Publications

haemolytic activity in the genus legionella.		1988	3179058
a self-limited febrile illness produced in guinea pigs associated with oral administration of legionella pneumophila.	the presumed route of human infection by legionella pneumophila is inhalation. we investigated possible oral transmission of legionellosis in guinea pigs. fifty-six guinea pigs (group 1) were given virulent l. pneumophila, serogroup 1, in drinking water. fifty-nine guinea pigs (group 2) were inoculated with l. pneumophila via gastric intubation. nineteen guinea pigs (group 3) were given heat-killed l. pneumophila in drinking water. twenty-four guinea pigs (group 4, positive control) were inocula ...	1988	3181681
[mitogenic effect of legionella pneumophila: the ratio of proliferating t- and b-cells changes after immunization].	the splenic lymphocyte proliferative response of guinea-pigs immunized with l. pneumophila antigen (alp) was studied. the immune animals were shown to express enhanced reactivity in response to e. coli lipopolysaccharide, as compared to the controls, while the response to concanavalin a was markedly decreased. after 3 days in the culture alp induced a significant nonspecific lymphocyte transformation that was expressed to a similar degree in both experimental and control group. however, after a ...	1988	3289628
virulence conversion of legionella pneumophila: a one-way phenomenon.	previous investigations have shown that legionella pneumophila converts from virulence to avirulence after passage on supplemented mueller-hinton (smh) agar and may convert back to virulence after passage in guinea pigs. however, there is no additional information concerning the apparent interconversion of virulent and avirulent derivatives of l. pneumophila cultures. we investigated the stability of a parental virulent culture and its avirulent derivatives and the growth and viability of these ...	1988	3182073
simultaneous infection with cryptococcus neoformans and legionella pneumophila. in vivo expression of common defects in cell-mediated immunity.	we describe 3 patients with simultaneous infection by cryptococcus neoformans and legionella pneumophila. legionnaires' disease (pneumonia) occurred shortly after onset of cryptococcal meningitis in a cardiac transplant patient receiving ciclosporin, a second patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and a third patient with hodgkin's disease and autoimmune hemolytic anemia. defects in cell-mediated immunity have been identified in patients with hematologic malignancies and in those who have rec ...	1988	3293133
efficacy of spiramycin on experimental airborne legionellosis in guinea pigs.	the effect of preventive and curative spiramycin therapy was studied in guinea pigs infected by aerosol with the experimental model previously tested. the infectious aerosol was obtained from a virulent strain of legionella pneumophila (philadelphia atcc 33 152). male guinea pigs (dunkin-hartley) weighing 250-300 g were exposed for 30 min to an aerosol of 1 or 10 ld50 (10(3) or 10(4) viable inhaled organisms). spiramycin was administered intraperitoneally (150 mg/kg/day) 18 h after infection for ...	1988	3182447
comparison of spiramycin and erythromycin in the treatment of experimental guinea pig legionellosis.	spiramycin was compared with erythromycin in a guinea pig model of severe legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 infection. male guinea pigs weighting 264-321 g were infected by the intraperitoneal route with 1.2 x 10(7) virulent l. pneumophila serogroup 1. forty eight h after infection, animals that had lost greater than or equal to 9% of their body weight were randomly assigned to receive 48, 54 and 72 h after infection intraperitoneal injections of (1) distilled water (n = 20), (2) erythromycin l ...	1988	3182448
legionella spp. in puerto rico cooling towers.	water samples from air conditioning cooling towers receiving different treatment protocols on five large municipal buildings in san juan, p.r., were assayed for various legionella spp. and serogroups by using direct immunofluorescence. several water quality parameters were also measured for each sample. guinea pigs were inoculated with water samples to confirm pathogenicity and recover viable organisms. legionella pneumophila serogroups 1 to 6, l. bozemanii, l. micdadei, l. dumoffii, and l. gorm ...	1988	3202625
susceptibility of legionella pneumophila to azt.		1988	3209534
organization and operation of the hospital-infection-control program of the university of iowa hospitals and clinics.	the university of iowa hospitals and clinics is located in the center of the united states in eastern iowa, has 1,000 hospital beds, and is the largest university owned teaching hospital in the country. over 35,000 patients are admitted each year. the infection control efforts began in 1969 and were broadened in 1976 with the establishment and implementation of the program of epidemiology directed by w.j. hierholzer, jr., m.d., hospital epidemiologist. hospital-wide surveillance is routinely per ...	1988	3220585
a phospholipase c from the dallas 1e strain of legionella pneumophila serogroup 5: purification and characterization of conditions for optimal activity with an artificial substrate.	phospholipase c from the dallas 1e strain of legionella pneumophila serogroup 5 was purified from buffered yeast extract culture supernate by ion-exchange chromatography followed by fractionation by manganous chloride and ammonium sulphate precipitation steps. enzyme activity was assayed by hydrolysis of p-nitrophenylphosphorylcholine and confirmed by release of radioactivity from tritiated l-alpha-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine labelled in the methyl groups of choline. after sds-page, the purif ...	1988	3171547
chlorination of water supplies to control legionella may corrode the pipes.		1988	3172399
legionella bozemanii infection associated with massive pericardial effusion. case report.		1988	3174161
multiple organ system failure in an infant with legionella infection.		1988	3174311
an electron microscopy study of legionella pneumophila after in vitro and in vivo culture.	the ultrastructure of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 (philadelphia strain) was studied by scanning transmission electron microscopy (stem) following in vitro and in vivo culture. the results obtained were identical for all the samples tested; the structure belonged to the prokaryotic type, with features consistent with the known structure of gram-negative rods. a characteristic feature is the loose undulated outer membrane, a peptidoglycan layer which was difficult to visualize and was bette ...	1988	3176753
[identification of legionella by gas phase chromatography of fatty acids and high performance liquid chromatography of ubiquinones].	the fatty acids and ubiquinones of 44 reference strains corresponding to species of legionella and 3 strains of legionella isolated in the environment have been evaluated. the analysis of fatty acids profiles allows a classification of 22 species into 4 groups depending on the predominance of some branched-chain fatty acids of linear fatty acids. as for ubiquinones our results for the 22 species corroborate the classification in 5 groups established by moss in 1983 based on the study of 10 speci ...	1988	3177976
protective effects of tumor necrosis factor in experimental legionella pneumophila infections of mice via activation of pmn function.	tumor necrosis factor (tnf) was found in the lung lavage fluids of legionella pneumophila-infected mice within 24 hr of intratracheal (i.t.) inoculation. since this cytokine has been reported to activate polymorphonuclear leukocyte (pmn) function, the effect of tnf on the in vitro bactericidal capacity of pmn-enriched cultures was determined. murine thioglycollate-elicited pmn which were treated with recombinant human tnf demonstrated augmented killing of l. pneumophila bacteria in vitro. furthe ...	1988	3163717
[ecological aspects of legionellosis].		1988	3143204
[accelerated laboratory diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia].	the effectiveness of countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis (cie) used for the accelerated differential diagnosis of pneumococcal, staphylococcal, mycoplasmal and legionella infections in cases of pneumonia has been shown. the presence of correlation between the results obtained in the bacterial study of sputa and bronchial washings and in cie has been revealed, which gives grounds for recommending cie for the accelerated diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia on the basis of the analysis of sputa, b ...	1988	3143206
antigenic relatedness of a strongly immunogenic 65 kda mycobacterial protein antigen with a similarly sized ubiquitous bacterial common antigen.	in gene libraries of mycobacterium bovis bcg, mycobacterium tuberculosis and mycobacterium leprae recombinants were frequently found expressing an immunodominant 65 kda protein antigen. in this study polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies against the 65 kda antigen were found to react with a variety of different bacteria. furthermore it is shown that the 65 kda mycobacterial protein belongs to the family of antigens previously designated 'common antigen' due to their presence in a large variety of ...	1988	3143894
[criteria of epidemiologic safety of hot water].		1988	3224850
an environmental study of a nosocomial outbreak of legionellosis in a city hospital.		1988	3233569
enoxacin in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections.	twenty patients admitted to hospital with serious lower respiratory tract infections entered an open study of 400 mg enoxacin given orally twice a day for a minimum of seven days. clinical signs and symptoms were completely cured or improved in six of eight patients with pneumonia, in nine of ten patients with bronchitis, and in two patients with bronchiectasis. enoxacin was effective in eradicating the initial pathogens in 10 of 12 patients with positive cultures. enoxacin was well tolerated. o ...	1988	3258863
lysis of murine macrophages infected with intracellular pathogens by interleukin 2-activated killer (lak) cells in vitro.	to determine if murine lymphocytes activated by interleukin 2 (il-2) were cytotoxic against syngeneic elicited peritoneal macrophages (m phi) infected with intracellular pathogens, splenocytes that had been cultured with il-2 for 5 or 10 days were studied in vitro. these cells, [lymphokine-activated killer (lak) cells] showed significantly greater cytotoxicity against m phi infected with leishmania major or legionella pneumophila than against uninfected m phi. preferential cytotoxicity against i ...	1988	3259166
a family cluster of legionella pneumophila infections.	three members of one single family of 4, the father, a son and a daughter, showed seroconversion against legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 (lp sg1). the son had a severe pneumonia, whereas the father and the daughter did not develop any other illness than mild and transient fever. a fourth member, the mother, remained seronegative. lp sg1 was detected by a direct immunofluorescence test in water samples from the shower at home, in tap water in the family's butcher shop, and in condensation wate ...	1988	3222665
[study on the antibody level of legionella infection of healthy people in taiyuan].		1988	3228845
failure of treatment of legionella pneumonia with ciprofloxacin.		1988	3182432
direct detection of mycoplasma pneumoniae antigen in clinical specimens by a monoclonal antibody immunoblot assay.	throat swabs from patients with pharyngitis and sputum specimens from patients with atypical pneumonia were tested for the presence of a mycoplasma pneumoniae polypeptide with a molecular weight of 43,000 with the use of an m. pneumoniae species-specific monoclonal antibody in an immunoblot assay. this 43,000-dalton polypeptide was detectable in 33 of 33 throat swabs from patients with pharyngitis that were positive for m. pneumoniae by conventional culture as well as a culture-amplified enzyme ...	1988	3122558
[investigation of legionella infection in patients with pneumonia in jinan area].		1988	3228846
[study on the infectious state of legionella in chinese soldiers].		1988	3228847
legionella pneumonia treated with imipenem.		1988	3286101
seroepidemiological study of legionella infection in denmark. a 28-month retrospective survey.	an indirect immunofluorescence (if) test for legionella antibodies has been used since 1978 at statens seruminstitut, copenhagen. an increasing annual number of blood specimens from all parts of the country has been tested by if and the number of legionella antigens in the test was increased from 4 over 10 to 13, resulting in an ever growing number of seropositive patients over the years. we investigated the occurrence of serologically diagnosed legionella infections from november 1982 through f ...	1988	3277800
[clinical features of an outbreak of legionella pneumophila in students at a college in tangshan city].		1988	3250748
legionella bozemanii pneumonia in an immunocompromised patient.	legionella bozemanii, a rare cause of pneumonia, has a predilection for patients with impaired cellular immunity and underlying disease. we report the 12th culture-proven case of this infection, acquired in the community by a patient undergoing chemotherapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. the diagnosis was established when studies of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid produced a positive reaction with species-specific fluorescent antibody and growth on selective culture media. although erythromycin ...	1988	3275844
applications of computerized microscopic image analysis in infectious diseases.	advances in computerized microscopy have resulted in image analysis systems that rapidly and precisely measure various aspects of cellular morphology and physiology. these systems-composed of a microscope and attached photomultiplier tube or camera, an image processor, and a computer-have been used to measure lysosomal enzymes, ph, and calcium within phagocytes; to detect viral nucleic acids in in situ hybridization preparations; and to quantitate rates of cellular movement. these experiments ha ...	1988	3281225
the e. coli immunosorbent as used in serodiagnosis of legionella infections studied by crossed immunoelectrophoresis.	in this study we investigated an immunosorbent, e. coli blocking fluid (bf), proposed for use in the legionella indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifa). with crossed immunoelectrophoresis (cie) of clinically relevant legionella species, only one heat-stable antigen (no. 1) cross-reacted with the bf preparation. patients' sera with elevated legionella ifa titres did not react with this antigen in cie. out of 23 ifa positive patients' sera, six had titres lowered significantly to negative, when b ...	1988	3278722
[two cases of acute pulmonary legionella. case studies].		1988	3274714
a review of legionella pneumophila in horses and some south african serological results.	an examination of the sera of 329 horses for l. pneumophila antibodies revealed a much lower exposure rate than that reported in the united states of america. further serological investigations of persons closely associated with a sero-positive horse indicated that the horse could not be considered to be a source of infection but that both humans and animals were probably exposed to a common source of infection. the results showed that 192/329 (58.4%) of the sera tested negative, 114/329 (34.7%) ...	1988	3283362
prevalence of antibody to legionella pneumophila in aborigines and non-aborigines in western australia.	three hundred and sixty-two sera were examined by the legionella pneumophila indirect fluorescent antibody test, with serogroups 1 to 6 as antigens. three age- and sex-matched population groups were tested: 200 non-aborigines from perth; 100 aborigines from the kimberley region; and 62 aborigines from jiggalong mission in the pilbara region. each population group was composed of 50% male and 50% female subjects, all within the age range of 20 to 40 years. the seropositivity rate for serogroup 1 ...	1988	3275862
clinical pharmacokinetics of the newer antibacterial 4-quinolones.	structural modification of the so-called 'first-generation' or 'urinary' quinolones has led to a considerable increase in their intrinsic antibacterial activity, together with marked changes in the pharmacokinetic properties. tissue penetration is the most notable change, and the newer quinolones are comparable with the newer broad spectrum beta-lactams in their clinical spectrum of activity. marketed compounds in the 4-quinolones group include pefloxacin, ofloxacin, enoxacin, ciprofloxacin and ...	1988	3282749
a sensitive method of detecting proteins on dot and western blots using a monoclonal antibody to fitc.	monoclonal antibodies to fitc were produced and shown to be specific for the fluorochrome. molecular weight marker proteins labelled with fitc could be detected after sds-page and transfer onto nitrocellulose using anti-fitc followed by an anti-mouse igg-alkaline phosphatase conjugate. the molecular weight of an antigen common to legionella pneumophila and recognised by a monoclonal antibody could be determined accurately on a western blot when fitc labelled markers were used as internal standar ...	1988	3126242
the comparative in-vitro activity of ofloxacin.	the antibacterial activity of ofloxacin, a new fluoroquinolone, was evaluated against a wide range of clinical bacterial isolates and compared with that of nalidixic acid, norfloxacin, enoxacin, pefloxacin and ciprofloxacin by determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics). ofloxacin was very active against nalidixic acid-susceptible isolates of the enterobacteriaceae (mic less than or equal to 0.12 mg/l) and was also active against strains resistant to nalidixic acid (mic less than o ...	1988	3182468
role of gamma interferon in induction of natural killer activity by legionella pneumophila in vitro and in an experimental murine infection model.	legionella pneumophila has been shown to induce gamma interferon (ifn-gamma) both in vitro and in vivo during experimental infections of mice. with complement-mediated serologic depletion of murine splenocytes, the cellular sources of ifn-gamma following in vitro stimulation with l. pneumophila antigens were thy-1.2+, lyt-2-, l3t4-, and asialo-gm1+, which is consistent with the natural killer (nk) cell phenotype. additionally, percoll density discontinuous centrifugation demonstrated that maxima ...	1988	3128479
macrophage toxicity and complement sensitivity of virulent and avirulent strains of legionella pneumophila.	virulent strains of legionella pneumophila that are preincubated with specific antiserum are cytotoxic for alveolar macrophages when added at a multiplicity of infection of 100 l. pneumophila per macrophage. under the same conditions, avirulent strains exhibit little cytotoxic activity. virulent strains are also resistant to the bactericidal activity of normal human serum and fail to bind complement components on the cell surface. in contrast, avirulent strains are serum-sensitive and both c3 an ...	1988	3187322
in vitro activity of carumonam (ro 17-2301; ama-1080) versus enteropathogenic and nonfermentative gram-negative rods and legionella pneumophila.	the in vitro activity of carumonam (ro 17-2301; ama-1080) was tested against 355 single-patient isolates, by and large enteropathogenic or nonfermentative rods. the new monobactam was inhibitory and bactericidal against the majority of diarrhea-causing members of the family enterobacteriaceae at concentrations of less than and equal to 8 micrograms/ml. although known to be active against pseudomonas aeruginosa, it generally did not exhibit clinically useful activity against other nonfermenters o ...	1988	3190188
ifn-gamma-activated human alveolar macrophages inhibit the intracellular multiplication of legionella pneumophila.	human alveolar macrophages activated by human rifn-gamma inhibit the intracellular multiplication of legionella pneumophila, an intracellular bacterial pathogen and the agent of legionnaires' disease. activation of alveolar macrophages with ifn-gamma is dose dependent; significant inhibition of l. pneumophila multiplication (mean 1.60 +/- 0.20 logs) is achieved consistently with concentrations of ifn-gamma of greater than or equal to 2 x 10(-2) micrograms/ml (220 u/ml). activation of alveolar ma ...	1988	3131422
efficacy of ny-198 against experimental legionnaires disease.	the in vitro and in vivo effects of ny-198 against legionella pneumophila were compared with those of ciprofloxacin. the mic of ny-198 against 15 standard reference strains of legionella of various species, between 0.03 and 0.125 micrograms/ml, was the same as that of ciprofloxacin. the peak concentration of ny-198 in the lungs and sera of guinea pigs with experimentally induced legionella pneumonia was higher than that of ciprofloxacin after oral administration. the overall survival rate was hi ...	1988	3196003
in vitro activities of pd 117,596 and reference antibiotics against 448 clinical bacterial strains.	the in vitro activity of pd 117,596, a new fluoroquinolone antibiotic, was tested against 448 bacterial isolates (15 genera) by agar dilution (inoculum, 10(4) cfu per spot). the activity of pd 117,596 was compared with that of 15 antibiotics against 327 gram-negative strains and with that of 8 other antibiotics against 121 gram-positive strains. pd 117,596 demonstrated the best activity against klebsiella spp., enterobacter spp., acinetobacter spp., serratia marcescens, and branhamella catarrhal ...	1988	3196008
legionella pneumophila subgroups, monoclonal antibody reactivity, and strain virulence in burlington, vermont.		1988	3198951
false positive legionella pneumophila direct immunofluorescent monoclonal antibody test caused by bacillus cereus spores.	direct immunofluorescent monoclonal antibody stain testing for legionella pneumophila in oklahoma lake water yielded an unknown bacillus with fluorescence intensity equal to that of l. pneumophila stock strains. the organism in question was identified as bacillus cereus, a ubiquitous bacterium. when b. cereus cultures were studied, fluorescence was seen in spores but not in vegetative cells. since a positive immunofluorescent monoclonal antibody test (alone) might be considered by some individua ...	1988	3133155
differences in aerosol survival between pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1.	a strain of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 known to be virulent for guinea-pigs was found to be least stable at a relative humidity (r.h.) of 60% when stored as a small particle aerosol. three l. pneumophila serogroup 1 strains of different virulence for guinea-pigs were then tested at a r.h. of 60% at 20 degrees c. the most virulent strain was found to have the best survival and the avirulent strain was least stable. the strain of intermediate virulence did not survive as well as the virule ...	1988	3204070
sensitivity and resistance of legionella pneumophila to some antibiotics and combinations of antibiotics.	for the treatment of legionella pneumophila infections erythromycin and rifampicin are the antibiotics of choice. in view of reported therapy failures other antibiotics, e.g. the quinolones, are currently under investigation. the sensitivity of l. pneumophila to four antibiotics and to combinations of antibiotics was investigated and the rate of mutations was calculated. for 20 l. pneumophila strains we determined the mic of rifampicin (0.002-0.004 mg/l), erythromycin (0.063-0.125 mg/l), norflox ...	1988	3204075
comparative efficacy of five antibiotics on experimental airborne legionellosis in guinea-pigs.	the efficacy of preventive and curative treatment of experimental airborne legionellosis in guinea-pigs was studied for erythromycin, rifampicin, minocycline, doxycycline and pefloxacin. the aerosol was produced from a strain of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 and dispersed in a chamber maintained below atmospheric pressure. guinea-pigs were exposed for 30 min to 1 or 10 ld50 (10(3) or 10(4) viable inhaled organisms). treatment was preventive or curative. antibiotic concentrations in lungs an ...	1988	3204078
[legionella in cooling towers in oslo].		1988	3206502
experimental studies of detection and processing of legionella spp. in public drinking water supplies.	studies were conducted to improve the detection and processing of legionella spp. in public drinking water supplies. the survival of legionellas was the best in tap water samples, stored at 4 degrees c. comparing investigations showed that the most cells could be recovered from glassware whereas plastics adsorbed legionellas up to 80-90 percent on their surfaces. a method of enrichment and isolation of legionellas from large volumes of tap water samples was developed using precipitation by fe(oh ...	1988	3134773
[serologic cross reactions between legionellae and other pathogens of respiratory infections in the sera of patients with pneumonia].		1988	3213095
growth-supporting activity for legionella pneumophila in tap water cultures and implication of hartmannellid amoebae as growth factors.	photosynthetic cyanobacteria, heterotrophic bacteria, free-living amoebae, and ciliated protozoa may support growth of legionella pneumophila. studies were done with two tap water cultures (ws1 and ws2) containing l. pneumophila and associated microbiota to characterize growth-supporting activity and assess the relative importance of the microbiota in supporting multiplication of l. pneumophila. the water cultures were incubated in the dark at 35 degrees c. the growth-supporting factor(s) was se ...	1988	3214153
nosocomial legionella pneumonia: demonstration of potable water as the source of infection.	from january 1983 until december 1985, 35 cases of sporadic nosocomial legionella pneumonia, all caused by legionella pneumophila, were diagnosed in a university hospital. l. pneumophila serogroup (sg) 1 was cultured from 12 of the 35 cases and compared to corresponding l. pneumophila sg 1 isolates from water outlets in the patients' immediate environment by subtyping with monoclonal antibodies. the corresponding environmental isolates were identical to 9 out of 12 (75%) of those from the cases. ...	1988	3215293
effects of inhaled titanium dioxide dust on the lung and on the course of experimental legionnaires' disease.	guinea-pigs were exposed for 14 days to an aerosol of titanium dioxide (tio2) dust to produce macrophage blockade. groups of the animals were later infected by aerosol with legionella pneumophila. histological and ultrastructural studies showed that tio2 dust alone was inert and non-fibrogenic and even at 6 weeks induced no pathological lesions in the lungs, apart from accumulation of macrophages in interalveolar septa. the macrophage blockade by tio2 did not alter the animals' susceptibility to ...	1988	3219283
occurrence and parameters of frequency of legionella in warm water systems of hospitals and hotels in lower saxony.	a total of 1241 water samples was investigated from 103 hospitals and 62 hotels in lower saxony 1985-87. 331 of 949 samples from hospitals and 26 of 292 samples from hotels were legionella positive. all together 70% of the hospitals and 18% of the hotels investigated were legionella positive, and 836 strains of legionella were isolated (table 1). as they could be diagnosed they belong to l. pneumophila sg1 306 strains, sg2 36 strains, sg3 127 strains, sg4 45 strain, sg5 29 strain, sg6 106 strain ...	1988	3134774
interferon-gamma and antibiotics fail to act synergistically to kill legionella pneumophila in human monocytes.	legionella pneumophila, the agent of legionnaires' disease, is a gram-negative facultative intracellular bacterial pathogen that multiplies in human blood monocytes and alveolar macrophages. interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma)-activated human monocytes inhibit the intracellular multiplication of l. pneumophila but fail to kill the organism. similarly, erythromycin and rifampin, the drugs of choice in the treatment of legionnaires' disease, inhibit the growth of l. pneumophila within monocytes without e ...	1988	3137275
[the antibacterial effect of ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and norfloxacin in vitro].	mics of ciprofloxacin (cip), ofloxacin (ofl) and norfloxacin (nor) were assessed with a total of 523 strains of 7 species (spp) of enterobacteriaceae, various pseudomonads, methicillin-susceptible and -resistant s. aureus, l. monocytogenes, legionella species and c. difficile. in addition, the mbcs were assessed with s. aureus and e. coli. with break-points of less than or equal to 0.5 and greater than or equal to 4 mg/l all strains of e. coli, k. oxytoca, p. mirabilis and indole-positive proteu ...	1988	3223134
survival of coliforms and bacterial pathogens within protozoa during chlorination.	the susceptibility of coliform bacteria and bacterial pathogens to free chlorine residuals was determined before and after incubation with amoebae and ciliate protozoa. viability of bacteria was quantified to determine their resistance to free chlorine residuals when ingested by laboratory strains of acanthamoeba castellanii and tetrahymena pyriformis. cocultures of bacteria and protozoa were incubated to facilitate ingestion of the bacteria and then were chlorinated, neutralized, and sonicated ...	1988	3223766
legionella pneumophila: initial detection through evaluation of giemsa-stained smears of a bronchial aspirate.	the presence of legionella species in a bronchial aspirate was strongly suspected by the visualization on giemsa-stained smears of slender violaceous intra- and extracellular bacilli despite the absence of fluorescence on smears stained with l. pneumophila serogroup 1 conjugate. subsequently, cultures of the aspirate grew l. pneumophila reactive with serogroup 6 fluorescein-conjugated antibody.	1988	3224497
differences in lipopolysaccharide profiles of serologically identical legionella pneumophila serogroup 6 strains.	over five years 18 strains of legionella pneumophila serogroup 6 were isolated in amsterdam from the hot water supply in three hospitals and from one patient. immunodiffusion and immunoblot procedures showed that these strains were identical. profiles of isolated lipopolysaccharides from the 18 strains and the reference serogroup 6 strain were visualised in polyacrylamide gels stained with silver. four strains from hospital a, isolated in 1982, 1984, and 1985 displayed similar lipopolysaccharide ...	1988	3139716
[detection of legionella soluble antigen in urine by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay--basic studies on antigen detection by elisa].		1988	3146603
[microbial contamination of water by pipe and tubing material. 2. growth of legionella pneumophila].	in the 1st communication it was possible to show that some hoses and insufficiently cleaned high grade steel pipe can produce a microbial growth. the growth-promoting effect of materials in the water distribution system for legionella pneumophila has been discussed before. in this investigation it was tested how l. pneumophila behaves in pipes and hoses with narrow diameter, at temperatures from 35 degrees c to 40 degrees c and over a time of half a year. l. pneumophila could be found in high nu ...	1988	3140536
cytokine activation of antibacterial activity in human pulmonary macrophages: comparison of recombinant interferon-gamma and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor.	we examined the ability of two recombinant human cytokines, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rhu-gm-csf) and interferon-gamma (rhu-ifn-gamma) to activate antibacterial mechanisms in human pulmonary macrophages (pm) and peripheral blood monocytes (pbm). growth of legionella pneumophila (lp) was assessed in pm or pbm which had been exposed to either rhu-ifn-gamma (500-1000 u/ml) or rhu-gm-csf (1 to 10,000 u/ml). in both pm and pbm exposed to 500 u/ml rhu-ifn-gamma, growth of lp wa ...	1988	3143484
[presence of anti-legionella antibodies in a selected group of patients from the infectious disease clinic, pomeranian medical academy, in szczecin (preliminary report)].		1988	3231719
inhibition of legionella pneumophila multiplication within human macrophages by fleroxacin.	the susceptibility of legionella pneumophila to a new quinolone, fleroxacin, was studied in both an extra- and an intracellular system. the activity of fleroxacin was compared with that of erythromycin, cefoxitin, and rifampicin. in the extracellular system, erythromycin inhibited while cefoxitin killed the organism. extracellularly, fleroxacin performed similarly to cefoxitin. rifampicin was initially bactericidal for l. pneumophila but resistant bacteria emerged at 48 h. the horwitz monocyte m ...	1988	3144549
characteristics of anti-legionella antibodies in patients infected with legionella pneumophila serogroups 1, 6, and 10.	nosocomial infections with legionella pneumophila serogroups 1 and 10 in the leiden university hospital and infections with l. pneumophila serogroup 6 in neighboring hospitals gave us an opportunity to study the development of opsonizing antibodies against l. pneumophila serogroups 1, 6, and 10 in the serum of 13 patients. seven of these patients were infected with l. pneumophila serogroup 1, two were infected with serogroup 6, and four were infected with serogroup 10. the opsonic cross-reactivi ...	1988	3235666
growth of legionella pneumophila in a human macrophage-like (u937) cell line.	we established a model of the bacteria-macrophage interaction to study the cellular basis of legionella pneumophila pathogenesis and to characterize avirulent l. pneumophila. we found that u937 cells, which are derived from a human histiocytic lymphoma cell line, support intracellular growth of l. pneumophila with a doubling time of 6 h, and that sustained intracellular growth is associated with a cytopathic effect (cpe) that can be detected by microscopic examination and quantified with the vit ...	1988	3237054
[epidemiology of bronchopulmonary hospital infections].	hospital acquired infections (hai) represent one of the major problems, due to their elevated frequency and high number of fatal cases, in the control of infectious diseases. with the perspective to evaluate the incidence of bronchopulmonary infections and to determine their role as cause of death of hospitalized patients, as well as to identify the etiology and the associated risk factors, we have studied 105 autopsy cases of patients decreased in hospital. 37 patients had pneumonias, of which ...	1988	3242560
in vitro and in vivo efficacy of fusafungine on legionella pneumophila.		1988	3244983
[laboratory diagnosis of legionnaires' disease].		1988	3249387
the cooler culprits.		1988	3045587
using the microbiology laboratory in the diagnosis of pneumonia.	pneumonia/influenza is one of the top ten leading causes of mortality in the united states each year. the identification of the etiologic agent responsible for lower respiratory tract infection plays an important role in the proper management of this clinical problem. the specimens submitted for evaluation are obtained in diverse ways and include expectorated sputum, material from transtracheal and bronchoscopic procedures, pleural fluid and lung aspirates, and biopsy of actual lung tissue. proc ...	1988	3041511
acute pancreatitis caused by legionella pneumophila.	a 57-year-old man had legionella pneumonia and acute pancreatitis. the diagnosis of legionellosis was established by both culture and significant rise in antibody titer to legionella pneumophila. the pancreatitis was diagnosed by elevated amylase and lipase values, peaking on the fourth hospital day, roentgenologic findings, and a clinical picture compatible with the disease. the patient was not an alcohol consumer and had had no previous pancreatic disease. we conclude that acute pancreatitis c ...	1988	3047884
legionella pneumophila serogroup lansing 3 isolated from a patient with fatal pneumonia, and descriptions of l. pneumophila subsp. pneumophila subsp. nov., l. pneumophila subsp. fraseri subsp. nov., and l. pneumophila subsp. pascullei subsp. nov.	previous dna relatedness and enzyme electrophoretic mobility studies indicated heterogeneity among strains of legionella pneumophila serogroups 1, 4, 5, and lansing 3 (a new, as yet unnumbered serogroup). in this study 60 l. pneumophila strains were studied by dna hybridization (hydroxyapatite method) to assess their genomic relatedness. these strains were also studied biochemically and serologically to determine whether they formed one or more phenotypic groups. dna relatedness studies identifi ...	1988	3053773
role of legionellae in acute infections of the lower respiratory tract.	the genus legionella currently comprises 24 species and multiple serogroups. despite the continuing development and increasing availability of new and improved laboratory tests for diagnosing legionella infections, the incidence of such infections remains poorly defined. the most frequently cited estimate of 25,000 to 50,000 cases of legionella pneumonia per year in the united states is based on a single study with a number of methodologic limitations. while numerous studies of the etiology of p ...	1988	3055183
opportunistic infections in renal allograft recipients.	the risk of opportunistic infection in the renal transplant patient is due to an interaction between two major factors: the epidemiologic exposures (particularly within the hospital environment) and the net state of immunosuppression. the net state of immunosuppression is determined by the nature, dose, and duration of the immunosuppressive therapy being administered; the presence or absence of granulocytopenia and technical factors that could compromise the primary mucocutaneous barriers to inf ...	1988	3059619
legionella pneumophila immunity and immunomodulation: nature and mechanisms.	l. pneumophila is a facultative intracellular opportunistic pathogen ubiquitously present in the environment. much is now known concerning the ecological niche of this organism as well as many other characteristics of these bacteria, including physiology and biochemistry. however, much less is known about immune mechanisms responsible for host resistance vs susceptibility. not only outer membrane protein rich fractions but also lps-rich components are potent immunogens, both in experimental anim ...	1988	3059772
comparative immune responses to native cell envelope antigens and the hot sodium dodecyl sulfate insoluble fraction (pg) of brucella abortus in cattle and mice.	brucella abortus vaccines composed of native cell envelopes or outer membrane proteins of smooth strain 2308 were compared with a vaccine (pg) composed of the insoluble residue of strain 2308 cell envelopes which had been extracted with hot sodium dodecyl sulfate. vaccines were given by injection in an oil base adjuvant containing trehalose dimycolate and muramyl dipeptide or without adjuvant. mice vaccinated with 30 micrograms native cell envelopes or pg and challenged 4 weeks later with virule ...	1988	3133872
in vitro influence of charcoal on ciprofloxacin activity.	the effect of charcoal-containing media on ciprofloxacin (bay o 9867) has been evaluated. the minimal inhibitory concentrations of ciprofloxacin are increased by the presence of charcoal, thus a correction factor has to be calculated to know the real efficacy of the drug, especially in life-threatening infections such as pneumonia due to legionella spp.	1988	3065019
the importance of different laboratory methods in legionella diagnosis in medical care.	legionellae an infection by contaminated water is thought to be respo environment of patients with a high risk of infection (e.g. after ki lantation, immunosuppression) prophylactic measures (rising the tempe warm water to 60 degrees c) should be combined with bacteriological c s to be taken into account, however, that only by taking a couple of he same outlet during a period of time a colonization of central inst ms (sediments, storage tanks) can be discovered. in patients with acu a of unknown ...	1988	3066071
[pneumonia caused by legionella micdadei in a fatal case and its bacteriological characteristics].		1988	3137278
[studies of the effect of antimicrobials encapsulated in liposomes in the treatment of experimental infection due to legionella pneumophila and listeria monocytogenes].		1988	3138320
[the first case of legionella domoffi pneumonia in japan].		1988	3072380
legionella infection with acute renal failure and thrombocytopenia mimicking allograft rejection. a pitfall in post-transplantation diagnosis.	a patient is described who developed cavitary legionella pneumonia 2 weeks after kidney transplantation. the initial pulmonary symptoms were followed by severe thrombocytopenia and acute renal failure. although acute irreversible graft rejection was suspected, this was not supported by the pathology findings in the resected kidney, which were compatible with tubular damage. we presume that the extrapulmonary symptoms were caused by legionellosis.	1988	3075487
legionella jordanis isolated from a patient with fatal pneumonia.	a legionella-like organism was isolated from an open-lung biopsy of a patient with fatal pneumonia. the isolate was shown by growth, physiologic, serologic, and genetic characteristics to belong to the species legionella jordanis, which had previously been isolated only from the environment.	1988	3410951
[legionnaires' disease. a current case].		1988	3420584
[new fluorescent substrates for metalloendopeptidases with internal quenching of fluorescence].	p-nitroanilides of antranyloyltripeptides of the general structure abz-ala-ala-p'1-pna (p'1 = phe, leu, ile, val) containing intramolecularly quenched fluorescent groups (abz is a fluorogenic group and pna is a quencher of fluorescence) were prepared by combination of chemical and enzymatic methods. thermolysin and metalloproteinases from legionella pneumophila and thermoactinomyces species were shown to hydrolyse ala-p'1 bond of the peptides with simultaneous 4-7 fold increase in fluorescence. ...	1988	3422002
an outbreak of legionellosis (legionella pneumophila subgroup 1) among dutch tourists in spain.		1988	3393255
seroprevalence of legionella in shanxi province, china.	using an elisa with bacterial sonicate antigens, the prevalence of antibodies to the antigens of 15 legionellae was determined in 319 healthy individuals residing in taiyuan, china (shanxi province). significant antibody levels were detected to 11 antigens. confirming earlier studies, an association was noted between cigarette smoking and seroreactivity, however, none was observed between occupation, or sex and seroreactivity. when the response to specific antigens or antigenic "groups" was stud ...	1988	3403037
cefetamet pivoxil: bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity of the free acid against 355 gram-negative rods.	the in vitro activity of the free acid of cefetamet pivoxil (ro 15-8075) was tested against 355 clinical isolates, namely enteropathogenic bacteria, glucose non-fermentative gram-negative rods (excluding pseudomonas aeruginosa) and legionella pneumophila. ceftriaxone was included in the study as reference compound. although the free acid of the orally active cephalosporin was generally weaker than ceftriaxone, it inhibited 88.2% and 94.5% of enterobacteriaceae and vibrionaceae at a concentration ...	1988	3403040
serological reaction to legionella pneumophila group 4 in a patient with q fever.		1988	3404000
legionella prosthetic-valve endocarditis.		1988	3405270
multilocus enzyme analysis of legionella dumoffii.	variability among 29 clinical and environmental strains of legionella dumoffii was investigated by multilocus enzyme analysis by use of starch gel electrophoresis. based on results of analysis at 20 enzyme loci, the strains were separated into five closely related electrophoretic types (ets), which were clearly distinguished from 53 strains representing 53 ets of l. pneumophila. dna hybridization results (hydroxyapatite method, 60 and 75 degrees c) for representative strains confirmed that all l ...	1988	3384905
differentiation of serologically related serogroups of legionella pneumophila.	immune sera of different laboratory animals were studied in comparative tests for their differentiating ability in respect of closely related serogroups of legionella pneumophila. strains of serogroups 3 and 6, not distinguishable using rabbit sera, were found to be easily differentiated by mouse immune sera. guinea pig and hamster sera revealed a lower differentiating ability. concerning the differentiation of serogroups 5 and 8 none of the tested animals produced group-specific antibodies only ...	1988	3376621
thirteenth serogroup of legionella pneumophila isolated from patients with pneumonia.	a legionella-like organism (strain 82a3105; atcc 43736) was isolated from a lung aspirate taken from a patient with pneumonia. results of physiologic, gas-liquid chromatographic, genetic, and serologic tests showed that strain 82a3105 and four additional clinical isolates belong to a new legionella pneumophila serogroup, serogroup 13.	1988	3356793