| [10 years of legionellosis in italy (june 1980-june 1990)]. | legionella infection was recognized as a cause of human disease in 1976, following the occurrence of an epidemic at bellevue stratford hotel, philadelphia, usa. in the subsequent years, various cases, both sporadic and epidemical, have been reported worldwide. in italy, the first reports date from 1980. the compulsory notification of the disease was established in february 1983, and a few months later a national surveillance programme started operating at the istituto superiore di sanità, rome. ... | 1991 | 1755582 |
| isolation of legionella pneumophila from patients of respiratory tract disease & environmental samples. | in this preliminary study 45 patients suffering from pneumonia were screened for l. pneumophila. also 17 random environmental samples viz., water from cooling system used for air-conditioning units and samples from respirator-humidifier were screened. four of 45 (9%) clinical specimens and 13 of 17 (76%) environmental samples showed presence of l. pneumophila. this is the first report from india of the isolation on l. pneumophila. | 1991 | 1797645 |
| detection of bacterial mrna using polymerase chain reaction. | a method was developed for the detection of bacterial mrnas using reverse transcriptase followed by the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and southern blot analysis. the method involves brief inhibition of protein synthesis with chloramphenicol, followed by reverse transcription, pcr amplification of cdna and southern blot hybridization. detection of mrnas by reverse transcription-pcr-southern blot analysis is orders of magnitude more sensitive than northern blot hybridization. | 1991 | 1706190 |
| [molecular epidemiology of legionella pneumophila]. | | 1991 | 1709364 |
| treatment of lower respiratory infections in outpatients with ofloxacin compared with erythromycin. | to assess the safety and efficacy of a ten-day oral course of ofloxacin (400 mg 12 hourly) as compared with erythromycin (400 mg every 6 hours) for treatment of lower respiratory tract infections, fifty-two adult outpatients with pulmonary infiltrates (pneumonia) or with a cough and purulent sputum (bronchitis) were evaluated. expectorated sputum specimens were gram-stained and cultured, and antibody titres to mycoplasma pneumoniae, legionella pneumophilia, and in most cases chlamydia pneumoniae ... | 1991 | 1756688 |
| diagnosis of legionnaires' disease by radioimmunoassay of legionella antigen in pleural fluid. | we describe a case of culture-proven legionnaires' disease (serogroup 1) in which a rapid diagnosis was made by detection of legionella antigen in pleural fluid by use of the binax radioimmunoassay for urine. | 1991 | 1757569 |
| [multispecific monoclonal antibodies]. | immunization of balb/c mice with rickettsia prowazekii antigens, bordetella pertussis toxin and legionella pneumophila cytolysin induces the synthesis of igm autoantibodies of different specificity. among monoclonal antibodies, multispecific antibodies with a wide reactivity spectrum have been found to make up high percentage (30-80%). monoclonal antibodies interact with different bacterial antigens and tissue substances. a hypothesis has been put forward that normally the injection of the antig ... | 1991 | 1759527 |
| [a mathematical model of the growth of a population of legionella pneumophila in the presence of tetrahymena pyriformis protozoa]. | the mathematical model describing the dynamics of the growth of l. pneumophila in aqueous environment in the presence of protozoa has been worked out. the model has demonstrated considerable heterogeneity of the initial population of virulent l. pneumophila strains. the number of bacteria capable of multiplication in infusoria is no more than 0.1% of the initial population. the time of the generation of the infective agent inside tetrahymena pyriformis is 2.8 hours. | 1991 | 1759529 |
| advances in the epidemiology and control of legionella infections. | | 1991 | 1765117 |
| characterization of a legionella pneumophila gene encoding a lipoprotein antigen. | a prominent 19 kda surface antigen of legionella pneumophila, cloned in escherichia coli, was found to be intimately associated with peptidoglycan. the dna region encoding this antigen was mapped on an 11.9 kb plasmid by means of deletion analysis and transposon mutagenesis. phoa+ gene fusions, gene-rated by tnphoa insertions into this region, confirmed the presence of a gene encoding a secreted protein. phoa+ transposon insertions were also associated with loss of the 19 kda antigen in immunoas ... | 1991 | 1766377 |
| the development of macrolides: clarithromycin in perspective. | macrolide antibiotics have been available and used clinically since 1952. the class of drugs originated from a soil sample obtained from the city of ilo-ilo on the island of paray in the philippines. erythromycin has been the most widely used agent of this class called 'macrolides' because they possess the macrocyclic lactone nucleus. many esters of erythromycin are well established as agents to treat a variety of respiratory and cutaneous infections, particularly in children. there has been a r ... | 1991 | 1827094 |
| [a case of legionnaires' disease cured with a combination of erythromycin and steroid therapy]. | a 53-year-old male was admitted to keio university hospital with a pneumonia shadow in the left lung field and respiratory failure. because there was progression of respiratory failure, mechanical ventilation was required to maintain appropriate oxygenation. although erythromycin administration was started at the time of admission, a steroid (prednisolone 60 mg/day) was added a few days later to temporarily inhibit the acute inflammatory response in the lung parenchyma. this intensive therapy re ... | 1991 | 1770693 |
| decreased biocide susceptibility of adherent legionella pneumophila. | in a study of the in vitro effectiveness of biocides against legionella pneumophila, some aspects of the cooling tower environment were replicated in the laboratory, paying particular attention to water hardness and ph. pieces of douglas fir and polyvinyl chloride were colonized in a recirculating system and the comparative efficacy of two biocides (bronopol and kathon) against the sessile and planktonic populations was examined. while the biocides were relatively effective against the planktoni ... | 1991 | 1778846 |
| [chemical enterprises as objects of increased risk of legionella infections]. | | 1991 | 1829051 |
| risk factors for contamination of domestic hot water systems by legionellae. | to assess risk factors associated with the contamination of the domestic environment by legionellae, 211 houses in the quebec city area were randomly selected and water samples were collected from the hot water tank, the shower heads, and the most frequently used faucet. after centrifugation, concentrated samples were seeded in triplicate on bcye and gpv media. data on the characteristics of the hot water system and plumbing in the house and on the personal habits of the occupants were collected ... | 1991 | 1768104 |
| survival of legionella pneumophila in the cold-water ciliate tetrahymena vorax. | the processing of phagosomes containing legionella pneumophila and escherichia coli were compared in tetrahymena vorax, a hymenostome ciliated protozoan that prefers lower temperatures. l. pneumophila did not multiply in the ciliate when incubated at 20 to 22 degrees c, but vacuoles containing l. pneumophila were retained in the cells for a substantially longer time than vacuoles with e. coli. electron micrographs showed no evidence of degradation of l. pneumophila cells through 12 h, while e. c ... | 1991 | 1768146 |
| analysis of legionella pneumophila serogroup 6 strains isolated from a hospital warm water supply over a three-year period by using genomic long-range mapping techniques and monoclonal antibodies. | over a period of 3 years, legionella pneumophila serogroup 6 strains were isolated from warm water outlets and dental units in the dental faculty and from the surgery and internal medicine clinics at the university of dresden, dresden, germany. in the bacteriological unit of the above-mentioned facility, l. pneumophila serogroups 3 and 12 were grown from warm water specimens. the medical facilities are located in separate buildings connected with a ring pipe warm water system. all l. pneumophila ... | 1991 | 1781683 |
| development of the biolog substrate utilization system for identification of legionella spp. | the genus legionella consists of 51 serogroups comprising 34 species. biochemical reactions and cell wall fatty acid and quinone analyses may confirm that an isolate is a legionella sp. and indicate to which species it belongs, but dna hybridization studies have been necessary for a definitive identification. recently, the commercially available biolog identification system has offered a standardized, easily reproducible system of substrate metabolism by bacteria resuspended in multiwell plates. ... | 1991 | 1781692 |
| [massive pleural effusion caused by legionella pneumophila]. | | 1991 | 1790287 |
| a plasmid from a virulent strain of legionella pneumophila is conjugative and confers resistance to ultraviolet light. | the presence of a single apparently cryptic plasmid of approximately 36 mda was demonstrated in the virulent dodge strain of legionella pneumophila. 'tagging' of the plasmid with tn5 enabled transfer to be demonstrated to other strains of legionella (though not to escherichia coli or pseudomonas aeruginosa) as well as a definitive assessment to be made of its stability. plasmid carriage confers resistance to uv light probably by means of an error-prone uv repair system. the plasmid is compatible ... | 1991 | 1783281 |
| [isolation of legionella spp. from cooling tower water in kinki district, japan]. | distribution of legionella spp. were surveyed two different times in kinki district, japan. the first time, eighty six building cooling tower waters were collected from osaka, hyogo and nara prefecture between april and december, 1987. the second time, thirty five waters were studied from nishinomiya city in hyogo prefecture on july, 1989. bmpa alpha agar plate was used as the isolation medium for the first eighty six samples and mwy agar plate for the second thirty five samples. legionella were ... | 1991 | 1783809 |
| legionella pneumophila in a human trophoblast cell line. | | 1991 | 1748620 |
| in vitro activity and in vivo efficacy of a new series of 9-deoxo-12-deoxy-9,12-epoxyerythromycin a derivatives. | analogs of 9-deoxo-12-deoxy-9,12-epoxyerythromycin a with an epimeric hydroxy, amino, or ketone substitution at the 11 position of the macrolide ring and an amino or epimeric hydroxy substitution at the 4" position of the cladinose sugar were synthesized in an attempt to produce acid-stable derivatives of erythromycin with improved bioavailability and activity against gram-negative bacteria. these modifications produced compounds with in vitro activities which were generally similar to that of e ... | 1991 | 1854173 |
| progress in the pathogenesis of legionella pneumophila. | | 1991 | 1857196 |
| subtyping of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 isolates by small-fragment restriction endonuclease analysis. | whole cell dna of legionella pneumophila isolates was examined by small-fragment restriction endonuclease analysis (sf-rea). fourteen serogroup 1 isolates from tap water in one hospital collected before and after eradication measures had been taken were compared with control strains of serogroup 1 and other serogroups that were not epidemiologically linked. dna was digested with ecori and electrophoresed on polyacrylamide gels. the gel patterns were made visible by silver staining and analysed b ... | 1991 | 1748116 |
| tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, clindamycin, and metronidazole. | the tetracyclines are effective in the treatment of chlamydia, mycoplasma pneumoniae, and rickettsial infections and also can be used for gonococcal infections in patients unable to tolerate penicillin. these drugs may cause gastrointestinal irritation, diarrhea, phototoxic dermatitis, and vestibular damage, and fatal reactions due to hepatotoxicity have occurred in pregnant women. chloramphenicol has a broad spectrum of bacteriostatic activity, but its association with suppression of the bone m ... | 1991 | 1749296 |
| western blot analysis of immune response to legionella bozemanii antigens. | the immune response to individual major antigens of legionella bozemanii was studied in 67 sera from 26 inpatients with febrile disease using immunoblotting techniques. all the patients had fever of unknown origin and showed strong serological reactions to l bozemanii that cross-reacted with rickettsia typhi, as determined by a standard indirect microimmunofluorescence assay. sera analysed by western blotting reacted with 12-14 molecular components of l bozemanii with apparent molecular weights ... | 1991 | 1752985 |
| legionnaires' disease. | the legionella bacillus is a relatively common pulmonary pathogen that has been responsible for a number of outbreaks of respiratory illness this century. not until 1976, however, after exciting epidemiologic and microbiologic investigation, was the organism isolated and identified. legionnaires' disease does not have a characteristic radiographic appearance, but certain features may alert the clinician to its presence. it often rapidly progresses to a lobar pneumonia that may not respond immedi ... | 1991 | 1861275 |
| community-acquired pneumonia: the clinical dilemma. | community-acquired pneumonia (cap) is the sixth most common cause of death in the united states. despite its frequency and mortality, specific etiologic diagnosis remains a major clinical challenge. the organisms most commonly implicated in cap are streptococcus pneumoniae, mycoplasma pneumoniae, legionella pneumophila, haemophilus influenzae, chlamydia pneumoniae (twar), and viruses. clinical and radiographic criteria have proven to be of little value in determining the etiology of cap. laborat ... | 1991 | 1861271 |
| [observation on clinical features and therapy in 4 elderly cases with legionellosis]. | four elderly cases with legionellosis were reported. all of them had pneumonitis and small amount of chest fluid. erythromycin and rifadin were effective in all 4 patients. three patients were positive for legionella pneumophila serogroup 1. the disease occurred in july or october. diagnosis and therapy should be made as early as possible for those patients suspected of legionellosis. | 1991 | 1863947 |
| control of endemic nosocomial legionnaires' disease by using sterile potable water for high risk patients. | in a setting where potable water is contaminated with legionella pneumophila serogroup 1, we performed two case control studies. the first case control study consisted of 17 cases of nosocomial legionnaires' disease (ld) and 33 control (the patients who were admitted to the ward where the case was admitted immediately before and after the case) subjects. cases had a higher mortality rate 65% vs 12% (p less than 0.004); were more likely to have received assisted ventilation (p less than 0.00001); ... | 1991 | 1752308 |
| susceptibility of legionella pneumophila grown extracellularly and in human monocytes to indole-3-propionic acid. | indole-3-propionic acid (ipa), a phytohormone derivative, is a potent inhibitor of growth of legionella pneumophila cultivated extracellularly in a chemically defined hypotonic medium and intracellularly in human monocytes. the inhibitory activity turns into bactericidal activity with increasing concentrations. the susceptibility of the microorganism to ipa was more evident in "fast-growing" cultures (under conditions of vigorous shaking) than in static cultures growing under an atmosphere of 5% ... | 1991 | 1810185 |
| association of lps gene with natural resistance of mouse macrophages against legionella pneumophila. | peritoneal macrophages obtained from lipopolysaccharide (lps)-low responder c3h/hej mice (j) permitted the intracellular growth of the bacterium in macrophages of (j x n) f1 progeny was between the parent strains, showing that the traits were co-dominantly expressed. correlation between intracellular bacterial growth in macrophages and lps response of spleen cells was examined. negative correlation was found between the two factors in f2, (j x f1) backcross and (n x f1) backcross progeny. this r ... | 1991 | 1815711 |
| phenotype versus genotype of the 19 kd peptido-glycan associated protein of legionella (ppia), among legionellae and other gram-negative bacteria. | the protein ppia (19 kd) cloned from a genomic library of legionella pneumophila, philadelphia 1, represents a peptido-glycan associated outer membrane protein in recombinant e. coli k-12 and l. pneumophila. it exhibits distinct sequence homology to lipoproteins of haemophilus influenzae and e. coli. a ppia specific dna probe generated by pcr was used in southern hybridizations of chromosomal dna of legionella strains and other gram-negative pathogens. under conditions of high stringency, hybrid ... | 1991 | 1816489 |
| [a method for the passive agglutination of polymer dispersions for the diagnosis of legionellosis]. | the method of synthetizing dispersions of gelatin-modified polyacrolein microspheres 1.5-2.5 micrograms in diameter, used as a solid-phase carrier for the preparation of immunodispersion diagnostica, has been developed. the possibility of using immunodispersion diagnosticum in the passive agglutination test with hyperimmune rabbit sera has been demonstrated. high activity and specificity of immunodispersion diagnosticum, combining methodological simplicity and rapidity characteristic of agglutin ... | 1991 | 1811388 |
| [treatment of legionellosis with ofloxacin in kidney transplanted patients. lack of interaction with cyclosporin a]. | seven cases of legionellosis were observed in a series of 81 renal transplant recipients. in the 6 patients with functional graft, pneumonia occurred 17 days on average after the beginning of transplant rejection treatment. the diagnosis was made by bronchoalveolar lavage: the direct immunofluorescence antigen technique was positive in 5 cases and culture in 6 cases. legionella pneumophila sero-groups 5 and 1 were identified in one and 5 patients respectively. six of the 7 patients were treated ... | 1991 | 1826354 |
| growth of legionella spp. under conditions of iron restriction. | the growth inhibiting activity of transferrins, citrate, 2-2' dipyridyl and desferrioxamine methanesulphonate towards legionella spp. and their serogroups was investigated. the inhibitory activity of all these compounds depended upon the iron-free state of the molecules and was abolished by saturation with iron. no bactericidal effect by transferrins was observed at concentrations up to four times the minimal bacteriostatic concentration. no interaction of transferrins with the legionella cell s ... | 1991 | 1824950 |
| [legionella--a problem of technology?]. | protecting the health of the population is one of the main tasks faced by public health offices; this will also be of fundamental importance for the future. to meet this challenge, this task must be dealt with in a qualified way. one example to demonstrate this is the comprehensive legionella screening conducted in all of the city of düsseldorf's old age peoples' nursing homes and hospitals. in 65% of the 82 systems examined, there was positive proof of legionella occurrence, while in 59% a syst ... | 1991 | 1837902 |
| nucleotide sequence analysis of the legionella micdadei mip gene, encoding a 30-kilodalton analog of the legionella pneumophila mip protein. | after the demonstration of analogs of the legionella pneumophila macrophage infectivity potentiator (mip) protein in other legionella species, the legionella micdadei mip gene was cloned and expressed in escherichia coli. dna sequence analysis of the l. micdadei mip gene contained in the plasmid pba6004 revealed a high degree of homology (71%) to the l. pneumophila mip gene, with the predicted secondary structures of the two mip proteins following the same pattern. southern hybridization experim ... | 1991 | 1840577 |
| the safety and efficacy of clarithromycin in patients with legionella pneumonia. | clarithromycin, a new macrolide antibiotic, is at least four times more active in vitro than erythromycin against legionella pneumophila. in this study the safety and efficacy of orally administered clarithromycin (500 to 1,000 mg bid) in the treatment of legionella pneumonia were evaluated. forty-six patients were enrolled in the study, 15 of whom had not responded to previous routine anti-legionella therapy (erythromycin, ofloxacin, rifampin [rifampicin], or tetracycline). twelve patients prem ... | 1991 | 1835689 |
| legionella pneumonia complicated by adult respiratory distress syndrome. | two patients with sporadic legionella pneumonia complicated by adult respiratory distress syndrome (ards) are described. details about the clinical course and follow-up of their chest films are provided. the outcome in both patients was favourable. literature concerning legionella pneumonia complicated by ards is reviewed. | 1991 | 1881504 |
| survival and growth of legionella species in the environment. | | 1991 | 1887265 |
| immunologic characterization and specificity of three monoclonal antibodies against the 58-kilodalton protein of legionella pneumophila. | three monoclonal antibodies against the legionella pneumophila 58-kda protein were produced. by using immunoblot analysis, the percentages of reactivity against 47 serogroups of legionella representing 29 species were determined to be 80.9, 87.2, and 95.6 for monoclonal antibodies gb5be8, gb5af6, and ca4af5, respectively. specificities obtained from testing 63 heterologous organisms representing 22 genera and 46 species were 90.7, 92.2, and 95.3% for monoclonal antibodies gb5be8, gb5af6, and ca4 ... | 1991 | 1890189 |
| signal transduction in eukaryotic cells and intracellular parasitism of legionella. | a fundamental property of the eukaryotic cell is its ability to respond to external signals. this property becomes extremely important during microbial invasion, when the volume of information to be analyzed by the cellular receptor machinery increases considerably. cell-surface receptors are influenced by a pool of additional ligands, some of the most important of these being the infecting microorganism, products of bacterial metabolism, virulence factors, as well as regulators produced by the ... | 1991 | 1841623 |
| in vitro activity of azithromycin against clinical isolates of legionella species. | the activities of azithromycin, erythromycin, and ciprofloxacin against 21 legionella isolates were measured by an agar dilution method and in macrophages. the mics for 90% of strains tested were 2.0, 1.0, and 0.5 micrograms/ml for azithromycin, erythromycin, and ciprofloxacin, respectively. azithromycin and ciprofloxacin were both bactericidal in the macrophage system, but erythromycin was bacteriostatic. | 1991 | 1849708 |
| cloning, genetic analysis, and nucleotide sequence of a determinant coding for a 19-kilodalton peptidoglycan-associated protein (ppl) of legionella pneumophila. | a genomic library of legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of legionnaires disease in humans, was constructed in escherichia coli k-12, and the recombinant clones were screened by immuno-colony blots with an antiserum raised against heat-killed l. pneumophila. twenty-three clones coding for a legionella-specific protein of 19 kda were isolated. the 19-kda protein, which represents an outer membrane protein, was found to be associated with the peptidoglycan layer both in l. pneumophila and ... | 1991 | 1855972 |
| legionella infection. | as specialized laboratory tests became more widely available, legionella species were found to be common causes of nosocomial and community-acquired pneumonia. patients with chronic lung disease and organ transplants are at greatest risk. clinical manifestations are non-specific, although fever greater than 39 degrees c and diarrhea are common. erythromycin remains the antibiotic of choice, although many alternative agents are available. once cases are discovered, a search for the organism in wa ... | 1991 | 1855370 |
| antimicrobial activity of three investigational oral cephalosporins (bk-218, cefdinir, and ru29246) against legionella. | three new, orally administered cephalosporins (bk-218, cefdinir, ru29246) were tested against 13 representative strains of legionella. cefdinir was most active [50% minimum inhibitory concentration (mic50), 1 micrograms/ml], a potency comparable to the reference drug cefixime and eightfold less active than erythromycin. bk-218 was the least active cephalosporin (mic50, 8 micrograms/ml) or 100-fold less potent than rifampin. these investigational cephems appear poorly suited by activity assays fo ... | 1991 | 1802542 |
| erythromycin for treatment of ornithosis. | patients with pneumonia not responding to treatment with betalactam drugs and patients where an "atypical" etiology is suspected from the beginning, are often given erythromycin to cover mycoplasma and legionella. erythromycin has also been effective for chlamydia pneumoniae. if, however, ornithosis is suspected the recommended drug has been tetracycline. since we noted that several patients had a favourable course on erythromycin despite a final serological diagnosis of ornithosis, we retrospec ... | 1991 | 1853163 |
| legionellosis in new zealand: first recorded outbreak. | | 1991 | 1852325 |
| [the typing of legionella pneumophila strains by using monoclonal antibodies to the cytolysin]. | studies on the typing of l. pneumophila strains of serogroup 1, isolated from patients and environmental objects, have been made with the use of monoclonal antibodies (mcab) to cytolysin. the results of the comparison of the specificity of our mcab with that of a commercial set mcab obtained from the usa make it possible to recommend preparations based on mcab to cytolysin for the detection of l. pneumophila pathogenic strains of serovar 1. the use of fitc- and peroxidase-labeled mcab to cytolys ... | 1991 | 1858465 |
| laboratory diagnosis of legionella infections. | | 1991 | 1858417 |
| severe community-acquired pneumonia. epidemiology and prognostic factors. | over a period of 4 consecutive yr, 92 nonimmunosuppressed patients (21 women and 71 men aged 53 +/- 16 yr, means = sd) with critical acute respiratory failure (pao2/fio2, 209 +/- 9 mm hg) caused by severe community-acquired pneumonia were admitted to the respiratory intensive care unit (ricu) of a general hospital. the most frequent underlying clinical condition was chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (44 patients, 48%). a total of 56 patients (61%) required mechanical ventilation for a mean p ... | 1991 | 1859053 |
| legiolysin, a new hemolysin from l. pneumophila. | legionella pneumophila generates exotoxins, cytolysins, proteases or hemolysins that damage host cells like erythrocytes or tissue culture cells. the gene for a new l. pneumophila hemolysin without a proteolytic activity was identified, cloned in e. coli and sequenced. the gene product was analysed by sds-polyacrylamide-gel-electrophoresis. | 1991 | 1863316 |
| community acquired pneumonia: aetiology and prognostic index evaluation. | a 10 month prospective study of all adults admitted to waikato hospital with community acquired pneumonia was performed to assess aetiology, mortality, hospital stay, and the value of a prognostic index based on that obtained from a british thoracic society study. the 92 patients in the survey had a mean age of 56 (range 13-97) years. a microbiological diagnosis was established in 72%; streptococcus pneumoniae (33%), mycoplasma pneumoniae (18%), and influenza a virus (8%) were the most common mi ... | 1991 | 1907034 |
| community-acquired legionellosis in singapore. | patients admitted to hospital with chest infections were examined serologically to see if these were due to legionella pneumophila. each of the 219 samples of serum collected from 177 patients was examined by two standard tests. the tests, which generally agreed, identified three individuals (1.7% of the group) who had sufficient antibody to suggest that they were suffering from current legionellosis. serological evidence of previous infection was discovered (with differing degrees of certainty) ... | 1991 | 1803979 |
| effects of biocidal treatments to inhibit the growth of legionellae and other microorganisms in cooling towers. | the effects of biocidal treatments for cooling towers were examined through the use of chemicals and ultraviolet irradiation to inhibit the growth of legionellae and other microorganisms. in the water of cooling towers without continuous biocidal treatments, heterotrophic bacteria and bacterivorous protozoan first appeared, and then legionellae increased up to 10(4) cfu/100 ml. when a uv sterilizer was connected to the cooling tower, the legionellae count was 1/10 or 1/100 of that in the nontrea ... | 1991 | 1808473 |
| latissimus dorsi cardiomyoplasty in severe congestive heart failure: the lyon experience. | eleven male patients, new york heart association (nyha) class iii, have undergone cardiomyoplasty (chachques and carpentier technique). there were no deaths. two patients suffered from low cardiac output, one patient suffered a massive aortic bifurcation embolism, and one patient had a legionella pneumonia. all patients recovered well. the follow-up was 6.9 +/- 2.3 months. one patient had a cardiomyostimulator pulse train generator failure and had it replaced. the first seven patients were evalu ... | 1991 | 1807491 |
| adp-ribosyltransferase activity of legionella pneumophila is stimulated by the presence of macrophage lysates. | adp-ribosyltransferases are among the most biologically active of bacterial products in eukaryotes, and act by transferring the adp-ribosyl moiety of nad to acceptor proteins. the detection of adp-ribosylated legionella proteins in ultrasonic lysates of legionella pneumophila strain philadelphia 1 is reported. the adp-ribosylating reaction was not influenced by addition of guinea pig spleen-cell and lung-cell lysates, but was considerably increased in the presence of lysates of guinea pig perito ... | 1991 | 1912250 |
| newly documented antimicrobial activity of quinolones. | the improved antimicrobial activity of newer fluoroquinolones and novel applications recently found for the drugs already marketed are reviewed. several new compounds are more active against gram-positive bacteria than the presently marketed fluoroquinolones. win 57273, the most potent compound in vitro on a weight basis, is 16 to 128 times more active than ciprofloxacin against various staphylococci, streptococci, enterococcus spp., corynebacterium spp., listeria monocytogenes and bacillus spp. ... | 1991 | 1864284 |
| [frequency of seroreactors to legionella among the patients with pulmonary infections]. | a prospective study was conducted with patients with pulmonary infections who were consecutively admitted to the three community hospitals in benghu from july 1986 to may 1987, and to the children's hospital in nanjing from september 1986 to january 1987. antibodies to lpi-8, lm, ld, and lg were measured by the micro-agglutination test. during the study period, 150 adult patients (100 pairs sera) and 212 control healthy people and 110 pairs sera of childhood patients and 173 children without res ... | 1991 | 1879021 |
| intracellular survival and expression of virulence determinants of legionella pneumophila. | legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of legionnaires' disease is able to live and multiply within macrophages as well as within protozoan organisms. legionella strains inhibit phagosome-lysosome fusion and phagosome acidification. by using two different cell culture systems, one derived from human macrophages and the other from human embryo lung fibroblastic cells, it is demonstrated that legionella strains lose their virulence following cultivation in the laboratory. in order to study th ... | 1991 | 1879952 |
| legionella pneumophila: denizen of defenders. | legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of legionellosis, is an intracellular parasite of human monocytic cells and neutrophils. the life cycle of legionella within phagocytic cells is distinct from that of other bacterial pathogens. adherence of l pneumophila to phagocytes is mediated by attachment of complement proteins to the legionella cell surface, followed by binding to complement receptors of phagocytes. opsonized legionella also may enter phagocytes after engagement of the fc recepto ... | 1991 | 1887168 |
| [the interaction of legionella pneumophila with different types of cell cultures and the effect of interferon preparations on this process]. | the interaction of l. pneumophila with lymphoblastoid cell cultures h9 and h9/iiib and epithelial cell cultures hep-2 mutual influence have been noted. l. pneumophila penetrates into cells hep-2 and multiplies there due the so-called "spin phagocytosis". the study of the influence of the preparations of interferon, leukinferon and reaferon, on the adhesive capacity of bacteria and their penetration into eukaryotic cells has revealed that the preliminary treatment of both bacteria and cells hep-2 ... | 1991 | 1887703 |
| incrimination of an environmental source of a case of legionnaires' disease by pyrolysis mass spectrometry. | following a case of legionnaires' disease legionella pneumophila of the same serogroup was isolated from the hot water system of the hotel which had been epidemiologically implicated as the source of the infection. pyrolysis mass spectrometry (pyms) was used to compare 11 isolates from the hotel water sample with the patient's strain. epidemiologically unrelated isolates, both clinical and environmental, of the same serogroup and monoclonal antibody type of l. pneumophila were included in the sa ... | 1991 | 1879479 |
| [the genomic fingerprinting of the causative agents of sapronoses]. | the genome polymorphism of the causative agents of sapronoses (vibrio cholerae, legionella and leptospira) has been studied. the use of the method of genome fingerprinting [correction of dactyloscopy] has been shown to permit the differentiation of closely related strains of such causative agents. the epidemically significant strains of the causative agents of sapronoses, isolated in different geographical regions, have been found to be genotypically related, i.e., they are probably of clonal or ... | 1991 | 1887704 |
| distribution, expression, and long-range mapping of legiolysin gene (lly)-specific dna sequences in legionellae. | the legiolysin gene (lly) cloned from legionella pneumophila philadelphia 1 confers the phenotypes of hemolysis and browning of the culture medium. an internal lly-specific dna probe was used in southern hybridizations for the detection of lly-specific dna in the genomes of legionellae and other gram-negative pathogenic bacteria. under conditions of high stringency, the lly dna probe specifically reacted with dna fragments from l. pneumophila isolates; by reducing stringency, hybridization was a ... | 1991 | 1879949 |
| pulsed field electrophoresis of genomic restriction fragments for the detection of nosocomial legionella pneumophila in hospital water supplies. | ten legionella pneumophila strains isolated from different sources were analyzed according to their restriction fragment patterns obtained by cleavage of genomic dna with noti and sfii and separation by pulsed field electrophoresis. three l. pneumophila isolates from a nosocomial outbreak in lübeck (germany) and three other l. pneumophila strains independently isolated from a water tap located in the care unit where the patients were hospitalized exhibited identical restriction fragment profiles ... | 1991 | 1890182 |
| induction of the immune response to legionella pneumophila cytolysin by monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibodies. | a panel of mab (igg1, igg3, igm) against legionella pneumophila cytolysin (cl)-protease of 37 kda was obtained. subtyping of l. pneumophila strains of serogroup 1 by using mab against cl (mab-cl) was carried out. the results of comparative analysis of the specificity of mab-cl and the panel of mab kindly provided by dr. j. m. barbaree (centers for disease control, atlanta, ga) allowed us to recommend mab-cl to be used as a diagnostic tool to reveal the pathogenicity of l. pneumophila strains of ... | 1991 | 1890309 |
| an outbreak of legionnaires' disease in gloucester. | fourteen people living in or near the city of gloucester fell ill with legionnaires' disease caused by legionella pneumophila serogroup (sg) 1 between 27 august and 27 october 1986. another patient had fallen ill on 30 may. nine of the 15 were diagnosed retrospectively during a case finding exercise. there were three deaths. three cases of pontiac fever were also diagnosed. the source was probably one or more wet cooling towers. nineteen premises in the city with such towers were identified, and ... | 1991 | 1879480 |
| sequence of a pal-related lipoprotein from bacillus subtilis. | the sequence of a small bacillus subtilis lipoprotein is reported. the gene encodes a protein of 124 amino acids, which shows a low but statistically significant homology to the peptidoglycan-associated lipoproteins (pal) of escherichia coli and haemophilus influenzae. although the functions of these proteins have not been confirmed, they are obviously structural proteins. in e. coli the gene for the peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein appears to be essential. | 1991 | 1936936 |
| high prevalence of positive antibodies to legionella pneumophila among outpatients. | a serologic survey of antibodies to legionella pneumophila serogroups 1 through 6 was performed to assess the prevalence of positive antibody titers among outpatients and to evaluate the association between elevated antibody titers and previously identified risk factors for legionellosis. subjects were recruited from outpatient clinics at the minneapolis va medical center. each participant completed a self-administered questionnaire which asked about their general health and any recent symptoms ... | 1991 | 1889252 |
| legionellosis. | legionella is a common cause of community- and hospital-acquired pneumonia. new information on the pathogenesis of infection and the host immune response is reviewed. specialized laboratory tests, especially culture, are necessary for diagnosis since the clinical presentation is nonspecific. new antimicrobial agents and innovative approaches to disinfection of water distribution systems are presented. | 1991 | 1955700 |
| [jaundice as a presentation of pneumonia caused by legionella]. | | 1991 | 1893028 |
| characterization of legiolysin (lly), responsible for haemolytic activity, colour production and fluorescence of legionella pneumophila. | a genomic library of legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of legionnaires' disease in humans was constructed in escherichia coli k12 and the recombinant clones were tested for haemolysis and other phenotypic properties. seven clones were identified which were able to confer haemolysis of human, sheep, and canine erythrocytes but which were unable to mediate proteolytic activities or cytotoxic effects on cho- or vero cells. clones that exhibited this haemolytic property were also able to p ... | 1991 | 1956291 |
| cross-reactive legionella antigens and the antibody response during infection. | in order to define cross-reactive legionella antigens suitable for diagnostic purposes, we investigated sonicate antigens from two legionella species, including two serogroups of l. pneumophila. the antigens were reacted with heterologous and homologous rabbit antisera in western blot. sera from seven patients with culture-verified l. pneumophila infection and nine patients with serologically confirmed l. micdadei infection were also investigated for reactivity with the corresponding antigens. a ... | 1991 | 1892639 |
| multiplication of legionella spp. in tap water containing hartmannella vermiformis. | a model was developed to study the multiplication of various legionella spp. in tap water containing hartmannella vermiformis. tap water cultures prepared with the following components were suitable for the multiplication studies: legionella spp., 10(3) cfu/ml; h. vermiformis, 10(4.4) cysts per ml; and killed pseudomonas paucimobilis, 10(9) cells per ml. cocultures were incubated at 37 degrees c for at least 1 week. the following legionellae multiplied in tap water cocultures in each replicate e ... | 1991 | 1892386 |
| [the nonspecific protection of guinea pigs immunized with a live tularemia vaccine against lung infection by legionella pneumophila]. | | 1991 | 1950286 |
| [epidemiology of community-acquired pneumonia in the health area i of navarra]. | during one year (1988), a protocol study of the community-acquired pneumonias was carried out in patients referred to the hospital virgen del camino in pamplona (health area i or northern navarra), so as to have an epidemiological and microbiological knowledge of this disease in this geographic area. | 1991 | 1895782 |
| [the ultrastructural characteristics of the interaction of legionella pneumophila with the infusorian protozoon tetrahymena pyriformis]. | in this work the morphological features of the interaction of l. pneumophila virulent strain and t. pyriformis have been studied on the submicroscopic level in the time course of the process. the study has shown the process of the destruction of the bacterial population and the penetration of individual intact legionella cells from the phagosome into the endoplasm of t. pyriformis after 6-9 hours of interaction in the form of the budding of the phagosome and further multiplication of legionella ... | 1991 | 1908167 |
| [evaluation of bronchoalveolar lavage in the microbiological diagnosis of pneumonia in patients at risk]. | bronchoalveolar washout was performed in 130 patients with pneumonia during a period of 28 months. microbiological investigation involved common bacteria, legionella, fungi, viruses (cytomegalovirus, herpes, rsv), mycobacterium, and pneumocystis carinii. infection hiv was present in 75% of patients. the remaining patients had malignant diseases or severe pneumonia. the overall sensitivity of the technique was 65.4% and the positive predictive value was 92%. the technique was less sensitive in ca ... | 1991 | 1863607 |
| interferon-gamma induced resistance to legionella pneumophila in susceptible a/j mouse macrophages. | legionella pneumophila (lp) grow in cultures in human, guinea pig, and mouse macrophages from a/j strain mice. because exudate macrophages from this strain of mice have been reported deficient in responsiveness to lymphokines, we thought it of interest to document the extent of responsiveness to interferon-gamma in the context of growth restriction of lp. peritoneal exudate macrophages were obtained from a/j mice and cultured in either the presence or absence of recombinant interferon-gamma. the ... | 1991 | 1898614 |
| legionella pneumonia presenting as a bulging fissure on chest roentgenogram. | we report a case of legionella pneumonia presenting as a bulging interlobar fissure on the lateral chest roentgenogram. this microorganism should be added to the list of etiologic agents producing a bulging fissure on chest roentgenogram. | 1991 | 1864143 |
| acquisition of iron by legionella pneumophila: role of iron reductase. | legionella pneumophila has been shown to survive and multiply in a variety of intracellular environments, including protozoa and human mononuclear phagocytes. however, the mechanism by which this organism acquires iron in the intracellular environment has not been studied. since l. pneumophila does not produce siderophores, alternative methods of iron acquisition were investigated. virulent strains of l. pneumophila were able to grow in media containing as little as 3 microm iron, whereas avirul ... | 1991 | 1904841 |
| plasma cell pneumonia induced by legionella pneumophila. | we report a case of severe legionella pneumonia in which the histopathologic features of an open lung biopsy specimen were characterized by a monotypic plasma cell infiltrate and absence of granulocytes or other acute inflammatory cells. the clinical course was otherwise typical for a severe case of legionella pneumonia with complete functional and roentgenographic recovery following a prolonged convalescence. we speculate on possible reasons for this patient's unusual histopathologic features. | 1991 | 1914587 |
| aetiology of community acquired pneumonia in valencia, spain: a multicentre prospective study. | a year long multicentre prospective study was carried out in the valencia region of spain, to determine the cause of community acquired pneumonia. the study was based on 510 of 833 patients with pneumonia. of these, 462 were admitted to hospital, where 31 patients died. a cause was established in only 281 cases--208 of bacterial, 60 of viral, and 13 of mixed infection. the most common microorganisms were streptococcus pneumoniae (14.5%), legionella sp (14%), influenza virus (8%), and mycoplasma ... | 1991 | 1908605 |
| legionella pneumophila. a cause of severe community-acquired pneumonia. | in a prospective study of community-acquired pneumonias, 30 patients were diagnosed with legionnaires' disease in 15 months. clinical, laboratory and radiologic features of these patients are reviewed and compared with those who have pneumococcal pneumonia. alcoholism, history of smoking, previous antimicrobial therapy, gastrointestinal and neurologic manifestations, elevations of serum transaminases, alkaline phosphatase and creatinine levels were more frequent in pneumonia due to legionella pn ... | 1991 | 1914547 |
| estimation of legionella pneumophila virulence by nitroblue-tetrazolium reduction. | | 1990 | 1967716 |
| prospective hospital study of community acquired lower respiratory tract infection in the elderly. | a prospective study of community acquired lower respiratory tract infection in the elderly was carried out over a 15-month period. during this time 127 consecutive admissions to two acute geriatric medical wards were studied. an aetiology was established in 77 (61%) of cases. streptococcus pneumoniae was identified in 37% of patients. haemophilus influenzae in 18% and branhamella catarrhalis in 10%. infection with mycoplasma pneumoniae was found in only one episode and no cases of legionella pne ... | 1991 | 1909044 |
| [diagnosis and therapy of pneumonia caused by gram-negative bacillus including legionella]. | | 1991 | 1908504 |
| erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora extracellular protease: characterization and nucleotide sequence of the gene. | the prt1 gene encoding extracellular protease from erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora ec14 in cosmid pca7 was subcloned to create plasmid psk1. the partial nucleotide sequence of the insert in psk1 (1,878 bp) revealed a 1,041-bp open reading frame (orf1) that correlated with protease activity in deletion mutants. orf1 encodes a polypeptide of 347 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 38,826 da. escherichia coli transformed with psk1 or psk23, a subclone of psk1, produces a protease ( ... | 1991 | 1917878 |
| in vitro activity of ym133, a new semisynthesized macrolide. | ym133, the 4"-o-(4-methoxyphenyl)acetyltylosin, is a new macrolide. the in vitro activity of ym133 was compared with those of erythromycin, josamycin, and rokitamycin by an agar dilution method. ym133 inhibited 90% of the tested isolates of streptococcus pneumoniae, legionella spp., and anaerobic bacteria at less than or equal to 1.56 micrograms/ml. the drug inhibited 90% of erythromycin-resistant staphylococci and streptococcus pyogenes at less than or equal to 50 micrograms/ml. ym133 showed ac ... | 1991 | 1929295 |
| bactericidal effects of ticarcillin-clavulanic acid against legionella pneumophila pneumonia in immunocompromised weanling rats. | a model of acute legionella pneumophila pneumonia in neutropenic weanling rats was developed as a means of assessing the efficacies in vivo of the beta-lactams ticarcillin, ticarcillin-clavulanic acid, and clavulanic acid, agents active against the organism in vitro. weanling rats were dosed with cyclophosphamide 3 days before and immediately prior to infection by intrabronchial intubation with l. pneumophila. the bacteria persisted in the lungs of untreated animals at high counts (5.0 to 7.0 lo ... | 1991 | 1929303 |
| severe legionella pneumophila infection in a patient with hairy cell leukemia in partial remission after alpha interferon treatment. | legionella pneumonia is an increasingly frequently reported complication in immunocompromised patients, particularly patients with hairy cell leukemia (hcl) in active phase. the most important predisposing factor seems to be the quantitative and qualitative defect of the monocytic-macrophagic system characteristic of hcl. we report a case of severe legionella pneumophila infection with multisystem involvement in a patient with hcl in stable partial remission obtained after therapy with interfero ... | 1991 | 1937404 |
| isolation of legionella maceachernii from an immunocompromised patient with severe underlying lung disease. | to present the first case in australia in which legionella maceachernii has been documented as a cause of infection. | 1991 | 1921795 |
| synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of dirithromycin (as-e 136; ly237216), a new macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin. | dirithromycin is a 9-n-11-o-oxazine derivative which is formed by condensation of 9(s)-erythromycylamine with 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)acetaldehyde. dirithromycin is hydrolyzed, either under acidic conditions or in vivo, to its major active metabolite, 9(s)-erythromycylamine. the antimicrobial spectrum of dirithromycin is similar to that of erythromycin; both antibiotics are active against gram-positive bacteria, legionella spp., helicobacter pylori, and chlamydia trachomatis. comparable results were ... | 1991 | 1929252 |
| lactoferrin inhibits or promotes legionella pneumophila intracellular multiplication in nonactivated and interferon gamma-activated human monocytes depending upon its degree of iron saturation. iron-lactoferrin and nonphysiologic iron chelates reverse monocyte activation against legionella pneumophila. | we have been exploring the role of iron in the pathogenesis of the intracellular bacterial pathogen legionella pneumophila. in previous studies, we have demonstrated that l. pneumophila intracellular multiplication in human monocytes is iron dependent and that ifn gamma-activated monocytes inhibit l. pneumophila intracellular multiplication by limiting the availability of iron. in this study, we have investigated the effect on l. pneumophila intracellular multiplication of lactoferrin, an iron-b ... | 1991 | 1918366 |
| [the splitting of the acceptor proteins of the protein kinase system in eukaryotic cells by legionella cytolysin]. | in the process of protein kinase reaction carried out in the mixture consisting of tris-hcl buffer, edta, mgcl2, gamma-32p-atp and the cytoplasmic fraction of rabbit pulmonary cells the phosphorylation of proteins with molecular weights of 150 and 55 kd took place. the addition of l. pneumophila culture fluid to the reaction mixture resulted in the splitting of phosphorylated proteins with the formation of the component having a molecular weight of 45 kd. these disturbances in protein kinase rea ... | 1991 | 1950277 |
| pneumonia in chronic obstructive lung disease. | despite the apparent common occurrence of pneumonia in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd), there are little firm data on incidence, etiology, diagnostic procedures, and therapy in these patients. it appears that traditional respiratory pathogens such as the pneumococcus are declining in importance while "new" pathogens such as pseudomonas sp., moraxella catarrhalis, and legionella sp. are becoming more important. the diagnosis of a specific etiologic agent is difficult in ... | 1991 | 1955695 |
| radiographic appearance of nosocomial legionnaires' disease after erythromycin treatment. | radiographic features of 71 patients (48 men, 23 women) with nosocomial legionella pneumophila pneumonia were assessed and compared with those of other nosocomial series of l pneumophila pneumonia. sixteen patients were assessed retrospectively and 55 prospectively. chest radiographs were assessed at the onset of the illness, 10 days later, and at 3 months. erythromycin was given to 67 patients at the time of the diagnosis and to the remaining four at a later stage. forty eight patients were ove ... | 1991 | 1948796 |