| seropositivity for legionella in campylobacter infection. | | 1992 | 1346055 |
| crossreactions between legionella and campylobacter spp. | | 1992 | 1354303 |
| a second serogroup of legionella erythra serologically indistinguishable from legionella rubrilucens. | twenty-two red-autofluorescent legionella strains were identified serologically as either legionella rubrilucens or l. erythra. a rrna probe was used for restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis of the strains and the patterns generated were used as an additional method of identifying the strains to species level. in two instances strains which were identified as l. rubrilucens by serology appeared to belong to the species l. erythra by rflp analysis. this apparent contradiction ... | 1992 | 1349011 |
| genetic characterization of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 associated with respiratory disease in australia. | techniques were developed for genetic characterization of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 by using restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. allozyme analysis provided an index of the discrimination achieved by restriction fragment length polymorphism. isolates from human cases of legionellosis were examined by both methods, and their profiles were compared with reference strains of l. pneumophila serogroup 1 obtained from the american type culture collection. eighteen distinct clone ... | 1992 | 1351712 |
| crossreactions between legionella and campylobacter spp. | | 1992 | 1354302 |
| comparison of culture methods and an immunofluorescence assay for the detection of legionella pneumophila in domestic hot water devices. | the objective of this study was to compare an indirect immunofluorescence assay with culture methods for the identification of legionella pneumophila serogroups 1 to 6 in hot water samples taken from domestic environments. hot water samples were obtained from the water heater, the shower heads, and the most frequently used faucet of 211 private houses. concentrated water samples were inoculated on buffered charcoal yeast extract agar (bcye) and on a semi-selective culture medium (gpv). colonies ... | 1992 | 1369187 |
| identification of a legionella pneumophila locus required for intracellular multiplication in human macrophages. | the legionnaires' disease bacterium, legionella pneumophila, is a facultative intracellular parasite. its interaction with phagocytes has characteristics in common with several other intracellular parasites. critical aspects of l. pneumophila intracellular multiplication are evasion of lysosomal host cell defenses and the presence of a nutritionally appropriate environment. following phagocytosis, wild-type l. pneumophila multiply within a specialized phagosome which does not fuse with secondary ... | 1992 | 1409673 |
| clarithromycin. a review of its antimicrobial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic potential. | clarithromycin is an acid-stable orally administered macrolide antimicrobial drug, structurally related to erythromycin. it has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity, similar to that of erythromycin and inhibits a range of gram-positive and gram-negative organisms, atypical pathogens and some anaerobes. significantly, clarithromycin demonstrates greater in vitro activity than erythromycin against certain pathogens including bacteroides melaninogenicus, chlamydia pneumoniae, chlamydia tracho ... | 1992 | 1379907 |
| the linear pcr reaction: a simple and robust method for sequencing amplified rrna genes. | the linear polymerase chain reaction was used to sequence amplified rna genes from strains of bacillus, thermus and legionella. the technique described is simple and reproducible and it works well with double standard product which has been peg precipitated directly from pcr reactions. | 1991 | 1370053 |
| in vitro activity of mc-352, a new 16-membered macrolide. | the in vitro activity of mc-352, 3,4'-dideoxy-5-o-mycaminosyltylonolide, was compared with those of erythromycin, clarithromycin, and rokitamycin. the mc-352 mic90 (mic for 90% of isolates) for erythromycin-susceptible staphylococcus aureus and staphylococcus epidermidis was less than or equal to 1 microgram/ml, similar to those of the other agents. the mc-352 mic50 for erythromycin-resistant s. aureus was 2 micrograms/ml, similar to that of rokitamycin. the mc-352 mic90 (0.12 micrograms/ml) for ... | 1992 | 1416853 |
| rapid identification of legionellae by a colony blot assay based on a genus-specific monoclonal antibody. | we recently developed a monoclonal antibody immunoglobulin g2a (2125) recognizing a genus-specific epitope on the 60-kda heat shock protein of all legionella species. in the current study, this antibody was used in a colony blot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the rapid identification of legionella cultures on agar plates. the whole protocol was completed in less than 2 h. all 59 legionella species and serogroups that were tested gave a positive signal. no unspecific reactions with nonlegi ... | 1992 | 1374073 |
| fk-506-binding proteins from streptomycetes producing immunosuppressive macrolactones of the fk-506 type. | fk-506-binding proteins (fkbps), which in t cells are supposed to mediate the immunosuppressive effects of the compounds fk-506 and rapamycin, have been isolated from streptomyces chrysomallus, s. hygroscopicus subsp. ascomyceticus, and s. hygroscopicus. the latter two strains are producers of ascomycin (the ethyl analog of fk-506) and rapamycin, respectively. like the 12-kda fkbp in eukaryotic organisms such as humans, bovines, and saccharomyces cerevisiae, or the fkbps from gram-positive strep ... | 1992 | 1381710 |
| the phylogenetic status of sarcobium lyticum, an obligate intracellular bacterial parasite of small amoebae. | a 16s rrna gene of the obligate intracellular bacterial parasite sarcobium lyticum was amplified using the polymerase chain reaction in combination with site-specific primers. the amplified dna was cloned, sequenced and compared with other bacterial 16s rrna sequences. the analysis revealed that s. lyticum belongs to the gamma subclass of the proteobacteria and shows the closest relationship to an intracellular legionella species recovered by amoebal enrichment from the sputum of a patient with ... | 1992 | 1383081 |
| legionella species isolated from cooling towers in kuala lumpur. | three building complexes in kuala lumpur were surveyed for the presence of legionellae in cooling towers. the organisms were grown from 12 out of 46 samples of water collected from 30 towers. l. pneumophila serogroups 1 and 7 were the commonest serogroups isolated. none belonged to the pontiac subgroup of l. pneumophila serogroup 1. | 1992 | 1387443 |
| [update of din 19.643--treatment and disinfection of swimming pool and bathing tub water]. | german standards specification din 19,643 is at present under revision for health reasons and because of both negative and positive experiences gathered in practice. to enable adaptation of the standards specification to future developments, a part i of the specification is being created comprising the demands to be made on the quality of the water and general demands on the construction and operation of swimming pools and tubs and basins in bath houses, e.g. in spas or municipal swimming pools. ... | 1992 | 1392275 |
| [draft of the swimming pool water regulation. presentation, status: 17 september 1991, according to the federal hearing of 11 december 1991 in bonn]. | comments are given on the present status of regulations concerning water in swimming pools and baths--1991--(in connection with the kok regulations--1972--and the federal german standard [din] no. 19643-1984-). reference is made to microbiologic limits of legionella pneumophila among others. | 1992 | 1392277 |
| in-vitro activity of rp 59500, a new synergic antibacterial agent, against legionella spp. | the in-vitro activity of rp 59500, a new semisynthetic injectable streptogramin, was compared with that of erythromycin, rifampicin and ciprofloxacin against 189 legionella spp. rifampicin was the most active agent tested. rp 59500 was found to be more active than erythromycin against most strains, but less active than ciprofloxacin. legionella pneumophila serogroups 1, 3, 4, 5 and 6 were more susceptible to rp 59500 than were l. pneumophila serogroups 2, 7, and 8. legionella micdadei was the le ... | 1992 | 1399954 |
| legionella lansingensis sp. nov. isolated from a patient with pneumonia and underlying chronic lymphocytic leukemia. | a legionella-like organism, strain 1677-mi-h, was isolated from the bronchoscopy washings of a patient with pneumonia who had a 2-year history of progressive, chronic lymphocytic leukemia. the growth characteristics, cellular fatty acids, and ubiquinone content of the isolate were consistent with those for legionella spp. the isolate was serologically distinct in the slide agglutination test with absorbed antisera. dna hybridization studies showed that strain 1677-mi-h (atcc 49751) represents a ... | 1992 | 1401005 |
| [sanitation measures in evidence of legionella]. | appearance of legionella disease generally is underrated. conclusions as to disease frequency from legionella antibody investigations are not reliable. the number of microbes necessary to produce illness depends from individual preliminary conditions. in special areas of the hospital the rate of diseases caused by legionella can be reduced by protection. in bathing areas generally the hitherto existing regulations of the federal health authority are sufficient: continual warm water temperature i ... | 1992 | 1392280 |
| misleading serological identification of legionella anisa as legionella bozemanii. | identification of six legionella species, which we previously identified by serological test as legionella bozemanii (l. bozemanii), was performed by dna-dna hybridization using a commercial dna-dna hybridization kit (kobayashi pharm. co., japan) introduced by ezaki et al. all strains were identified as legionella anisa (l. anisa), this being the first identification of l. anisa in japan. conventional laboratory tests were performed following the dna-dna hybridization. in this study the results ... | 1992 | 1402075 |
| [a study on edta antigens for detection of igg antibodies to legionella pneumophila]. | the edta and sonicate antigens used in elisa for detection of igg antibodies to legionella pneumophila serogroups 1-6 and tatlock was evaluated. sensitivity and specificity of edta antigens were compared with sonicate antigens in three groups of subjects. in two serum samples from healthy employees, the lp1 antibody titers with edta and sonicate antigens were less than or equal to 1:160. testing seven samples from patients indicated that four samples reacted with titers of 1:1280-2560 to lp1 wit ... | 1992 | 1394383 |
| [detection of legionella pneumophila using a nested polymerase chain reaction]. | we evaluated the usefulness of a nested pcr method for detecting legionella pneumophila. this method resulted in l. pneumophila specific detection as far as we evaluated. the first and second step pcr achieved the sensitivity as small as 10 pg and 10 fg of the target dna, respectively. in the detection from legionella seeded sputa, the method could detect 0.1 cfu/ml of the bacteria, and it took about 12 hours to detect the target dna. we demonstrated that the nested pcr method was superior in se ... | 1992 | 1402113 |
| [the epidemiological, clinical, diagnostic and treatment aspects of legionella infection]. | the article studies the modern problems of legionellosis infection and gives data concerning epidemiological aspects of this disease, especially clinical course of its types (pneumonia, acute respiratory viral infection syndrome, alveolitis, pleuritis), as well as methods of bacteriological and serological diagnostics, and etiotropic treatment. the authors use their own materials to describe the restricted outbreak of legionellosis infection and sporadic cases of this disease. the article makes ... | 1992 | 1448947 |
| [outbreak of legionnaires' disease in a private apartment building]. | an outbreak of legionnaires disease occurred in zaragoza (spain) in an uncommon environment such as a private apartment building was studied. | 1992 | 1450259 |
| [rapid identification of nonfermentative gram-negative bacilli by photobiotin labeled deoxyribonucleic acid-deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization]. | | 1992 | 1404927 |
| adherence of legionella pneumophila to guinea pig peritoneal macrophages, j774 mouse macrophages, and undifferentiated u937 human monocytes: role of fc and complement receptors. | legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of legionnaires' disease, is a facultative intracellular pathogen of alveolar macrophages. although previous studies have demonstrated that specific antibody facilitates uptake of l. pneumophila by phagocytic cells, the role of complement has been unclear. thus, we have examined the relative contributions of fc gamma- and complement receptor-mediated adherence to guinea pig peritoneal macrophages, u937 human monocytic cells, and j774 mouse macrophage c ... | 1992 | 1452353 |
| serological cross-reaction between legionella pneumophila and campylobacter in the indirect fluorescent antibody test. | sera from 50 patients with culture-proven campylobacter gastroenteritis were examined for the presence of antibodies to legionella pneumophila. ten patients (20%) had a positive titre (> or = 16) as measured by indirect immunofluorescence. antibodies were detected in only 1 of 36 acute sera but in 10 of 14 (71%) sera obtained more than 10 days after the onset of symptoms. all positive sera contained specific igm antibodies but specific igg or iga could not be detected in any sample. no legionell ... | 1992 | 1397117 |
| [detection and identification of legionella species by pcr]. | | 1992 | 1404930 |
| further evidence that genotypically closely related strains of legionella pneumophila can express different serogroup specific antigens. | the relationship between serogroup and genotype of legionella pneumophila strains was investigated by restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) typing with a previously standardised method. of the 51 rflp types identified, 19 comprised strains of more than one serogroup. several rflp types included strains of five or more serogroups. to determine if sharing the same rflp type indicates that strains are genotypically indistinguishable or merely that they are superficially similar, 31 strain ... | 1992 | 1355563 |
| [microplate hybridization method]. | | 1992 | 1404949 |
| [ambulant atypical pneumonia: clinical diagnosis and therapy]. | atypical pneumonias are caused by mycoplasma, chlamydia and legionella species. from a clinical point of view the disease is comparable to influenza-like infections. macrolide antibiotics covered the species which are most important. especially new macrolides displayed better pharmacokinetic properties, allowing dose reduction and reduced frequency of intake. for legionella infections also therapy with modern quinolones is possible. | 1992 | 1398735 |
| a collaborative study of the in-vitro sensitivity to rp 59500 of bacteria isolated in seven hospitals in france. | the in-vitro activity of rp 59500 was determined against 1051 recent clinical bacterial isolates. the susceptibility to rp 59500 was determined with an agar dilution technique for all the isolates, while mics and mbcs were determined for 82 selected strains in broth. isolates of both staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci appeared to be potentially susceptible to rp 59500, independent of susceptibility to methicillin or mls resistance. (s. aureus: methicillin-sensitive, mic90 ... | 1992 | 1399951 |
| typing of legionella pneumophila serogroups 2-14 strains by analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphisms. | a typing method based on analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphisms has previously been developed for legionella pneumophila serogroup 1. here data are presented demonstrating the utility of this method for typing strains of all other l. pneumophila serogroups described to date. the method, which is highly discriminatory, should be of considerable value in epidemiological investigations of legionella infections. | 1990 | 1369446 |
| mip protein of legionella pneumophila exhibits peptidyl-prolyl-cis/trans isomerase (pplase) activity. | legionella pneumophila is an intracellular parasite which is able to survive and multiply in human monocytes and alveolar macrophages. the mip (macrophage infectivity potentiator) protein has been shown to be an essential virulence factor. a search of translated nucleic acid data bases has shown that the mip protein from strain wadsworth possesses regions homologous to those found in the fk506-binding proteins (fkbps) of several different eukaryotic organisms. fkbps are able to bind to the immun ... | 1992 | 1379319 |
| legionella pneumophila infection and cytokine production. | | 1992 | 1414610 |
| interactions between macrophages and legionella pneumophila. | | 1992 | 1424783 |
| transmission of legionella by respiratory equipment and aerosol generating devices. | | 1992 | 1424896 |
| isolation of legionella pneumophila serogroup 5 from empyema following esophageal perforation. source of the organism and mode of transmission. | a patient undergoing esophageal dilatation for carcinoma of the esophagus suffered esophageal perforation and development of an empyema. culture of pleural fluid yielded multiple organisms, including legionella pneumophila serogroup 5. epidemiologic investigation showed that the source of l pneumophila was a tap used by the nursing personnel to fill patients' water pitchers. whole-cell restriction endonuclease analysis of dna from the clinical and environmental isolates of l pneumophila serogrou ... | 1992 | 1424901 |
| antimicrobial activity of ten macrolide, lincosamine and streptogramin drugs tested against legionella species. | rp59500, a semisynthetic pristinamycin combination, and 14 other antimicrobial agents were tested against 108 legionella strains. of the ten macrolide, lincosamine and streptogramin agents tested, the new streptogramin rp59500 ranked seventh in order of activity against legionella pneumophila on the basis of mic90 results as follows: clarithromycin = 14-oh clarithromycin (mic90 0.12 mg/l) > roxithromycin > erythromycin = tylosin = virginiamycin > rp59500 (mic90 1 mg/l) = azithromycin > dirithrom ... | 1992 | 1425738 |
| legionellosis associated with artesian well excavation. | in october 1990 pneumonia due to legionella pneumophila was diagnosed in two employees working in the area of apulia, southern italy, where artesian wells were in construction. although the exposure to excavation has been associated with legionnaires' disease, in our investigation the illness occurred only in those employees who were present when the water emerged from the ground under high pressure. on the basis of this report, water appears as the most likely reservoir of the organism and the ... | 1992 | 1426178 |
| genetics of legionella pneumophila virulence. | | 1992 | 1482124 |
| identification of 27-oxo-octacosanoic acid and heptacosane-1,27-dioic acid in legionella pneumophila. | two long-chain fatty acids, 27-oxo-octacosanoic acid (28:0(27-oxo)) and heptacosane-1,27-dioic acid (27:0-dioic) were identified for the first time in phenol-chloroform-petroleum ether extracts of legionella pneumophila, indicating that they are constituents of lipopolysaccharide. the fatty acids were characterised by combined gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. moreover, minor amounts of 29-oxo-triacontanoic (30:0(29-oxo)) acid and non ... | 1992 | 1426993 |
| recombinant murine interferon-gamma reversibly activates rat alveolar macrophages to kill legionella pneumophila. | the interaction of interferon (ifn)-gamma, rat alveolar macrophages, and legionella pneumophila was studied in vitro to define the effector cell potential of alveolar macrophages against an intracellular pathogen in a model in which the efficacy of ifn-gamma could be tested in vivo. alveolar macrophages preincubated with ifn-gamma up-regulated ia antigen and killed 0.5-4 logs of l. pneumophila over 4 days compared with 1-2 logs of bacterial growth in untreated cells. the bactericidal effect was ... | 1992 | 1431253 |
| in vitro activities of fleroxacin against clinical isolates of legionella spp., its pharmacokinetics in guinea pigs, and use to treat guinea pigs with l. pneumophila pneumonia. | the activities of fleroxacin against 22 clinical legionella isolates were determined by agar and broth microdilution susceptibility testing. the fleroxacin mic required to inhibit 90% of strains tested on buffered charcoal yeast extract agar medium supplemented with 0.1% alpha-ketoglutarate was 0.64 micrograms/ml and was 0.04 microgram/ml when testing was done with buffered yeast extract broth supplemented with 0.1% alpha-ketoglutarate. fleroxacin (0.25 microgram/ml) reduced the bacterial counts ... | 1992 | 1489182 |
| [mechanism of acquired resistance against legionella--blastogenic responses of murine spleen lymphoid cells following the stimulation with legionella antigens]. | we have tried to characterize the blastogenic responses of murine spleen lymphoid cells from balb/c mice immunized with legionella pneumophila serogroup (sg) 1 (philadelphia 1 strain) and non-treated mice. lymphoid cells from immunized mice showed stronger blastogenic responses following stimulation with concanavalin a or formalin-treated l. pneumophila sg1 whole cell antigen than those showed by lymphoid cells from non-treated mice. these cells from immunized mice also responded strongly when s ... | 1992 | 1431359 |
| [pneumonia caused by legionella pneumophila and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome]. | | 1992 | 1489805 |
| legionella pneumophila in a preterm infant. a case report. | | 1992 | 1432292 |
| [pleural empyema in legionella pneumophila nosocomial pneumonia in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus]. | | 1992 | 1435013 |
| [bacteriology of mucoviscidosis during a 5-year period]. | we have studied the bacteriology of mucoviscidosis cases from 1985 to 1989. | 1992 | 1498172 |
| [epidemiology of micro-organisms responsible for community-acquired pneumonia]. | pneumonias occupy a prominent situation among lower respiratory tract infections where they are remarkable for their potential mortality and for our relative knowledge of the responsible micro-organisms. analysis and synthesis of each series published must answer several questions, such as: what are the lung diseases considered? which investigations have been performed? which criteria of imputability have been used? in which patients has the study been carried out? in which place, which period a ... | 1992 | 1439460 |
| [the causes of prolonged fever in patients with infiltrative lung processes]. | the authors analyze the causes of lingering fever in patients with pulmonary infiltrations. the given phenomenon is most often caused by pneumonias provoked by unusual causative agents (legionella, rickettsia, mycoplasma). in such cases, administration of erythromycin is effective. in rare cases, lingering fever is induced by blocked pulmonary suppurations, pleural exudates in pneumonia patients, and infiltrative tuberculosis. besides, there were cases, in which fever was of drug etiology. | 1992 | 1440272 |
| [legionella contamination in warm water systems of a large german city]. | since 1988 the frankfurt city health department examined the hot water systems of all public indoor swimming pools, old age homes and hospitals, and made subsequent checks on the corrective measures introduced. in the 6 public indoor swimming pools the percentage of positive legionella findings, after corrective measures has dropped since 1988: at the central hot-water supply units from 47% to 23%, and at the peripheral tap connections from 66% to 22%. the number of negative samples rose from 43 ... | 1992 | 1450550 |
| encystation of giardia lamblia leads to expression of antigens recognized by antibodies against conserved heat shock proteins. | during in vitro encystation, giardia lamblia expresses several stage-specific proteins which are recognized in immunoblots by antisera raised against antigens from three different pathogens. the antigens belong to two different families of conserved stress proteins: (i) hsp60 purified from legionella pneumophila and recombinant hsp60 from mycobacterium bovis bcg and (ii) recombinant hsp70 from plasmodium falciparum. | 1992 | 1452366 |
| bordetella pertussis versus non-l. pneumophila legionella spp.: a continuing diagnostic challenge. | | 1992 | 1452724 |
| community-acquired pneumonia. the changing picture. | important changes in the initial management of community-acquired pneumonia have been prompted by the discovery of new respiratory pathogens, the changing susceptibility of traditional pathogens to antimicrobial agents, and the introduction of new antimicrobial agents. although the clinical presentation may suggest a specific pathogen, findings overlap too much to reliably distinguish the specific cause of the pneumonia on a clinical basis. useful laboratory studies include gram's stain and cult ... | 1992 | 1454667 |
| [case study of a legionella epidemic in a rehabilitation clinic]. | a series of nosocomial legionella infections in a rehabilitation center is reported. in a three months period a total of 10 pneumonias with 3 deaths occurred (8 patients, 1 companion, 1 staff member). serologic analysis proved additional legionella infections within the nursing staff. the warm-water system was proved to be the source of infection by isolating legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 subtype pontiac both in warm-water and patients samples. the air conditioning system could not be ruled ... | 1992 | 1457037 |
| [pentamidine inhalation in prevention of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in treatment of rejection with monoclonal antibody orthoclone (okt-3)]. | the use of the monoclonal antibody okt-3 (orthoclone) is associated with an increased risk of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. in a retrospective study, the efficiency of a prophylactic inhalation of pentamidine during acute renal allograft rejection therapy with okt-3 was investigated. from july 1988 until october 1989 32 renal transplanted patients with acute rejection refractory to steroids had been treated with okt-3. twelve of the patients developed a pneumonia (four pneumococcus, one klebsi ... | 1992 | 1461229 |
| [legionnaires' disease in intensive care patients. results of plain film thoracic radiography]. | we reviewed the chest radiographs and clinical data of 30 patients in an intensive care unit with legionellosis diagnosed by significant serological findings (n = 18), microscopic demonstration of the organism in the transtracheal aspirate (n = 5) or both (n = 7) and investigated the correlation between the identification of legionella and signs of pulmonary infection. in 13 patients legionnaires' disease was diagnosed with a high degree of confidence. typical radiographic findings included dist ... | 1992 | 1461980 |
| chlamydia trachomatis mip-like protein. | a 27 kda chlamydia trachomatis mip-like protein with homology of a 175-amino-acid c-terminal fragment to the surface-exposed legionella pneumophila mip-gene product has previously been described. in this paper the entire chlamydia mip-like sequence of c. trachomatis serovar l2 (lymphogranuloma venereum (lgv) biovar) is presented. the sequence shows high similarity to the legionella mip protein and its c-terminal region, like that of the legionella mip, has high amino acid similarity to eukaryoti ... | 1992 | 1406289 |
| [legionnaires' disease--a multifaceted syndrome]. | multiorgan involvement is often seen in legionella infections. we report two cases, with classical pneumonia complicated by facial paresis and severe kidney affection demanding haemodialysis. one patient had legionella infection concomitantly with pneumococcal pneumonia. as the diagnosis often is not verified till weeks after onset of illness, it is concluded that the treatment should be started and maintained on clinical suspicion. isolation of another respiratory pathogen does not exclude the ... | 1992 | 1413215 |
| myocarditis: a rare complication during legionella infection. | legionella often causes systemic manifestations. the clinical spectrum now includes cardiac legionellosis. the first case of myocarditis was reported by gross in 1981. to date few additional cases have been described. myocardial involvement might be more frequent than supposed in legionnaires' disease. | 1992 | 1468829 |
| legionnaires' disease in elderly people: the first sign of an outbreak in the community? | legionella pneumophila is responsible for up to 5% of cases of community-acquired pneumonia and mainly affects people aged over 50 years. the confirmation of legionellosis in two elderly patients living close to each other prompted a search for other cases. a total of eleven subjects with legionnaires' disease was recognized. the clinical findings are described and the diagnosis of legionellosis is discussed. environmental investigations pointed to a cooling tower in the local town centre as the ... | 1992 | 1471585 |
| the interaction of bacteria with mammalian cells. | | 1992 | 1476803 |
| demonstration of the intracellular production of tissue-destructive protease by legionella pneumophila multiplying within guinea-pig and human alveolar macrophages. | the major extracellular enzyme of legionella pneumophila, a metalloprotease, has been proposed as a pathogenic factor in legionnaires' disease due to its cytotoxic, tissue-destructive, and phagocyte-inhibitory properties. the relevance of these activities depends on the production of the protease during infection, i.e. by l. pneumophila multiplying intracellularly. in this study, l. pneumophila was demonstrated to produce protease in guinea-pig and human alveolar macrophages infected in vitro. a ... | 1992 | 1527507 |
| nosocomial legionnaire's disease--a case report and review of the literature. | we report a case of nosocomial legionellosis in a 63 year-old man who was managed with neurosurgery under the diagnosis of subarachnoidal hemorrhage and complicated pneumonia in the intensive care unit. a legionella species was reported from sputum culture and direct immunofluorescent antibody test revealed l. pneumophila (serogroup 2). our patient's pneumonia was cured with medical therapy including erythromycin and was the first case of microbiologically confirmed legionellosis in korea. | 1992 | 1477034 |
| physiology and morphology of legionella pneumophila in continuous culture at low oxygen concentration. | two strains of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 monoclonal subgroup pontiac were grown for the first time in continuous culture using a chemically defined medium. the influence of temperature on physiology and morphology was investigated by fixing the growth rate (equal to the dilution rate, d) at 0.08 h-1 and controlling the ph and dissolved oxygen concentration of the culture. serine provided the principal source of carbon and energy but growth was limited by tyrosine. the bacterium behaved ... | 1992 | 1479356 |
| ampicillin tolerance of legionella pneumophila for counter-selection of transconjugants in heterospecific matings with escherichia coli donors. | legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of legionnaires' disease is sensitive to ampicillin. however, the slowly growing bacteria are not killed even by high doses of this antibiotic. this natural tolerance was used for counter-selection of trans-conjugants in heterospecific matings with escherichia coli as donor. this approach is useful for gentic manipulations in legionella, as it avoids the use of antibiotic-resistant variants, which have to be tested for full virulence before use. | 1992 | 1487822 |
| legionella pneumophila species identification using a commercial latex agglutination kit: a potential cross-reaction problem with serogroup 12. | seventy-nine strains of legionella spp. and 13 non-legionella isolates were tested using a commercial latex agglutination kit. cross-reactions were observed for all strains of legionella pneumophila serogroup 12 examined between latex particles coated with rabbit antibodies raised against l. pneumophila serogroup 1 and those coated with rabbit antibodies to serogroups 2-14. strains of l. pneumophila serogroup 1 did not cross-react with latex particles directed against l. pneumophila serogroups 2 ... | 1992 | 1487981 |
| in vitro activity of ro 23-9424 against clinical isolates of legionella species. | agar and broth microdilution mics of ro 23-9424 that inhibited 90% of 22 legionella clinical isolates tested were 0.64 and 0.08 micrograms/ml, respectively; respective erythromycin values were 1.0 and 0.12 micrograms/ml. ro 23-9424 (1 microgram/ml) was slightly more active than the same erythromycin concentration in a macrophage system, for both legionella pneumophila strains studied. | 1992 | 1489206 |
| bactericidal effects of co-amoxiclav (amoxycillin clavulanic acid) against a legionella pneumophila pneumonia in the immunocompromised weanling rat. | to evaluate the activity of co-amoxiclav (amoxycillin/clavulanic acid) against legionella pneumophila in vivo, a model of l. pneumophila pneumonia was developed in weanling rats rendered leukopenic by pre-administration of cyclophosphamide. assessment of therapy was by lung bacterial counts and histological examination. amoxycillin was ineffective in reducing bacterial counts in the lungs of infected rats, whereas erythromycin, the standard agent, was significantly more effective (p < 0.01). co- ... | 1992 | 1490922 |
| plumbing system shock absorbers as a source of legionella pneumophila. | water distribution systems have been demonstrated to be a major source of nosocomial legionellosis. we describe an outbreak in our institution in which a novel source of legionella pneumophila was identified in the plumbing system. | 1992 | 1492694 |
| legionella pneumophila in residential water supplies: environmental surveillance with clinical assessment for legionnaires' disease. | although cases of community-acquired legionnaires' disease have been epidemiologically linked to residential water supplies, the risk of acquiring legionnaires' disease from exposure to legionella pneumophila in residential water systems is uncertain. the residential water supplies of 218 members of the american legion in six different geographical areas in pittsburgh were cultured for l. pneumophila. residents of the homes provided a recent medical history and a blood sample for detection of an ... | 1992 | 1499672 |
| neonatal legionnaires' disease. histopathological findings in an autopsied neonate. | a neonatal case of legionnaires' disease (ld) is reported. a male neonate was admitted to our hospital with high fever and dyspnea, which had started 5 days after birth, and died due to severe pneumonia at 10 days old. an autopsy revealed small areas of granular consolidation scattered diffusely in the bilateral lungs. microscopic examination of the lungs showed mainly lobularly distributed pneumonia. extensive exudation of macrophages and neutrophils was observed in the terminal respiratory tra ... | 1992 | 1502903 |
| the new macrolides: expanding the ways in antibiotic treatment. | after almost forty years of its introduction, erythromycin will not be the exclusive member of the macrolide group of antibiotic agents, but a new generation of its derivatives which surpass it in pharmacological properties and clinical efficacy will also be available. clarithromycin, a 14-membered derivative, has shown acid stability, longer half-life, lower protein binding and higher lung tissue penetration. its exceedingly high activity against erythromycin-susceptible gram-positive cocci, my ... | 1992 | 1503585 |
| legionella shakespearei sp. nov., isolated from cooling tower water. | a legionella-like organism (strain 214t [t = type strain]) was isolated from a cooling tower in stratford-upon-avon, england. this strain required l-cysteine and contained cellular branched-chain fatty acids that are typical of the genus legionella. strain 214t produced pink colonies on buffered charcoal-yeast extract agar. ubiquinone q-12 was the major quinone. strain 214t was serologically distinct from other legionellae as determined by a slide agglutination test. the results of dna hybridiza ... | 1992 | 1503972 |
| [comparative epidemiological characteristics of a homogeneous series of acute common pneumopathies seen in a general hospital center (ghc)]. | between 1979 and 1989, 108 cases of community acquired pneumonia in non-immunodepressed subjects were admitted to hospital to a specialist chest department. the patient's characteristics were as follows: mean age = 56 (range 14-91), 44 women and 64 men. the causal agent was isolated in 44 cases (40%) of which 4 cases were viral (9% of 44 cases) and 12 were legionella (27%), pneumococci (sp) 11 cases (25%), mycoplasma pneumoniae (mp) 8 cases (18%), and chlamydia 8 cases. the microbacteriological ... | 1992 | 1509189 |
| indoor air pollution. | this article summarizes the health effects of indoor air pollutants and the modalities available to control them. the pollutants discussed include active and passive exposure to tobacco smoke; combustion products of carbon monoxide; nitrogen dioxide; products of biofuels, including wood and coal; biologic agents leading to immune responses, such as house dust mites, cockroaches, fungi, animal dander, and urine; biologic agents associated with infection such as legionella and tuberculosis; formal ... | 1992 | 1511550 |
| isolation and characterization of a conjugative plasmid from legionella pneumophila. | the conjugative properties of an indigenous 85 mda plasmid (designated pch1) from legionella pneumophila were studied. to determine if pch1 was transmissible by conjugation, mating experiments were performed between legionellae that harboured pch1 and several plasmid-less recipients. plasmid transfer was monitored by colony hybridization, using a cloned 21.0 kb sali restriction fragment from pch1 as a probe. the results from these experiments showed that pch1 could be conjugatively transferred i ... | 1992 | 1512568 |
| relationship between legionella pneumophila and acanthamoeba polyphaga: physiological status and susceptibility to chemical inactivation. | survival studies were conducted on legionella pneumophila cells that had been grown intracellularly in acanthamoeba polyphaga and then exposed to polyhexamethylene biguanide (phmb), benzisothiazolone (bit), and 5-chloro-n-methylisothiazolone (cmit). susceptibilities were also determined for l. pneumophila grown under iron-sufficient and iron-depleted conditions. bit was relatively ineffective against cells grown under iron depletion; in contrast, iron-depleted conditions increased the susceptibi ... | 1992 | 1514790 |
| isolation of legionella pneumophila serogroup 14 from a human source. | a strain of legionella pneumophila serogroup 14 was isolated during a retrospective study, after death from the sputum of a patient who had had acute leukaemia and pneumonia. this is the third strain of that serogroup to be isolated from a human source. this event emphasises the importance of performing culture as well as serological tests, so as to detect cases of legionellosis caused by strains which rarely cause fatal clinical illness. | 1992 | 1517467 |
| [legionella antibodies in domestic animals]. | serological examination of 420 domestic animals for the presence of antilegionella antibodies indicates their high exposure to legionellae. on examination by the microagglutination reaction with a serum dilution of 1:64 or more the highest positive values were recorded in horses which reacted with antigens of l. pneumophila 1-14 in 36.2% and with antigens of another 19 types of legionellae in 47.8%. in pigs positive values recorded in 16.2% and in 21.1%; in cattle in 3.8% and 29.5%, in sheep in ... | 1992 | 1464079 |
| killing of legionella pneumophila by nitric oxide in gamma-interferon-activated macrophages. | the role of nitric oxide (no) radicals in killing the intracellular bacterial pathogen legionella pneumophila (lp) was examined in infected macrophages. murine (raw 264.7) and human (hl-60) cell monolayers were treated with 100 u/ml gamma-interferon (ifn) and cocultured with lp in the presence and absence of ngmma, a specific inhibitor of no production. viable lp in ifn-treated raw 264.7 cells decreased from 3.8 to 0.7 +/- 0.12 log cfu/ml after 24 h incubation, whereas in ifn+ngmma-treated raw 2 ... | 1992 | 1464734 |
| comparative in vitro activity of clarithromycin. spanish collaborative group. | the activity in vitro of clarithromycin, a new macrolide, was compared to that of various antibiotics in tests using 3,880 clinical isolates. clarithromycin was two times more active than erythromycin against staphylococcus aureus, enterococcus faecalis, enterococcus faecium, streptococci of groups c, g and f, brucella melitensis, legionella pneumophila and mycoplasma spp., 16 times more active against ureaplasma urealyticum and 2 to 4 times less active against campylobacter spp. in general, cla ... | 1992 | 1468430 |
| the molecular biology and diagnostics of chlamydia trachomatis. | the rapid development of biotechnological methods provides the potential of dissecting the molecular structure of microorganisms. in this review the molecular biology of chlamydia is described. the genus chlamydia contains three species c. trachomatis, c. psittaci, and c. pneumonia which all are important human pathogens. chlamydia is obligate intracellular bacteria with a unique biphasic life cycle. the extracellularly chlamydial elementary bodies (eb) are small, metabolic inactive, infectious ... | 1992 | 1526183 |
| distribution of legionellae in a hospital water system: prevalence of immunologically and genetically related legionella pneumophila serogroup 6 isolates. | a hospital warm water system was monitored for the presence and distribution of legionellae. subtyping of ten selected legionella pneumophila isolates, originating from four different sites in the system by using serogroup specific antisera in an indirect immunofluorescence test, revealed that nine of the ten isolates belong to serogroup 6, while the remaining one was serogroup 10. two monoclonal antibodies (mabs) specific for a subgroup of serogroup 6 strains were further used for characterizat ... | 1992 | 1526452 |
| virulence factors of the family legionellaceae. | whereas bacteria in the genus legionella have emerged as relatively frequent causes of pneumonia, the mechanisms underlying their pathogenicity are obscure. the legionellae are facultative intracellular pathogens which multiply within the phagosome of mononuclear phagocytes and are not killed efficiently by polymorphonuclear leukocytes. the functional defects that might permit the intracellular survival of the legionellae have remained an enigma until recently. phagosome-lysosome fusion is inhib ... | 1992 | 1579112 |
| abscess and empyema caused by legionella micdadei. | legionella micdadei is the second most common species implicated in the occurrence of legionella pneumonia (d. j. bremer, semin. respir. infect. 4:190-205, 1987). although there has been a reported lung abscess caused by dual infection (l. micdadei and l. pneumophila), there are no known cases of l. micdadei as the only causative organism. we report a case of a patient with a lung abscess from which l. micdadei was the sole organism isolated. | 1992 | 1537927 |
| factors contributing to the contamination of hospital water distribution systems by legionellae. | to identify factors associated with the contamination of hospital water distribution systems by legionellae, 84 quebec hospitals provided 3284 hot water specimens from 839 different sites. concentrated samples were seeded on buffered charcoal yeast extract agar and a semi-selective medium. at least one water sample was contaminated by legionellae in 57 hospitals (67.9%). in 22 hospitals (26.2%), greater than 30% of samples were contaminated by these bacteria. in 9 (12.2%) of 74 hospitals, distil ... | 1992 | 1538162 |
| fatal legionella pneumophila pneumonia: treatment failure despite early sequential oral-parenteral amoxicillin-clavulanic acid therapy. | a 68-year-old male, having just returned from a two-week holiday on the island of ischia, developed unilateral pneumonia for which he was treated with oral amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and hospitalized within three days when the disease worsened and spread to both lungs. despite parenteral amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (up to 2.2 g i.v. t.i.d.) the pneumonia spread rapidly over the next three days. sputum cultures returned post mortem yielded legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 and urine tests revea ... | 1992 | 1582691 |
| [a minor epidemic due to legionella pneumophila serogroup 1]. | ten days after starting military service in a police barracks a 25-year-old man developed left middle and lower lobe pneumonia which did not respond to ampicillin (8 g daily) and gentamycin (120 mg daily). parenteral administration of doxycycline (100 mg daily) was equally ineffective. however, the fever fell on administration of cefotiam (4 g daily). antibody tests demonstrated legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 as the causative organism. because of the confined accommodation of the conscripts ... | 1992 | 1547702 |
| colonisation of the respiratory tract with legionella pneumophila for 63 days before the onset of pneumonia. | we report the case of a 70-year-old man who was admitted to hospital a 66 days before developing legionella pneumophila pneumonia 6 days after open heart surgery at hospital c. the strain of l. pneumophila recovered from the patient's sputum was of the same subtype (monoclonal antibody type, enzyme type, plasmid profile, and restriction endonuclease pattern) as a strain of l. pneumophila in the potable water supplied to the room where he stayed in hospital a. we conclude that the patient's respi ... | 1992 | 1548422 |
| diverse populations of legionella pneumophila present in the water of geographically clustered institutions served by the same water reservoir. | we cultured potable water from seven institutions (six hospitals and one medical school) every 2 weeks for 6 months for legionella pneumophila. all of the institutions were located close to each other and received water from the same freshwater source. two institutions (the medical school and hospital f, a maternity hospital) never had l. pneumophila isolated from their potable water. the remaining five had 17 to 72% of their water samples positive for l. pneumophila. most of the isolates were s ... | 1992 | 1551972 |
| communitywide outbreak of legionnaires' disease associated with a grocery store mist machine. | from 10 october through 13 november 1989, 33 patients were hospitalized with legionnaires' disease in bogalusa, louisiana. a case-control study revealed case-patients were more likely than controls to have shopped at grocery store a (93% vs. 52%; odds ratio [or], 11.6; 95% confidence interval [ci], 2.3-78.7) in the 10 days before illness. among those who shopped at grocery store a, case-patients were more likely to shop for greater than 30 min (or, 18.0; ci, 2.0-407.8) and to buy produce items l ... | 1992 | 1552203 |
| [detection of legionellae in thermal water]. | water samples taken from hot water springs, from the water distribution system and from various places of consumption of thermal water were collected in an austrian spa. 56.5% of the samples contained legionella; serogroups 1, 3 and 5 of legionella pneumophila were most frequently identified. the large number of positive legionella samples indicates a potential risk of infection to patients, especially those undergoing inhalation treatment with thermal water, or those using a whirlpool or taking ... | 1992 | 1554406 |
| cross-reactive proteins of borrelia burgdorferi. | the specificity of serological tests for lyme borreliosis is impaired by cross-reacting antibodies. in order to select antigens for more specific tests, specific and cross-reactive proteins of borrelia burgdorferi must be identified. therefore, to analyze cross reactions of borrelia burgdorferi with other bacteria, rabbit immune sera against heterologous bacteria (borrelia hermsii, treponema pallidum, treponema phagedenis, leptospira interrogans (serogroup grippotyphosa), neisseria meningitidis, ... | 1992 | 1597198 |
| microbial etiology of acute pneumonia in hospitalized patients. | the purpose of this study was to determine the microbial etiology of pneumonia by using strict criteria among a group of hospitalized patients. patients with acute community-acquired or hospital-acquired pneumonia were studied in a systematic and comprehensive manner for bacterial, viral, chlamydial, mycobacterial, and fungal pathogens. a total of 198 patients with 204 episodes of pneumonia were evaluated. despite 100 percent follow-up of all surviving patients, a specific etiologic agent could ... | 1992 | 1555415 |
| graft involvement by legionella in a liver transplant recipient. | legionella pneumophila, serogroup 1, was identified by direct immunofluorescence in the lung and liver graft from a 2 1/2-month-old infant who underwent orthotopic liver transplantation because of fulminant hepatic failure secondary to neonatal hepatitis. the patient died of respiratory failure owing to this infection 22 days after transplantation despite treatment with erythromycin lactobionate. to our knowledge, this represents the first reported case of hepatic infection with legionella in li ... | 1992 | 1558502 |
| legionellae isolated from clinical and environmental samples in spain (1983-90): monoclonal typing of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 isolates. | legionella isolates recovered in 21 different spanish provinces over 8 years from both clinical (67 isolates) and environmental (181) samples, mostly from case-associated buildings, are described; 92.5% of clinical isolates were l. pneumophila serogroup 1 (sg1), only five isolates belonging to other species or serogroups: two l. pneumophila sg6, two sg8 and one l. bozemanii sg1 not clearly related with clinical infection. l. pneumophila sg1 accounted for 53.6% of isolates from the environment, f ... | 1992 | 1601074 |
| ofloxacin clinical pharmacokinetics. | ofloxacin is a new fluoroquinolone with a spectrum of activity similar to other fluoroquinolones with activity which includes chlamydia trachomatis, mycobacterium spp., mycoplasma spp. and legionella pneumophila. through its additional mechanisms of action, ofloxacin may be less susceptible to the development of resistance from staphylococcus aureus commonly seen with currently available fluoroquinolones. the impact of these findings cannot be evaluated without further clinical experience. the p ... | 1992 | 1559306 |
| molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence analysis of the gene encoding the immunoreactive brucella abortus hsp60 protein, ba60k. | a recombinant 60 kda brucella abortus protein expressed in escherichia coli was recognized in immunoblots by sera from mice experimentally infected with b. abortus and a dog experimentally infected with b. canis. sera from humans and dogs with naturally acquired brucellosis also recognized this protein, which was designated ba60k. the gene encoding ba60k was localized within an 18 kb b. abortus genomic fragment and its direction of transcription determined by subcloning and maxicell analysis of ... | 1992 | 1560753 |