| graft involvement by legionella in a liver transplant recipient. | legionella pneumophila, serogroup 1, was identified by direct immunofluorescence in the lung and liver graft from a 2 1/2-month-old infant who underwent orthotopic liver transplantation because of fulminant hepatic failure secondary to neonatal hepatitis. the patient died of respiratory failure owing to this infection 22 days after transplantation despite treatment with erythromycin lactobionate. to our knowledge, this represents the first reported case of hepatic infection with legionella in li ... | 1992 | 1558502 |
| [legionella pneumophila infection and cellular immunity--interaction with immune cells]. | | 1992 | 1522682 |
| ofloxacin clinical pharmacokinetics. | ofloxacin is a new fluoroquinolone with a spectrum of activity similar to other fluoroquinolones with activity which includes chlamydia trachomatis, mycobacterium spp., mycoplasma spp. and legionella pneumophila. through its additional mechanisms of action, ofloxacin may be less susceptible to the development of resistance from staphylococcus aureus commonly seen with currently available fluoroquinolones. the impact of these findings cannot be evaluated without further clinical experience. the p ... | 1992 | 1559306 |
| the molecular biology and diagnostics of chlamydia trachomatis. | the rapid development of biotechnological methods provides the potential of dissecting the molecular structure of microorganisms. in this review the molecular biology of chlamydia is described. the genus chlamydia contains three species c. trachomatis, c. psittaci, and c. pneumonia which all are important human pathogens. chlamydia is obligate intracellular bacteria with a unique biphasic life cycle. the extracellularly chlamydial elementary bodies (eb) are small, metabolic inactive, infectious ... | 1992 | 1526183 |
| the aetiology, management and outcome of severe community-acquired pneumonia on the intensive care unit. the british thoracic society research committee and the public health laboratory service. | in a retrospective study of adults with severe community-acquired pneumonia (scap) admitted to the intensive care unit, 60 patients were identified from 25 hospitals within the 12-month study period. thirty-two percent were aged less than 44 years and 65% less than 65. one-third were previously fit. two or more of the following three features, respiratory rate greater than or equal to 30 min-1, diastolic blood pressure less than or equal to 60 mmhg and blood urea greater than 7 mmol l-1, were pr ... | 1992 | 1565823 |
| membrane sorting during phagocytosis: selective exclusion of major histocompatibility complex molecules but not complement receptor cr3 during conventional and coiling phagocytosis. | we have used immunocytochemical techniques and enzyme cytochemistry to examine the distribution of plasma membrane proteins during coiling phagocytosis of legionella pneumophila and conventional phagocytosis of escherichia coli. whereas class i and class ii major histocompatibility complex (mhc) molecules are relatively excluded from nascent phagosomes during conventional and coiling phagocytosis, the cr3 complement receptor persists in nascent phagosomes. the staining pattern for alkaline phosp ... | 1992 | 1569400 |
| post-infectious encephalomyelitis associated with mycoplasma pneumoniae and legionella pneumophila infection. | a case of severe acute encephalomyelitis associated with a serological diagnosis of both mycoplasma pneumoniae and legionella pneumophila infection is reported. serological co-positivity between these two pathogens has been reported previously, and has, in general, been attributed to cross-reactivity. this is the first documented case of co-infection using more sensitive and specific serological techniques. the potential significance of these findings is discussed in the context of the considera ... | 1992 | 1570254 |
| legionnaires' disease and acute renal failure: case report and review. | the case of a 26-year-old man with pneumonia due to legionella pneumophila associated with acute renal failure is presented, and the english-language literature on legionnaires' disease is reviewed. for this review, acute renal failure was defined as rapid deterioration in renal function indicated by a rise in levels of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine with or without the presence of oliguria. our patient experienced renal failure and underwent hemodialysis. his condition gradually improved af ... | 1992 | 1571431 |
| a comparison of antimicrobial activity of ofloxacin, l-ofloxacin, and other oral agents for respiratory pathogens. | the attainable inhibitory ratios (ar) for oral antibiotics were calculated by using literature reports of concentrations attained in respiratory secretions for amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (amx/ca), ofloxacin (ofl), l-ofloxacin (l-ofl), cefuroxime (cefu), ciprofloxacin (cip), and enoxacin (eno), and using microdilution minimum inhibitory concentration data of these antimicrobials against the common bacterial respiratory pathogens. ar of each antibiotic against the pathogens was expressed as multi ... | 1992 | 1572139 |
| detection of legionella spp. in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids by dna amplification. | by using taq polymerase, dna amplification of a specific fragment of the macrophage infectivity potentiator (mip) gene from legionella pneumophila was used to detect legionella spp. in bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) fluid specimens. we were able to detect dnas from all 30 l. pneumophila strains tested (serogroups 1 to 14), l. micdadei, and l. bozemanii serogroup 1. dna from bacteria of other species tested and dna from human leukocytes were not amplified by this procedure. after optimization of th ... | 1992 | 1572978 |
| the excc gene of escherichia coli k-12 required for cell envelope integrity encodes the peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein (pal). | the excc mutants of escherichia coli are hypersensitive to drugs such as cholic acid and release periplasmic proteins into the extracellular medium. a 1884 bp fragment carrying the excc gene was isolated and sequenced. it contains the 3' end of the tolb gene which maps at min 17 on the e. coli map and an open reading frame which encodes the 18,748 da excc protein. the protein is composed of a hydrophobic region of 22 residues and displayed an overall hydrophilic configuration. it was shown that ... | 1992 | 1574003 |
| immunoglobulin g antibodies to helicobacter pylori in patients with dyspeptic symptoms investigated by the western immunoblot technique. | helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative, curved, rod-shaped bacterium known to cause gastritis and to be an important factor in the pathogenesis of peptic ulcers. serological testing has recently been proposed as an aid in diagnosis of h. pylori infections. in this study, we used the western immunoblot technique to evaluate the possibility of using one or more of the antigens from h. pylori for this purpose. thirteen major bands and about 30 minor bands could be identified by western blotting whe ... | 1992 | 1629330 |
| detection of legionella pneumophila-specific antibody by indirect immunofluorescence assay. | antibodies to legionella pneumophila were found by indirect immunofluorescence assay in 525 samples of human serum. the samples were obtained from 451 patients who were suspected of having an acute infectious illness, with mainly respiratory symptoms; 90 patients had antibodies to l. pneumophila (19.9%). the results suggest that the prevalence of l. pneumophila is greater than had previously been supposed. | 1992 | 1632199 |
| distribution of legionellae in a hospital water system: prevalence of immunologically and genetically related legionella pneumophila serogroup 6 isolates. | a hospital warm water system was monitored for the presence and distribution of legionellae. subtyping of ten selected legionella pneumophila isolates, originating from four different sites in the system by using serogroup specific antisera in an indirect immunofluorescence test, revealed that nine of the ten isolates belong to serogroup 6, while the remaining one was serogroup 10. two monoclonal antibodies (mabs) specific for a subgroup of serogroup 6 strains were further used for characterizat ... | 1992 | 1526452 |
| fatal legionella pneumophila pneumonia: treatment failure despite early sequential oral-parenteral amoxicillin-clavulanic acid therapy. | a 68-year-old male, having just returned from a two-week holiday on the island of ischia, developed unilateral pneumonia for which he was treated with oral amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and hospitalized within three days when the disease worsened and spread to both lungs. despite parenteral amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (up to 2.2 g i.v. t.i.d.) the pneumonia spread rapidly over the next three days. sputum cultures returned post mortem yielded legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 and urine tests revea ... | 1992 | 1582691 |
| construction of an escherichia coli k-12 strain deleted for manganese and iron superoxide dismutase genes and its use in cloning the iron superoxide dismutase gene of legionella pneumophila. | an escherichia coli k-12 strain deleted for soda and sodb (manganese and iron superoxide dismutases) was constructed and characterized by southern blotting, enzyme assays, and physiological analyses. the sod deletion strain was used to clone the iron superoxide dismutase gene of legionella pneumophila by complementation to paraquat resistance. | 1992 | 1588912 |
| [severe community-acquired pneumopathy. what initial antibiotics to use?]. | even if they represent only a minor percentage of all respiratory infections, acute pulmonary infections are the leading mortality cause from infectious diseases. epidemiologic data amongst hospitalized patients with acute infections reveal mean mortality figures of 20%. the adequate assessment of severity criteria is fundamental so that patients can be oriented towards suitable hospitalized units. risks factors to be considered are: other illnesses, age (greater than 60 years), breathing freque ... | 1992 | 1589629 |
| [epidemiology of legionnaires' disease. from myth to reality]. | legionella disease is among the leading causes of acute pulmonary infections. nevertheless, the precise frequency remains difficult to assess because of its clinical aspects, the empirical treatment and the diagnostic requirements. according to the existing literature, the frequency of legionella infections varies from 1 to 15% of documented pulmonary infections. in a survey carried out in 1990 in the lyon area, the precise incidence of infections due to legionella in daily medical practice has ... | 1992 | 1589630 |
| legionella pneumophila mip gene potentiates intracellular infection of protozoa and human macrophages. | legionella pneumophila is an intracellular parasite of freshwater protozoa and human macrophages. recent studies determined that the macrophage infectivity potentiator (mip) surface protein, a prokaryotic homolog of the fk506-binding proteins, is required for optimal infection of macrophages. to determine whether mip is also involved in l. pneumophila infection of protozoa, we examined the ability of a strain lacking mip to parasitize hartmannella amoebae and tetrahymena ciliates. after 3 days o ... | 1992 | 1594630 |
| investigation of the role of macrophages and endogenous interferon-gamma in natural resistance of mice against legionella pneumophila infection. | mice are highly resistant to legionella pneumophila infection. to study the natural resistance, we used a/j and c57bl/6 mice which have macrophages permissive and non-permissive for the intracellular growth of l. pneumophila, respectively. the ld50 for a/j and c57bl/6 were 2.7 x 10(7) and 7.2 x 10(7) cfu, respectively, indicating that the difference in macrophage ability to regulate the bacterial growth had some effect on susceptibility to l. pneumophila. there was no difference between both str ... | 1992 | 1599705 |
| alveolar macrophage activation in experimental legionellosis. | legionella pneumophila is a facultative intracellular parasite of alveolar macrophages. in vitro studies have shown that lymphokine-activated mononuclear phagocytes inhibit intracellular replication of l. pneumophila. to determine if recovery from legionellosis is associated with activation of alveolar macrophages in vivo to resist l. pneumophila, we studied an animal model of legionnaires' disease. rats were exposed to aerosolized l. pneumophila and alveolar macrophages were harvested during th ... | 1991 | 1646846 |
| legionellae isolated from clinical and environmental samples in spain (1983-90): monoclonal typing of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 isolates. | legionella isolates recovered in 21 different spanish provinces over 8 years from both clinical (67 isolates) and environmental (181) samples, mostly from case-associated buildings, are described; 92.5% of clinical isolates were l. pneumophila serogroup 1 (sg1), only five isolates belonging to other species or serogroups: two l. pneumophila sg6, two sg8 and one l. bozemanii sg1 not clearly related with clinical infection. l. pneumophila sg1 accounted for 53.6% of isolates from the environment, f ... | 1992 | 1601074 |
| genotypic and phenotypic methods for the investigation of a nosocomial legionella pneumophila outbreak and efficacy of control measures. | to determine the source of a nosocomial outbreak of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 infection and the efficacy of control measures, clinical and environmental isolates were characterized by molecular subtyping and disease surveillance was conducted. the outbreak involved 32 cases (relative risk, 4.0; p less than .001 vs. previous period). water colonization with l. pneumophila serogroup 1 and patients' exposure to faucet use incriminated the water system as the environmental source. monoclona ... | 1992 | 1607704 |
| [rational means of the determination of costs and etiological diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia]. | the cost and effectiveness of examinations (sputum staining and culturing, antitest determination for influenza a and b, rsv, adenovirus, chlamydia psittaci and pneumoniae, coxiella burnetii, mycoplasma pneumoniae and legionella pneumophila, and determination for streptococcus pneumoniae antigen) performed to explore the aetiology of community-acquired pneumonia in the case of 258 hospitalised patients were analysed. the aetiology could be determined in 44.2% of the cases. on the basis of prevai ... | 1992 | 1608606 |
| in vitro properties of the newer quinolones. | table 5 summarizes the activity of the newer quinolones against various bacteria including intracellular bacteria and the other microorganisms. in this table, the overall mic ranges of nflx, enx, oflx, and cpfx, for susceptible isolates of each bacteria are schematically presented. the newer quinolones are considered to have sufficient activity against gram-negative enteric bacteria, n. gonorrhoeae, and h. influenzae and legionella spp. since oflx and cpfx show only moderate activity against sta ... | 1992 | 1609115 |
| in situ colonization of polyvinyl chloride, brass, and copper by legionella pneumophila. | a sampling device (robbins device) was used to expose brass, copper, and polyvinyl chloride plugs to potable water contaminated by legionella pneumophila serogroup 1. plugs were removed at approximately 1-week intervals and cultured. the colonization rates were polyvinyl chloride, 70; copper, 31; and brass, 25%. quantitative cultures revealed that polyvinyl chloride was most heavily colonized, whereas brass was least colonized. we conclude that materials used in plumbing systems are readily colo ... | 1992 | 1611559 |
| [microbiological diagnosis of legionnaires' disease]. | besides other bacterial genera legionellae are a major causative agent of severe pneumonia. therefore, it is essential to include legionnaires' disease into the diagnostics of pneumonia of unknown origin. the appreciable number of different species and serogroups of legionellaceae, most of them pathogenic for humans, render this task more difficult. the cultural isolation of legionellae from patient or environmental samples is easily performed, the identification of the isolates may be difficult ... | 1992 | 1612629 |
| legionella pneumophila lipopolysaccharide activates the classical complement pathway. | legionella pneumophila is a gram-negative bacterium capable of entering and growing in alveolar macrophages and monocytes. complement and complement receptors are important in the uptake of l. pneumophila by human mononuclear phagocytes. the surface molecules of l. pneumophila that activate the complement system are unknown. to identify these factors, we investigated the effects of l. pneumophila lipopolysaccharide (lps) on the classical and alternative complement pathways of normal human serum ... | 1992 | 1612744 |
| rapid identification of legionella species from a single colony by gas-liquid chromatography with trimethylsulphonium hydroxide for transesterification. | transesterification of bacterial fatty acids to methyl esters with trimethylsulphonium hydroxide (tmsh) was compared with a conventional method for the identification of legionella species by capillary gas chromatography. there was an extensive coincidence in the gas chromatographic profiles of bacterial fatty acid methyl esters (fames) obtained by the two methods. however, the tmsh procedure needs less initial material and is much more simple and rapid. the chromatographic pattern of fames obta ... | 1992 | 1613774 |
| enhanced growth restriction of legionella pneumophila in endotoxin-treated macrophages. | macrophages from a/j mice are permissive for growth of legionella pneumophila, an intracellular opportunistic pathogen that grows preferentially in macrophages. macrophages from other mouse strains are highly resistant to growth of legionella. in the present study, it was found that macrophages from a/j mice are readily activated by pretreatment with lipopolysaccharide (lps), so that the cells do not permit legionella to replicate in vitro, as occurs when untreated macrophages from a/j mice are ... | 1992 | 1615009 |
| [pneumonia: etiologic diagnosis and therapy in general practice]. | the majority of community-acquired pneumonias are not hospitalized, have a good prognosis and a low mortality rate. in the nonimmunocompromised adult patient, pneumonias are caused by a broad array of microorganisms of which the so-called 'atypical' agents (mycoplasma, chlamydiae, viruses) are as frequently found as classical bacteria such as pneumococci and haemophilus. generally, the mode of acquisition and the clinical picture will not allow to deduct the etiology with certainty, and the labo ... | 1992 | 1615457 |
| heat susceptibility of aquatic mycobacteria. | an investigation was carried out to measure the heat susceptibility of opportunistic mycobacteria frequently isolated from domestic water supply systems. the study was conducted under standardized conditions designed to resemble those found in oligotrophic aquatic habitats. strains of the following species were tested: mycobacterium avium, m. chelonae, m. fortuitum, m. intracellulare, m. kansasii (two strains), m. marinum, m. phlei, m. scrofulaceum, and m. xenopi. suspensions of the test strains ... | 1992 | 1622262 |
| incubation of water samples containing amoebae improves detection of legionellae by the culture method. | some protozoans isolated from aquatic habitats, including domestic water supplies, can support the intracellular replication of autochthonous legionellae in vitro. we studied the effect of incubating water samples containing amoebae on the sensitivity of culture for legionellae. samples collected during investigations of legionellosis epidemics and shown by conventional culture procedures to contain amoebae, but not legionellae, were incubated at 35 degrees c and replated. legionellae were recov ... | 1992 | 1622278 |
| fatal legionella maceachernii pneumonia in canada. | a case of pneumonia and acute tubular necrosis was caused by an initially unknown species of legionella. the organism was later identified as legionella maceachernii by a combination of cultural, biochemical, and serological methods along with a gas-liquid chromatographic profile. | 1992 | 1624578 |
| [a case of psittacosis with migratory infiltrates]. | a 56-year-old man with fever, headache, cough and sputum was admitted to another clinic. chest x-ray examination revealed infiltrates in the upper lobe of the right lung. cefem and aminoglycoside therapy was not effective, and the infiltrates migrated from the right upper lobe to the right middle and lower lobes and then to the left lung. he was transferred to our clinic, and laboratory data showed that crp was 6+; esr, 119 mm/1 h; wbc, 3000/mm3; and car, 512. the tentative diagnosis of atypical ... | 1992 | 1625383 |
| virulence factors of the family legionellaceae. | whereas bacteria in the genus legionella have emerged as relatively frequent causes of pneumonia, the mechanisms underlying their pathogenicity are obscure. the legionellae are facultative intracellular pathogens which multiply within the phagosome of mononuclear phagocytes and are not killed efficiently by polymorphonuclear leukocytes. the functional defects that might permit the intracellular survival of the legionellae have remained an enigma until recently. phagosome-lysosome fusion is inhib ... | 1992 | 1579112 |
| each water outlet is a unique ecological niche for legionella pneumophila. | we determined the natural history of the colonization of our hospital's potable water by culturing water approximately biweekly from 20 sites throughout the hospital for 4 years. overall, 545 (24.7%) of the 2200 samples grew legionella pneumophila. during hyperchlorination, 11.7% of the samples were positive while 41.6% were positive in the absence of chlorination. there was no seasonal trend towards positivity, but there was marked inter-site variation in the semi-quantitative culture results. ... | 1992 | 1582468 |
| six cases of travel-associated legionnaires' disease in ischia involving four countries. | the detection of travel-associated legionellosis can be extremely difficult; hence, an extensive case investigation is recommended in pneumonia-striken travellers and tourists, who are particularly at risk of acquiring the disease. on the island of ischia (isola d'ischia, naples, italy) a total of six cases of legionnaires' disease occurred from 1986 to 1990. all patients (one man and two women from germany, one austrian woman, one swiss man, and one italian woman) had taken thermal baths and st ... | 1992 | 1582687 |
| [limited proteolysis of human albumin and immunoglobulin g by legionella pneumophila metalloproteinase]. | metalloproteinase of legionella pneumophila is the major extracellular proteinase of this bacterial species which splits human immunoglobulin g in the hinge region to form the (fab')2 fragment. this fragment is relatively stable and undergoes further proteolysis at a slow rate. the c' fragment is unstable and is apparently split down to fragments ch2 and ch3. the metalloproteinase splits human serum albumin down to products having lower molecular masses. another bacterial metalloproteinase, ther ... | 1992 | 1637917 |
| infection of macrophages with legionella pneumophila induces phosphorylation of a 76-kilodalton protein. | infection of peritoneal macrophages from susceptible a/j mice with legionella pneumophila induced phosphorylation of a 76-kda protein. the phosphorylation occurred when macrophages were infected with a virulent strain of l. pneumophila but did not occur when they were infected with an avirulent strain or with other bacteria such as either pseudomonas aeruginosa or salmonella typhimurium. also, no phosphorylation of this protein was observed when macrophages were stimulated with either lipopolysa ... | 1992 | 1639515 |
| effects of culture conditions and biofilm formation on the iodine susceptibility of legionella pneumophila. | the susceptibility of legionella pneumophila to iodination was studied with cultures grown in well water, on rich agar media, and attached to stainless-steel surfaces. legionella pneumophila grown in water cultures in association with other microorganisms were less sensitive to disinfection by chlorine and iodine than were agar-passaged cultures. differences in sensitivity to disinfection between water-cultured and agar-grown legionellae were determined by comparing c x t values (concentration i ... | 1992 | 1643585 |
| nosocomial legionnaires' disease in a bone marrow transplant unit. | we report the outcome of nosocomial legionnaires' disease in three patients who were isolated in the same sterile unit after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. in all three cases the disease presented with dramatic pulmonary symptoms, and diagnosis was ascertained by direct immunofluorescence on bronchoalveolar fluids. none of the patients underwent seroconversion. this report draws attention to: (1) the fact that bacteriological filters do not ensure absolute security; (2) the need for fre ... | 1991 | 1646051 |
| lung transplantation: the pathologic diagnosis of pulmonary complications. | the reliability of bronchoscopy with transbronchial biopsies for the diagnosis of acute graft rejection has recently been questioned. we present our experience with 59 transbronchial and bronchial biopsies and two open-lung biopsies from 12 patients that underwent lung transplantation. the diagnosis of acute rejection was established in 14 biopsies based on the absence of infection and presence of one or more of the following features: perivascular lymphoid infiltrates, usually associated with e ... | 1991 | 1646451 |
| pneumonitis associated with coinfection by human herpesvirus 6 and legionella in an immunocompetent adult. | the authors report a case of pneumonitis in a young healthy man caused by coinfection with human herpesvirus 6 (hhv-6) and legionella pneumophila. the patient's course was complicated by severe respiratory, renal, hepatic, and central nervous system dysfunctions, which were believed to be primarily the results of his legionella infection. aggressive antibiotic treatment produced no response, and legionella remained isolatable from lung tissue throughout several weeks of antimicrobial therapy. hu ... | 1991 | 1647138 |
| the in vitro activity of some 14-, 15- and 16- membered macrolides against staphylococcus spp., legionella spp., mycoplasma spp. and ureaplasma urealyticum. | erythromycin is a macrolide antimicrobial chemically comprised of a 14-membered lactone ring substituted with a neutral (cladinose) and an amino (desosamine) sugar. recently, a number of new macrolide molecules have been identified containing either 14-, 15- or 16-membered substituted lactone rings. in this study the authors have determined the in vitro activity of roxithromycin and clarithromycin (both 14-membered macrolides), azithromycin (a 15-membered macrolide or azalide) and midecamycin ac ... | 1991 | 1650694 |
| tetrahydrocannabinol treatment suppresses growth restriction of legionella pneumophila in murine macrophage cultures. | legionella pneumophila is a facultative intracellular pathogen which readily grows in human and guinea pig macrophages and in peritoneal exudate macrophages from a/j mice. macrophage cultures capable of supporting the growth of legionella can be used to test the potency of biologically active substances suspected of modulating host mechanisms of resistance to infection. accordingly, this model was used to evaluate the influence of delta-9-tetrahydro-cannabinol (thc) on macrophage resistance to i ... | 1991 | 1650875 |
| trypanosoma cruzi but not trypanosoma brucei fails to induce a chemiluminescent signal in a macrophage hybridoma cell line. | macrophage-trypanosoma cruzi interactions were studied by using a newly generated macrophage hybridoma cell line (2c11-12) that was selected for its capacity to produce high levels of reactive oxygen intermediates. this cell line was found to be a suitable host cell for t. cruzi, and intracellular parasitic development could be inhibited by activation with gamma interferon. when exposed to opsonized trypanosoma brucei, micrococcus lysodeikticus, or legionella pneumophila, the activated macrophag ... | 1991 | 1652563 |
| fiberoptic bronchoscopic diagnosis of pulmonary disease in 151 hiv-infected patients with pneumonitis. | in a prospective study the efficacy of fiberoptic bronchoscopy was evaluated in the diagnosis of infections with opportunistic pathogens, kaposi's sarcoma and nonspecific interstitial pneumonitis in 171 episodes of pneumonitis in 151 hiv-infected patients. samples were collected by suction through the inner aspiration channel of the bronchoscope (n = 164), telescoping plugged catheter (n = 117) and transbronchial lung biopsy (n = 82). a high incidence of infections with pyogenic bacteria (12%), ... | 1991 | 1655432 |
| [progress and problems in hospital infections: exemplified by pneumonia]. | nosocomial pneumonias have various etiologies and their development depends mainly on the underlying condition of the patients. intubated patients are prone to development of bacterial pneumonia from the oropharyngeal or gastric flora. prevention relies on reducing exogenous as well as endogenous colonization of the bronchotracheal tree: avoidance of cross-contamination, maintenance of a physiological gastric ph and, possibly, selective digestive decontamination. neutropenic patients may develop ... | 1991 | 1656522 |
| the chromosomal integration site of the streptomyces element psam2 overlaps a putative trna gene conserved among actinomycetes. | the psam2 element of streptomyces ambofaciens integrates site-specifically in the genome of different streptomyces species by recombination between a 58 bp sequence common to the plasmid (attp) and the chromosome (attb). southern hybridization analysis showed that sequences similar to the psam2 attb site were found in other actinomycetes (mycobacterium, nocardia, micromonospora) as well as unrelated bacteria (bacillus circulans, escherichia coli, clostridium botulinum, bordetella pertussis, and ... | 1990 | 1703270 |
| clinical microbiology of azithromycin. | azithromycin contains an aza-methyl substitution in the 15-membered aglycone ring and as such it is the prototype antibiotic of the azalide class, similar in mechanism of activity to the macrolides. it demonstrates a broad spectrum of activity against many aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive species, and also inhibits a number of important aerobic and anaerobic gram-negative bacteria. significantly, azithromycin shows good activity against haemophilus influenzae, an organism against which older ... | 1991 | 1656736 |
| in-vitro activity of win 57273 compared to the activity of other fluoroquinolones and two beta-lactam antibiotics. | win 57273, a new fluoroquinolone, was four to 128-fold more active than ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin against gram-positive bacteria. the mic90 for staphylococcus aureus was 0.015 mg/l and for s. epidermidis, 0.03 mg/l. all lancefield group a, b, c, & g streptococci, streptococcus bovis and s. pneumoniae were inhibited by less than or equal to 0.06 mg/l compared to 0.5 mg/l for tosufloxacin and 2 mg/l for ciprofloxacin. for anaerobic bacteria win 57273 had an mic90 for bacteroides of 1 mg/l, and f ... | 1991 | 1657856 |
| genus-specific epitope on the 60-kilodalton legionella heat shock protein recognized by a monoclonal antibody. | a monoclonal antibody (mab) immunoglobulin g2a (2125) was produced against a 60-kda legionella heat shock protein (hsp), recognizing a unique epitope common to all species of the genus legionella. the antibody reacted in the immunoblot with 59 legionella species and serogroups that were tested and showed no cross-reactivity with other bacteria, including acinetobacter spp., bordetella spp., pseudomonas spp., mycobacterium spp., and escherichia coli. two other mabs (2122 and 2130) reacted with th ... | 1991 | 1706730 |
| visceral leishmaniasis in an hiv-infected patient: clinical features and response to treatment. | we report the case of 43-year-old homosexual patient with hiv infection and a history of travel to the far east in whom visceral leishmaniasis was the first infectious complication. symptoms were fever, malaise, weight loss, hepatosplenomegaly, generalized lymphadenopathy, and oral thrush. laboratory abnormalities included a slight elevation of liver enzymes, impairment of liver function tests, leukocytopenia, anemia, hypergammaglobulinemia, and markedly depressed cd4(+)-cell counts. despite ini ... | 1991 | 1662324 |
| spectrum of activity of azithromycin. | in recent years, a number of newer macrolides have been developed. one such antibiotic is azithromycin, which has a 15-membered ring structure and is classed as an azalide. the limitations of erythromycin and the discovery of pathogenic bacteria such as campylobacter, legionella and chlamydia species provide incentives to study the usefulness of newer antibiotics of this class. azithromycin has good activity against staphylococci, streptococci, moraxella catarrhalis and other rapidly growing pyo ... | 1991 | 1662624 |
| the activity of azithromycin in animal models of infection. | high and prolonged tissue levels accompanied by low serum concentrations are a feature of azithromycin, an azalide antibiotic. it has a broad spectrum of activity against gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms and several intracellular pathogens. a number of animal models of localised infection have been developed which demonstrate that the efficacy of azithromycin correlates with its extravascular pharmacokinetics and not with blood levels. in many instances, because of high tissue bioa ... | 1991 | 1662625 |
| phagocyte uptake and transport of azithromycin. | azithromycin achieves high concentrations in phagocytic cells and in fibroblasts. the newer macrolides also have this property but the intracellular penetration of azithromycin in relation to extracellular concentration is particularly notable. as a weak base, azithromycin is thought to concentrate in lysosomes of phagocytes and fibroblasts but many in vitro factors such as ph and temperature also affect the uptake process. uptake of azithromycin by polymorphonuclear leucocytes results in an int ... | 1991 | 1662626 |
| in vitro activity of temafloxacin against gram-negative bacteria: an overview. | the in vitro activities of temafloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and ofloxacin against gram-negative bacteria are compared. the 90% minimal inhibitory concentrations (mic90s) of temafloxacin for respiratory pathogens such as haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, neisseria meningitidis, bordetella pertussis, and legionella pneumophila are less than or equal to 0.06 micrograms/ml. temafloxacin is also active against bacterial agents of sexually transmitted diseases, including neisseria gonorrhoeae ... | 1991 | 1662890 |
| evaluation of the bactericidal activity of temafloxacin. | although the fluoroquinolones share many properties, these agents differ in their ability to kill the same bacterial strain. the bactericidal activity of temafloxacin against a number of pathogens has been compared with that of other fluoroquinolones by determination of minimal bactericidal concentration, time-kill kinetics, and postantibiotic effect. studies have demonstrated that temafloxacin has equivalent or superior ability to kill when compared with other fluoroquinolones. temafloxacin, ci ... | 1991 | 1662893 |
| partial purification and characterization of adp-ribosyltransferase produced by legionella pneumophila. | a scheme for the partial purification of a legionella pneumophila product possessing adp-ribosyl-transferase and nad-glycohydrolase activities is presented. the purification steps consisted of gel chromatography, ion-exchange, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, and chromatofocusing. the partially purified preparation modified eukaryotic components of molecular mass 20-25 kda, which it is proposed are gtp-binding proteins. addition of bivalent cations as well as atp to the reaction buffer wa ... | 1991 | 1663397 |
| immunoblot studies to analyze antibody to the rickettsia typhi group antigen in sera from patients with acute febrile cerebrovasculitis. | in 1986, an unusual syndrome of acute febrile cerebrovasculitis in the piedmont region of virginia was reported. all patients had encephalopathy and prior exposure to both a sylvan environment and flea-infested animals. the initial serological studies suggested a rickettsial origin, corroborating clinical, epidemiological, and histopathological findings. sera from four of five patients were subsequently studied by immunoblotting. unabsorbed and absorbed sera were tested with electrophoresed and ... | 1991 | 1723073 |
| an outbreak of legionnaires' pneumonia in a nursing home. | an outbreak of legionnaires' pneumonia occurred at a nursing home in december 1990. a 79-year-old female and a 73-year-old male clerk who were staying at the nursing home developed pneumonia with only a 5-day interval. legionella pneumophila serogroup i was isolated from transtracheal aspirate of the former and sputum of the latter. after treatment with a combination of erythromycin and rifampicin both patients improved. serological surveillance of inpatients and staff of the nursing home was pe ... | 1992 | 1633359 |
| immunogold and fluorescein immunolabelling of legionella pneumophila within an aquatic biofilm visualized by using episcopic differential interference contrast microscopy. | biofilms containing diverse microflora were developed in tap water on glass and polybutylene surfaces. legionella pneumophila within the biofilms was labelled with monoclonal antibodies and visualized with immunogold or fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugates. development of a differential interference contrast technique in an episcopic mode enabled simultaneous visualization of the total biofilm flora and gold-labelled legionellae. the legionellae occurred in microcolonies within the biofilm in t ... | 1992 | 1637168 |
| post-mortem isolation of legionella due to contamination. | | 1991 | 1671285 |
| restriction enzyme analysis of chromosomal dna and its application in epidemiological studies. | the ability to examine the bacterial genome directly eliminates the problems associated with the variable expression of proteins which may be encountered with protein-based typing or 'fingerprinting' techniques. bacterial dna is extracted by a rapid method, digested with a restriction endonuclease and the resulting fragments separated by gel electrophoresis to give a characteristic banding pattern. the choice of restriction endonuclease for a particular bacterial species is critical; an enzyme w ... | 1991 | 1679812 |
| legionella in hospitals: a review. | although epidemics of nosocomial legionnaires' disease attract great attention, up to 30% of sporadic cases of hospital-acquired pneumonia are caused by legionellae. legionellae are ubiquitous contaminants of potable water and can achieve high numbers in the hot-water systems of large buildings such as hospitals. they are present in the mains water supply in small numbers but are amplified considerably in the hospital's hot-water system. this is encouraged by water temperatures below 50 degrees ... | 1991 | 1679819 |
| an outbreak of nosocomial legionnaires' disease in a renal transplant unit in são paulo, brazil. legionellosis study team. | from june 1989 to march 1990 there were eight cases of legionnaires' disease caused by legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 in a renal transplant unit. there were seven cases of pneumonia and one case of pleural effusion. a study was conducted to identify the source of the outbreak. legionella anisa was cultured from tap water. twenty-seven staff members of the unit were serologically tested and antibody titres were positive in two. the probable source of infection was the potable water system. co ... | 1991 | 1680907 |
| second serogroup of legionella quinlivanii isolated from two unrelated sources in the united kingdom. | a series of strains, presumptively identified as legionellas on the basis of their nutritional requirements and biochemical reactivity, were isolated from two unrelated environmental sources in the uk. representatives of each of these series had a restriction endonuclease digest pattern indistinguishable from that of the legionella quinlivanii type strain (1442-aus-e) and the identity of these strains was confirmed by dna homology studies. serological examination of the two strains showed that t ... | 1991 | 1684788 |
| clarithromycin in the treatment of community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections. | clarithromycin is a macrolide with in-vitro activity against the organisms usually responsible for community-acquired pneumonia and acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. three double-blind controlled studies each in pneumonia and chronic bronchitis are reviewed. in pneumonia clarithromycin is as effective as erythromycin and in acute-on-chronic bronchitis is as effective as ampicillin. in an open study of 46 patients with pneumonia due to legionella pneumophila, resolution occurred in 93% w ... | 1991 | 1684979 |
| the future role and importance of macrolides. | the new macrolides, notably clarithromycin and azithromycin, are significant advances over previous agents. with an extended antibacterial spectrum, increased activity, improved absorption and excellent tissue and intracellular penetration, they realize therapeutic aims which have been increasingly sought in the 1980s. they are likely to find an extended role in respiratory tract infections, especially in community-acquired pneumonia, where the activity against beta-lactam-resistant bacteria and ... | 1991 | 1684983 |
| oral ofloxacin therapy for lower respiratory tract infection. | we made an open, noncomparative evaluation of ofloxacin, 400 mg orally bid for 10 days, in 98 subjects with community-acquired pneumonia or pathogen-confirmed bronchitis. thirty-nine (40%) of the subjects were treated in the hospital and 59 (60%) were treated as outpatients. the mean age of those treated was 56.2 years; 73 (74%) of the subjects either were more than 60 years old or had a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or both. there were 95 organisms initially isolated in sput ... | 1992 | 1734527 |
| detection of legionella with polymerase chain reaction and gene probe methods. | methods were developed for the detection of legionella in environmental water sources, based upon the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and gene probes. all species of legionella, including all 15 serogroups of l. pneumophila tested, were detected by pcr amplification of a 104 bp dna sequence that codes for a region of 5s rrna followed by radiolabelled oligoprobe hybridization to an internal region of the amplified dna. strains of l. pneumophila (all serogroups) were specifically detected based up ... | 1990 | 1696356 |
| isolation and sequence of an fk506-binding protein from n. crassa which catalyses protein folding. | slow protein-folding reactions are accelerated by a prolyl cis/trans isomerase isolated from porcine kidney which is identical to cyclophilin, a protein that is probably the cellular receptor for the immunosuppressant cyclosporin a. catalysis probably involves the isomerization of prolyl peptide bonds in the folding protein chains. cyclosporin a inhibits folding catalysis by cyclophilin. here we report the isolation, cloning, sequencing and expression of another protein with prolyl isomerase act ... | 1990 | 1696687 |
| antigenic conservation of the 15,000-dalton outer membrane lipoprotein pcp of haemophilus influenzae and biologic activity of anti-pcp antisera. | a gene from haemophilus influenzae encoding an outer membrane lipoprotein of about 15,000 daltons and which comigrates with the peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein (pal) of h. influenzae on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis has been previously reported and designated pcp gene, and its product has been designated pcp. in order to obtain specific immunologic probes for the analysis of pcp expression, cellular location, and antigenic conservation in h. influenzae, pcp was f ... | 1990 | 1698180 |
| common epitope on urinary antigen derived from different legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 strains recognized by a monoclonal antibody. | guinea pigs were infected intraperitoneally with 4 subgroup reference strains (knoxville 1, philadelphia 1, bellingham 1, olda) and 2 clinical isolates of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1. antigenuria was demonstrated by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using polyclonal antibodies and monoclonal antibody (mab) f8/5. mab f8/5 recognizes a hitherto undetected common epitope on urinary antigen of the investigated strains. | 1990 | 1701085 |
| identification of a new operon involved in listeria monocytogenes virulence: its first gene encodes a protein homologous to bacterial metalloproteases. | the region flanking the transposon in a tn1545-induced lecithinase-negative mutant of listeria monocytogenes egd was cloned and sequenced. the transposon had inserted in orf d, the open reading frame previously identified downstream from hlya, the gene encoding listeriolysin o. the complete sequence of orf d from strain egd has been determined as well as that of two other strains: lo28, a clinical isolate; and lm8, an epidemic strain. orf d is 1,533 bp long and encodes a protein highly homologou ... | 1991 | 1705239 |
| detection of bacterial mrna using polymerase chain reaction. | a method was developed for the detection of bacterial mrnas using reverse transcriptase followed by the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and southern blot analysis. the method involves brief inhibition of protein synthesis with chloramphenicol, followed by reverse transcription, pcr amplification of cdna and southern blot hybridization. detection of mrnas by reverse transcription-pcr-southern blot analysis is orders of magnitude more sensitive than northern blot hybridization. | 1991 | 1706190 |
| [molecular epidemiology of legionella pneumophila]. | | 1991 | 1709364 |
| classification and identification of bacteria by fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. | this study describes a computer-based technique for classifying and identifying bacterial samples using fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ft-ir) patterns. classification schemes were tested for selected series of bacterial strains and species from a variety of different genera. dissimilarities between bacterial ir spectra were calculated using modified correlation coefficients. dissimilarity matrices were used for cluster analysis, which yielded dendrograms broadly equated with convention ... | 1991 | 1710644 |
| vaccination with the major secretory protein of legionella induces humoral and cell-mediated immune responses and protective immunity across different serogroups of legionella pneumophila and different species of legionella. | in a previous study, we demonstrated that immunization of guinea pigs with the major secretory protein (msp) of legionella pneumophila, serogroup 1 induced humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to msp and protective immunity against lethal aerosol challenge with this serogroup of l. pneumophila. although serogroup 1 l. pneumophila cause most cases of legionnaires' disease, other serogroups of l. pneumophila and species of legionella cause many cases. in this study, we have examined if immun ... | 1991 | 1711078 |
| a fluorometric microtiter assay for the rapid enumeration of adherent bacteria. | | 1991 | 1711870 |
| monoclonal antibodies to legionella pneumophila serogroup 6: evidence of antigenic diversity. | reactivity of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) prepared against the type strain of legionella pneumophila subsp. pneumophila serogroup 6 (lp sg 6) was tested in the indirect immunofluorescence test using 16 environmental isolates of this sg and 58 strains of sg 1 to 5 and 7 to 14. five out of 11 mabs 5 were serogroup-specific, i.e. there was a reaction with all sg 6 strains tested, but not with strains from other sg. further 4 mabs reacted with all sg 6 strains and a few strains of other sg. two mab ... | 1991 | 1713768 |
| the use of 16s ribosomal rna analyses to investigate the phylogeny of the family legionellaceae. | the 16s ribosomal rna sequences of legionella pneumophila, l. erythra, l. hackeliae, l. spiritensis, l. longbeachae, l. bozemanii (fluoribacter bozemanae) and l. micdadei (tatlockia micdadei) were determined using reverse transcriptase. the sequences were compared with published sequences for gram-negative bacteria and phylogenetic trees were constructed. the data confirm previous work which showed that the family legionellaceae forms a monophyletic subgroup within the gamma subdivision of the p ... | 1991 | 1713950 |
| a comparison of probes for restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) typing of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 strains. | the use of probes derived from rrna sequences to detect restriction fragment length polymorphisms (rflps) associated with the ribosomal rna genes for epidemiological typing (ribotyping) is a powerful and readily applicable tool. different probes and enzymes for ribotyping were compared for a series of 73 unrelated legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 strains. the probes compared were cdnas, transcribed from l. pneumophila or escherichia coli rrna subunits, and a cloned l. pneumophila rrna gene. th ... | 1991 | 1716685 |
| potable water as a cause of sporadic cases of community-acquired legionnaires' disease. | the environmental sources of sporadic, community-acquired legionnaires' disease are largely unknown, and culturing of water sources after identification of a case is currently not recommended. we conducted a prospective study of sporadic cases of community-acquired legionnaires' disease to determine whether the environmental reservoirs could be identified. | 1992 | 1727545 |
| sequence analysis of the legionella micdadei groels operon. | a 2.7 kb dna fragment encoding the 60 kda common antigen (ca) and a 13 kda protein of legionella micdadei was sequenced. two open reading frames of 57,677 and 10,456 da were identified, corresponding to the heat shock proteins groel and groes, respectively. typical -35, -10, and shine-dalgarno heat shock expression signals were identified upstream of the l. micdadei groel gene. further upstream, a poly-t region, also a feature of the sigma 32-regulated escherichia coli groels heat shock operon, ... | 1991 | 1672279 |
| [molecular epidemiological markers of legionella pneumophila in the valencian community (ii). restriction enzyme profiles of chromosomal dna]. | restriction enzyme profiles of chromosomal dna obtained from 96 legionella pneumophila strains isolated from environmental and clinical isolates and digested with hind iii have been analyzed. a method to obtain chromosomal dna to be use in restriction studies and its electrophoretic analysis have been developed. studying the fragments showing higher differences when comparing the profiles obtained, 5 subtypes are defined and correlated with the isolation areas. there are similar restriction prof ... | 1991 | 1674219 |
| differing macrophage and lymphocyte roles in resistance to legionella pneumophila infection. | similar to guinea pig macrophages and human monocytes, macrophages from the peritoneal cavity of thioglycolate pretreated a/j mice are permissive for growth of legionella pneumophila. in contrast, macrophages from bdf1 mice are not permissive for l. pneumophila. lymphocytes from a/j and bdf1 mice proliferated in response to legionella ag but guinea pig lymphocytes did not. also, splenocyte cultures from a/j mice treated with either con a or legionella vaccine produced supernatants which induced ... | 1992 | 1729375 |
| pneumonia. patient profiles, choice of empiric therapy, and the place of third-generation cephalosporins. | choosing appropriate antimicrobial therapy for patients with pneumonia requires knowledge of the etiologic agents seen in specific kinds of patients at specific times and places. for community-acquired pneumonia, there is an important difference in the agents seen in the normal and the compromised host. the normal host most often presents with viral, mycoplasmal, or pneumococcal pneumonia. the exact place of chlamydia pneumoniae is still under study. a normal host who aspirates is at risk of ana ... | 1992 | 1730186 |
| necrotizing cellulitis caused by legionella micdadei. | legionella micdadei is primarily considered a pathogen of the pulmonary tract of immunocompromised patients, the majority of whom have been renal transplant recipients. we report the case of a necrotizing soft tissue infection in a cadaveric renal transplant recipient resulting in amputation of the left arm. only one other extrathoracic bacteriologically documented l. micdadei infection has been reported in the literature. | 1992 | 1731498 |
| direct amplification and sequencing of the 16s ribosomal dna of an intracellular legionella species recovered by amoebal enrichment from the sputum of a patient with pneumonia. | dna coding for the 16s rrna of an intracellular bacterium was directly amplified from lysed cells of a host amoebae using the polymerase chain reaction and primers specific for eubacteria. the amoebae had been used to recover an uncultured bacterium observed in the sputum of a patient with pneumonia. the amplified dna was sequenced directly and compared with published 16s rrna sequences. the analysis revealed that the intracellular bacterium is a member of the genus legionella and that it is dif ... | 1991 | 1778431 |
| cloning and nucleotide sequence of a gene (omps) encoding the major outer membrane protein of legionella pneumophila. | the major outer membrane protein of legionella pneumophila is composed of 28- and 31-kda subunits cross-linked by interchain disulfide bonds. the oligomer is covalently anchored to the underlying peptidoglycan via the 31-kda subunit. we have cloned the structural gene omps encoding both proteins. oligonucleotide probes synthesized from the codons of the n-terminal amino acid sequence of purified 28- and 31-kda subunits were used to identify cloned sequences. a 2.9-kb hindiii fragment cloned into ... | 1992 | 1732223 |
| role of the quinolones in the treatment of legionellosis. | | 1991 | 1778869 |
| clinical demonstration of isolation of nocardia asteroides on buffered charcoal-yeast extract media. | nocardia asteroides was isolated only from sputum samples, obtained from three patients with pulmonary nocardiosis, that had been cultured onto buffered charcoal-yeast extract (bcye) and selective bcye media as part of laboratory workups for legionella species. a decontamination procedure with low-ph pretreatment (kcl-hcl solution) had been performed on the sputa prior to culture onto the bcye media because direct cultures on the media were overgrown with commensal microflora. chalky white colon ... | 1992 | 1734058 |
| sequential culturing method improves recovery of legionella spp. from contaminated environmental samples. | investigations were undertaken to improve detection and isolation of legionella spp. from samples containing a large number of non-legionellae isolates. the direct fluorescent antibody staining technique was used in conjunction with a sequential culturing method which was developed to improve the recovery rate of legionella spp. from such samples. the technique for enrichment and isolation of legionella spp. from environmental samples includes storage at 4 degrees c and repeated culture on fresh ... | 1991 | 1741911 |
| distribution of legionella spp. in hydrothermal areas in continental portugal and the island of são miguel, azores. | nineteen aquatic environment sites from three hydrothermal areas on continental portugal and one area on the island of são miguel, azores, were examined for the recovery of legionella spp. physicochemical and bacteriological parameters were also determined for each site. water temperatures varied between 22 and 67.5 degrees c, although the majority had temperatures above 40 degrees c; the ph varied between 5.5 and 9.2. the number of legionella spp. recovered varied between 5.0 x 10(2) and 2.3 x ... | 1991 | 1746954 |
| subtyping of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 isolates by small-fragment restriction endonuclease analysis. | whole cell dna of legionella pneumophila isolates was examined by small-fragment restriction endonuclease analysis (sf-rea). fourteen serogroup 1 isolates from tap water in one hospital collected before and after eradication measures had been taken were compared with control strains of serogroup 1 and other serogroups that were not epidemiologically linked. dna was digested with ecori and electrophoresed on polyacrylamide gels. the gel patterns were made visible by silver staining and analysed b ... | 1991 | 1748116 |
| [the effect of interferon preparations on the ultrastructural organization of legionella pneumophila]. | the influence of the preparations of interferon on morphological changes in l. pneumophila on the ultrastructural level has been studied. disturbances in the ultrastructure of l. pneumophila result from the direct bactericidal action of interferons without any interference of immune mechanisms. these disturbances are manifested by damages in the cell wall, plasma membrane, nuclear and ribosomal apparatuses of microbial cells. leukinferon exhibits pronounced anti-legionella activity, both in vitr ... | 1991 | 1789042 |
| legionella pneumophila in a human trophoblast cell line. | | 1991 | 1748620 |
| tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, clindamycin, and metronidazole. | the tetracyclines are effective in the treatment of chlamydia, mycoplasma pneumoniae, and rickettsial infections and also can be used for gonococcal infections in patients unable to tolerate penicillin. these drugs may cause gastrointestinal irritation, diarrhea, phototoxic dermatitis, and vestibular damage, and fatal reactions due to hepatotoxicity have occurred in pregnant women. chloramphenicol has a broad spectrum of bacteriostatic activity, but its association with suppression of the bone m ... | 1991 | 1749296 |