutropenia due to marrow infiltration of his leukaemia, developed bilateral legionella pneumophila pneumonia for which he was treated with erythromycin, rifampin and ciprofloxacin. to increase the number of circulating polymorphonuclear neutrophils, the patient was treated with recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (gm-csf) at a dose of 2 micrograms protein/kg bodyweight s.c./12 h. gm-csf therapy res ... | 1991 | 2031965 |
| [legionnaires' disease with mediastinal lymph nodes swelling, diagnosed by open lung biopsy--a case report]. | legionnaires' disease in a 37-year-old male who had had silicosis was reported. he was admitted because of dyspnea. the chest x-ray film and ct scan showed infiltrative shadow and swelling of mediastinal lymph nodes. open lung biopsy was done and legionella pneumohila was detected. rep and em were started and infiltrative shadow of x-ray was disappeared. pleuro-pneumonectomy and thoracoplasty were performed because of hemoptysis and postoperative empyema. the patient is now well. | 1991 | 2033340 |
| isolation of amoebae and pseudomonas and legionella spp. from eyewash stations. | forty eyewash units were sampled for protozoa, bacteria, and fungi. total heterotrophic bacterial counts on nutrient agar and r2a agar (difco laboratories, detroit, mich.) ranged from 0 to 10(5) cfu/ml, with pseudomonas spp. being the most frequently isolated. total counts of 10(4) and 10(8) cells per ml were obtained with the acridine orange staining procedure. all samples were examined for legionella spp. by direct fluorescent-antibody staining and by culturing on buffered charcoal-yeast extra ... | 1991 | 2036003 |
| epidemiological characteristics of legionella infection in south australia: implications for disease control. | about one third of adults surveyed in south australia have shown evidence of past silent infection with legionella pneumophila serogroup 1. however, the annual notification rate for symptomatic disease is only about 0.5 per 100,000 residents in non-epidemic years. the male to female ratio is 2.5 to one and approximately 50% of the cases are at least 60 years of age. cases have presented more in summer and in the metropolitan areas. twenty cases of legionnaires' disease occurred during the summer ... | 1991 | 2036080 |
| rapid identification of legionella pneumophila zinc metalloprotease using chromogenic detection. | strains of legionella spp. produce extracellular proteases than can be detected using synthetic chromogenic peptides. chromogenic tri- and tetrapeptides show a high degree of sensitivity, specificity and reagent stability when linked to para-nitroaniline (pna). for example, sucome-arg-pro-tyr.pna (s-2586) is specifically hydrolysed by proteases of legionella pneumophila and some other legionella species. a paper disc method to sample protease directly from agar plates has been used to evaluate c ... | 1991 | 2036213 |
| inhibition of legionella pneumophila in guinea pig peritoneal macrophages by new quinolone, macrolide and other antimicrobial agents. | the effect of 14 antimicrobial agents, including new quinolones and a new macrolide, on the intracellular multiplication of legionella pneumophila in cultured guinea pig peritoneal macrophages was examined. gentamicin and beta-lactam antibiotics did not inhibit the intracellular growth of l. pneumophila. minocycline, erythromycin and dr-3355 inhibited multiplication at concentrations of 1, 0.5 and 0.1 mg/l respectively. rifampicin, the new macrolide roxithromycin, and the new quinolones ofloxaci ... | 1991 | 2037540 |
| activity of sparfloxacin (at-4140), pd127391 and pd131628 against legionella spp. | | 1991 | 2037543 |
| legionella fairfieldensis sp. nov. isolated from cooling tower waters in australia. | three legionella-like organisms were isolated from water from the cooling towers of two australian institutions. the strains grew on buffered charcoal-yeast extract (bcye) agar but not on bcye agar in the absence of l-cysteine. gas-liquid chromatography profiles of the isolates were consistent with those for legionella spp. they were serologically distinct from other legionellae in a slide agglutination test. dna hybridization studies showed that the three isolates belong to a new species of leg ... | 1991 | 2037664 |
| activity of temafloxacin against respiratory pathogens. | the activity of the quinolone temafloxacin against respiratory pathogens was compared with those of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin. mics for 90% of strains tested indicated that temafloxacin was at least two- to fourfold more potent than the other two quinolones against staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus pneumoniae, and legionella pneumophila. temafloxacin had potency equal to that of ciprofloxacin and was twofold more active than ofloxacin against streptococcus pyogenes. moraxella catarrhalis, a ... | 1991 | 2039192 |
| bactericidal effects of amoxycillin/clavulanic acid against a legionella pneumophila pneumonia in the weanling rat. | amoxycillin/clavulanic acid and clavulanic acid have been previously reported to demonstrate bactericidal activity in tissue culture studies against intracellular legionella pneumophila. a rat model of legionellosis was therefore developed for the purpose of assessing the efficacy of these agents against l. pneumophila in vivo. therapy by the subcutaneous route was started 12 h after infection when the majority of the bacteria observed in lavage fluid were residing in alveolar macrophages. treat ... | 1991 | 2050589 |
| screening for nosocomial legionellosis by culture of the water supply and targeting of high-risk patients for specialized laboratory testing. | | 1991 | 2053713 |
| nosocomial legionnaires' disease: lessons from a four-year prospective study. | we studied all cases of nosocomial pneumonia at our 800-bed tertiary care hospital from september 1983 to september 1987. of the 813 cases of nosocomial pneumonia, 31 (3.8%) were definite (isolation of organism or fourfold rise in titer) and 21 (2.5%) were possible cases (single or stable antibody titer of greater than or equal to 1:256) of legionnaires' disease. the definite cases involved a more severe form of pneumonia and a significantly higher mortality rate--64% versus 14% (p less than 0.0 ... | 1991 | 2053716 |
| legionella adelaidensis, a new species isolated from cooling tower water. | a legionella-like organism (strain 1762-aus-e) was isolated from a cooling tower of an air-conditioning system in adelaide, south australia, australia. the isolate was presumptively identified as a legionella strain by its growth requirement for l-cysteine and its cellular branched-chain fatty acids. strain 1762-aus-e was serologically distinct in the slide agglutination test with absorbed antisera. dna hybridization confirmed that it is a new legionella species for which the name legionella ade ... | 1991 | 2056032 |
| detection of flagella in 278 legionella strains by latex reagent sensitized with antiflagellum immunoglobulins. | to determine whether all legionella species show common flagellum antigen properties, we developed a reagent using latex beads sensitized with flagellin-specific immunoglobulins that could be used in a simple and rapid agglutination reaction to identify legionella colonies. a total of 278 strains (68 legionella reference strains and 210 patient and environmental isolates) were tested. the results were compared with those obtained by a direct immunofluorescence assay using an antiflagellum serum ... | 1991 | 2056063 |
| chloroquine inhibits the intracellular multiplication of legionella pneumophila by limiting the availability of iron. a potential new mechanism for the therapeutic effect of chloroquine against intracellular pathogens. | chloroquine and ammonium chloride, by virtue of their basic properties, have been shown to raise endocytic and lysosomal ph and thereby interfere with normal iron metabolism in a variety of cell types, including mononuclear phagocytes. cellular iron metabolism is of critical importance to legionella pneumophila, an intracellular bacterial pathogen whose capacity to multiply in human mononuclear phagocytes is dependent upon the availability of intracellular iron. in view of this, we have studied ... | 1991 | 2056129 |
| the role of viruses and atypical organisms in the pathogenesis of adult pneumonia in papua new guinea. | the role of viruses and atypical organisms in pneumonia is well known in western populations, yet very little documentation is available about their role in pneumonia in developing countries. in a study of 175 adults with community-acquired pneumonia in papua new guinea, serological methods were used to assess this issue. five patients had high influenza a titres suggestive of recent infection. adenovirus titres rose significantly in one patient with haemophilus influenzae pneumonia, whilst no e ... | 1991 | 2058297 |
| nosocomial pneumonia in a canadian tertiary care center: a prospective surveillance study. | to determine the contribution of etiologic agents, including legionella pneumophila and respiratory viruses to nosocomial pneumonia at a tertiary care center. | 1991 | 2071878 |
| in vitro activity of sparfloxacin (ci-978; at-4140) for clinical legionella isolates, pharmacokinetics in guinea pigs, and use to treat guinea pigs with l. pneumophila pneumonia. | the activities of sparfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and erythromycin for 21 clinical legionella isolates were determined by agar and broth dilution susceptibility testing and by growth inhibition assays in guinea pig alveolar macrophages (sparfloxacin and ciprofloxacin). all three antimicrobial agents had roughly equivalent activities when buffered charcoal yeast extract agar medium supplemented with 0.1% alpha-ketoglutarate was used as the test medium; the mics for 90% of strains were 1.0 micrograms ... | 1990 | 2073101 |
| ultra-structure and localisation of formazan formed by human neutrophils and amoebae phagocytosing virulent and avirulent legionella pneumophila. | legionella pneumophila (lp) strains of differing virulence were incubated with a solution of nitroblue-tetrazolium (nbt) at a concentration of 1 mg.ml-1 in the presence of acanthamoeba polyphaga or human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (pmn). reduction of nbt to formazan occurred at a faster rate in the presence of virulent strains. reduction appeared to be temperature dependent; at 37 degrees c the reaction rate was higher than at 20 degrees c. on microscopic examination, deposits of formazan aro ... | 1990 | 2073410 |
| legionellosis in patients with hiv infection. | during the five-year period 1984-1988 we received 192 specimens from 180 patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) for investigation of legionella infection. the majority of specimens were bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) fluids (84%), but tracheal suctions and lung tissue from autopsies were also examined. the diagnostic methods used were a direct immunofluorescence assay (dfa) for the detection of legionella antigen, and culture on buffered charcoal yeast extract (bcye-alpha) m ... | 1990 | 2076906 |
| legionellosis in heart transplant recipients. | we report on 20 cases of legionnaires' disease (ld) in heart transplant recipients during a two-year study. the overall frequency in this setting amounts thus to 17% (20/115). in contrast, the frequency of legionellosis in postoperative cardiac patients without immunosuppression was only 4.7% (4/84). legionellosis was diagnosed by culture and/or antibody detection in ten (20) as well as by the detection of urinary antigens in all 20 patients. only nine (20) patients developed pneumonia, whereas ... | 1990 | 2076909 |
| community-acquired pneumonia caused by legionella dumoffii in a patient with hairy cell leukemia. | a case of community-acquired pneumonia caused by legionella dumoffii in a patient with hairy cell leukemia is described. diagnosis was confirmed by isolation by culture of sputum and broncho-alveolar lavage specimens, positive direct fluorescent antibody stains, and antibody seroconversion from 1:16 (acute) to 1:4096 (six months). the blue white autofluorescence of the l. dumoffii colonies when viewed under ultraviolet light was particularly useful in preliminary identification. the patient reco ... | 1990 | 2076912 |
| genome analysis of legionella ssp. by orthogonal field alternation gel electrophoresis (ofage). | various legionella isolates from different sources and origins were analysed by orthogonal field alternation gel electrophoresis of noti cleaved genomic dna. the genome of l. pneumophila philadelphia i, the original isolate of the epidemics in 1976, exhibits only five noti fragments. two virulent derivatives, derived from l. pneumophila philadelphia i, which were obtained by prolonged passage on artificial culture media, did not differ from their isogenic virulent strain according the noti fragm ... | 1990 | 2083837 |
| [sporadic cases of legionella pneumonia]. | clinicoroentgenological presentation of legionella-induced pneumonia diagnosed in a pulmonological department of the khabarovsk regional hospital is illustrated on 5 cases confirmed serologically. sporadic legionellosis is characterized by: an acute onset simulating croupous pneumonia, a severe lingering course, ++semi-segmental type of infiltration, pleural involvement, drastic alterations of peripheral blood (leukocytosis shift to the left, accelerated esr), resistance to penicillin, cephalosp ... | 1990 | 2084336 |
| characterization of an axenic strain of hartmannella vermiformis obtained from an investigation of nosocomial legionellosis. | a free-living amoeba identified as hartmannella vermiformis was isolated from a water sample obtained during an investigation of nosocomial legionellosis. hartmannella vermiformis is known to support the intracellular multiplication of legionella pneumophila. this strain of h. vermiformis, designated cdc-19, was cloned and established in axenic culture to develop a model for the study of the pathogenicity of legionellae. isoenzyme patterns of axenically-cultivated strain cdc-19 were compared wit ... | 1990 | 2086787 |
| isolation, purification and partial analysis of the lipopolysaccharide antigenic determinant recognized by a monoclonal antibody to legionella pneumophila serogroup 1. | monoclonal antibody ii-6-18 recognizes a serogroup-1-specific legionella pneumophila antigenic determinant which has been shown to be virulence-associated. we previously reported the physicochemical characterization by means of a quantitative fluorometric assay of monoclonal antibody ii-6-18 binding to l. pneumophila, and its implications concerning the nature of the antigen. we describe here the isolation and the purification of the antigen by chemical and immunological methods, followed by its ... | 1990 | 2092360 |
| [the biological properties of monoclonal antibodies to the cytolysin of legionella pneumophila]. | the study of the biological properties of monoclonal antibodies (mcab) to l. pneumophila cytolysin has been carried out. these mcab have been shown to possess no capacity for the in vitro neutralization of cytolysin and the protection of guinea pigs from aerosol infection with l. pneumophila. still the protective effect of the mcab under study has been observed in experiments with the intraperitoneal infection of guinea pigs, which is indicative of the possibility, in principle, of involving hum ... | 1990 | 2097849 |
| legionnaires' disease imported from spain in a patient with beta-thalassaemia minor. | the authors report a rare case of legionnaires' disease imported from spain in a patient with beta-thalassaemia minor. this condition as predisposing factor for legionella pneumophila infection is discussed, with particular emphasis on the therapeutic implications. | 1990 | 2102119 |
| [simultaneous legionella pneumophila and coxiella burnetti infections]. | | 1990 | 2103202 |
| [legionella pneumophila pneumonia]. | | 1990 | 2103802 |
| a homogeneous population of lymphokine-activated killer (lak) cells is incapable of killing virus-, bacteria-, or parasite-infected macrophages. | previous reports have suggested a role for natural killer (nk) cells in directly lysing host cells infected with bacteria and other intracellular microorganisms. here, we determined the inability of a highly homogeneous population of lymphokine activated killer (lak) cells to kill macrophages infected with the following intracellular parasites: mycobacterium avium, listeria monocytogenes, legionella pneumophila, toxoplasma gondii, and trypanosoma cruzi. in parallel cytotoxicity assays, lak cells ... | 1990 | 2104576 |
| prochymosin activation by non-aspartic proteinases. | prochymosin can be converted into chymosin by an action of external proteinases. thus, thermolysin at ph 5.05 converts calf prochymosin into active phe-chymosin, which is one amino acid longer than chymosin from the n-terminus with a yield of 73%. even better results were achieved with prochymosin activation by legionella pneumophila metalloproteinase. apparently the stretch of prochymosin polypeptide chain adjacent to the normally observed activation point becomes available for an attack by an ... | 1990 | 2105238 |
| legionnaires' disease outbreak associated with a grocery store mist machine--louisiana, 1989. | | 1990 | 2105448 |
| legionella pneumophila zinc metalloprotease is structurally and functionally homologous to pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase. | the sequence of the structural gene encoding the legionella pneumophila extracellular zinc metalloprotease has been determined and was found to possess a single large open reading frame (orf) of 1,629 nucleotides (nt). this orf was preceded by consensus promoter (ttaact . . . 17 nt . . . tataac) and ribosome-binding (taaggag) sequences. the deduced polypeptide contained a putative signal sequence and a total of 543 amino acid residues with a computed molecular size of 60,775 daltons, substantial ... | 1990 | 2110146 |
| first isolation of legionella gormanii in china. | the first strain of non-legionella pneumophila, l-88-1, was isolated from some condensed water in a steam discharge pipe extending from a boiler in china. the organism was characterized by serologic, biochemical, dna hybridization and electron microscopic studies. it was identified to be l. gormanii. | 1990 | 2112449 |
| [characteristics of the interaction of legionellae and tetrahymena pyriformis]. | l. pneumophila avirulent strains have been shown to lose their capacity for multiplication in t. pyriformis, while the concentration of the virulent strain increases 1000-fold. the loss of the hemolytic activity of l. pneumophila virulent strain leads to the loss of its capacity for multiplication in infusorians. | 1990 | 2114719 |
| virulence of a legionella anisa strain associated with pontiac fever: an evaluation using protozoan, cell culture, and guinea pig models. | legionella anisa and the amoeba hartmannella vermiformis were isolated from an indoor fountain implicated as the infectious reservoir in an outbreak of pontiac fever. we evaluated the ability of this strain of l. anisa to multiply in cultures of an amoeba (h. vermiformis), a ciliated protozoan (tetrahymena pyriformis), and human mononuclear cells and to infect guinea pigs. these bacteria multiplied in the culture of h. vermiformis but failed to infect guinea pigs or the cultures of t. pyriformis ... | 1990 | 2117580 |
| nucleotide sequence of htpb, the legionella pneumophila gene encoding the 58-kilodalton (kda) common antigen, formerly designated the 60-kda common antigen. | gene htpb, which encodes the 58-kilodalton protein of legionella pneumophila, was cloned in escherichia coli and its complete nucleotide sequence was determined. analysis of this sequence revealed an open reading frame of 1,644 nucleotides encoding a protein with a predicted molecular mass of 57,952 daltons. data obtained by amino-terminal sequencing of the purified 58-kilodalton protein agreed, except for one amino acid residue, with the predicted amino acid sequence, identifying this open read ... | 1990 | 2117582 |
| [sanitizing a hospital hot water system contaminated with legionella pneumophila]. | a number of measures were taken to control legionella pneumophila in a hospital hot water system over a period of 18 months, including (i) raising the temperature of the water leaving the central storage tanks from initially 55-60 degrees c to approximately 73 degrees c, (ii) heat shock treatment of the whole system with water temperatures above 70 degrees c and (iii) increasing the daily return flow from the hospital circulation system from initially 30 m3 to 120 m3. in addition, (iv) three uv ... | 1990 | 2118357 |
| detection of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 urinary antigen using an enhanced chemiluminescence elisa. | an enhanced chemiluminescence enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay has been developed for the detection of soluble antigen in the urine of patients with legionnaires' disease (ld). in the assay antigen(s) in the urine samples are captured by a rabbit anti-l. pneumophila antibody coated onto microtitre strips. a fluorescein-isothiocyanate (fitc) conjugate of the same antibody is then added which binds to the captured antigen. any immobilized fitc-labelled antibody is then detected with a horseradish ... | 1990 | 2120908 |
| expression and nucleotide sequence analysis of the legionella pneumophila reca gene. | the nucleotide sequence of the l pneumophila reca gene was determined. the coding region was 1044 nucleotides (348 codons), specifying a 37,934 da protein. preceding the reca gene was a tandem set of transcription regulatory sequences and putative lexa binding sites. when expressed in e. coli, the cloned reca gene yield two proteins with molecular weights of approximately 38,000 and 35,500 da. the larger of these two proteins shared 70.4% and 74.6% identity with the e. coli and pseudomonas aerug ... | 1990 | 2121588 |
| legionnaire's disease surveillance programme (initial survey analysis). | in australia, approximately 150 cases of legionnaire's disease are reported annually. untreated, the mortality rate is estimated at 20%. australia's largest legionnaire's disease epidemic broke out in wollongong (new south wales) back in 1987, where some 45 cases required hospitalization and 10 of these died. local health authorities have been advised to conduct initial surveys of their particular municipalities to locate all known water cooling towers and evaporative condensers to establish mai ... | 1990 | 2121981 |
| atypical pneumonia caused by dual infection with legionella pneumophila and mycoplasma pneumoniae. | | 1990 | 2122336 |
| [bacteriologic studies of very polluted swimming and whirlpool bath water]. | | 1990 | 2129404 |
| action of legionella cytolysin on components of the phosphokinase system of eukaryotic cells. | endogenous phosphorylation of specific proteins in eukaryotic cells is one of the main mechanisms controlling intracellular metabolic processes. it is proposed that microorganisms multiplying intracellularly possess ways of changing cellular metabolism to benefit their survival. the detection and partial purification of a phosphokinase system in pulmonary cells with acceptor proteins of molecular masses 150 and 55 kda is reported. it is also shown that the bacterium legionella pneumophila, a fac ... | 1990 | 2133066 |
| the hl-60 model for the interaction of human macrophages with the legionnaires' disease bacterium. | the facultative intracellular pathogen, legionella pneumophila, multiplies within and kills human monocytes and alveolar macrophages. we show that l. pneumophila strain philadelphia-1 infects, multiplies within and kills the promyelocyte hl-60 cell line after its differentiation into macrophage-like cells. the characteristics of the interaction between l. pneumophila and differentiated hl-60 cells closely resemble those between l. pneumophila and human peripheral blood monocytes. with both cell ... | 1990 | 2138651 |
| [cases of legionellosis infection in tbilisi]. | the epidemic outbreak of legionella infection at two industrial enterprises during the period of july-august 1988 is described. the results of the epidemiological study, the clinical course and the serological diagnosis of the outbreak are presented. for the first time in the ussr a new form of the disease has been described at the territory of georgia. this form, named legionella fever, is manifested mainly by skin eruptions. | 1990 | 2139535 |
| [evaluation of humidifier units within the scope of room climate modification]. | an analysis method was developed for detecting the biocides usually employed in german humidification units in air-conditioning plant to enable determination of air concentrations of methylisothiazalone often used in such plant (german trade names e.g. kathon wt, wacozid 3150, lavisan q). results of measurements revealed great variations in isothiazolone concentrations in ambient indoor aerosols, the peak values being 3.4 micrograms/m3 air. the concentration of these compounds added to the water ... | 1990 | 2141391 |
| [the value of preventive measures against legionellosis]. | the important dates from legionellosis research and relations from an epidemiological point of view are mentioned to estimate infectious risk and infectious sources. the ways of infection are mostly unknown. proposals for sanitation of water-technical plant must be judged cautiously. primarily the insertion of water into man must be prevented, especially into patients. several possibilities of such insertions in clinical and private areas are mentioned. | 1990 | 2142264 |
| [current status of bath water treatment techniques]. | the federal german din standard no. 19644 that has been enforced in west germany since 1989 had to be revised in view of the fact that german legislation is expected to issue an ordinance on swimming pool and public bath water within the framework of the federal communicable diseases act; furthermore, the need for revision also arose from the solution of the hygienic problems of treatment and disinfection of warm whirlpool water, and from the necessity of modifying several now outdated regulatio ... | 1990 | 2146549 |
| [isolation of legionella pneumophila by the isolator blood culture system in a female renal graft recipient]. | | 1990 | 2146640 |
| [the immune structure of occupational groups of the population in relation to legionella pneumophila serogroup 1]. | the immune structure of different professional groups with respect to l. pneumophila has been studied. a wide spread of legionella infection among subway construction workers, subway personnel and railroad conductors has been established, which makes it possible to regard these professions as high risk groups susceptible to legionella infection. the risk factors for this group are as follows: work in the atmosphere of high dust content with air supply by means of air conditioners, contact with s ... | 1990 | 2150144 |
| in vitro activity of clarithromycin (te-031, a-67268) and 14oh-clarithromycin alone and in combination against legionella species. | | 1990 | 2150817 |